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Presidential Election of 1812
War breaks out again between the United States and
Britain in 1812.
War Hawks
New members of Congress, John C. Calhoun and Henry Clay want war why Great Britain….Why?
•U.S. must defend its neutrality•Stop impressment•British forts•Tecumseh•Desire for Canada and Florida•Called 2nd War of Independence
War Hawks
New members of Congress, John C. Calhoun and Henry Clay want war why Great Britain….Why?
•U.S. must defend its neutrality•Stop impressment•British forts•Tecumseh•Desire for Canada and Florida•Called 2nd War of Independence
madwar
Henry ClayKentucky
Henry ClayKentucky
John C. CalhounSouth Carolina
John C. CalhounSouth Carolina
PRINCIPLES WE FOUGHT
•Defend our neutrality•Freedom of the seas
•Defend our self interest
madwar
President James Madison
President James Madison
Madison brought the US into this war to defend the neutrality
of the US.
Would this be a violation of President Washington’s policy
of keeping the US out of war and neutral?
“Mr. Madison’s War”“Mr. Madison’s War”
Why Britain, not France? Impressment: destroying US economy British forts Arming of Indians (Tecumseh) Desire for Canada No respect from British
Was convinced by the War Hawks that this was a needed war.
“Mr. Madison’s War”“Mr. Madison’s War”
June, 1812: War Hawks engineer declaration of war with England. Unfortunately, Congress was not aware that London
repealed impressment policy 2 days prior to war
New England opposed to war but Southern/western states supported the war
US at war vs. most powerful nation, but US divided Poorly equipped US army initiated military action
in 1812 by launching a 3-part invasion of Canada The British easily repulsed the Americans
Map war1812
•US unprepared for war.
•Failed invasion into Canada.
•Blockade hurt US economy…
The Battle of Thames River, Oct. 5, 1813
The Battle of Thames River, Oct. 5, 1813
US military victory led by General William H. Harrison Tecumseh was killed during this battle
Naval BattlesNaval Battles
The Battle of Lake Erie was probably the most important naval battle of the war After defeating the British, Captain Oliver Hazard Perry
declared, “We have met the enemy and they are ours” Thomas Macdonough defeated a British fleet on
Lake Champlain which resulted in a British retreat US Naval tradition develops during the War of 1812
Washington, D.C. burned by British, 25th of August 1814 Washington, D.C. burned by British, 25th of August 1814
highlights
Dolly Madison escaped from White House and
took many pieces of art, furniture from the White House before the
British destroyed it.
Dolly Madison escaped from White House and
took many pieces of art, furniture from the White House before the
British destroyed it.
U.S. Flag which flew over Fort McHenry to inspire Francis Scott Key to write the Star
Spangled Banner. September 13th, 1814
U.S. Flag which flew over Fort McHenry to inspire Francis Scott Key to write the Star
Spangled Banner. September 13th, 1814
highlights
Battle of Fort Battle of Fort McHenry,McHenry,
18141814
Battle of Fort Battle of Fort McHenry,McHenry,
18141814
•10,000 British troops reached the mouth of the Mississippi 10,000 British troops reached the mouth of the Mississippi River and were threatening the Louisiana Purchase.River and were threatening the Louisiana Purchase.
•7,000 U.S. troops led by Andrew Jackson, the British were 7,000 U.S. troops led by Andrew Jackson, the British were defeated on January 8, 1815, 2 weeks after the Treaty of defeated on January 8, 1815, 2 weeks after the Treaty of
Ghent was negotiated to end the war.Ghent was negotiated to end the war.
•10,000 British troops reached the mouth of the Mississippi 10,000 British troops reached the mouth of the Mississippi River and were threatening the Louisiana Purchase.River and were threatening the Louisiana Purchase.
•7,000 U.S. troops led by Andrew Jackson, the British were 7,000 U.S. troops led by Andrew Jackson, the British were defeated on January 8, 1815, 2 weeks after the Treaty of defeated on January 8, 1815, 2 weeks after the Treaty of
Ghent was negotiated to end the war.Ghent was negotiated to end the war.
New orleans
•Considered greatest U.S. victory to that
time•Defeated British’s best without help from any country•Countries gained
respect for the U.S. after this battle.•Kept Louisiana
Purchase under the control of the U.S.
•Considered greatest U.S. victory to that
time•Defeated British’s best without help from any country•Countries gained
respect for the U.S. after this battle.•Kept Louisiana
Purchase under the control of the U.S.
New orleans
The Treaty of Ghent The Treaty of Ghent War of 1812 is considered a
“stalemate”…Dec. 1814 Peace commissioners in Ghent
devised the following terms of peace A halt to the fighting The return of all conquered
territory to the prewar borders Recognition of the prewar
boundary between Canada and the United States
Treaty was ratified by the Senate
Radical NE Federalists met to discuss their grievances & find solutions to their problems:
•U.S. Govt. fighting an unnecessary war against the wrong enemy
•Sought financial assistance from Washington since their trade was at a standstill because British had placed a blockade
around the Atlantic coastline of US•New Englanders continued to trade with the British during the
war•Talked of secession or a separate peace proposal with England
Resolutions adopted by the convention resemble a modern day political platform:
•Constitutional amendments lessening the powers of Congress
•restoring Federalist influence by a minority veto•2/3’s vote before an embargo, new western states could
be admitted and war could be declared.
The War’s Legacy The War’s Legacy
U.S. gained the respect of other nations U.S. came to accept Canada as a neighbor
and a part of the British Empire The Federalist party came to an end as a
national force Talk of nullification and secession in New England set a precedent that would later be
used by the South Gained our neutrality and became isolated
from Europe
The War’s LegacyThe War’s Legacy
Native Americans in the West were forced to surrender large areas of land and move west.
More U.S. factories were built War heroes such as Andrew Jackson and
William Henry Harrison would eventually become Presidents.
Growth of American nationalism Enter a time period in our history called the
“Era of Good Feelings”
Spirit of Nationalism in US patriotism or national oneness Country is united, confident, and growing 1791-1819, 9 states joined the original 13.
One political party---Republican party Respect from Europe Monroe first president to visit all states since
Washington. Boston newspaper declared an “Era of Good
Feelings” had begun. But, time period was not free of problems.
Cultural Nationalism Patriotic themes infused every aspect of American society
from books and paintings of Revolutionary heroes to Noah Webster’s blue-backed speller that promoted patriotism
Economic Nationalism Running parallel with cultural nationalism was a political
movement to support the growth of the nation’s economy--------AMERICAN SYSTEMAMERICAN SYSTEM
Political Nationalism Movement to bring about the support for national
government is over the states. Supreme court decisions support the concept of national government over the states.
Congress’s attempt to unite the US National transportation system of
roads, canals, steamships and rivers.
Henry Clay’s American System
Provide economic growth Americans buying American
goods American self-sufficiency.
Protective Tariff to promote infant industry Tariff of 1816
2nd BUS to promote a stronger economy Rechartered in 1816
National Transportation system Cumberland Road and Erie Canal first internal
improvements to unite the US the first steamboat on western waters was in 1811. 1800 to 1850 roads, canals and rivers first forms of
transportation 1850 to 1860 the railroad is added
The Land Act of 1820 gave the West its wish by authorizing a buyer to purchase
80 acres of land at a minimum of $1.25 an acre in cash; the West demanded transportation.
Map roads/canals
•Help unite the country as well as improve the economy and
the infant industry….
•Because of the British
blockade during the War of 1812, it was essential for
internal transportation improvements.
Population shift from the east to the West Acquisition of Native Americans’ lands
Land easy to obtain Economic pressures
Improved transportation Immigration
New Questions and Issues Greatest importance to western
states were: “Cheap money” (easy credit) from state banks rather
than from the Bank of the United States Land made available at low prices by the
government Improved transportation
Westerners could not agree whether to permit slavery or exclude it
The Panic of 1819 Largely the fault of the Second Bank
of the United States’ tightening of credit in an effort to control inflation Many state banks closed The value of money fell There were large increases in unemployment,
bankruptcies, and imprisonment for debtDepression was most severe in the
WestThe economic crisis changed many
Western voters’ political outlook
City growth
Westward expansion Growth of cities and states by
1850
• Rush-Bagot Agreement (1817)– Limits naval presence on Great Lakes for U.S.
and Great Britain• Anglo-American Convention (1818)
• Shared Oregon Territory for 10 years• the setting of the northern limits of the Louisiana
Territory at the 49th parallel
• Rush-Bagot Agreement (1817)– Limits naval presence on Great Lakes for U.S.
and Great Britain• Anglo-American Convention (1818)
• Shared Oregon Territory for 10 years• the setting of the northern limits of the Louisiana
Territory at the 49th parallel
• Florida Becomes Part of US– After War of 1812, Spain had
difficulty governing Florida
– Seminole Indians, runaway slaves, and white outlaws conducted raids into U.S. territory and retreated to safety across the Florida border
• Florida Becomes Part of US– After War of 1812, Spain had
difficulty governing Florida
– Seminole Indians, runaway slaves, and white outlaws conducted raids into U.S. territory and retreated to safety across the Florida border
•President Monroe commissioned General Andrew Jackson to stop the raiders
–Jackson led a force into Florida, destroyed Seminole villages, and hanged 2 Seminole chiefs
–Jackson captured Pensacola and drove out the Spanish governor
•President Monroe commissioned General Andrew Jackson to stop the raiders
–Jackson led a force into Florida, destroyed Seminole villages, and hanged 2 Seminole chiefs
–Jackson captured Pensacola and drove out the Spanish governor
• Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)–Spain turned over
• western Florida along with all to the east
• Claims in the Oregon Territory to the U.S.
–US agreed• to pay $5 million to Spain
• to give up any territorial claims to Texas
• Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)–Spain turned over
• western Florida along with all to the east
• Claims in the Oregon Territory to the U.S.
–US agreed• to pay $5 million to Spain
• to give up any territorial claims to Texas
Rush-Bagot Treaty and
Anglo-American
Convention of 1817-1818
with Great Britain
Adams-Onis Treaty of
1819 with Spain
49th Parallel
Texas
•In foreign affairs Monroe proclaimed the fundamental policy that bears his name,
Monroe Doctrine.•Monroe was responding to the threat that Europe might try to aid Spain in winning back her
former Latin American colonies.
•In foreign affairs Monroe proclaimed the fundamental policy that bears his name,
Monroe Doctrine.•Monroe was responding to the threat that Europe might try to aid Spain in winning back her
former Latin American colonies.
monroe doctrine
•Monroe and Secretary of State John Quincy Adams wanted to protect new “republics” in the Western
Hemisphere.•Great Britain, with its powerful navy, also opposed re-
conquest of Latin America and suggested that the United States join in proclaiming "hands off."
•Monroe and Secretary of State John Quincy Adams wanted to protect new “republics” in the Western
Hemisphere.•Great Britain, with its powerful navy, also opposed re-
conquest of Latin America and suggested that the United States join in proclaiming "hands off."
•Adams advised, "It would be more candid ... to avow our
principles explicitly to Russia and France, than to come in as a cock-boat in the wake of
the British man-of-war." •Monroe accepted Adams's
advice.
•Adams advised, "It would be more candid ... to avow our
principles explicitly to Russia and France, than to come in as a cock-boat in the wake of
the British man-of-war." •Monroe accepted Adams's
advice.
monroe doctrine
•Not only must Latin America be left alone, he warned, but also Russia must not encroach southward on the Pacific
coast. ". . . the American continents," •He stated, "by the free and independent condition which they have assumed and maintain, are henceforth not to be
considered as subjects for future colonization by any European Power."
•Not only must Latin America be left alone, he warned, but also Russia must not encroach southward on the Pacific
coast. ". . . the American continents," •He stated, "by the free and independent condition which they have assumed and maintain, are henceforth not to be
considered as subjects for future colonization by any European Power."
• Referred to as America’s Self Defense Doctrine.
• It is a continuation of President Washington’s neutrality and
isolationist policies.
• Past problems with Europe led the US to declare the Americas
off-limits to Europe
• Referred to as America’s Self Defense Doctrine.
• It is a continuation of President Washington’s neutrality and
isolationist policies.
• Past problems with Europe led the US to declare the Americas
off-limits to Europe
US protector of new democracies in the Western Hemisphere
No European Colonization in the Americas
US protector of new democracies in the Western Hemisphere
No European Colonization in the Americas
US will stay out of European
affairs
US will stay out of European
affairs
Monroe Doctrine
US recognized existing
European Colonies
US recognized existing
European Colonies
EconomyEconomyLeaderLeader
________________________
Role ofRole ofGovernmentGovernment
NORTHEASTNORTHEAST
•Business and ManufacturingDaniel Webster
_______________
•Wanted Tariffs
•Backed internal improvements
End to cheap public land
•Increasingly nationalistic
•Against Slavery and believed the U.S.
Govt. must abolish it.
SOUTHSOUTH
•Cotton-growingJohn C. Calhoun
_______________
•Opposed tariffs and government
spending on American System
•Increasingly supportive of states’ rights
•Pro-slavery and opposed any steps of the U.S. Govt. to try and abolish it.
WESTWEST
•Frontier agricultureHenry Clay
______________
•Supported internal improvements and American System.
•Wanted cheap land
•Loyal to the U.S. Govt.
•Against slavery but some supported
letting the people decide the slavery
issue
U.S. was becoming divided into 3 separate sections with U.S. was becoming divided into 3 separate sections with each trying to promote their self-interest.each trying to promote their self-interest.
In 1819, Missouri, first part of the Louisiana Purchase to apply for statehood
– Threatened balance of power in Congress • 11 free states• 11 slave states
– The Tallmadge amendment• prohibited the further introduction of slaves into Missouri• All slaves born in Missouri after the territory became a state would be freed
at the age of 25.• Passed by the House, not in the Senate.• The North controlled the House, and the South had enough power to block
it in the Senate.
In 1819, Missouri, first part of the Louisiana Purchase to apply for statehood
– Threatened balance of power in Congress • 11 free states• 11 slave states
– The Tallmadge amendment• prohibited the further introduction of slaves into Missouri• All slaves born in Missouri after the territory became a state would be freed
at the age of 25.• Passed by the House, not in the Senate.• The North controlled the House, and the South had enough power to block
it in the Senate.
– Missouri was to be admitted as a slaveholding state
– Maine was to be admitted as a free state
– In the rest of the Louisiana Territory north of latitude 3630', slavery was prohibited
– Missouri was to be admitted as a slaveholding state
– Maine was to be admitted as a free state
– In the rest of the Louisiana Territory north of latitude 3630', slavery was prohibited
After months of heated debate in Congress,
Henry Clay won majority support for 3 bills that
represented a compromise