• Prince Henry the Navigator:a. From Portugal;b. Established a school where

his sailors (Mariners) learned about navigation, mapmaking, and ship design.

• THE MIDDLE AGES:a. Were marked by the absence of an

effective central government and the constant threat of famine, disease, and foreign invasion.

b. Government system = Feudalism

• HAND-TOOLS AND DRAFT ANIMALS SUSTAINED THE ECONOMY

• Bubonic Plague = Black Death (1340S)a. EPIDEMIC THAT HAD KILLED A BOUT 1/3 OF

EUROPEANS = 33%/100%b. MOST OF THOSE AFFECTED BY THE PLAGUE

LIVED IN THE COUNTRYSIDE; HOWEVER, CITIES WERE GROWING

c. CITIES SERVED AS A BASIS FOR THE MERCHANTS TO SELL THEIR GOODS

A SOCIETY OF UNEQUAL CLASSES• EXTREMES OF WEALTH AND POVERTY

CHARACTERIZED EUROPEAN SOCIETY.• RULING ELITE 5% OF POPULATION; BUT

CONTROLLED ALMOST ALL THE LANDa. THE MOST PRESTIGOUS MEN WERE CALLED

ARISTOCRATSb. MECHANTS: NOT AS HONORED AS AN ARISTOCRAT BUT

WEALTHIERc. LEADERS OF ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCHd. MONARCH – KING OR QUEEN AT TOP

A SOCIETY OF UNEQUAL CLASSES

• MIDDLE CLASS:a. OWNED ENOUGH PROPERTY TO

EMPLOY, WORK FOR, THEMSELVES AS FARMERS, ARTISANS, AND SHOPKEEPRS;

b. ACCOUNTED FOR ONLY A 1/5 OF THE POPULATION IN EUROPE

A SOCIETY OF UNEQUAL CLASSES

• COMMONERS:a. WORKING POOR; MADE UP 3/5

OF EURPEAN SOCIETYb. LIVED BY FARMING ON LAND

RENTED FROM AN ARISTOCRAT OR BY SELLING THEIR LABOR\

c. HARD TIMES BECAME BEGGARS

WARRING KINGDOMSa. EUROPE WAS DIVIDED BETWEEN A

NUMBER OF WARRING KINGDOMS;b. THE MOST IMPORTANT WERE:

I. CASTILE II. PORTUGALIII. FRANCEIV. ENGLAND

• THE CHURCH:a.During the Middle Ages, the CHURCH controlled

intellectual life;b.The CHURCH wanted to make certain that all

adhered to their understanding of the world;c.Everything worth knowing is in the BIBLEd.Those how pursued scientific discoveries risked

prosecution in CHURCH courts

CRUSADES AND EXPANSION OF TRADE• CRUSADES:

A. EUROPEAN CHRISTIANS AND SOUTHWEST ASIAN MULIMS FOUGHT EACH OTHER IN RELIGIOUS WARS;

B. THE GOAL: WAS TO CAPTURE AND HOLD JERUSALEM AND ALL OF THE HOLY LAND WHERE JESUS HAD DIED AND LIVED;

• EFFECTS OF THE CRUSADES:–BENEFITS FOR EUROPEANS:

a. BECAME AWARE OF DISTAND LANDS AND DIFFERENT WAYS OF LIFE;

b. TRADE WAS ENCOURAGED;c. FOUND VALUABE RESOURCES IN THE EAST,

SUCH AS:d. SILKS, GEMS AND SPICESe. NOW HAVE EUROPEAN BUSINESSES IN ASIA

RENAISSANCE AND NEW IDEAS

• RENAISSANCE:a. BEGAN IN EUROPE;

FEATURED RENEWED INTEREST IN LEARNING AND THE ADVANCEMENT OF THE ARTS AND SCIENCES.

RENAISSANCE AND NEW IDEAS• EFFECTS OF RENAISSANCE:

a. TRADE WITH THE WORLD BEYOND EUROPE EXPANDED; THIS PRODUCED WEALTH AND THE POWER OF EUROPEAN NATIONS;

b. LITERATURE REINFORCED THE EUROPEAN LONGING FOR ACCESS TO THE FABLED RICHES OF INDIA AND CHINA

• EFFECT OF EXPLORATION:C. PEOPLE BEGAN TO BROADEN

THEIR VIEWS, GOING AGAINST WHAT THE CHURCH SAID, BECAUSE THEY WERE SEEING DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE WORLD

• EUROPEANS SEEK NEW TRADE ROUTES:a. EUROPEANS, WHO WERE

CHRISTIANS, FELT HEMMED IN BY THE SUPERIOR WEALTH, POWER, AND TECHNOLOGY OF THEIR RIVALS AND NEIGHBORS, THE MUSLIMS.

• MUSLIM REALM:a. DOMINATED BY THE OTTOMAN TURKS;b. STRETCHED ACROSS NORTH AFRICAN

AND AROUND THE SOUTEHR AND EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN SEA TO EMBRACE PARTS OF EASTERN EUROPE AND SOUTHWEST ASIA AND CENTRAL AND SOUTH ASIA

THE PORTUGUESE BEGIN TO EXPLORE

a. RECONQUISTA (RECONQUEST) TO DRIVE OUT THE MUSLIM MOORS WHO HAD RULED THE IBERIAN PENINSULA FOR CENTURIES.

b. PRINCE FEDINAND AND QUEEN ISABELLA UNITED ARAGON AND CASTILE TO CREATE SPAIN.

c. THE RECONQUISTA PROMOTED ZEALOUS CRUSADING SPIRIT FOR SPREADING THE CHRISTIAN FAITH.

d. FACING THE ATLANTIC OCEAN AND CLOSE TO AFRICA, SPAIN AND PORTUGAL WERE WELL SITUATED TO SEEK NEW TRADE ROUTES AND TO EXPAND EUROPEAN INFLUENCE.

e. PORTUGUES TOOK EARLY LEAD IN VENTURING OUT INTO THE ATLANTIC– F. HOW AND WHY? BECAUSE THEY CREATED NEW

DEVICES TO HELP SAIL: COMPASS, ASTROLABE AND QUADRANT; NEW AND BETTER SHIPS

THE PORTUGUESE BEGIN TO EXPLORE