Principals to sustain crop productivityand quality

Fen BeedRegional Director for East and Southeast Asia and Oceania

Plenary 5Wednesday 16th September

Australasian Plant Pathology Society,Conference 14 -16th September, 2015,

Freemantle, Australia

Manage biological environment to ensure productivity

• Agricultural intensification through more efficient land use

• Significant increases achievable through improved management of diseases thatcritically threaten food security

• Sustainable disease management through understanding dynamic interactionsbetween crops, beneficial and antagonistic organisms

• Physical environment

• Human interventions

Slide 3 (6/2014) avrdc.org

Prosperity for the poor & health for all! Founded in 1971

Research to promote development - nonprofit

Research outputs - global public goods

Profitable value webs – affordable year round

The World Vegetable Center

Alleviate poverty andmalnutrition throughincreased productionand consumption ofhealth-promotingvegetables.

Slide 4 (6/2014)

avrdc.org

vegetables = nutrition

deficiency incalories andproteins

= HUNGER ≥ 870 millionunderweight

deficiency invitamins andminerals

= MICRONUTRIENTDEFICIENCY

2 billionmalnourished

excesscalories

= IMBALANCEDCONSUMPTION

≥ 1.4 billionoverweight

Source: FAO; IFAD; WFP, 2012

75% of diabetics will soon be in developing countries

Vegetables WIN (women, income, nutrition)

1. high value for fresh and processed products

2. short cultivation cycle and huge diversity

3. empowerment of women to manage small rural and urban plots

4. increased nutrition provided to family and consumers

Slide 6 (6/2014) avrdc.org

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Global Urbanization Trends9.00

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World Population Total

Rural Population

5.00Urban Population

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The Urban and Rural Population of the World (1950 to 2030)*

*Source: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division(2006). World Urbanization Prospects

Slide 7 (6/2014)

Container and community gardening

Urban agriculture can takeplace in small spaces and

can be productive.

Ingenuity is the key!

avrdc.org

Slide 8 (6/2014) avrdc.org

Community Gardens

r®\AVRDC~ The World Vegetable Center

The Association of Southeast Asian Nations“UNIDO Regional Trade Standards Compliance Report, 2013”

“ASEAN potential to gain from macro trends of increasing population andpurchasing powers not met in all countries by increased vegetable production”

• Food safety and quality issues cause import rejections:

• MRLs exceeded of pesticides (approved and prohibited)and mycotoxins

• presence of quarantine plant pathogens and pests

• inadequate hygiene standards

The Association of Southeast Asian Nations“UNIDO Regional Trade Standards Compliance Report, 2013”

“ASEAN potential to gain from macro trends of increasing population andpurchasing powers not met in all countries by increased vegetable production”

• Food safety and quality issues cause import rejections:

• MRLs exceeded of pesticides (approved and prohibited)and mycotoxins

• presence of quarantine plant pathogens and pests

• inadequate hygiene standards

Inappropriate pesticide use accepted practice

Precise data not available!

Loss of producer profit

Loss of trade and value chains

Loss of country and retailer credibility

Loss of biodiversity

Loss of yield

Increased pest resistance

Health hazard to growers

Health hazard to consumers

Solutions to inappropriate pesticide use

• Precise pest and disease diagnostics

• Host resistance

• Agronomic practices

• Judicious pesticide use

• Biological control

anana bunchy top

anthomonas wilt

anana bunchy topanthomonas wilt

BTD and BXW)

What diseases pose a risk to banana?

X

D B

II X

II B

- BXW in Uganda56 % productionloss over 10 years

- With impact of6 billion dollars

(B

BXW diagnostics

Field to laboratory for confirmatory diagnostics (Xcm and BBTV)

Sample

2 min. extraction dipsticks

PhytoPASS sticks

FTA cards

ngo Kenya

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Tanzania

• Surveyed Field

Target Area

Development through networking

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Research andregulatory staff from7 countries sharedexperiences,prioritised where tosurvey for bananadisease andharmonised methods

Development through capacity building, extension and advocacy

Field diagnostics supported by lab (proficiencytests) to provide credible and shared records

BBTD not in Kenya but BXW in Burundi!

Recommend control practices

Advise policy makers

Monitor, evaluate and refine recommendations

Priority areas for interventions to manage BXW

Priority areas basedon weighted

importance offactors e.g.

1/5*A + 3/5*B+ 1/5*C.

A member of the CGIAR consortium www.iita.org

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Maize lethal necrosis

MLN

Hotspot

Sugarcane mosaic virus (local / aphid) +Maize chlorotic mottle virus (international / thrip)

Diagnostics foranthracnose of chili fruit

• Multigene phylogenetics to identify causal spp of Colletotrichumin field trials (Taiwan, Thailand and Indonesia)

• Validate to species level the Colletotrichum isolates in theAVRDC culture collection

• Development of qPCR diagnostic tests

• Fungal plant pathogen taxonomy and population genetics

Benefits to Australiaand SE Asia

• Identification of new fungal plant pathogens (species and pathotypes)

• Plant biosecurity and protection of country borders (quarantine)

• Understand the adaptation potential of pathogen populations toovercome genetic resistance or fungicides

• Enhance improved integrated disease control methods through betterunderstanding epidemiology

World’s largest vegetable collection(61,500 accessions, 172 genera, 439 species, 155 countries)

Global vegetables Traditional vegetables

Wild relatives, diversewith unique traits

Hibiscus sabdariffa:Source of vitamin C

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501 improved vegetable cultivarsbenefit farmers around the world

September 2013

Cassava mosaic disease (CMD)

Success in mitigating pandemic of CMD variants throughselection, multiplication and dissemination of resistant varieties

CMD resistant CMDsusceptible

Cassava brown streak disease (CBSD)

Varieties with resistance to CMD susceptible to emerging pandemics of2 species of CBSD: new materials, selected, multiplied and disseminated

Agronomic practices

Tomato bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum(soil-borne, vascular bacterial disease)

Control principle Specific measures Efficacy

Pathogenexclusion

Use a plot without disease historyUse clean seedlingsNo contact with contaminated water

***

Pathogenreduction

Practice rotationRemove diseased plantsApply chemical or organic amendments

**

Host resistance Use locally effective resistant cultivars ***

Direct protection Use sterilized pruning tools *

Agronomic practicesTomato leaf curl virus caused by begomoviruses

(insect-transmitted viral disease)Control principle Specific measures Efficacy

Pathogenexclusion

Raise healthy seedlings byprotection with 60-mesh net

***

Pathogenreduction

Control whitefly, with pesticide, trapcrops, pheromone traps

Remove and destroy infected plants

*

Host resistance Use locally effective resistantcultivars

***

Direct protection Apply summer oil on leaves *

Improved tomato summer production

simple structure

staking

Heat tolerantvariety mulch

raisedbed

Agronomic practices

Graft preferred vegetable variety ontorootstock with resistance to prevalentdiseases (or flooding)

Grafting

g Vinh, IVTC trainee2007:

ng Province 4000 hacultivated with grafted seedlings

2012:Full adoption in Lam Dong andincreasing in Red River Delta

Y increased by 18 t ha-1

ed profit in Lam Dong ofUS$7.7 million

Enforce GAP

Judicious Pesticide Use

Increase awareness:

MRLs and health impactsAppropriate use of approved products at correct dose for specific cropsAppropriate timings of applications (respecting Pre-Harvest Interval)Use of correct safety and application equipmentStore and dispose responsibly

Grain legum d borer ..,e poMaruca vitrata

Apanteles taragamae

MultipleNucleopolyhedrovirus

MaviMNPV

._ - r...,/

~rid Vegetable Center

IPM can combine chemical and biological control

International Journal of Pest Management

34

Biological controlMetarhizium anisopliae var. acridum

Senegalese grasshopper

(Oedaleus senegalensis)

Millet (Pennisetum glaucum)

Green muscle™ AfricaGreen guard ™ Australia

Biocontrol – ecological equilibrium

Nosema

Bombyliidae

Metarhizium Gold Sparrow

Gr. buzzard

MeloidaeCattle egret

Abdims stork

Scelionidae Sparrowlark

Acrotylus blondeli Senegalese Grasshopper Pyrgomorpha cognata

Saheliangrass

Millet Sorghum

Biocontrol for Striga hermonthica

Degraded soil increases Striga infestation

Soil suppression reduces Striga but if soil pasteurisedsuppression lost, thus biotic mechanism

Extensive field surveys across several countries followed bylaboratory, pot and field studies identified isolates ofFusarium oxysporum f.sp. strigae (Fos) as most effectiveCauses disease during all weed development stages

Host specific to Striga and does not produce toxins

Commercialisation underway in Kenya and Nigeria

Fos = Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. strigae

Seed coated with Arabic gum Pesta granules

Integrated management of Striga hermonthica in maize

SMALLHOLDERINCOME

Biocontrol

Desmo-dium

IRMaize

ResistantVariety

Legume RotationISFM

YIELD

REDUCTIONOF STRIGA

The Association of Southeast Asian Nations“UNIDO Regional Trade Standards Compliance Report, 2013”

“ASEAN potential to gain from macro trends of increasing population andpurchasing powers not met in all countries by increased vegetable production”

• Food safety and quality issues cause import rejections:

• MRLs exceeded of pesticides (approved and prohibited)and mycotoxins

• presence of quarantine plant pathogens and pests

• inadequate hygiene standards

Risk Factors - Foodborne Pathogens

WildlifeWorkers

Water

Waste

Harvest Post Harvest Consumption

Microbial threats to tomato production and food safety

– Ralstonia solanacearum– Xanthomonas spp.– Clavibacter michiganensis– Botrytis spp.– Phytophthora infestans– Fusarium solani– Alternaria solani– Pythium spp.– Rhizoctonia solani– Sclerotium rolfsii– Pseudocercospora fuligena

– Escherichia coli– Listeria monocytogenes– Salmonella spp.– Norovirus (GII.17 from S. China) HACCP

Food quality and safetyAflatoxin?

• Highly toxic metabolite produced byubiquitous Aspergillus flavus

• Fungus infects crops and produces toxinin field and store

• Contamination possible without visiblesigns of the fungus

TOXIGENIC

ATOXIGENIC

Inci

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Biocontrol of aflatoxin - AflasafeTM

In nature, some strains produce aflatoxin(toxigenic) and others do not (atoxigenic)

Increase frequency of atoxigenic strains thatcannot mate with toxic relatives but that areecologically competitive against them

Aflatoxin reduced in field andcarried over to stores and next season

Native strains selected for use in allvulnerable crops in target countriesand marketed as AflasafeTM

100

75

50

25

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Natural Biocontrol

TR4 Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense Mozambique

SOCIETY FOR GENERALMICROBIOLOGY

12 DECEMBER 2013 VOL 504 NATURE 195

1!1'1'91101 II

Fungus threatenstop banana

. I I I

1

AC4TR4

StellenboschDeclaration

Crop Healthcare Systemnational responsibility, regional cooperation and global excellence

• risk assessment

• disease surveillance

• disease diagnosis

• control recommendations

• farmer adoption

• impact on value chain

• advocacy

• research interventions

risk assessment

disease surveillance

disease diagnosis

control recommendations

farmer adoption

impact on value chain

aadvocacy

research interventions

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

Crop Healthcare Systemnational responsibility, regional cooperation and global excellence

ActiveLearning &CapacityBuilding!

Slide 49 (6/2014)

Principals to sustain crop productivity and quality

Thanks and Questions?

Plenary 5, Wednesday 16th September

Conference of Australasian Plant Pathology Society,14 -16th September, 2015, Freemantle, Australia