Principii Mct

PRINCIPLES OFTRADITIONAL

CHINESE MEDICINE

The Essential Guide toUnderstanding the Human Body

XU XIANGCAI

YMAA Publication CenterBoston, Mass. USA

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David Ripianzi

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Copyright ©2001 by Xu Xiangcai

ISBN:1-886969-99-x

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David Ripianzi

Xu, Xiangcai Principles of traditional Chinese medicine : the essential guide to understanding the human body Xu Xiangcai. -- 1st ed. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN: 1-886969-99-X 1. Medicine, Chinese. 2. Qi gong. 3. Alternative medicine. I. Title. R602. X89 2001 610.9'51 QBI1-2111

Table of Contents

Foreword by Prof. Dr. Hu Ximing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ixForeword by Mr. Zhang Qiwen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xiPreface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xiiiChapter 1 The Concept of Traditional Chinese Medicine

1.1 Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11.2 Theoretical System of TCM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11.3 Characteristic Features of TCM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11.4 The Concept of Wholism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21.5 Bianzheng Lunzhi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21.6 Treatment of the Same Disease with Different Therapeutic Methods . . . . . . .31.7 Treatment of Different Diseases with the Same Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3

Chapter 2 Yin-yang and the Five-element Theory2.1 Yin-yang Doctrine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42.2 The Unity of Yin and Yang as Two Opposites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42.3 Interdependence between Yin and Yang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52.4 Wane and Wax of Yin and Yang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52.5 Classification of the Structures of the Body in Terms of Yin and Yang . . . . . .52.6 Classification of Drugs in Terms of Yin and Yang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72.7 Five-element Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82.8 Reinforcement of the Mother-organ in the Case of Deficiency Syndrome . . . .92.9 Reduction of the Child-organ in the Case of Excess Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . .92.10 A Method of Providing Water for the Growth of Wood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102.11 Promote Fire to Reinforce Earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102.12 Mutual Promotion of Metal and Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102.13 Supplement Metal by Building Earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102.14 Warm Earth to Restrain Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102.15 Inhibit Wood to Support Earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .112.16 Assist Metal to Subdue Hyperactivity of Wood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .112.17 Purge the Heart-fire (South) to Nourish the Kidney-water (North) . . . . . . .11

Chapter 3 Qi, Blood and Body Fluid3.1 Qi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .123.2 Blood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .153.3 Body Fluid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .163.4 Relationship between Qi, Blood, and Body Fluids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17

Chapter 4 Phase of Viscera4.1 Viscera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .194.2 Viscera-phase Doctrine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .194.3 The Heart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .204.4 The Lungs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .224.5 The Spleen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .244.6 The Liver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .284.7 The Kidneys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .304.8 The Gallbladder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .344.9 The Stomach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .364.10 The Small Intestine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .374.11 The Large Intestine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .384.12 The Urinary Bladder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .394.13 The Tri-jiao . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .394.14 The Brain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .404.15 Marrow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41

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4.16 The Uterus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .414.17 Tian gui . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .424.18 Relationships between Organs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42

Chapter 5 Meridians, Channels and Collaterals5.1 Meridian Doctrine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .505.2 Channels and Collaterals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .505.3 Meridian System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .505.4 Twelve Regular Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .515.5 Eight Extra Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .535.6 Branches of Twelve Regular Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .545.7 Fu Luo (Superficial Collaterals) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .555.8 Sun Luo (Minute Collaterals) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .555.9 Twelve Skin Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .555.10 Twelve Channel-Musculatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .555.11 Physiological Functions of Meridian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56

Chapter 6 Etiology and Occurrence of Disease6.1 Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .576.2 Occurrence of Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .576.3 Cause of Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .586.4 The Theory of Three Categories of Etiologic Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .586.5 Liu Yin (Six Climate Conditions in Excess as Pathogenic Factors) . . . . . . . .596.6 Characteristics of Six Exopathic Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .596.7 Internal Impairment by Seven Emotions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .646.8 Improper Diet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .656.9 Imbalance between Work and Rest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .666.10 Traumatic Injury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .666.11 Phlegm Retention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .676.12 Blood Stasis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .686.13 Vital Qi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .696.14 Environment as a Factor in the Causation of Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .70

Chapter 7 Pathogenesis7.1 Pathogenesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .727.2 Wax or Wane of Vital Qi and Pathogens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .727.3 Imbalance between Yin and Yang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .747.4 Qi and Blood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .807.5 Disturbance in Fluid Metabolism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .857.6 Five Endogenous Pathogens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .887.7 Pathogenesis of the Zang-fu Organs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .91

Chapter 8 Diagnostic Method8.1 Diagnostic Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1018.2 Inspection and Observation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1018.3 Observation of Vitality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1018.4 Observation of Complexion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1028.5 Observation of Bodily Figure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1048.6 Observation of Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1058.7 Observation of the Head and Hair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1058.8 Observation of the Eyes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1068.9 Observation of the Ears . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1068.10 Observation of the Nose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1068.11 Observation of the Lips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1078.12 Observation of the Teeth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1078.13 Observation of the Throat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1078.14 Observation of the Skin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1088.15 Observation of the Tongue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .109

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8.16 Observation of Discharges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1178.17 Observation of Superficial Venules of an Infant’s Index Fingers . . . . . . . . .1208.18 Auscultation and Olfaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1218.19 Questioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1238.20 Questioning about Chills and Fever . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1238.21 Questioning about Perspiration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1258.22 Questioning about Pain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1278.23 Questioning about Sleeping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1328.24 Questioning about Diet and Taste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1338.25 Questioning about Defecation and Urination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1348.26 Questioning about Menstruation and Leukorrhea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1358.27 Questioning about the Condition of a Child . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1368.28 Taking the Pulse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1368.29 Palpation of the body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .147

Chapter 9 Differential Diagnosis and Treatment9.1 Bagang Bianzheng (Diagnosis in Accordance with the Eight Principal

Syndromes) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1509.2 Differential Diagnosis of Interior or Exterior Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1509.3 Differential Diagnosis of Cold and Heat Syndromes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1519.4 Differential Diagnosis of Deficiency and Excess . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1539.5 Differential Diagnosis according to Yin and Yang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1569.6 Differential Diagnosis according to the State of Qi, Blood and Body Fluid .1569.7 Differential Diagnosis according to Theory of Zang-fu Organs . . . . . . . . . .1619.8 Differential Diagnosis in Accordance with the Theory of Six Channels . . . .1799.9 Differential Diagnosis by the Analysis of Weiqi, Ying and Xue . . . . . . . . . .1829.10 Differential Diagnosis in Light of the Doctrine of Tri-jiao . . . . . . . . . . . . .184

Chapter 10 Preventative Therapeutic Principles10.1 Overview of Preventative Therapeutic Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18610.2 Preventive Treatment of Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18610.3 Control of the Development of an Existing Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18610.4 Therapeutic Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18710.5 Therapeutic Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18710.6 Routine Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18810.7 Treatment Contrary to the Routine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18910.8 Treatment of a Disease by Removing Its Cause or by Merely Alleviating Its

Symptoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19010.9 Regulation of Yin and Yang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19310.10 Regulation of Visceral Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19410.11 Regulation of Qi and Blood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19510.12 Treatment of Disease in Accordance with Three Conditions (Seasonal

Conditions, Local Conditions and Constitution of an Individual) . . . . . . . .195

Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .197

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .199

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ForewordI am delighted to learn that Traditional Chinese Health Secrets will

soon come into the world. TCM has experienced many vicissitudes oftimes but has remained evergreen. It has made great contributions notonly to the power and prosperity of our Chinese nation but to theenrichment and improvement of world medicine. Unfortunately,differences in nations, states and languages have slowed down itsspreading and flowing outside China. Presently, however, an upsurge inlearning, researching and applying Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM)is unfolding. In order to bring the practice of TCM to all areas of theglobe, Mr. Xu Xiangcai called intellectuals of noble aspirations andhigh intelligence together from Shandong and many other provinces inChina to compile and translate this text. I believe that the day when theworld’s medicine is fully developed will be the day when TCM hasspread throughout the world.

I am pleased to give it my recommendation.

Prof. Dr. Hu XimingDeputy Minister of the Ministry of Public

Health of the People’s Republic of China, DirectorGeneral of the State Administrative Bureau of

Traditional Chinese, Medicine and Pharmacology,President of the World Federation of Acupuncture

Moxibustion Societies, Member of ChinaAssociation of Science & Technology, Deputy

President of All-China Association of TraditionalChinese Medicine, President of China

Acupuncture & Moxibustion Society

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ForewordThe Chinese nation has been through a long, arduous course of

struggling against diseases. Through this struggle, it has developed itsown traditional medicine-Traditional Chinese Medicine andPharmacology (TCMP), TCMP has a unique, comprehensive—boththeories and clinical practice—scientific system including both theoriesand clinical practice.

Though its beginnings were several thousand years ago, the practiceof TCM has been well preserved and continuously developed. TCM hasspecial advantages, which include remarkable curative effects and fewside effects. It is an effective means by which people can prevent andtreat diseases and keep themselves strong and healthy. All achievementsattained by any nation in the development of medicine are the publicwealth of all mankind. They should not be confined within a singlecountry. What is more, the need to set them free to flow throughout theworld as quickly and precisely as possible is greater than that of anyother kind of science. During my more than thirty years of beingengaged in the practice of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), I havebeen looking forward to the day when TCMP will have spread all overthe world and made its contributions to the elimination of diseases ofall mankind. However, it is to be deeply regretted that the pace ofTCMP in extending outside China has been unsatisfactory due to themajor difficulties involved in expressing its concepts in foreign lan-guages.

Mr. Xu Xiangcai, a teacher of Shandong College of TCM, hassponsored and taken charge of the work of compilation and translationof such knowledge into English. This work is a great project, a large-scale scientific research, a courageous effort and a novel creation. I amdeeply grateful to Mr. Xu Xiangcai and his compilers and translators,who have been working day and night for such a long time on thisproject. As a leader in the circles of TCM, I am duty-bound to do mybest to support them.

I believe this text will be certain to find its position both in thehistory of Chinese medicine and in the history of world science andtechnology.

Mr. Zhang QiwenMember of the Standing Committee of All-

China Association of TCM, Deputy Head ofthe Health Department of Shandong Province

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PrefaceTraditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) is one of China’s great cultural

heritages. Since the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949,the treasure house of the theories of TCM has been continuouslyexplored and the plentiful literature researched and compiled. The effortwas guided by the farsighted TCM policy of the Chinese CommunistParty and the Chinese government. As a result, great success has beenachieved. Today, a worldwide upsurge has appeared in the studying andresearching of TCM. To promote even more vigorous development ofthis trend in order that TCM may better serve all humankind, effortsare required to further it throughout the world. To bring this about, thelanguage barriers must be overcome as soon as possible in order thatTCM can be accurately expressed in foreign languages. Thus, thecompilation and translation of a series of English-Chinese books of basicknowledge of TCM has become more urgent to serve the needs ofmedical and educational circles both inside and outside China.

In recent years, at the request of the health departments, satisfactoryachievements have been made in researching the expression of TCM inEnglish. Based on the investigation of the history and current state ofthe research work mentioned above, has been published to meet theneeds of extending the knowledge of TCM around the world.

The encyclopedia consists of twenty-one volumes, each dealing witha particular branch of TCM. In the process of compilation, the distin-guishing features of TCM have been given close attention and greatefforts have been made to ensure that the content is scientific, practical,comprehensive and concise. The chief writers of the Chinese manu-scripts include professors or associate professors with at least twentyyears of practical clinical and/or teaching experience in TCM. TheChinese manuscript of each volume has been checked and approved by aspecialist of the relevant branch of TCM. The team of the translatorsand revisers of the English versions consists of TCM specialists with agood command of English professional medical translators and teachersof English from TCM colleges or universities. At a symposium tostandardize the English versions, scholars from twenty-two colleges anduniversities, research institutes of TCM, and other health institutesprobed the question of how to express TCM in English more compre-hensively, systematically and accurately. The English version of eachvolume was re-examined and then final checked. Obviously this ency-clopedia will provide extensive reading material of TCM English forsenior students in colleges of TCM in China and will also greatlybenefit foreigners studying TCM. The responsible leaders of three

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organizations support the diligent efforts of compiling and translatingthis encyclopedia:

1. State Education Commission of the People’s Republic of China2. State Administrative Bureau of TCM and Pharmacy and the

Education Commission 3. Health Department of Shandong Province Under the direction of the Higher Education Department of the

State Education Commission, the leading board of compilation andtranslation of this encyclopedia was created. The leaders of manycolleges of TCM and pharmaceutical factories of TCM have also givenassistance.

We hope that this encyclopedia will promote further and improveinstruction of TCM in English at the colleges of TCM in China, culti-vate the sharing of ideas of TCM in English in medical circles and giveimpetus to the study of TCM outside China.

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1

C H A P T E R 1

The Concept ofTraditional ChineseMedicine

1.1 TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICINE (TCM)Traditional Chinese Medicine is a discipline that deals with human

physiology, pathology, diagnosis and the treatment and prevention ofdiseases. TCM encompasses a specific, integrated system of theory,which comes from a history of several thousand years of clinical experi-ence. TCM develops from the experience of the Chinese people in theirlong struggle against diseases. As a result, TCM has contributed a greatdeal to the promotion of health and prosperity of the Chinese nationand to the further development of medical sciences all over the world aswell.

1.2 THEORETICAL SYSTEM OF TCMThe theoretical system of TCM consists of the theories of yin and

yang, the five elements, zang-fu organs, meridians, pathogenesis, syn-drome and techniques of diagnosis. It also includes the therapeuticprinciples of health preservation and the six natural factors. It is atheoretical system much influenced by ancient materialism and dialec-tics, with the doctrine on yin and yang and the concept of integratedwhole as its guiding principle. This concept is based in the physiologyand pathology of the zang-fu organs and meridians. The diagnostic andtherapeutic features of TCM include bianzheng lunzhi, which is a selec-tion of treatment based on differential diagnosis.

1.3 CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF TCMTCM is mainly characterized by its specific diagnostic techniques

and therapeutic principles based on a practitioner’s interpretation of thephysiological functions and pathological changes of the human body.For instance, TCM regards the body as an integrated whole, closely

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interconnected by zang-fu organs, channels and collaterals that maintaina close link with the outer world. Where the development of disease isconcerned, TCM stresses that endogenous pathogenic factors (namely,seven abnormal emotions) and exogenous pathogenic factors (namely, sixexogenous pathogens) play an important role.

TCM utilizes four diagnostic techniques as its principal methods:• Differentiation of diseases according to the theory of the

zan-fu organs.• Differential diagnosis according to the theory of the Six

Channels.• Differential diagnosis by the analysis of wai, qi, ying and

xue.• Differential diagnosis by the analysis of san jiao (tri-jiao or

triple warmer/triple energizer).

TCM attaches great importance to the prevention and preventivetreatment of disease. The practice of TCM maintains that the primarycause or root of a disease must be found and that a patient must betreated according to their physique as well as their seasonal and localconditions. In short, the characteristics of TCM can be summarized as:

• The concept of wholism.• Selection of treatment based on differential diagnosis.

1.4 THE CONCEPT OF WHOLISM

The concept of wholism refers to a general view of the human bodyas a single, integrated entity that inter-relates with nature.

The human body is composed of a variety of tissues and organs andeach of these performs a particular function and contributes to the lifeactivities of the whole body. Thus, the human body is an integralwhole, in that its constituent parts are inseparable in structure andconnected with and conditioned by one another.

Because humankind exists in nature, the human body is affecteddirectly or indirectly by any changes that occur in nature.

1.5 BIANZHENG LUNZHI

The word bian means comprehensive analysis and the word zhengrefers to symptoms and signs. Zheng, however, not only refers to a merecombination of symptoms, but to a pathological generalization of adisease in a certain stage and the relation between body resistance andpathological agents.

When the two words are combined to form the word bianzheng, theterm refers to the clinical data collected by the four diagnostic tech-

Chapter 1: The Concept of Traditional Chinese Medicine


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Treatment of the Same Disease with Different Therapeutic Methods

niques of TCM: detection, analysis, summary and diagnosis. Thepatient’s symptoms and signs are detected, analyzed and summarizedthus establishing a diagnosis.

When the word lunzhi is added, it means that a proper therapeuticprogram is drawn up according to the diagnosis made.

The differential diagnosis known as Bianzheng Lunzhi is a funda-mental principle of TCM that allows for the recognition and treatmentof disease.

1.6 TREATMENT OF THE SAME DISEASE WITH DIFFERENTTHERAPEUTIC METHODS

Disease that is in different stages may manifest itself by differentsyndromes and, therefore, can be treated with different therapeuticmethods. Let us look at measles for example. In the early stage, whenthe appearance of the skin eruption is delayed and incomplete, theprinciple for promoting eruption must be applied. In its middle stage,when the lung-heat is the main syndrome, the practice of clearing awaythe lung-heat is indicated. Finally in the late stages, when lingeringheat impairs yin in the lungs and stomach, the method of nourishing yinin order to clear away the lung-heat must be adopted.

1.7 TREATMENT OF DIFFERENT DISEASES WITH THE SAMETHERAPY

The same therapy can be employed to treat different diseases thatmanifest themselves by the same syndrome. For example, both prolapseof rectum due to protracted illness and uterine prolapse can be treatedby the therapy of elevating spleen-qi if the two ailments manifestthemselves by sinking the qi of the middle-jiao.


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C H A P T E R 2

Yin-yang and theFive-element Theory

2.1 YIN-YANG DOCTRINE

According to ancient Chinese philosophy the yin and yang are twoopposite categories. In the beginning, their meanings were quitesimple, referring to turning away from or facing the sunlight respective-ly. Later, the yin and yang principles were used to describe an endlessvariety of things such as weather (cold or warm), position (downward orupward, right or left, internal or external), moving condition (mobile orstatic) and so on. The philosophers of ancient times observed that eachphenomenon had two aspects, which were opposites regardless of thefocus. Thus, the yin and yang theory is known as the basic law of theuniverse.

Yin and yang theory states that a natural phenomena contains twoopposite aspects, thus forming the concept of the unity of opposites.Generally speaking, things active, external, upward, hot, bright, func-tional and hyperfunctional are of yang nature, while those that are static,internal, downward, cold, dark, substantial and hypofunctional are yinin nature.

Yin-yang doctrine is used to illustrate the sources and primary formsof movement of all things in the universe and the causes of their begin-ning and end.

As a theoretical tool in TCM, the yin-yang doctrine was applied tothe study of physiology and pathology of the body and to diagnosis andtreatment of diseases.

2.2 THE UNITY OF YIN AND YANG AS TWO OPPOSITES

Every thing and phenomenon in nature has two opposite aspects,yin and yang, which are manifested mainly in their mutual restraint andstruggle. For example, the motions of celestial bodies, including the sunand the moon and the climactic changes of the four seasons, are thespecific manifestations of the unity of opposites between yin and yang.


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The Unity of Thoughts of Medicine and Book of Changes states thatviolent motion should be suppressed by tranquility, thus the hyperactiv-ity of yin is restrained by yang. This implies that there is a relation ofmutual restraint and mutual struggle between motion and tranquility.In other words, two mutually opposite aspects of anything alwaysrestrain one another through struggle.

When the yin and yang theory is applied to the body, the twoopposites do not exist in a balanced state, rather they oppose each other.Through this kind of opposition and struggle a dynamic equilibriumcan be established within the body. It is only through constant restraintand struggle that all things can develop and undergo change.

2.3 INTERDEPENDENCE BETWEEN YIN AND YANG

Although yin and yang are opposites and oppose each other, they arealso interdependent. Without its opposite aspect, neither can existindependently, so each of the two opposite aspects is the condition forthe other’s existence. The chapter “Great Treatise on Yin-YangClassification of Natural Phenomena” written by Su Wen states, “Yin isinstalled in the interior as the substantial basis of yang, while yangremains on the exterior as the manifestation of the function of yin.” Thisstatement best illustrates the relation of the interdependence betweenyin and yang. Here yin and yang refer to substance and function respec-tively. Substance exists within the body, while function manifests itselfon the exterior of the body. Yang on the exterior is the manifestation ofthe activities of the substance within the body, while yin within thebody serves as the substantial basis of functional activities. If each of thetwo opposite aspects cease to be the condition for the other’s existence,no generation or growth is likely to occur.

2.4 WANE AND WAX OF YIN AND YANG

The opposition, mutual restraint, interdependence and interactionbetween yin and yang are not in a static or unchangeable condition.Rather they are constantly moving and changing. That is to say, withincertain limits and during a certain period of time exists the alternationof the wane (decline) of yin followed by the wax (growth) of yang andvice versa. As an example we can look at the climate. From winter tospring and on to summer, the climate turns gradually from cold towarm to hot. This process is known as the wane of yin and wax of yangmeaning that the winter cold gradually lessens as the heat of summergradually increases. When summer turns from autumn to winter, thetemperature turns from hot to cool and cold and thus is known as thewane of yang and wax of yin. In reference to the human body, yang is

Interdependence between Yin and Yang


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Chapter 2: Yin-yang and the Five-element Theory

overabundant during the daytime. The yang is termed excitement whilethe yin is termed inhibition. After the middle of the night, yang beginsto grow, at noon, yang-qi is excessive and the body’s function turnsgradually from being inhibited into being excited. Conversely, fromnoon until dusk, yang-qi wanes while yin-qi waxes and the body’sphysiological function turns from being excited to being inhibited.Therefore, the wane and wax of yin and yang help to maintain a dynamicequilibrium.

2.5 CLASSIFICATION OF THE STRUCTURES OF THE BODY IN TERMSOF YIN AND YANG

The unity of the human body can be understood as a relationshipbetween two opposites. It is generally assumed that the upper part ofthe body, the surface, external sides, limbs and six fu organs pertain toyang, while the lower portion, interior, abdomen and five zang organspertain to yin.

The equilibrium of yin and yang refers to the state of perfect harmo-ny between yin and yang. Normal life activities of the body result fromthis harmonious relationship. This dynamic relationship is necessary forgood health.

Relative Excessiveness of Yin or Yang. An excess of yin or yangbeyond their normal levels promotes pathological changes. According tothe principle of dynamic equilibrium between yin and yang, an excess ofeach of these two opposite aspects results in relative deficient other.Disease, according to TCM theory, results from an excess of yin or yangpathogens depending on what is deficient.

Excess Yang. When a yang pathogen is in excess it contributes toillness and inhibits yin. An excess of yang or yang pathogen is a patho-logical change resulting from yang excess beyond normal levels. It isstated in the Da Lun written by Su Wen, “An excess of yang producesheat syndrome.” Excessive yang produces heat and thus gives rise toexcessive heat syndrome.

Excess Yin. An excess of yin or yin pathogen is a pathologicalchange resulting from yin in excess beyond normal levels. As is stated inthe Da Lun, “An excess of yin leads to disorder of yang and producescold syndrome.” Thus, an excess of yin causes cold syndrome of theexcess type.

Insufficient Yin or Yang. Insufficient yin or yang is a pathologicalchange in which either yin or yang is below normal levels. According tothe principle of dynamic equilibrium between yin and yang, deficienteither leads to hyperactivity of the other. The main contradiction of


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diseases due to insufficient yin or yang lies in deficient yin-essence oryang-qi.

Deficient Yang. Deficient yang is unable to restrain yin, thusleading to hyperactivity of yin and cold syndrome of insufficiency type.

Insufficient Yin. When yin is deficient, it is unable to restrainyang, leading to relative hyperactivity of yang and heat syndrome. Thus,deficient yin is said to bring about heat syndrome of a weak type.

Deficient Yang Affecting Yin and Deficient Yin AffectingYang. Deficient yang directly affects yin. When the yang-qi of the bodyis too weak to promote the production of yin fluid, insufficient yinresults. Conversely, when the yin fluid of the body is too weak topromote the production of yang-qi, the result is insufficient yang.

Reestablishment of Yang from Yin and Reestablishment of Yinfrom Yang. As a method for treating yang deficiency syndrome, yang-invigorating herbs, food or drugs should be administered in combinationwith yin-nourishing drugs so as to promote the production of yang-qi.

As a method for treating yin deficiency syndrome, yin-nourishingherbs, food, or drugs should be administered accompanied by yang-invigorating remedies, so as to promote the production of yin fluid.

2.6 CLASSIFICATION OF DRUGS IN TERMS OF YIN AND YANG

In the practice of TCM, medicinal substances are differentiated infour ways:

• Nature• Odor• Taste• Action

Properties of Medicinal Substances . Properties of medicinalsubstances refer mainly to their four pharmacological features, namely:cold, hot, warm, and cool. Among them, cold and cool are yin in nature,while warm and hot are yang. Remedies that can relieve or clear awaythe hot-syndrome are cold or cool nature, while those that can relieve orclear away cold syndrome are hot or warm in nature.

Five Tastes. TCM recognizes five different tastes, namely, acrid,sweet, sour, bitter, and salty. (TCM also recognized the absence of taste:bland.) Among them, acrid, sweet, and bland tastes belong to yang,while sour, bitter, and salty tastes to yin.

Remedies of the body are classified according to the tendency oftheir actions; remedies lift, lower, float, or sink. Among them, liftingand floating belong to yang, whereas lowering and sinking to yin.Remedies that produce the effects of elevating yang—inducing

Classification of Drugs in Terms of Yin and Yang


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diaphoresis, dispelling wind, expelling cold, inducing vomiting, andresuscitation—act upward and outward. Their mechanisms of action arelifting and floating. On the other hand, those that are used for purga-tion, clearing away heat, inducing diuresis, tranquilization, suppressingyin and stopping wind, promoting digestion and relieving dyspepsia,lowering adverse flow of qi and astringency act downward and inward.Their mechanisms of action are lowering and sinking.

Clinically, to correct the imbalance of yin and yang, appropriateremedies are selected in accordance with their nature, depending uponexcessiveness or deficient yin and yang in a disease.

2.7 FIVE-ELEMENT THEORY

The ancient Chinese found that in nature there exists a universalphenomenon that they called the five-element theory. The five-elementdoctrine was once used as a theoretical tool by ancient scholars toillustrate the nature of things, as well as the relationship between themon the bases of the properties, movements, and interactions of these fivekinds of substances. In TCM, the five-element theory is chiefly used toexplain the properties of viscera of the human body, their mutualrelations, and their pathological changes.

Generation of the Five Elements. The five elements consist ofwood, fire, earth, metal, and water. It was theorized that these elementsgenerate each other. Wood generates fire, fire generates earth, earthgenerates metal, metal generates water, and water generates wood.

Degeneration of the Five Elements. Based on universal phenomenait was found that the elements also inhibit or restrict each other as well.Wood restricts earth, earth restricts water, water restricts fire, firerestricts metal, and metal restricts wood.

Interaction between the Five Elements. The five elements can over-restrict or reverse-restrict each other as well. As an example of over-restriction, wood can restrict earth, which results in insufficient earth.

As an example of reverse-restriction, wood should be restricted bymetal; however, when wood is excessively strong it is not restricted bymetal, rather it restricts metal.

Each of the five elements can be described by their properties aswell.

The properties of the five elements are as follows:• Wood has the property of free growth and unfolding.• Fire has the property of warmth and flaring up.• Earth has the property of generation, transformation, and

receipt.



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• Metal has the property of purification, descent, and astrin-gency.

• Water has the property of nourishing and flowing down-wards.

The five-element doctrine illustrates the connections existingbetween all things by the relationships among the five elements. Itholds that nothing is in an isolated or static state; that is, everythingis—or strives to be—in a state of harmonious balance maintained bythe constant motion of intergeneration and inter-restriction. This is thebasic premise of the five-element doctrine and it also serves as thefoundation for dialectical materialism in ancient China.

2.8 REINFORCEMENT OF THE MOTHER-ORGAN IN THE CASE OFDEFICIENCY SYNDROME

Another therapeutic principle for treating deficiency syndrome isbased on the concept of the mother-child relationship of intergenerationof the five elements.

The principle applied primarily to deficiency syndrome withmother-child relationship. For instance, consider the syndrome knownas “water failing to nourish wood.” In this situation, the liver (wood) issuffering from deficiency syndrome due to inability of the kidneys(water) to nourish the liver. To remedy the situation and restore balance,the kidneys, not the liver, are to be nourished. The reason: the kidneysare water and thus promote the liver, which is wood. This makes thekidneys the “mother organ” of the liver.

The mother-organ principle also holds true for acupuncture. In thetreatment of deficiency syndrome of the child-organ, points pertainingto the mother-channel or mother-points are needled, reinforcing manip-ulation. For instance, in the case of a deficiency syndrome of the liver,yingu (a point on the kidney channel) is needled. In this sense, thedisease of the child-organ is said to be eradicated by reinforcing themother-organ.

2.9 REDUCTION OF THE CHILD-ORGAN IN THE CASE OF EXCESSSYNDROME

This is a therapeutic principle for treating the excess syndrome,based on the theory of the mother-child relationship of inter-generationof the five elements.

The principle is applied mainly to excess syndrome with mother-child relationship. For instance, excess syndrome demonstrated by anexuberance of the liver-fire can be treated by purging the fire of theheart (child-organ of the liver). This works because purgation of the

Reinforcement of the Mother-organ in the Case of Deficiency Syndrome


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heart-fire helps to reduce the liver-fire. In acupuncture, in the case of anexcess syndrome of the mother organ, points pertaining to the child-channel are needled with purging manipulation. For instance, in thetreatment of excess syndrome of the liver, either shaofu (H8, a point ofthe heart channel) or xin jian (Liv2, the child-point of the liver channel)is needled. In this sense, the disease of the mother-organ is cured bypurging the child-organ.

2.10 A METHOD OF PROVIDING WATER FOR THE GROWTH OFWOOD

Here water refers to the kidneys, while wood to the liver. This is amethod of restoring the liver (wood) -yin by nourishing the kidney(water) -yin, which is indicated for the relief of deficient liver-yin due toconsumption of kidney-yin. It is also known as a method of nourishingthe kidneys and the liver.

2.11 PROMOTE FIRE TO REINFORCE EARTH

The fire in the five elements originally and usually represents theheart of the five zang organs. However, there is another doctrine thatstates that the fire of mingmen (gate of life) warms the whole body. Tobenefit fire to reinforce, earth, fire refers to the fire from mingmen, i.e.,kidney-yang. Earth corresponds to the spleen. This is a method ofwarming kidney-yang to invigorate spleen-yang, which is indicated inhypofunction of spleen-yang due to decline of kidney-yang.

2.12 MUTUAL PROMOTION OF METAL AND WATER

This is a method of reinforcing or nourishing the lungs (metal) andthe kidneys (water) simultaneously in order to promote each other basedon their mother-child relationship. In this instance, deficient lungscauses a failure of the lungs to distribute fluid to nourish the kidneys—or insufficient kidney-yin causes a failure of the kidneys to nourish thelungs—leading to deficient lung-yin and kidney-yin.

2.13 SUPPLEMENT METAL BY BUILDING EARTH

This is a method of replenishing and restoring the lung (metal) -qiby invigorating the spleen (earth) and replenishing qi. It is indicated indeficient lungs and spleen caused by failure of the spleen and stomachto nourish the lungs.

2.14 WARM EARTH TO RESTRAIN WATER

Here earth refers to the spleen and water to the kidneys. This is amethod of treating retention of water within the body by warming



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spleen-yang or warming the kidneys to invigorate the spleen. It isusually used to treat edema and distention resulting from the overflowof pathogenic water dampness due to dysfunction of the spleen. Ifretention of water within the body is caused by failure of kidney-yang towarm spleen-yang, priority must be given to warming the kidneys,supplemented by invigorating the spleen.

2.15 INHIBIT WOOD TO SUPPORT EARTH

Here wood and earth refer to the liver and spleen, respectively.Inhibiting Wood to Support Earth is a method of treating hyperfunc-tion of the liver and insufficient spleen by soothing the liver andinvigorating the spleen. The concept: disperse the stagnated liver-qi,calm the liver to normalize stomach-qi or coordinate between the liverand spleen. It is indicated for the relief of hyperactivity of the liver(wood), which over-restricts the spleen (earth).

2.16 ASSIST METAL TO SUBDUE HYPERACTIVITY OF WOOD

Here metal and wood represent the lungs and liver, respectively.This method checks hyperactivity of the liver by purifying lung-qi; it isdemonstrated by an exuberance of the liver-fire caused by the failure oflung-qi to keep pure and to descend.

2.17 PURGE THE HEART-FIRE (SOUTH) TO NOURISH THE KIDNEY-WATER (NORTH)This therapy nourishes the kidney-water (located in the North) by

purging the heart-fire (located in the South). It is indicated by excessiveheart-fire and a breakdown of the normal physiological coordinationbetween the heart and kidneys and is caused by insufficient kidney-yin.As the kidneys are an organ responsible for both water and fire, defi-cient kidney-yin may also give rise to over abundant ministerial fire,which differs from the heart-fire according to the five-element doctrine.

Inhibit Wood to Support Earth


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199

Indexabdominal distension, 25-26, 36, 43,

46, 108, 134, 148, 154, 181abdominal pain, 61, 66, 72, 96, 103,

124, 129, 134, 148, 155, 165-167,178, 181, 188

amnesia, 66, 171, 174, 176, 178anasarca syndrome, 160anger, 28, 30, 41, 58, 64-65, 129, 162,

170, 178anxiety, 25, 27, 41, 58, 64-66, 170,

174, 178arthritis, 59-62, 130, 202bianzheng lunzhi, 0-3, 187blood, 12-18, 20-31, 34, 37, 42, 44-

45, 47-50, 53-55, 58-59, 61, 63-69,71-77, 80-100, 102-114, 117-120,123, 126-133, 135-136, 138-145,148, 153, 156-159, 161-164, 166,170-171, 176, 178, 183, 187-191,194-196

blood stasis, 18, 44, 58, 66, 68-69, 83-84, 88-89, 92, 94, 99, 104, 106,108, 110, 114, 117, 126-130, 133,135, 142, 144-145, 148, 157-158,188

blood-heat, 68-69, 83, 92, 106, 135,158

body fluid, 12, 14, 16-18, 21, 61-63,67-68, 76-81, 84-90, 93-94, 96, 99,107-116, 118-119, 125-127, 133,140, 153-154, 156-157, 159-160,165, 180

brain, 17, 19, 35, 40-41, 53, 82, 98,105-106, 127-128, 180

channel, 9-10, 16, 20, 22, 25, 28, 31-32, 35, 42, 50-55, 60, 63, 67, 88,106-107, 120, 125, 127-128, 136,139-140, 142, 144-145, 172, 179-182

chills, 122-126, 128-129, 155, 172,181-182

chong, 42, 51, 53-54cold pathogen, 60-61, 164cold syndrome, 6-7, 75-79, 98, 103-

105, 109-110, 114, 119, 122-124,133, 135, 140, 144-145, 147, 152-153, 155, 181-182, 188-189, 192-194

cold-phlegm syndrome, 144, 160collateral, 50-51, 69, 106, 110-111,

120cun, 52, 137-138, 141, 145da lun, 6dai, 51, 53-54damp pathogen, 61-62

damp-phlegm syndrome, 160defecation, 35, 38, 42, 98, 102, 134deficiency syndrome, 7, 9, 70, 72-73,

75-76, 78, 82, 103, 118-119, 121-122, 131, 139-143, 147-148, 153-154, 156-157, 162, 188-189, 196

deficient yang, 7, 69, 78-79, 89, 92,133, 141, 155, 160, 175, 177, 191,194

diet, 12, 58-59, 65, 69, 71, 77, 95, 99,133, 150-151, 153, 156-157, 165,174, 177-178, 202

disease, 2-3, 6, 8-10, 13, 36, 45-46,55, 57-62, 64-66, 68-75, 79-80, 83,86, 88-89, 91-94, 99, 101, 103-106, 109-110, 112, 114-116, 119-121, 125-127, 133-134, 136, 139-144, 146-148, 150-154, 156, 161,163, 165-166, 169-170, 179-184,186-191, 195-196

dry pathogen, 62dry-phlegm syndrome, 160earth, 8, 10-11, 25, 40, 59, 137, 186-

187edema, 11, 26, 45, 47, 78, 87, 89, 94-

96, 99, 106, 108, 135, 147, 160-161, 167, 173, 175, 177

endogenous cold, 88-89, 96endogenous dampness, 88-90endogenous dryness, 88, 90endogenous heat, 90-91endogenous pathogens, 88-89endogenous wind, 88, 97epidemic pathogen, 64epigastrium, 40, 62, 95, 99, 115, 122,

130, 148, 166, 168-169, 178, 184excess syndrome, 9-10, 70, 72-75, 82,

117, 119, 121-122, 128, 139-140,142-144, 146, 154, 180, 188, 190,192

excess syndrome, 9-10, 70, 72-75, 82,117, 119, 121-122, 128, 139-140,142-144, 146, 154, 180, 188, 190,192

excess yang, 6, 75-76, 152, 159excess yin, 6, 144, 152, 160, 181exopathic factors, 59-61, 63exterior syndrome, 114, 116, 121, 124,

140, 150-151, 155, 184, 187-188fear, 31, 34, 41, 58, 64-65fengguan, 120-121fever, 47, 60-61, 63, 66-67, 72, 75, 77,

86-89, 98-99, 111, 113, 115, 123-126, 128-130, 132, 134, 147, 151-155, 160, 162-165, 167, 170-174,176, 180-185, 188-189

Index


200

Index

fire, 8-11, 20, 31, 35, 42, 45-46, 48,58-59, 61, 63, 66-68, 77-78, 83,88, 90-98, 100, 104-108, 110-112,115, 118-119, 128-129, 131-132,134, 159, 162, 168-170, 174, 179,181, 188, 192, 195

fire pathogen, 63, 83five tastes, 7five-element theory, 4, 6, 8, 10, 47foot-shaoyang, 28, 51foot-shaoyin, 32, 51, 127fu organs, 1-2, 6, 12-15, 17, 19-20, 22,

28, 31-32, 35-37, 39-42, 49-50, 53,55, 57-58, 64-65, 67-77, 80-83, 88,90-91, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101-104,109, 117, 120-121, 124, 127, 137,139-141, 145, 148, 150, 153, 155-159, 161, 163, 165, 167, 169, 171,173, 175, 177, 179, 194-196

gallbladder, 19, 28, 35-36, 40, 43, 51,106, 112, 128-129, 132, 134, 137,143, 171-172

guan, 120, 137-138, 141, 145hand-taiyin, 16, 22, 51, 53, 120heart, 9-11, 14, 19-22, 24, 26-27, 29,

34, 38, 40-42, 44-45, 51, 63, 65-66, 68, 84, 87, 91-94, 98-99, 102,104-106, 108-113, 117, 119, 121,128, 130-133, 137-138, 143-144,148, 161-163, 174-175, 178, 181-182, 194

heat syndrome, 6-7, 75-79, 98, 104-105, 110, 115, 119-120, 122-125,134-135, 140-142, 144, 147, 151-154, 158, 180-182, 184-185, 188-189, 191-194

heat-phlegm syndrome, 159hyperactivity, 5-7, 11, 21, 28-31, 48,

77-78, 88-91, 96-98, 104-105, 108,110-111, 115, 119, 124, 130-132,141, 144, 152, 162, 170-171, 180-181, 188, 193

hypoactivity, 21, 28insomnia, 30, 45, 66, 85, 92-93, 132,

157, 159, 162-163, 169, 171-174,176, 178, 182-183

insomnia, 30, 45, 66, 85, 92-93, 132,157, 159, 162-163, 169, 171-174,176, 178, 182-183

insufficient yin, 6-7, 88, 140, 173, 176jaundice, 36, 47, 103, 108, 128, 134jueyin channel, 182kidney-qi, 33-35, 39, 43, 46-47, 65,

87, 98, 105, 135, 137, 146, 153,173, 175

kidneys, 9-12, 17, 19, 23, 26, 31-35,

39-41, 43, 45-49, 53, 65, 67-68,78, 80, 82, 85, 87, 89, 97-98, 102,106-107, 121-122, 129, 132-133,135, 137, 170, 173-177, 181-182,191, 194-195

kidney-yin, 10-11, 33, 35, 42, 45, 47-48, 78, 88, 97-98, 106-107, 110,113, 132, 137, 173-174, 176, 195

large intestine, 19, 22, 35, 37-40, 42,51, 90, 119, 137, 146, 148, 165,185, 194-195

leukorrhea, 62, 135, 166, 172, 174lingshu, 15, 18, 35, 54liver, 9-11, 16, 19, 28-31, 35-36, 40-

43, 45-48, 51, 53, 63-65, 69, 78,81, 84, 87-89, 91, 93-94, 96-97,102, 104, 106, 112-114, 118, 122,125, 128-132, 134-137, 143-144,157-159, 169-172, 176-179, 186-188, 194-195

liver-qi, 11, 28-29, 31, 36, 46, 65, 69,81, 91, 96, 104, 118, 122, 128-130,135, 137, 143-144, 157, 159, 169-170, 177-179, 194

lower-jiao, 39-40, 130, 135, 185lumbago, 129-130, 174lung-qi, 11, 22-25, 42, 46, 65, 81, 87,

94-95, 105, 107, 122, 137, 155,157, 163-164, 175, 177, 194-195

lungs, 3, 10-12, 14, 16-17, 19, 22-26,33, 38, 40-42, 44-47, 63, 65, 67-68, 80-82, 85, 87, 90, 94-96, 102,105-108, 116-118, 121-123, 128,137, 157, 163-165, 175-177, 179,183, 191, 194-195

lung-yin, 10, 47, 94-95, 128, 163, 176marrow, 17, 19, 31, 34-35, 40-41, 98,

127melancholy, 22, 24, 29, 58, 64-65menstruation, 29, 33, 42, 48, 54, 98,

104, 135, 169, 173, 176-177, 179mental activities, 16, 20-21, 27, 34,

41, 45, 64, 68, 92-93, 183mental confusion, 162, 183meridian, 50-51, 137meridian doctrine, 50metal, 8-11, 22, 47middle-jiao, 3, 14, 25, 27, 36, 40, 76,

84, 87, 90, 95, 99, 126, 143-144,167, 184-185, 192

miliaria alba, 109mingguan, 120-121mingmen, 10, 146minute collaterals, 51, 54-55musculatures, 51, 55nasal discharge, 22, 24, 117


201

Index

night sweats, 47, 73, 77, 98, 125, 128,154, 162, 164, 170, 173, 176

pain, 28, 31, 36, 42, 46, 60-64, 66-67,69, 72, 81, 84, 87, 92-94, 96, 99,103-104, 106-107, 115, 119-120,122, 124, 127-132, 134, 143-145,148, 154-155, 157-158, 160-161,163-169, 171-173, 176-179, 181-183, 188, 202

pathogenesis, 1, 60, 72, 74-80, 82, 84,86, 88-101, 156, 161, 184, 187,190-191

pathogenic factors, 2, 57-60, 65, 67,70, 72, 88, 90-91, 109, 153, 186,192

pathological changes, 1, 6, 8, 19, 21-22, 24, 26, 28-29, 40-42, 47, 50,67, 72-73, 75, 77, 80, 83, 85, 88,109, 117, 121, 126, 140, 150, 152

phlegm retention, 58, 67-68, 87, 89,94, 118, 142

pleural effusion syndrome, 160pulse, 37, 61, 63, 67, 69, 75, 77-80,

82, 92-94, 97-98, 111-113, 115,124-127, 131-132, 136-146, 148,150-185, 188-190

qifen syndrome, 182qiguan, 120-121ren, 42, 51, 53reproduction, 31-33, 42seven emotions, 21, 58, 64-65, 176small intestine, 17, 19-20, 36-38, 40,

42, 51, 92, 119spleen, 3, 10-12, 14-17, 19, 23, 25-29,

32-33, 35-38, 40-49, 51, 61-62, 65-68, 74, 80, 82, 84-85, 87, 89-90,95-99, 102-103, 106-107, 111-113,115, 117, 119-120, 127, 129, 132-137, 141, 144, 146, 155, 157, 160,165-167, 170-171, 177-178, 181,184, 186-188, 190, 192, 194-195

spleen-yang, 10-11, 49, 62, 90, 96, 98,111, 133, 166, 177, 181

splenic collateral, 51stagnation, 21, 24, 27, 29, 42, 46, 59,

61-63, 65, 68-69, 72-73, 75, 78-85,87, 90-96, 103-104, 106, 109-111,113-114, 116, 122, 124, 127-132,135, 140, 142-145, 147-148, 155,157-160, 162-163, 168-170, 177-178, 183, 185, 190, 194-195

stomach, 3, 10-17, 19, 25, 27-29, 32-38, 40, 42-43, 46, 51, 61, 65, 68-69, 74, 81-82, 87, 90, 95-97, 99-100, 107-109, 111-112, 114-119,125, 127, 129, 131-134, 136-139,

141, 144-146, 148, 157, 160, 168-169, 178, 183-184, 187-189

stomachache, 129stool, 26, 36, 46, 62, 65, 77, 84, 95-

96, 99, 111, 115, 117, 119, 123,134, 148, 153-155, 159-160, 165-168, 172-173, 177-178, 181-182,184-185, 189

Su Wen, 5-6, 16, 22, 32, 37, 39-40,64, 66, 72-73, 75, 156

summer-Heat Pathogen, 61superficial Collaterals, 51, 54-55superior-phrenic fluid syndrome, 161sweat, 13, 15, 20-21, 23-24, 26, 33,

61, 80, 82, 87, 94, 123, 125-126,151-153, 155, 160, 164

tears, 16, 28, 30-31, 117therapeutic methods, 3, 187therapeutic principles, 1, 186-188,

190, 192, 194, 196thirst, 63, 67, 79, 86, 100, 104, 112-

113, 115, 124-126, 130-131, 133,151-153, 162, 164, 167-168, 181-185, 188

tian gui, 33, 42tongue, 20-22, 42, 44, 62-63, 67, 69,

76-77, 86, 88, 90, 92-93, 96, 98-99, 101, 109-117, 121, 126, 129,134, 151-179, 181-185, 190

traumatic injury, 66, 69-70tri-jiao, 2, 14, 17, 19, 33, 39-40, 51,

67-68, 85, 87, 184-185upper-jiao, 40, 126, 184urinary bladder, 16, 19, 23, 32, 35, 39-

41, 43, 51, 67, 174, 185urine, 13, 23, 26, 33, 39-40, 43, 62,

65, 87, 90, 92, 104, 112-113, 115,117, 119, 123, 125, 127, 130-131,134-135, 151-155, 162, 164-165,167-169, 172, 174, 183, 185, 189

uterus, 19, 41-42, 53, 129, 156, 166venules, 69, 101, 120-121, 138viscera, 8, 19-20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30,

32-34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48,137, 181

vital qi, 15, 26, 37, 46, 59, 63, 65, 69-74, 79, 82, 92, 102, 108-109, 113,116-117, 121-122, 125-126, 141-143, 145-147, 153-154, 180, 182-183, 186, 190-193

water, 8-11, 16, 22-23, 26, 31, 33, 35-37, 40, 45-49, 62, 66-68, 72-73,77-78, 81, 85, 87, 89-90, 95, 99,103, 111-112, 117, 125, 133, 145-146, 148, 165, 170, 174, 177, 181,186, 188, 190


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books & videos from ymaaYMAA Publication Center BooksB041/868 101 Reflections on Tai Chi ChuanB031/582 108 Insights into Tai Chi Chuan—A String of PearlsB046/906 6 Healing Movements—Qigong for Health, Strength, & LongevityB045/833 A Woman’s Qigong Guide—Empowerment through Movement, Diet, and HerbsB009/041 Analysis of Shaolin Chin Na—Instructor’s Manual for all Martial StylesB004R/671 Ancient Chinese Weapons—A Martial Artist’s GuideB015R/426 Arthritis—The Chinese Way of Healing and Prevention (formerly Qigong for Arthritis)B030/515 Back Pain—Chinese Qigong for Healing and PreventionB020/300 Baguazhang—Emei BaguazhangB043/922 Cardio Kickboxing Elite—For Sport, for Fitness, for Self-DefenseB028/493 Chinese Fast Wrestling for Fighting—The Art of San Shou Kuai JiaoB016/254 Chinese Qigong Massage—General MassageB038/809 Complete CardioKickboxing—A Safe & Effective Approach to High Performance LivingB021/36x Comprehensive Applications of Shaolin Chin Na—The Practical Defense of Chinese Seizing Arts for All StylesB010R/523 Eight Simple Qigong Exercises for Health—The Eight Pieces of BrocadeB025/353 The Essence of Shaolin White Crane—Martial Power and QigongB014R/639 The Essence of Taiji Qigong—The Internal Foundation of Taijiquan (formerly Tai Chi Chi Kung)B017R/345 How to Defend Yourself—Effective & Practical Martial Arts StrategiesB013/084 Hsing Yi Chuan—Theory and ApplicationsB033/655 The Martial Arts Athlete—Mental and Physical Conditioning for Peak PerformanceB042/876 Mind/Body FitnessB006R/85x Northern Shaolin Sword—Forms, Techniques, and ApplicationsB044/914 Okinawa’s Complete Karate System—Isshin-RyuB037/760 Power Body—Injury Prevention, Rehabilitation, and Sports Performance EnhancementB050/99x Principles of Traditional Chinese Medicine—The Essential Guide to Understanding the Human BodyB012R/841 Qigong—The Secret of YouthB005R/574 Qigong for Health and Martial Arts—Exercises and Meditation (formerly Chi Kung—Health & Martial Arts)B040/701 Qigong for Treating Common Ailments—The Essential Guide to Self-HealingB011R/507 The Root of Chinese Qigong—Secrets for Health, Longevity, & EnlightenmentB049/930 Taekwondo—Ancient Wisdom for the Modern WarriorB032/647 The Tai Chi Book—Refining and Enjoying a Lifetime of PracticeB019R/337 Tai Chi Chuan—24 & 48 Postures with Martial Applications (formerly Simplified Tai Chi Chuan)B008R/442 Tai Chi Chuan Martial Applications—Advanced Yang Style (formerly Advanced Yang Style Tai Chi Chuan, v.2)B035/71x Tai Chi Secrets of the Ancient Masters—Selected Readings with CommentaryB047/981 Tai Chi Secrets of the W«u & Li Styles—Chinese Classics, Translations, CommentaryB048/094 Tai Chi Secrets of the Yang Style—Chinese Classics, Translations, CommentaryB007R/434 Tai Chi Theory & Martial Power—Advanced Yang Style (formerly Advanced Yang Style Tai Chi Chuan, v.1)B022/378 Taiji Chin Na—The Seizing Art of TaijiquanB036/744 Taiji Sword, Classical Yang Style—The Complete Form, Qigong, and ApplicationsB034/68x Taijiquan, Classical Yang Style—The Complete Form and QigongB046/892 Traditional Chinese Health Secrets—The Essential Guide to Harmonious LivingB039/787 Wild Goose Qigong—Natural Movement for Healthy LivingB027/361 Wisdom’s Way—101 Tales of Chinese Wit

YMAA Publication Center VideotapesT004/211 Analysis of Shaolin Chin NaT007/246 Arthritis—The Chinese Way of Healing and PreventionT028/566 Back Pain—Chinese Qigong for Healing & PreventionT033/086 Chin Na In Depth—Course OneT034/019 Chin Na In Depth—Course TwoT008/327 Chinese Qigong Massage—Self MassageT009/335 Chinese Qigong Massage—With a PartnerT012/386 Comprehensive Applications of Shaolin Chin Na 1T013/394 Comprehensive Applications of Shaolin Chin Na 2T005/22x Eight Simple Qigong Exercises for Health—The Eight Pieces of BrocadeT017/280 Emei Baguazhang 1—Basic Training, Qigong, Eight Palms, & Their ApplicationsT018/299 Emei Baguazhang 2—Swimming Body & Its ApplicationsT019/302 Emei Baguazhang 3—Bagua Deer Hook Sword & Its ApplicationsT006/238 The Essence of Taiji Qigong—The Internal Foundation of TaijiquanT010/343 How to Defend Yourself 1—Unarmed AttackT011/351 How to Defend Yourself 2—Knife AttackT035/051 Northern Shaolin Sword—San Cai Jian and Its ApplicationsT036/06x Northern Shaolin Sword—Kun Wu Jian and Its ApplicationsT037/078 Northern Shaolin Sword—Qi Men Jian and Its ApplicationsT029/590 The Scientific Foundation of Chinese Qigong—A Lecture by Dr. Yang, Jwing-MingT003/203 Shaolin Long Fist Kung Fu—Gung Li Chuan and Its ApplicationsT002/19x Shaolin Long Fist Kung Fu—Lien Bu Chuan and Its ApplicationsT015/264 Shaolin Long Fist Kung Fu—Shi Zi Tang and Its ApplicationsT025/604 Shaolin Long Fist Kung Fu—Xiao Hu Yuan (Roaring Tiger Fist) and Its ApplicationsT014/256 Shaolin Long Fist Kung Fu—Yi Lu Mai Fu & Er Lu Mai Fu and Their ApplicationsT021/329 Simplified Tai Chi Chuan—Simplified 24 Postures & Standard 48 PosturesT022/469 Sun Style Taijiquan—With ApplicationsT024/485 Tai Chi Chuan & Applications—Simplified 24 Postures with Applications & Standard 48 PosturesT016/408 Taiji Chin NaT031/817 Taiji Sword, Classical Yang Style—The Complete Form, Qigong, and ApplicationsT030/752 Taijiquan, Classical Yang Style—The Complete Form and QigongT026/612 White Crane Hard Qigong—The Essence of Shaolin White CraneT027/620 White Crane Soft Qigong—The Essence of Shaolin White CraneT032/949 Wild Goose Qigong—Natural Movement for Healthy LivingT023/477 Wu Style Taijiquan—With ApplicationsT020/310 Xingyiquan—The Twelve Animal Patterns & Their ApplicationsT001/181 Yang Style Tai Chi Chuan—and Its Applications


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