Principle of Architecture & Design Chapter 1

8/8/2019 Principle of Architecture & Design Chapter 1

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2005 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.This presentation is for informational purposes only. Microsoft makes no warranties, express or implied, in this summary.

Visual TrainingVisual Training--PracticePractice

Prepared by:Prepared by:Architect: Raed M. A. ElottolArchitect: Raed M. A. Elottol

M.Sc. InM.Sc. In Building TechnologyBuilding Technology

11-- Basic ElementsBasic ElementsIntroduction

Point

Plane

Volume

Combinations of elements

Examples & homework

Line


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From the moment we are born we graduallybecome aware of our surroundings. At first

we can only focus on our mother's face and

then we begin to see further away, to the

room and to other members of the family .

Through this process of growing and

developing, through learning and accepting

or questioning what we are told, we becomepartially shaped by our surroundings and our

experiences.

IntroductionIntroduction

What isWhat isa beauty?a beauty?


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* Basic Elements* Basic Elements -- PointPointTo aid the understanding of theTo aid the understanding of the

surrounding visual qualities, things cansurrounding visual qualities, things canbe analyzed in a fundamental andbe analyzed in a fundamental andrational manner.rational manner. The patterns we seeThe patterns we seeare formed from the arrangements ofare formed from the arrangements ofdifferent componentsdifferent components..

A point marks a position in space.

Small objects can be seen as points

Initially, therefore, it can be indicated

by some secondary means such ascrossed or focusing lines or a point oflight.

PointPoint


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In reality, a point needs some dimension to attract the attention and in the

lai1dscape small or distant objects may be regarded as points.

A bale of straw, a lone tree, a small distant bu ilding arecommon examples.

a) A point b) A point of density c) Crossed lines d) focused lines

Many features in the

landscape can be

regarded as points.

(a) a church or

similar

object on

thehorizon

(b) a point of

light such

as a star in

the sky.

(c) the point

where

parallel

lines

appear to

converge.

(d) lines and a

feature on

the

horizon

create a

focal point.


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* Basic Elements* Basic Elements -- LineLine

* Extending a point in one dimensioncreates a line.Lines can be implied by the location of

points.

*Lines can be imaginary yet still exert

influence.

Edges of planes can be seen as lines.

*Lines can have their own properties.

Natural lines are common and important

in the landscape.

*Man-made lines are also numerous.

Lines as boundaries are used extensively.

*Lines can act as defining elements in

architecture.

LineLine

* Basic Elements* Basic Elements -- LineLineIt needs thickness to register and can haveIt needs thickness to register and can have specficspecficproperties in the way it is drawn or created:properties in the way it is drawn or created:

for examplefor example clean, fuzzy, irregular or discontinuous.clean, fuzzy, irregular or discontinuous.

The edge or edges of planes are also lines at certainThe edge or edges of planes are also lines at certain

distances as are the boundaries between differentdistances as are the boundaries between different

colors and textures.colors and textures.

A line can be implied by the position of points or theA line can be implied by the position of points or the

association of edges. !: can also have a distinct shapeassociation of edges. !: can also have a distinct shape

and with thatand with that implvimplv a direction an . force or energy .a direction an . force or energy .LineLine


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Stiff line

smooth line

A broken line

Variable width

A fuzzy line

Simple line

The boundary line

Edge of planes

Extending point

The sky line or horizon

Lines of communication - canals, railways, roads - also establish their own patterns.

Sometimes these different lines are in harmony; sometimes they cut across each other to

create discordance and conflict.


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* Basic Elements* Basic Elements -- PlanePlane**A oneA one--dimensional line is extended to produce adimensional line is extended to produce atwotwo--dimensional plane.dimensional plane.

** Planes can be flat: curved or twisted.Planes can be flat: curved or twisted.

**Planes can be implied as well as real.Planes can be implied as well as real.

** Planes in different positions may enclose space.Planes in different positions may enclose space.

**Naturally perfect planes are few.Naturally perfect planes are few.

** The land surface is a plane.The land surface is a plane.

** Faces of built forms are planes.Faces of built forms are planes.

**Planes can be used as media for other treatment.Planes can be used as media for other treatment.

**Planes can be used for their inherent qualitiesPlanes can be used for their inherent qualities

such as reflection.such as reflection.

PlanePlane


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* Basic Elements* Basic Elements -- PlanePlane**Of itself it has no depth or thickness, onlyOf itself it has no depth or thickness, only lengthlength andand

width.width.

** A piece of paper or a th in wall can e regarded as moreA piece of paper or a th in wall can e regarded as more

or less pure planes for all practical purposes.or less pure planes for all practical purposes.

**Where planes enclose space they may assume a specificWhere planes enclose space they may assume a specific

function such as floor, wall or roof planes.function such as floor, wall or roof planes.

PlanePlane

The plane can however be

used in its own right: the

reflecting pool is one c lassicexample.

The fields used for many

games football, cricket,

bowls or tennis - depend on

precisely laid out plane

surfaces.

Some buildings feature

horizontal planes to achieve

specific effects such as the

emphasis of the ground plane

with a parallel, flat roof.

The vertical planes forming

the sheer glass facades on

some skyscrapers may

produce reflections of the sky

or surrounding buildings.

In design

terms the

plane is best

understood as

the medium

for other

treatment such

as theapplication of

texture or

color or as a

device to

enclose space.


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* Basic Elements* Basic Elements -- VolumeVolume**Volume is the threeVolume is the three--dimensional extension of a twodimensional extension of a twodimensional plane.dimensional plane.

**Volume can be solid or open.Volume can be solid or open.

**Solid volumes can be geometric or irregular.Solid volumes can be geometric or irregular.

** Buildings, landforms, trees and woods are all solidBuildings, landforms, trees and woods are all solid

volumesvolumes mass in space.mass in space.

** Open volumes are defined by planes or other solidOpen volumes are defined by planes or other solid

volumesvolumes enclosed space.enclosed space.

**Interiors of buildings, deep valleys and th e spaceInteriors of buildings, deep valleys and the space

beneath the forest canopy are all open volumesbeneath the forest canopy are all open volumes ..

VolumeVolume


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* Basic Elements* Basic Elements -- VolumeVolume**From two dimensions we move to three and so gainFrom two dimensions we move to three and so gain

volume.volume.

**There areThere are two typestwo types of volume:of volume:

** Solid volumeSolid volume -- where the threewhere the three--dimensional elementdimensional element

forms a volume or mass in space.forms a volume or mass in space.

**Open volumeOpen volume -- where a volume of space is enclosed bywhere a volume of space is enclosed by

other elements such as planes.other elements such as planes.

**Solid volumes can be geometric., Euclidean solids suchSolid volumes can be geometric., Euclidean solids such

as the cube, tetrahedron, sphere and cone are examplesas the cube, tetrahedron, sphere and cone are examples

ofofthis.this.

**In the landscape the Egyptian pyramids and otherIn the landscape the Egyptian pyramids and other

ancient manancient man--made structures rank alongside more recentmade structures rank alongside more recent

examples of geodesic spheres and glass cubes asexamples of geodesic spheres and glass cubes as

examples of geometric volumes.examples of geometric volumes.

VolumeVolume


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A modern example of

a geometric solid

volume : a spherical

buildings (actual1y

composed of manysmall planes)

Some of the most impressive urban spaces are the result of careful positioning of planes

(building facades) to create open volumes. These may interconnect and flow from one to

another in a carefully planned fashion.


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* Combination of Elements* Combination of Elements* It is rare for one basic elemen t to exist in isolation.* It is rare for one basic elemen t to exist in isolation.

* Distinctions between elements may be blurred.* Distinctions between elements may be blurred.

Distance may change the perception of which elementDistance may change the perception of which element

is presentis present ..

A number of points may appear as a line or a plane whileA number of points may appear as a line or a plane while

at different distances planes may be seen as points orat different distances planes may be seen as points or

lines (edges) an d faces of solid or open volumes.lines (edges) and faces of solid or open volumes.

Combination ofCombination ofElementsElements


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Kuala Lum pur City Center ( KLCC )


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Principle of Architecture & Design Chapter 1