Principles in Map Making_Andrew

8/19/2019 Principles in Map Making_Andrew

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Principles in map making


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How to make sound maps

Thinking Spatially

Basics of Map making

Map Elements

Scale,

Legend,

Compass,

Title and Source

Visual considerations when Mapping

Types of visualisation


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hinking Spatially

“The most incomprehensible thing about the world is that it is comprehensible”

- Albert Einstein

What’s going on around you?

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People who are familiar with HIV/AIDS in Tanzania canvisualize the situation. They knows where the prolematicareas are! the issues at these localities! an" the types ofpro#rams in these areas.

People who are familiar with HIV/AIDS in Tanzania canvisualize the situation. They knows where the prolematicareas are! the issues at these localities! an" the types ofpro#rams in these areas.

$e call this a mental

map that has een#enerate" from theinformation store" in thepersons min" over theyears! consciously or

unconsciously.

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These mental maps are not su%cient if we want toknow aout the prolem in more "etail orcommunicate it to others an" make "ecisions.

The &enerals! planners! en#ineers an" so on' allmake use of maps an" "rawin#s to #ui"e them.

(aps help us )

* to visualize the situation* to make "ecisions* to implement the plans

Maps are powerful tools

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How does this relate to GIS

&!S is a tool that can allow 'S to create maps of our data

so (E can start

THINKING SPATIALLY

(hat is &!SGeographic Information Systems

&!S can

Capture, store, retrieve, analyse and display information

)ased on their LOCATIO


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How do Maps Help do this? ! Impro"e our #nderstanding o$ the world%

A map is a picture of a place an" #ives you etterun"erstan"in# of that place.

(ap is a two+"imensional representation of a particularplace.

(aps are ma"e for many reasons an" therefore they varyin content an" conte,t. Di-erent maps show "i-erentinformation.

Di-erent symols are use" to represent the features on

earth onto a map! which are e,plaine" in the le#en". Thele#en" in a map tells what each symol shows.

So $ell (a"e (aps can uickly an" asily #iveContent and Context

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The usefulness of a map "epen"s upon thefollowin# factors.

Who is going to use them?

The map au"ience or the users will in0uences how a mapshoul" look like. A map ma"e for school chil"ren will e very"i-erent from one ma"e for scientists. Similarly! tourist

maps an" topo#raphic maps of the same area are verymuch "i-erent in their contents an" look as they are ma"efor "i-erent users.What is their purpose?

The purpose of the map "etermines what features are

inclu"e" an" how they are represente". The "i-erentpurposes such as orientation an" navi#ation! physicalplannin#! mana#ement! an" e"ucation lea" to "i-erentcate#ories of maps.

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What is their content?

The usefulness also "epen"s upon the contents of a

map. The contents can e seen as primary content1main theme2! secon"ary content 1ase mapinformation2 an" supportive content 1le#en"s! scale!etc2.What is the scale of the map?

The map scale is the ratio etween a "istance on a mapan" the correspon"in# "istance in the terrain. Scalecontrols the amount of "etail an" e,tent of area thatcan e shown. Scale of the output map is ase" uponconsi"erations such as + the purpose of the map! nee"s

of the map user! map content! size of the area mappe"!accuracy re3uire" etc.

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Summary- Usefulness of the map

*ow do the following influence the map+

(ho is using the Map+

(ho is making the Map+

The urpose

The Content

The Scale


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Scale of a Map

(hat is scale+

!t is the 0representati"e $raction1 it states the

relationship )etween the distance on the map and

the distance on the ground

(hy is Scale so !M"2T.3T+

The scale affects the level of detail a map4&!S

dataset can show5


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4ar#e+scale maps cover small areas! ut can inclu"e ahi#her level of "etail than small+scale maps which "epictlar#er areas at lower "etail.

There are no precise "e5nitions of lar#e+ or small+scale!ut for most map users! the followin# #eneral scalecate#ories apply6 * 4ar#e+scale6 869:; to 868!;;;

* (e"ium+scale6 868!;;; to 868;!;;;* Small+scale6 868;!;;; to 868;;!;;;* Very Small+scale6 86 8;;!;;; to aove

Map Scale

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Small Scale

Large Scale

67%%,%%%

67%,%%%


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Scale

(here is the scale information for &!S datasets

&!S dataset do not state the scale on the map, )ecause you canchange the scale 89oom !n and "ut:5

The scale of &!S datasets can )e found in the Metadata;;;;

*ow does scale effect our use of &!S datasets

The scale effects the use of &!S dataset in two ways

*ow far we can 9oom in and out relia)ly on a dataset

(hich &!S datasets we can integrate together


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Scale

(hat are the &eneral rules with Scale issues

#o not 9oom )elow the scale as stated for the dataset 8that is

scale at which the data was collected:

"nly integrate &!S dataset that have )een collected at the sameor at a similar scale

The ma/imum scale a dataset should )e view is appro/imately

6%% times the Scale that is stated in the Metadata5

-or E/ample #ata collected at 67%%% it should not )e viewed

a)ove 67%%%%%


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Legend !itle and Source

Legend 3eeds to Clearly define the category )reakdowns

Title

3eeds to define (*.T, (*E2E and (*E3 is )eenmapped;

Source

The source for )oth the &eographic data and .ttri)ute #ata


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Title

(*.T,(*E2E

and (*E3

Legend

Clearly #efined

#ivisions

Source

Both S.T!.L and

.TT2!B'TE

sources are stated


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Issues to "emem#er

Maps can LI$%%

Maps are


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opulation #ensity in Tan9ania

in $%%$ )y ward


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Practical

*ow to add

Title = (hat, (here and (hen

Legend = Clear and recise

Scale Bar

Source = Concise

Compass


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&asic 'artographic 'oncepts


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&asic 'artographic concepts

Map #esign

Cartographic standards

&enerali9ation

&raphic Varia)les

'se of Color

Classification of #ata

Methods of Mapping


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(ap makin# is oth science an" art.

(aps in0uence people


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'artographic standards

Basic Map Elements

.dministrative )oundaries

Either Black or &rey

*igher .dministrative unit the thicker the line

2oads 2ed

Tracks dashed lines 8light red4)rown:

2ivers and Lakes

Blue

Streams dashed lines light )lue

(hat do you think *ealth Centres should sym)oli9ed


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Generalization

(aps contain a certain level of "etail"epen"in# upon its scale an" purpose.

Map Design

&eneralization is "onenormally when the map scalehas to e re"uce". However!the essence of the contents ofori#inal map shoul" emaintaine". This impliesmaintainin# #eometric an"attriute accuracy as well asthe presentation 3uality of themap.

The process of reducing the amount of detail in amap in a meaningful way is called generalization.

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Size

Value

Texture

Colour

Orientation

Shape

Map Design

Graphic Variables The "i-erences in the #raphiccharacter of symols #ive"i-erent perceptions to themap rea"er. These #raphic

characteristics are terme" as#raphic variales which can esummarise" as size! Lightnessor grey value, Grain or texture,Colour, Orientation, and Shape

or form.

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Use of Colour =olour perception has psycholo#ical! physiolo#ical an"

conventional aspects.

It has een note" that it is "i%cult to perceive colour insmall areas! an" more contrast is perceive" etweensome colours than etween others.

In a""ition to "istin#uishin# nominal cate#ories! colour"i-erences are also use" to show "eviations or #ra"ation.

*ue

+aturation

Intensity

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Classication of Data The representation of "ata for mappin# will "epen" on

the measurement scale of the "ata.

ominal scale! The "i-erences in "ata are only of 3ualitativenature! e.#.! "i-erences in facility type! lan" use or #eolo#y.

"nter#al scale! >oth the hierarchy an" the e,act "istance isknown! ut it will not e possile to know the ratios! e.#.! thetemperature or the altitu"e values.

$atio scale! Data can e measure" on a ratio measurementscale! e.#.! the numer of chil"ren in a family or income.

%rdinal scale! ?nly the or"er of the attriute values is

known! such as more than or less than! @small + me"ium )lar#e or @cool + tepi" + hot.

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&apping &ethods

* stan"ar"ize" ways of applyin# #raphic variales for

ren"erin# information components* ase" on the measurement scale an" nature of the

"istriution of oBects

Chromatic maps6 Cen"ers =ate#ories ofareas with "i-erentcolours. This for

nominal scale!

Development Regions of Nepal

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Access to safe drinking water

Choropleth maps6Values are calculate" forarea an" e,presse" assteppe" surface!showin# a series ofvalues. The or"er

etween the classes cane seen.

Isoline maps6 Isoline maps representcontinuous phenomena.

Isolines connect thepoints with an e3ualvalue an" show thetren"s.

Annual precipitation

&apping &ethods

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Nominal point data6 ominal "atarepresente" y symolsthat are "i-erent inshape! orientation orcolour.

!solute proportionalmethod6 Discreteasolute values for pointlocations or areas arerepresente" yproportional symols.

Major Airports

No. of Biogas lants

&apping &ethods

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"iagram maps6 Dia#rams are use" inthe maps to allowcomparisons etween

5#ures or to visualizetemporal tren"s.

"ot maps6 Dot maps representpoint "ata throu#hsymols. ach "ot"enote the same3uantity. #. ?ne Dot E?ne thousan" people.

opulation distribution! "##"

&apping &ethods

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#lo$line maps6

Simulate movementusin# arrow symols.Arrows in"icate routean" "irection of 0owsan" volume is shown y

the relative thickness ofthe arrow shaft.

Statistical surfaces6 Three "imensionalrepresentation of

3ualitative "ata such asuse" in choropleth an"isoline maps.

Migration trend

opulation growt$ rate

&apping &ethods

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ew pro"ucts like electronic atlases! carto#raphicanimations an" are comin# up in the 5el" of spatial

information.

New Map Output Types

$ith the a""e" potential of "i#ital computers! new ways ofvisualization an" usin# spatial information are ein#"evelope".

These "evelopments allow easy access throu#h the &IS tote,t "ocuments "escriin# a parcel of lan"! photo#raphs ofthe location! or a vi"eo clip of the lan"scape of the stu"yarea.

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(emonstration of Map Making

The process from >uestion to Map

#etermine what type of Map )est answers the >uestion

Set the Classification of the data

Create "utput Layout Set the Legend, Scale, Title and Source

"utput Map


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Summary

'sing cartographic standards

'se of graphic sym)ols

'se of colour

'se of different mapping methods

Documents

Principles in Map Making_Andrew