Upload
others
View
6
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
PROCEEDING ISBN : 971-979-1911·15·9
International Seminar on Tropical Natural Resources 2015 "Toward Sustainable Utilization of the Tropical Natural Resources
for a Better Human Prosperities"
Reviewer: \~~o< . Pror. l m1 Phaik Ecrn Dr. Oni ) ulaart i Dr. Ran\ 1r Sangh l'roj. Dr. Jenne~ Gannon · Prof. Tauf'ik Fau:t i Prof. I Kon1ang Darnar .Ja} '-' Prof. Sur} a J lad i Dr. Dahlanuddin Bflmb,mg Tlari Ku~u1no, Ph.D . \luh ikrnat ullah, Ph.D
Editor : drh. Madr Sriasih, Ph.D Dr. I lamul Had i Dr. F<:1turrahn1an ~luhsinul lhsan, M.Sc
University of Mataram Indonesia
june 10·13, 2015
Mataram University Press
..
-~---
OPENING SPEECH- RECTOR UNIVERSITY OF MATARAM
International Seminar on the Tropical Natural Resources 2015
Respected Guests,
Keynote speakers,
Seminar participants,
and all other participants.
On Behalf of all staffs ofthe University ofMataram, I welcome you all to Lombok, a
beautiful island in West Nusa Tenggara Province, where the University of Mataram
is located. Lombok is known for its natural and cultural diversity where you can
enjoy traditional cuisines, beaches, waterfalls, mountain, traditional villages and
handicraft of many ethnics including Sasak, Samawa, Mbojo, Balinese, Chinese,
Arabic, and many others.
As the Rector of the UntYersity of Mataram, it is a great honour for me to address the
opening of ·'the International Seminar on the Tropical Natural Resources" here at the
University of Mataram, which wi ll be held from lOth to l3th June 2015, with a theme
"toward sustainable utilization of the tropical natural resources for better human
prosperity". The main aim of this seminar is to gather scientist from all over the
world to share their ideas, knowledge and experien9es and to build network for
possible future collaboration.
As we are aware that sharing knowledge and expenences from speakers are
extremely valuable in a seminar, therefore I would like to express my high
appreciation, first, to the keynote speakers from overseas (USA, Australia, New
Zealand, China, Singapore, Malaysia, the Philippines) and from Indonesia for their
willingness to come to Lombok to share their acknowledged works. Your effort and
contribution to this seminar are absolutely valuable. Second, my high appreciation
also goes to the national speakers and all other participants, including the speakers
from University ofMataram and local universities in West Nusa Tenggar Province,
ii
your participation in this seminar not only will give incredible share of ideas, skills
and knowledge that you have, but also will improve the academic environment that
we are developing in this university. I hope this seminar will be a good forum, not
only for communicating and sharing ideas, knowledge and experiences, but also for
building networking for future collaboration
I would also like to take this opportunity to express my appreciation to the sponsors
(Bank Mandiri, Bank BNI, Bank BRI, Bank BTN, Bank Bukopin), which have given
some contribution to this seminar. Last but not least, I would like to thank the
steering and organizing committee as well as all other supporters and participants,
without their effort, commitment and hard work, this seminar will not run well.
Finally, I wish you most successful seminar, enjoy Lombok Island and hope to see
you again in other forum here at the University of Mataram.
Prof. Ir. Sunarpi, Ph.D
Rector of the University ofMataram
iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Cover
Opening Speech -
I
Table of Contents .. . Ill
Kamaruddin A., Aep Saepul Uyun, Jombrik, Slamet Rahedi Sugeng and I
Ima Jaya diningrat
Muhamad Ali, Sulaiman N. Depamede, Bagus DH Septyono, Alis 9
Mukhlis, Sahrul Alim, Muhamad Amjn, and Mohammad Ashari
Suseno Amien, Arum Dani Atmojo, Neni Rostini, and Tia Setiawati 21
Lalu Panji Imam Agamawan, Kadarwan Soewarru, and Nurlisa A. Butet 30
Ansar, Satrijo Saloko, St. Rohani, and Nazaruddin 38
TGP. Muliarta Aryana, BB. Santoso, M. Zairin, N. Farid, NT. Ramdani 46
Luh Gde Sri Astiti , Lisa Praharani dan Rjasari Gail S. 58
Sri Puj i A tuti 67
Nunik Cokrowati, Aluh Nikmatullah, Sunarpi, Zaenal Abidin 74
Nanda Diniarti, Nunik Cokrowati, Oewi Nur'aini Setyowati 78
Ardiana Ekawanti , Nurkaliwantoro, Warindi 87
Wiwik Ekyastuti and Hanna Artuti Ekamawanti 94
Elsanti SU. Sinulingga, Arifien Yunus, fusyah 103
Ni Made Laksmi Ernawati, Febriana Tri Wulandari, and Bambang 121
Supeno
f-Iery Wijayanto, Tri Wahyu Pangestiningsih, Temia Twin Pangesti, 128
Kumianti
Muhammad Izzuddjn Faizal, Bagyo Yanuwiadi & Marsoedi 136
Varian Fahmi, Jdham Sumarto Pratarna, Asep Ridwanudin 145
Dwi Laksmiwati and Aliefinan Hakim 154
Sitti Latifah and Taslim Sjah 165
Kumiawati Lely, Handayani Sri Seno, Kusuma Dedi Purwanto Indra 180
Yuda H Fibrianto, July A Salam, Heru Susetya, Setyo Budhi, Ariana, 185
Gustari, Widagdo S Nugroho, Teguh Burupitojo I I
iv
Laura Flowrensia, Ulfah Juniarti Siregar, Noor Farikhah Haneda, Arina 191
Nur Faidah
Mursal Ghazali 199 -
Guyup Mahardhian Dwi Putra. Sumarjan 206 - -----Baiq Rien Handayani, Rid\van, Syarifuddin, Oni Yuliarti, Wiharyam 21-l
Werdiningsih and Ellok Fulkiah
Sukayat Harrnoko, Arifien Yunus, Sinurat JaJ;nes, Aisyah 227
Dini lflakhah, and Ratna Ediati 240
Wahyu Irawati, Adolf JN. Parhusip, and R. Nida Sopiah 249
Laswi Irrnayanti, Iskandar Z.Siregar, Prijanto Pamoengkas 261
Lalu Jamiludinand Lukman Atmaja 269
Baiq Dewi Krisnayanti, Sukartono, Ardiana Ekawanti, Christopher 281
Anderson,
Rina Kumianingsih, Sri Suyatni,·Faturrahman 289
D\.vi Liliek Kusindarta, Dewi Kania Musana, Hery Wijayanto, Surya 297
Agus Prihatna, AETH Wahyuni_ Widagdo Sn Nugroho. Heru Susetya,
Yuda Heru Fibrianto
IGM. Kusnarta, Sukartono, M. Ma'shum, and Mahrup 304
B. H. Kusumo, M.J. Hedley, M. Camps Arbestain, C. B. Hedley , 316
R. Calvelo Pereira , P. Bishop and A.F. Mahmud
Martha E. Siahaya , Messalina L. Salampessy, lndra G. Febryano, 342
EmaRositah, Rato F. Silamon, Andi C. Ichsan
Sri Mulyani, Ambo Tuwo, Rajuddin Syamsuddin, and Jamaluddin Jompa 352
Tri Mulyaningsih, Djoko Marsono, Sumardi and Isamu Yamada 361
Murniati, Surya Hadi, Dini Hendriwati 383
Nalle, Catoo~ie Lusje, Marlin R. K Yowi and Asri A. Widu 394
Tri Wahyu Pangestiningsih, Trini Susmiati, Hery Wijayanto 407
Sari Novida, Sri Puji Astuti 413
IGM Arya Parwata and Bambang Budi Santoso 420
BamhanQ" J Priatmadi. Akhmad R. Saidv. Meldia Se tiana p 4~7
v
Seto Priyambodo, E.Hagni Wardoyo 437
Emi Roslinda, Wiwik Ekyastuti, Siti M Kartikawati 452
Rustam 461
Rustam 469 ---- ---- --
Rahmat Sabani and Amuddin 477
Akhmad. R. Saidy, Afiah Hayati, Meldia Septiana 488
Dewi Nur'aeni Setyowati 512
Hasyyati Shabrina, Ulfah J. Siregar 520
I Made Sudarma 528
I Made Sudantha dan Suwardji 541
Febi Wahyu Sulistyadi, Bagyo Yanuwiadi and Marsoedi 552
Surya Hadi , Lalu lrfan Hadimi, Siti Raudhatul Kamali, Baiq Desy 559
Ratnasari, and Surayyal Hizmi
Liana Suryaningsih and John K. Fellman 568
Lolita E Susilowati,Zaenal Arifin and Bambang Hari Kusumo 582
Muhammad Zaenudin, Zaenal Abidin, Bagus Dwi Hari Setyono 597
Zainun , Abbas Zaini , Wiharyani Werdiningsih, Taslim Sjah dan Hadijah 605
,,
427
Changes in Rice Production in Acidic Tropical Soils as Influenced by Fly-ash Application
Bambang J. Priatmadiu, Akhmad R. Saidl, Meldia Septianau
1 Department of Soi l, Fa<.:ulty of Agriculture, Lambung Mangkurat Un1vers1ty, Banjarbaru 70714, Indonesia. Phone: +62 511 4777540, fax : +62 511 4772254.
email: [email protected]
· Abstract
Fly-ash (FA) is largely alkaline in nature and contains many essential elements for plant growth along with toxic metals. Therefore, fly-ash is potential to be applied as soil ameliorate that may improve soil properties and plant growth. In this experiment we studied the changes in chemical properties and rice production of acid sulphate soils amended with fly ash. Six different amounts ofF A, viz. 0 ( 100% soil), 5, 10, 20, 40 and 75 tones FA ha·' were added homogenously to 6 kg of soi ls in pots of PVC and then chemical properties of acid sulphate soils were observed after a 3-week of incubation. After the observation of soi l properties, rice was planted onto the pots. Results of study showed that fly-ash application improved soi l pH and exchangeable Ca. However, the availability of nitrogen of acid sulphate soils decreased significantly with fly-ash application. The experiment a lso showed that fl y-ash application to soil s improved rice growth (height plant, number of tille rs. dried-weight root and dried-\\'eight shoot) and rice production. Application 20 tones FA ha-1 resulted in higher rice production than the application 0, 5 and 10 tones FA ha-1, and jncreasing subsequent the amount of FA application did not significantly increase the rice production. Results of this study demonstrate that low-level fly-ash application resulted in the improvements of soil chemical properties and rice production.
Keywords: fly-ash application; soil ameliorant; heavy metals; sub-optimal low land
1. Introduction
Main problem in rice cultivation in acid sulphate soils is low productivity.
Data from the Department of Agriculture, South Kalimantan (2007) showed that rice
production in acid sulphate soils ranged from 3.14 to 4.30 tonnes per hectare. One of
the factors limiting the growth of rice in acid sulphate soils is low soil pH. The
observations in the province of South Kalimantan showed that the pH (H20 ) of the
acid sulphate soils ranged between 3.96 and 4.88 (Saidy et al., 2005). Low soi l pH
results in low availability of soil phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, potassium and
sodrum (Bohn et al., 2001 ), and this condition eventually result in unhealthy plant
growth. Improvements soil properties can be done by adding ameliorant material into
428
the soil to increase soil pH and simultaneously improve the content of some nutrients
such as Na, Ca, K and Mg.
Fl y ash ( r-A), a coal combustion residue, is an amorphous terroalumino sil icate" ith
a matrix very similar to soil. Elemental composition ofF A (both nutrient and toxic
elements) varies due to types and sources of used coal (Comberato et al. , 1997).
Addition of FA to soil may improve the physico-chemical properties as well as
nutritional quality of the soil and the extent of change depends on soil and FA
properties. In view of the high cost of disposal and environmental management,
utilization of FA in agricultural sector could be a viable option. Its use in agriculture
was initially due to its liming potential and the presence of essential nutrients, which
promoted plant growth and also alleviated the nutrient deficiency in soils (Mittra et
al., 2005).
The disposal of fly-ash (FA) from coal-fired power stations causes significant
economic and environmental problems. Dumped FA may adversely affect the
environment by mobilization or 1ts hazardous constituents and thus contaminate the
surface and ground waters, soi ls and vegetation. Fly-ash is largely alkaline in nature , and contains many essential elements like Si , S, B, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn and P.
Therefore, FA may be applied to soils as soi l amendment to improve soil properties
and thereby enhance plant growth and productivity. However, there is a lack of
evidence the use of fly-ash as soi I amendment. In this study, we examined the effect
of fly-ash application on changes in chemical properties and rice production on acid
sulphate soils.
2. Methodology
Fly-ash used for the experiment was collected from the Asam-asam Steam
Power Plant, South Kalimantan Province, Indonesia while soils for mixing with FA
were obtained from the Desa Tinggirian II Luar, Kecamatan Tamban, Kabupaten
Barito Kuala, South Kalimantan. Selected properties of acid sulphate ~oils used for
this study are presented in Table 1.
429
Six amendments ofF A, viz. 0 (100% soil), 5, 10, 20, 40 and 75 tones FA ha-1
were added homogenously to 6 kg of soils in pots of PVC and then incubated for 3
weeks. After 3 weeks soils in pots were sub-sampled and analyzed for pH,
exchangeable bases (Na, K, Ca dan Mg), mineral nitrogen, and available P. The
usual farm practice of transplantation of 20-30 days old seedlings, grown m a
separate seedbed, was done at three seedlings per pot. Rice plants were kept in
natural conditions and irrigated with tap water to maintain water-logged conditions
avoiding leakage of water from pots. All the growth and yield attributing characters
were studied after the harvesting period of 120 days. Plant height (em) was measured
by a metric scale and number of tillers was counted manually. After this, plant parts
were partitioned into roots, leaves, straw and grains and then were washed with
double distilled water. Root biomass (g pof1), straw weight (g pof1
) and total grain
weight (g pof1) were determined on oven-dried at 60 °C basis.
Table 1. Selected physical and chemical properties of acid sulphate soils used for the
study
Texture -Sand(%) 24.23 - Silt(%) 39.21 - Clay(%) 36.56
Bulk density (g cm'3) 0.55 pH (H20) 3.98 pH (KCil N) 3.67 Organic C (g C kg-1 soil) 27.67 Total nitrogen (g N kg-1 soil) 1.42 Exchangeable bases (cmol kg'1 soil)
- Na 0.13 -K 0.09 -Ca 4.51
0.14 -Mg
CEC (cmol kg-1 soil) 29.24
Total AI (mg kg-1) 1245.80
Total Fe (mg kg-1) 4916. 17
Total Mn (mg kg- I) 175.65
430
The ANOVA procedure of GenStat 1 l1h Edition (Payne, 2008) was used to
dctennine the effect of treatment on changes in the chemical properties and plant
growth and production. In the case of significance in ANOVAs, means were
compared by the Least Significant Difference (LSD) muluplc comparison procedure
at P<0.05.
3. Results and Discussion
Results of analysis of variance showed that soi l pH, mineral nitrogen content
and the concentration of exchangeable Ca were significantly affected by the addition
of fly-ash. In contrast, fly-ash application to acid sulphate soi ls did not change the
content of exchangeable -Na, -K and - Mg, and available P.
Soil reaction (soil pH) in the soil without fly-ash application was 5.08,
increased to 5.31 'J5.48 with the application fly-ash 5 40 tonnes ha· ' and increased
again to 5.62 with fly-ash application of75 tonnes ha· ' (Figure I). Increased soil pH
occurs because fly-ash containing CaO and MgO, which reacted with 1-t ions to
neutralize soil acidity. The !:,'Teater the amount of tly-ash application, the greater the
amount of CaO anq MgO are given into the soils, thus the greater the change m soil
pH. Kishor et al. (2009) reported that the neutralization capacity of fl y-ash ranged
from 0.01 to 3.74 meq per gram H30 +. [ncreasing the pH of the soil in paddy soils
treated with fly-ash was also reported in several other studies (Clark et al. , 2001;
Hyup et al., 2006; Swain et al. , 2007; Sajwan et al. , 2007).
0 .... I I 0..
6.00
5.75
5.50
5.25
5.00
4.75
4.50
c Qo
..>£
0 E ~
"' u QJ
:0 "' QJ no c "' ~ u )(
w
so
40 be
ab 30
a a a
20
10
0
c
0 5 10 20 40 75 0 5 10 20 40 75
Fly-ash application (ton ha·1) Fly-ash ap~lication (ton ha·1
)
Figure 1. Effect of fly-ash application on soil pH (left) and exchangeable-Ca (right). The
•
431
vertical bars represent standard deviation (n=3). Similar letters above columns indicate no
statistical difference between the treatments based on the LSD test at P <0.05.
Figure 1 also shows that the fly-ash application of 20 tonnes ha·1 yielded
exchangeable Ca that is not different from the soil without fl y-a h application.
However, when the amount of fly-ash application increased to 40 and 75 tonnes ha·1,
the concentration of exchangeable doubled than the soils without fly-ash application
(control), which only reached 15 cmol kg-1• Effect of coal ash on the exchangeable
Ca is due to the higher content CaO than the other cations (Na, K and Mg) of fly-ash,
so that when coal ash is added to soil, it will increase the availability of Ca in soils.
This is consistent with the study of Kishor et al. (2009) who reported that
exchangeable Ca is the most dominant cation in soils with fly-ash application.
Concentration of ammonium and nitrate decreased with an increase in the
amount of fly-ash application. Concentration of ammonium in the soil decreased
from 20.03 mg N kg-1 to 12. 15 mg N kg· 1 soil and concentration of nitrate decreased
from 63.61 mg N kg·1 soil to 42.83 mg N kg·1 soil with fly-ash application (Fig. 2).
These combinations resulted in reduction in total mineral nitrogen from 83.64 rng N
kg" 1 soil to 54.98 mg N kg-1 soil with the application of fly-ash (Figure 2). Decline in •
the mineral nitrogen with fly-ash application is due to increased gaseous N losses
through denitrification process with an increase in the amount of fly-ash application.
125 OAmmonium • Nitrat • Total mineral N
·o 100 Ill
.... c be bo
.::.'.
z bD
75 E
z 50 Iii ....
<11 c: 25 ~
0 0 5 10 20 40 75
Fly-ash application (ton ha·1)
432
Figure 2. Effect of fly-ash on mineral nitrogen. The vertical bars represent standard
deviation (n=3). Similar letters above columns indicate no statistical difference between the
treatments based on the LSD test at P <0.05.
Results of variance analysis showed that fly-ash application influenced
significantly the growth and production of rice. Fly-ash application of 5 and 10
tonnes ha·1 improved plant height from 78 em to 92-94 em. However, when the
amount of fly-ash application increased to 20-75 tonnes ha-1, plant height did not
show significant increases with subsequent increasing the amount of fly-ash
application (Figure 3). Similar results were obtained for the number of tiller
variable. Without the fly-ash application, the average number of tillers reached only
3 plants per pot. Number of tillers plants increased significantly to 7 plants per pot
with the fly-ash application at the rate 5-10 tonnes ha-1 (Figure 3).
Root dry weight of rice plants with fly-ash applications up to the level of 20
tonnes ha-1 is no different from that without fly-ash application. which is in the range
of 1.5 to 3.5 grams per pot (Figure 4). However, when the amount of fly-ash
application increased to 40 and 75 tonnes ha-1, root dry weight of rice plants ,
increased to 5 grams per pot (Figure 4). In contrast to the root dry weight, stems dry
weight of rice with the treatment of 5-20 tonnes ha·1 fly-ash application increased to
9-13 grams per pot from 3 grams per pot at the treatment of without fly-ash
application (Figure 4 ). The highest root dry weight of plants was observed in the
treatment of 40 and 75 tonnes ha-1 fly-ash application (Figure 4 ).
....
-.
433
125 10
be_ c c b c d d d
100 "' 8 E
u a a.
~ ~ 75 ~ 6 ..r:: a.• 0.0 Q) ~
..r:: 50 0 4 -..> c: ...._
"' Q)
..0 a... E 25 ::J 2 c
0 0 0 5 10 20 40 75 0 5 10 20 40 75
Fly-ash application (tonnes ha-1) Fly-ash application (tonnes ha-1)
Figure 3. Effect of fly-ash application in plant height (left) and number fo tillers (right). The
vertical bars represent standard deviation (n=3 ). Similar letters above columns
indicate no statistical difference between the treatments based on the LSD test atP <0_05.
~
.r: <>0 Qj 3 ~ -o ..... 0 0 cr:
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
ab ab a
a
b 20
b
16 d
c
12 b b
8
4 a
0
d
0 5 10 20 40 75 0 5 10 20 40 75
Fly-ash application (tonnes ha·1) Fly-ash application (tonnes ha-1)
Figure 4. Effect of fly-ash application on root dry weight (left) and stem dry weight (right).
The vertical bars represent standard deviation (n=3). Similar letters above
columns indicate no statistical difference between the treatments based on the
LSD test at P <0.05_
Rice production also increased by fly-ash application_ Grain dry weight of
rice without tly-ash applicatiOn IS 3.5 grams of pof ', increased more than 200%
( 11 .4 g pof1) with 5 tonnes ha-1 of t1y-ash application. When the amount of fly-ash
434
application increased to 20 tonncs ha·', grain dry weight increased by 280% ( 13.4 g
pof 1) . Moreover, there is an increase by 300% in the grain dry-weight ( 14.5 g pot- I)
with 75 tonnes ha·' of tly-ash appl ication (Figure 5).
Increases in the growth and production of rice were attributed to increasing the
amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium absorbed by rice. Nitrogen uptake by
ri ce in the treatment of without fly-ash application was 84.39 mg N pof 1, increased
by I 6-38% with 5-75 tonnes ha·' of fly-ash application. Phosphorus and potassium
uptake by rice increased by 6-70% and 17-128%, respectively, with the similar
amount of fly-ash application (data not shown).
20
- 16 0 a. ~ 12
cd d d
b be
c 0
u 8 ~
"0 0 a .... a. 4 <lJ u
cr:: 0
0 5 10 20 40 75
Fly-ash application (tonnes ha·1)
Figure 5. Effect of fly-ash application on rice production. The vertical bars represent
standard deviation (n=3). Similar letters above columns indicate no statistical
difference between the treatments based on the LSD test at P <0.05.
Increase in nutnent uptake followed by increase in the growth and production
of rice may due to changes in the characteristics of the soil with the application of
fly-ash. The addition of fly-ash to soils accelerate the process of mineralization of
organic matter (Khan and Khan, 1996), thus increasing the availability of njtrogen.
Lee et al. (2007) in the study of changes in the availability of P in soils with 120
tonnes ha·' of fly-ash application in South Korea reported that the increase in Pin the
<:.0 ilc rlue" to the incre~se in the pH of the soil, incre::tsing the amount of silicate ::md
the additional P from coal ash. In this study, we also observed increases in soil pH
... -
...
435
from 4.43 at the treatment without fly-ash application to pH 5.22-5.41 with the fly
ash application. Study conducted by Swain et al. (2007) also showed that the fly-ash
application increases the uptake ofN, P a:nd K by 106-149% .
-t. Conclusion and Implication
Observations on soil chemical properties after fly-ash application showed that
the addition of the fly-ash can increase the soi l pH, in which increased the amount of
fly-ash application to the soil will be followed by increases in soil pH. This result
implies that the fly-ash is potential to be used as an alternative lime for soil
improvement properties to increase biomass production. Results of the study
demonstrated that among the exchangeable cations observed, only exchangeable Ca
increased significantly with fly-ash application, indicating that fly-ash can be used as
a source of Ca for improvement of soil properties. The application of fly-ash also
increases the growth and yield of rice.
Acknowledgment
The authors acknowledged the Ministry of Education and Culture, the
Republic 9f Indonesia that was funded this study through the Competitive Grant of
Penelitian Unggulan Perguruan Tinggi 2015 .
References
Bohn, H. L., B. L. McNeal., and G. A. O'Connor. 200 l. Soil Chemistry. 3rd
edition. John Willey & Sons, Inc., New York.
Clark, R. B., S. K. Zeto, K. D. Ritchey, and V. C. Baligar. 2007. Mineral acquisition by maize grown in acidic soil amended with coal combustion product. Communication in Soli Science and Plant Analysis 32, 1861- 1884.
Comberato, J.J., Vance, E.D., Someshwar, A. V. , 1997. Composition and land application of paper manufacturing residuals. ln: Rechcigl, J. , Mackinnon, H. (Eds.), Agricultural Uses of By-products and Wastes. ACS, Washington, DC, pp. 185-203.
Dinas Pertanian Propinsi Kalimantan Selatan. 2007. Data Base Pertanian Tahun
2007. Dinas Pertanian Kalimantan Selatan, Banjarbaru.
436
Hyup, L., Sung Ha, H., Hoon Lee, C., dan Book Lee, Y. 2006. Fly ash effect on
improving . soil properties and rice productivity in Korean paddy soils. Bioresource Technology 97 ( 13), 1490 - 1497.
K han, R.K. and M W. K han 1996 The effect offl ) ash on plant growth and y i ~ l d
ol' tomato. Emironmcntal Pollulton 92, 105- 111.
Kishor, P., Ghosh, A. K. and Kwnar, D. 2009. Use of fl y ash in agriculture: A way to
improve Soil Fertility and its produktivity. Asian Journal of Agricultural
Research 4, 1-14.
Lee, C. H., H. Lee, Y. B. Lee, H. H. Chang, M. A. Ali, W. Min, S. Kim and P. J.
Kim. 2007. Increase of available phosphorus by fly-ash application in paddy soils. Cvmmunrcatwns m Sot! Science and Plant Analysis 38, 155 1-1562.
Mittra, B.N., Karmakar, S., Swain, D K., Ghosh, B.C., 200.5. Fly ash a potential
source of soi l amendment and a component of integrated plant nutnent supply system. Fuel 84, 1447- 1451.
Saidy, A. R .. Ifa nsyah.,_ H. dan Yulianti, N. 2005. Efisiensi pemupukan nitrogen
pada tanaman padi di tanah sawah dengan sifat kimia yang berbcda . .-IJ,[f'OSCJeJt lwe 12 (3), 196-20-L
Sajwan, K S., S Paramas1vam. A K Aha. 2007. J::. !Tects of different rates of fl) ash and se\\age sludge mixture amendments on cation availabili ty and thei r leachabil ity.· Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A 42, 11 55 j 160.
Swain, D. K., S. K. Rautaray and B. C. Ghosh. 2007. Alkaline coal tly ash amendments are recommended for improving rice-peanut crops. Acta
Agn culturae Scandmav1ca Sectwn 8 -, oil and Plant Science 57, 201 -2 11.
..
.~