Process and Composition for Deinking Dry Toner Electrostatic Printed Wastepaper US5141598

8/10/2019 Process and Composition for Deinking Dry Toner Electrostatic Printed Wastepaper US5141598

1/3

l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l I l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l

USO05l41598A

U l l l t E d States Pa t en t [ 1 9 ] [ 1 1 ]

P a t e n t

N u m b e r :

5 , 1 4 1 , 5 9 8

Richman e t a ] .

[ 4 5 ]

D a t e o f

P a t e n t : A u g . 2 5 ,

1 9 9 2

[ 5 4 ]

PROCESS

AND

COMPOSITION FOR

DEINKING

DR Y TONER

ELECTROSTATIC

FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS.

PRINTED

WASTEPAPER

727506 2/

1966

Canada

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. 162/5

[ 7 5 ] I n v e n t o r s : S a n d r a K . R i c h m a n , J a c k s o n v i l l e

OTHER PUBLICATIONS

Bea h; Mary Beth

Le t s c h e r, .

u

. .

J

l ;

0mm

b o t h o f

F l a D a r h n g t o n ,

W. . , A

New P r o c e s s f o r Demlung

E l e c

_ t r o s t a t i c - P r i n t e d Secondary

F i b e r , T PP]

r o c e e d i n g s ,

[ 7 3 ] A s s i g n e e : B e t z

P a p e r C h e m ,

1 1 1 1 2 . J a c k s o n v i l l e ,

1 9 3 8 p u l p i n g c o n f e r c n c e ,

p p , 9 5 - 1 0 0 ,

F l a .

P r i m a r y

E x a m i n e r - - P e t e r C h i n

[ 2 ] ] A p p l ' N o : 6 9 1 2 1 0 A t t o r n e y ,

A g e n t ,

o r FirmAlexander D. R i c c i ; R i c h a r d

[ 2 2 ]

F i l e d : A p r . 2 5 , 1 9 9 1 A .

P a i R O f T

[ 5 1 ]

g i t .

C l c i 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . n i g g g C l [ 5 7 ]

A B S T R A C T

i i i } F 5 1 1 1 . ; 8 x 1 1 I i : 3 : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : : : : : : : : : : : : :

3 1 6 2 / 5

A c o m p o s m o n a n d m e m o d f o r d m k m g d r y e k e

_

t r o s t a t i c p r i n t e d w a s t e p a p e r

i s

d i s c l o s e d .

The

composi

[ 5 6 ] R e f e r e n c e s c u e d

t i o n

c o m p r i s e s a c o m b i n a t i o n o f : ( 1 ) a l i p h a t i c p e t r o l e u m

U . S .

PATENT

DOCUMENTS

d i s t i l l a t e s ,

( 2 )

a n a l k y l p h e n o x y p o l y - ( e t h y l e n e o x y )

e t h a

3 . 6 3 5 , 7 8 9

1 / 1 9 7 2

Green . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. .

1 6 2 / 5

m1 and

( 3 )

3 c t h m y l m d

polycxypmpylcne

glyml'

4 . 1 6 2 . 1 8 6 7 / 1 9 7 9 W o od

e t

a 1 .

1 6 2 / 7

The method comprises

a d m i n i s t e r i n g

a s u f f i c i e n t

4 . 2 7 6 . 1 1 8 6 / 1 9 8 ] Quick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _

1 6 2 / 5

a m gun t o f

t h i s

c o mbin at i o n

t o a

s a m p l e o f e l e c t r o s t a t i c

4.518459

5/1985 Freis e t a 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.

162/5 timed was: a e, f r wh h mam] -

4.561.933 12/1985

Wood 1 8 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . 162/5

p

p

P

0

1

e n

5

dewed

4 . 6 6 6 . 5 5 8

5 / 1 9 8 7 Wood

1 6 1 .

. 8 2 0 . 3 7 9

4 / 1 9 8 9

D a r l i n g t o n

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. .

1 6 2 / 5 8 Claims, N0

Drawings


2/3

5 , 1 4 1 , 5 9 8

1

PROCESS AND

COMPOSITION

FOR DEINKING

DRY

TONER ELECTROSTATIC PRINTED

WASTEPAPER

BACKGROUND

OF

THE INVENTION

Dry t o n e r

e l e c t r o s t a t i c p r i n t i n g i n k s ,

i n c l u d i n g

l a s e r

a n d x e r o g r a p h i c

i n k s ,

a r e i m p o r t a n t a n d

g r o w i n g

c o n ~

t a m i n a n t s

i n t h e

a r e a

o f w a s t e p a p e r r e c y c l i n g .

T r a d i ~

t i o n a l l y , p a p e r

h a s

b e e n

p r i n t e d

w i t h

w a t e r o r

o i l - b a s e d

i n k s which were

a d e q u a t e l y removed

by c o n v e n t i o n a l

d e i n k i n g p r o c e d u r e s . I n t h e s e

m e t h o d s ,

s e c o n d a r y

? b e r

i s

m e c h a n i c a l l y

p u l p e d

a n d

c o n t a c t e d w i t h

a n a q u e o u s

medium c o n t a i n i n g a s u r f a c t a n t . I n k i s

s e p a r a t e d

f r o m

p u l p ? b e r s a s

a

r e s u l t o f m e c h a n i c a l

p u l p i n g and

t h e

a c t i o n o f t h e s u r f a c t a n t . The d i s p e r s e d i n k i s

s e p a r a t e d

from p u l p ? b e r s by

s u c h

means a s w a s h i n g o r

? o t a t i o n .

C o n v e n t i o n a l d e i n k i n g

p r o c e s s e s

h a v e shown m i n i

m a l s u c c e s s i n d e a l i n g w i t h d r y t o n e r e l e c t r o s t a t i c p r i n t

i n g

i n k s ,

w i t h

t h e

n e c e s s a r y c h e m i c a l a n d m e c h a n i c a l

t r e a t m e n t s o f

t h e

f u r n i s h

p r o v i n g

to b e

t i m e

c o n s u m i n g

and

o f t e n r e n d e r i n g a

f u r n i s h

which i s

u n a c c e p t a b l e f o r

many p p l i c a t i o n s .

The

d e v e l o p m e n t o f a d e i n k i n g p r o

gram

f o r o f f i c e w a s t e c o n t a m i n a t e d w i t h e l e c t r o s t a t i c

p r i n t e d copy

w i l l

m a k e

t h i s f u r n i s h m or e amenable t o

t h e r e c y c l i n g p r o c e s s .

The

a b i l i t y

t o r e c y c l e o f f i c e

w a s t e

w i l l prove

c o m

m e r c i a l l y a d v a n t ag e o u s a n d w i l l

h a v e

a s i g n i ? c a n t i m

p a c t on t h e

c o n s e r v a t i o n

o f v i r g i n ?ber r e s o u r c e s . Al

though

e l e c t r o s t a t i c

p r i n t e d

w a s t e

h a s n o t

r e a c h e d

t h e

volume o f

i m p a c t

p r i n t e d w a s t e commonly s e e n i n t h e

i n d u s t r y , i n d i c a t i o n s a r e s u c h t h a t

u s a g e

o f


p r i n t

i s

i n c r e a s i n g s t e a d i l y a n d t h a t w a s t e c o p i e s

a v a i l

a b l e t o t h e

r e c y c l i n g

i n d u s t r y w i l l a l s o i n c r e a s e .

The

p r e s e n t i n v e n t i o n

e n h a n c e s

t h e

a g g l o m e r a t i o n

a n d

s u b s e q u e n t

r e m o v a l

o f


t o n e r

p a r t i c l e s

t h r o u g h

c e n t r i f u g a l

c l e a n e r s b y

u s i n g

s p e c i ? c c o m b i n a ~

t i o n s o f c o m m e r c i a l l y a v a i l a b l e raw m a t e r i a l s

( s o l v e n t s

and

s u r f a c t a n t s ) .

I t

i s b e l i e v e d

t h a t

t h i s

can

be a c c o m

p l i s h e d a t

a wide

r a n g e o f pH e v e l s ( 5 . 0 t o 1 1 . 0 ) and

w i l l

r e n d e r

a f u r n i s h t h a t

i s

v i r t u a l l y

f r e e

o f e l e c t r o s t a t i c

p r i n t i n g i n k

a f t e r s u b s e q u e n t m e c h a n i c a l

t r e a t m e n t .

The

i n v e n t i o n

a l l o w s

f o r t h e s e p a r a t i o n o f

i n k p a r t i c l e s a n d

a s s o c i a t e d

b i n d e r

f r o m

p u l p

? b e r s ,

a n d

c a u s e s t h e p a r t i

c l e s t o

agglomerate

t o a c r i t i c a l r a n g e o f

s i z e

and den

s i t y ,

which

a f f o r d s t h e i r most

f f i c i e n t

removal from t h e

p u l p s l u r r y b y c e n t r i f u g a l c l e a n e r s .

The

p r e s e n t

i n v e n t i o n d e m o n s t r a t e s

t h a t

a

combina

t i o n

o f

s o l v e n t s and s u r f a c t a n t s w i t h

low HLBs

e n h a n c e

t h e

a g g l o m e r a t i o n o f


t o n e r

p a r t i c l e s ,

a l

l o w i n g r e m o v a l t h r o u g h


c l e a n i n g a n d / o r

s c r e e n i n g . HLB s a n a b b r e v i a t i o n f o r h y d r o p h i l e - l i p o

p h i l e

b a l a n c e a s r e l a t e d t o t h e

o i l

a n d

w a t e r s o l u b i l i t y o f

a m a t e r i a l .

A i g h HLB n d i c a t e s

t h a t t h e h y d r o p h i l i c

p o r t i o n

o f

t h e m o l e c u l e

i s d o m i n a n t , w h i l e

a low

HLB

i n d i c a t e s t h a t

t h e

h y d r o p h o b i c p o r t i o n o f

t h e

m o l e c u l e

i s d o m i n a n t . The w a t e r s o l u b i l i t y o f

m a t e r i a l s i n c r e a s e s

w i t h i n c r e a s i n g HLB. T r a d i t i o n a l d e i n k i n g

p r o c e s s e s

u t i l i z e a w i d e

v a r i e t y o f h i g h

HLB g e n e r a l l y g r e a t e r

t h a n

1 0 ) n o n i o n i c a n d / o r

a n i o n i c

s u r f a c t a n t s o r d i s p e r

s a n t s t o wet

and

d i s p e r s e i n k

p a r t i c l e s

t o a

range o f s i z e

( a b o u t

0 . 5

t o

1 5 m i c r o n s ) which a l l o w s f o r t h e i r m o s t

e f f i c i e n t

s u b s e q u e n t

r e m o v a l

b y w a s h i n g a n d / o r f r o t h

? o t a t i o n

p r o c e s s e s .

A g g l o m e r a t i o n

i s

a n t i c i p a t e d

t o b e

s e e n

a t p H l e v e l s

r a n g i n g f r o m

5 . 0 t o

1 1 . 0 , w i t h n o s i g n i ? c a n t d e p o s i t i o n

o f i n k e x p e c t e d t o

b e p r e s e n t o n

p u l p i n g

e q u i p m e n t .

The

a d v a n t a g e o f t h i s f o r m u l a t i o n i s t h a t

i t

a l l o w s

f o r

a g

1 0

20

2 5

4 5

50

5 5

6 0

6 5

2

g l o m e r a t i o n

a t

a n

a m b i e n t p H ,

a l l e v i a t i n g t h e

n e e d

f o r

c a u s t i c o r a c i d ta n k s i n t h e

m i l l

e n v i r o n m e n t .

SUMMARY

OF THE

INVENTION

The c o m p o n e n t s o f t h e p r e s e n t i n v e n t i o n c o m p r i s e

( l ) a l i p h a t i c p e t r o l e u m

d i s t i l l a t e s

( s o l v e n t ) , ( 2 ) a n a l k y l

p h e n o x y p o l y ( e t h y l e n e o x y )

e t h a n o l

( s u r f a c t a n t ) a n d ( 3 )

a n

e t h o x y l a t e d

p o l y o x y p r o p y l e n e

g l y c o l

( s u r f a c t a n t ) .

A l l components

a r e

c o m m e r c i a l l y a v a i l a b l e .

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

OF

THE

INVENTION

The

p r e s e n t i n v e n t o r s h a v e d i s c o v e r e d

t h a t

t h e a d d i

t i o n

o f

a s p e c i ? c s o l v e n t / s u r f a c t a n t

b l e n d

t o

t h e

p u l p e r

s i g n i ? c a n t l y

e n h a n c e s t h e a g gl o m e r a t i o n o f

e l e c t r o

s t a t i c t o n e r

p a r t i c l e s ,

a l l o w i n g f o r t h e i r

s e p a r a t i o n

f r o m

? b e r

t h r o u g h


c l e a n i n g a n d / o r s c r e e n i n g .

T h i s a g g lo m e r a t i o n i s

a n t i c i p a t e d t o b e s e e n a t

p H

l e v e l s

r a n g i n g

f r o m 5 . 0 t o 1 1 . 0 ,

w i t h

n o

s i g n i ? c a n t d e p o s i t i o n

o f i n k

e x p e c t e d

t o b e

p r e s e n t o n

p u l p i n g

e q u i p m e n t .

(A

p I - l h i g h e r t h a n 1 1 . 0

o r

l o w e r t h a n 5 . 0 i s a l s o b e l i e v e d t o

b e

e f f e c t i v e ) .

The

f o r m u l a t i o n a l l o w s

f o r


a t a n a m b i e n t pH, a l l e v i a t i n g

t h e

need f o r c a u s t i c

o r

a c i d

t a n k s i n

t h e m i l l e n v i r o n m e n t .

The

a l i p h a t i c p e t r o l e u m

d i s t i l l a t e s

( A ) a r e s a t u r a t e d

h y d r o c a r b o n s h a v i n g c a r b o n

n u m b e r s

i n

t h e

r a n g e o f

C9-Cl2. The

c h e m i c a l

s t r u c t u r e s

o f

t h e

r e m a i n i n g raw

materials are

a s f o l l o w s :

A l k y l p h e n o x y p o l y - ( e t h y l e n e o x y )

e t h n o l

C X H Z X + 1 C 6 H 4 O - ( C H 2 C H 2 O ) , , l - l

n l 6

x 8 12

E t h o x y l a t e d

P o l y o x y p r o p y l e n e G l y c o l

F o r

t h e a p p l i c a t i o n

o f


t o n e r

p a r t i c l e

a g g l o m e r a t i o n ,

t h e

e f f e c t i v e h y d r o p h i l e - l i p o p h i l e

b a l

ance o f t h e t e s t e d s u r f a c t a n t s

i s l e s s t h a n o r

e q u a l t o 1 0 .

I t i s b e l i e v e d t h a t t h e

e f f e c t i v e t e m p e r a t u r e

r a n g e f o r

t h e a g g l o m e r a t i o n o f e l e c t r o s t a t i c t o n e r p a r t i c l e s i s

from l l 0 - l 9 0

F .

A

eaker

t e s t

meth od was

u t i l i z e d

t o

determine

t h e

i m p a c t o f

v a r i o u s raw

m a t e r i a l s

on

t o n e r


w i t h o u t t h e

p r e s e n c e o f ? b e r .

T h i s

method a l l o w e d f o r

t h e

v i s u a l

e v a l u a t i o n

o f

t o n e r

c o n ? g u r a t i o n a f t e r t r e a t

m e n t

a n d p e r m i t t e d t h e p a r t i c l e s t o

b e

s i z e d

u s i n g t h e

Brinkmann

P a r t i c l e S i z e A n a l y z e r . W h e n raw

m a t e r i a l s

were s c r e e n e d u s i n g t h i s m e t h o d , t h o s e d e m o n s t r a t i n g

s i g n i ? c a n t p a r t i c l e

a g g l o m e r a t i o n w e r e

a d v a n c e d

t o

t h e

D e i n k i n g / R e p u l p i n g A p p a r a t u s ( t h e p u l p e r ) f o r

a n

e v a l u a t i o n

o f

p e r f o r m a n c e i n

t h e

p r e s e n c e

o f

? b e r .

The

e x p e r i m e n t a l p r o c e d u r e

was a s f o l l o w s :

Approx

i m a t e l y 0 . 0 1

grams

of t o n e r was

added t o

a

beaker

c on

t a i n i n g 1 0 0 m i l l i l i t e r s o f d e i o n i z e d w a t e r . Each s o l u t i o n

o f toner and

water wa s

mixed

o n

a m a gne t i c s t i r r e r

a t

a

pH

f

. 0 ,

a

t e m p e r a t u r e o f

1 5 0

F .

and

a

c o n t a c t

t i m e o f

60 m i n u t e s . About

5 l 4

p a r t s

o f raw

m a t e r i a l o r e x p e r i

m e n t a l

p r o d u c t

p e r m i l l i o n

p a r t s

o f s o l u t i o n was

added

t o

t h e

b e a k e r . Upon c o m p l e t i o n o f

c o n t a c t

t i m e , p a r t i c l e

c o n ? g u r a t i o n s

were n o t e d , and s o l u t i o n

were ? l t e r e d


3/3

5 , 1 4 1 , 5 9 8

3

a n d

h e l d f o r

s i z e

e v a l u a ti o n u s i n g

t h e

Brinkmann P a r t i

c l e S i z e

A n a l y z e r .

The p u l p e r was t h e n u s e d t o e v a l u a t e

s e l e c t e d raw

m a t e r i a l s .

T h i s a p p a r at u s

c o n s i s t s

o f a Waring b l e n d e r

j a r w i t h

t h e b l a d e s r e v e r s e d t o p r o v i d e a m i x i n g a c t i o n

o f

t h e ? b e r s .

The t i r r i n g o f

t h e b l e n d e r s c o n t r o l l e d b y

a

motor

connected t o a Servodyne c o n t r o l l e r . Tempera

t u r e

o f t h e p u l p i n t h e

b l e n d e r

i s

p r o v i d e d

b y

a

h e a t i n g

m a t a t t a c h e d t o

a

t e m p e r a t u r e c o n t r o l l e r . The t y p i c a l

f u r n i s h c o n s i s t e n c y i n t h e

l a b o r a t o r y

p u l p e r

i s 5 % ,

a n d

a

s t i r r i n g s p e e d

o f 7 5 0

rpm i s

u s e d

t o

s i m u l a t e t h e m e

c h a n i c a l a c t i o n o f a h y d r o p u l p e r .

E l e c t r o s t a t i c

p r i n t e d w o o d - f r e e ? b e r

was

u s e d

a s

t h e

f u r n i s h . Twenty

p o u n d s

o f raw

m a t e r i a l

o r e x p e r i m e n t a l

product

p e r t o n of

?ber were added t o t h e p u l p e r ,

t

a

t e m p e r a t u r e

o f

1 5 0 '

F . ,

a

p H o f

7 . 0 ,

a n d a p u l p i n g t i m e

o f 6 0

m i n u t e s .

DESCRIPTION OF

THE

PREFERRED

EMBODIMENT

The

l a b o r a t o r y

r e s u l t s f o u n d

i n

T a b l e 1

d e m o n s t r a t e

t h e e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f t h e p r e s e n t i n v e n t i o n . A n o n y l

p h e n o x y p o l y ( e t h y l e n e o x y )

e t h a n o l

w i t h

a

m o l e c u l a r

w e i g h t o f 2 8 6 a n d a n e t h o x y l a t e d p o l y o x y p r o p y l e n e

g l y c o l

w i t h a

m o l e c u l a r

w e i g h t o f 3 8 0 0 a r e

p r e f e r r e d

c o m p o n e n t s .

TABLE

P u l p e r R e s u l t s

a t 1 5 0 F . . p H 7 . 0 . 6 0 M i n u t e

P u l p i n g Time

HLB Minimum P a r t i c l e

C o n d i t io n o f

M a t e r i a l S i z e ( M i c r o n s )

U n t r e a t e d C o n t r o l

0

l - 2

2 0

l b s / t o n

N o n y l p h e n o x y p o l y ~ 1 4 . 2

4 . 5

( e t h y l e n e o x y ) e t h a n o l

(Mol.

Wt.

7 4 8 , n

=

1 2 )

2 0 l b s / t o n

N o n y l p h e n o x y p o l y -

8 . 8

l 0 . 0

( e t h y l e n e o x y ) e t h a n o l

( M o l .

Wtv 3 9 6 .

n = )

2 0

l b s / t o n

N o n y l p h e n o x y p o l y - 4 . 6 1 5 . 0

( e t h y l e n e o x y )

e t h a n o l

( B .

MOI. Wt.

= 2 8 6 ,

n

= L5)

2 0 l b s / t o n E t h o x y l a t e d 1 . 0 1 8 . 0

P o l y o x y p r o p y l e n e

G l y c o l

( C , Mol. Wt.

=

3 8 0 0 )

20 l b s / t o n Formulation '

4 0 . 0

(60 A :

l0

B :

3 0

C)

An HLB a n n o t b e a c c u r a t e l y

c a l c u l a t e d

f o r a b l e n d e d

f o r m u l a t i o n .

Note t h e

e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f

e a c h m a t e r i a l ( e .

g . ,

B

a n d

C) n

i n c r e a s i n g

l a s e r

i n k

p a r t i c l e

s i z e , a s

compared

to t h e

u n t r e a t e d c o n t r o l . H o w e v e r , t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l f o r m u l a

t i o n

i n

i t s

p r e f e r r e d

r a t i o s

(60

A / 10 B/30

C )

showed a s i g n i ? c a n t i n c r e a s e i n p a r t i c l e

s i z e

a s c o m

p a r e d

t o i n d i v i d u a l

c o m p o n e n t s .

The

e f f e c t i v e r a t i o

r a n g e o f

e a c h

o f

t h e

raw m a t e r i a l s

i n

the formulatio n

i s

believed

t o be:

10-60

A l i p h a t i c

P e t r o l e u m D i s t i l l a t e s

1 0 - 8 9 % A l k y l p h e n o x y p o l y - ( e t h y l e n e o x y ) e t h a n o l

l 8 0 %

E t h o x y l a t e d P o l y o x y p r o p y l e n e G l y c o l

While

t h i s

i n v e n t i o n

h a s

b e e n

d e s c r i b e d

w i t h

r e s p e c t

t o

p a r t i c u l a r

e m b o d i m e n t s t h e r e o f ,

i t

i s a p p a r e n t t h a t

numerous

o t h e r f o r m s

and

m o d i ? c a t i o n s o f

t h i s

i n v e n

t i o n w i l l b e

o b v i o u s

t o

t h o s e

s k i l l e d i n t h e a r t . The

2 0

2 5

3 5

45

5 0

6 0

6 5

4

a p p e n d e d c l a i m s

a n d

t h i s i n v e n t i o n ge n e r a l ly s h o u l d b e

construed

t o cover l l

such

obvious forms and

modi?ca

t i o n s which a r e w i t h i n t h e

t r u e

s p i r i t

and

s c o p e o f t h e

p r e s e n t i n v e n t i o n .

We

l a i m :

1 . I n t h e

d e i n k i n g o f l e c t r o s t a t i c

p r i n t e d w a s t e p a p e r ,

a

p r o c e s s

f o r e n h a n c i n g t h e

a g g lo m e r a t i o n o f

e l e c t r o

s t a t i c

t o n e r

p a r t i c l e s ,

s a i d

p r o c e s s

c o m p r i s i n g

a d d i n g

t o

a n a q u e o u s s l u r r y o f t h e e l e c t r o s t a t i c p r i n t e d w a s t e p a

p e r

a n

a m o u n t , s u f f i c i e n t f o r d e i n k i n g

o f

a c o m b i n a t i o n

o f a ) a l i p h a t i c

p e t r o l e u m

d i s t i l l a t e s , ( b ) a n a l k y l p h e n o x

y p o l y - ( e t h y l e n e o x y ) e t h a n o l a n d ( c ) a n e t h o x y l a t e d

p o l y o x y p r o p y l e n e

g l y c o l , t h e h y d r o p h i l e / l i p o p h i l e

b a l a n c e o f b o t h ( b )

a n d

( c )

b e i n g l e s s t h a n o r e q u a l

t o

1 0 ,

a n d

t h e w e i g h t

r a t i o

o f ( a ) : ( b ) : ( c )

b e i n g a b o u t

6 : 1 : 3 .

2 .

The p r o c e s s

a s

r e c i t e d i n c l a i m

1

wherein t h e a l i

p h a t i c p e t r o l e u m d i s t i l l a t e s a r e s a t u r a t e d h y d r o c a r b o n s

h a v i n g c a r b o n n u m b e r s i n t h e

r a n g e o f C 9 - C 1 2 .

3 .

The

p r o c e s s

a s

r e c i t e d

i n

c l a i m

1 w h e r e i n

t h e a l k y l

p h e n o x y p o l y - ( e t h y l e n e o x y ) e t h a n o l

i s a

compound o f

t h e f o r m u l a

with

n

fro m 1

t o

5 .

4 .

The

p r o c e s s

a s

r e c i t e d i n c l a i m 1

wherein t h e

e t h

o x y l a t e d

p o l y o x y p r o p y l e n e g l y c o l s

a

compound

o f

t h e

f o r m u l a

with n from about 1 t o 45

and

m rom about 1 4 - 7 7 .

5 .

The p r o c e s s a s

r e c i t e d

i n c l a i m 1

w h e r e i n

agglom

e r a t i o n

o f


t o n e r

p a r t i c l e s

o c c u r s

a t

a'pH

o f

a b o u t 5 . 0

t o 1 2 . 0

6 .

The p r o c e s s a s r e c i t e d i n c l a i m 1 wherein

agglom

e r a t i o n of e l e c t r o s t a t i c

t o n e r p a r t i c l e s occurs a t a

t e m

p e r a t u r e o f a b o u t

1 1 0 t o 1 9 0 F .

7 .

The

p r o c e s s a s r e c i t e d

i n

c l a i m 1 w h e r e i n

t h e

a l k y l

p h e n o x y p o l y - ( e t h y l e n e o x y )

e t h a n o l i s a compound o f

t h e f o r m u l a

w i t h n

f r o m 1 t o

5 ,

a n d t h e e t h o x y l a t e d

p o l y o x y p r o p y l

e n e g l y c o l i s a compound o f t h e f o r m u l a

CH3

H O C H I C H Z C H I C H 2 O ) R ( C H Z C H O ) M ( C H Z C 2 0 ) , [ C H 2 C H 2 O H

with n from about

1

t o 45 and m rom a b o u t 1 4 t o 7 7 .

8 . The

p r o c e s s

a s r e c i t e d

i n c l a i m

1 w h e r e i n agglom

e r a t i o n

o f

e l e c t r o s t a t i c t o n e r p a r t i c l e s o c c u r s

a t a

pH

f

a b o u t

5 . 0

t o

1 2 . 0

and a te m p e r a t u r e o f a b o u t 1 1 0

t o 1 9 0 '

F .

O Q t

C l

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