Proclus Commentary on Plato Parmendies Book 1

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i I trctr cti

ts m s t rci t isr ic Pt; cr m tt i t ll slr rlit t l rm t mc ccit sm rm t ts rrr t c it t rts c 3 P herus ( r t t t t t rs ctii r cc r t s s r t cr r r t r t r r s

8 r t rr t c t P r e-des t r r t j c t s r tt B t P tr

e on ohe wo ofP oclu o en w com le dedco ece (whe e Platon c hology ou e doe noe dne el eewee on ocone P 2) olown Po exmle m 27c (c In m. I 24 2 .

2edn opnaVe� fo oprae�. ue e ne no e om Lin . Po cu rTefp, no a Phadr 24e2 u ll o Poc hve

DJ nd no n exc uoon (pleTa fom 213 fo atea) o a mnd e nd ee comee Poclne ec e ou V0TOL 8ei, epi aroAVt,

iKpt d en ne demon nd eoe ech eow n f oe o enue

Book 1

Proclus Commentary

on Plato's Parmendies,



BOOK I

e r w y le e uera i i ia ecme rue ierpa hee diie dcrie i wud ay e cme me e exc me pi py r ee l ere w rmpe r a e mpe

e le ru wr e e ur w er pwer e prp a e rey wi er i lmi u l wi e i a cme r e ad ad u upward Ad yu Acepidu h ae a id wry pl d re my ery der re receie ee cme rm r ll ul mre r e

() Damac Sn

u bere begiig e ciderai hi i I wi e rh terested in such things. I was the festival of the Great Paathenaea, ce-

a e eer wic e called b e ame ame r f e

godd, u cban bo w onr and o oc- I a whie i ei wa beg beed a I ad, a aree e ce Ae Parmee e a eer ere ele ey cme e rm le Ily ur eodd and an a A n wo w nsd n knowdg ofde ng h odgd oud Cacu, 8 iig aybd cme cee wi em Am e w ce ee em

s s as yas res rqty rs tgs a ags a vy ea e C PTI, 1 7-8W n Re l 71f r A ul of rou orn n Aleandra ometme reden of Ah roda n ara

reuma ater rocu death) amacu ha man ah thn to a o hm nthe L o Ir c e E t ot 126-128 e eem he een che renoneda a docor and roeor o muc and hc h ecal nere n heur andoer form o mac mcu (In y 795 20 e e hm or h ra ofhc n the hole hard a utae recent one oud thn of a commentaro th Paenide e hmsef ore tay rote a commentary on the Tiae,h has t svved lm . n Meteo 32126 Ideler; u rha ro hoe tturn hm to hher thn At an rate ths dedaton to a ul ho urvved el ntothe net centur nd ate that the aenide ontry a reate mature o r7 comachu o Geraa n h L ythaoa no o ut dran on coou

oth rohr and amlchu n ther eant Live r rather "outde the as n the eramu t o accord th the tet of ato

2c ut t not ear tha he readn hold e chaned at n s o h extaho pitiu!)

2 0



COMMEITARY

ws ocres wo ws en youngmn

u o ous nng nurlbiie n one occsion no ws eing o e ssemb e isor oo n wc e re o sow e numeou dcules r e e

sle e ocrne w wicms suc e oe eme n no o no bo exis e sme ime bu i rmes e o Zeo n Zeo e o rme t '

ol cormon u epe o e ecre y wrg boo in wic e ingeiosly sow ose wo suppose be re my ecouer no ewer cles were ee B t t t

620 wll e row o conusio

An i m inepo e my opii in e i so plusibly re t e o oe my eery mod pl rly crrel

t ocus ng e r eon upo e comp reee uiy c lyo e mo wen ey me e ne

eg

pimy eei eery plurly exss uy ey eclre e e

e

N

t t eg

d gnorng eeryg wou rec ou t prtcurs u ws no is eu Alo e oo me e eBe t t my orer o purge er uerng o s p ropey wrpluly or euion s puicin e emo o gorce wy owr ru us e sowe we e e e wy

clee M t ; po u y we orm wee r ke wy rer rrngemen ep n oig e bu isrerly co



B K

2 meme He w reme e e s w e s s s s s s s smeere e G pe y

epred rer e drdered wee t te prt r er d pereci o e imperec d i ec o ee cey ey cerre e e wy wc s s s B my eer g ex r e m e e i e ed e epu ed e ecg i er reideee pr iy exi i e ne cre d e e ee x el e

s e mp W cre lee e re d re e id reu or e wo p ei y e iede c rm e exm iy d plry e

re my c e ee wr eri eir priy ey p e yig or y wic ec e me ime my d e er e e me e ce e ecery e ry rm ee

6 igbe i d o ere r migi epri i ecce c i ibe ee crceriic re bdy i ce e re c er rm ee re e hs e e le cmpe u e m emdc rm ud be meg mre

A ee rd o cre rmeide e oer e ci d r er e e

em Are ere r re ere e g? i p rcipe i I e re e Ide reed eme dcule coece e de re rg p bPrmede We cre elderm e e

2



T A

ee prolem armede ade m e eally eamoure oe ru aou e o exerce mel dalc eore udera larer urmea y dalecc a meod a ocrae Rpblc Sopt

hs. ' meo woe prae ocrae ao a u o may occao ed d or example d u e uco o daleccrom a o erc e ay a oe mu a eer ep aume a a wa ul rom

Rp V

o e c o ou ur a e p e employme o aee (nphss). a e aer a e623 oec ex or a doe o ex ad aum exece e

exclu e al lo o a ome ma or ma o e e mu d de eac o e e ree clae o our or e muu e aum exece a coeuece are mle or

o r rom w reec o el ad w repec o oer a ooe w repec o oe aoer ad repec o uour u mu proceed rou e wele moe a rou a oexc o our j c

wele poee all or eac o e al alerae Ad oule ou could dde eac o em aa a u oa a rea mao ee umer rou ee poe a we all

We meod a ee decred ocrae expree amrao or cc preco ad or e ellecual ual o e

a o a ecal aue o

j

624 ole o x amrao ocae ema o ae e meod xed m



B K !

exmple i ue y e i e hi hyphee dw w wrk h rculr ce Sohst D e ler d e i B e y e k e

yd i pwer i reire Prmeide iel d he iie heleder e dicui mke uch expii Prmeide eke e r w yei e eg w ceece d llw d w ceece myr m llw r ie l wih repec iel d wih repec e r ig d er ig wi repec e er d

exme e g e m l e yee weyr we ll d ipe heir ierprei whe we cme pe e hpee 9 were we ll me dici ewee e dileciclmde e ll N le

Ilc ppi l e we e lered rm e Alc-bdes ] w e e pree hi ceri u he w

6 ie rg d mde crii e dic w d w yposu pred e dici Aiph d i red A w A ei e w prid ed imel i le cery i i wh

e w ereed i re rdii lg dig mg wel P plp d w d cme Ae rm e cl Agr d i i il e hir cc i ceri i cci ceri epl w pree imel cie

wm epl cmmced rrie e imp rec

He does o ac dea h he se crcs hs sure o reous es ooVI.

24



E N R Y

e agen e a ear o n on wo a go e oh e hodoru enoned abo w o ha d l ened o h wor o rc rsogs sc wr c sco, c-

cvrso ably narra ng eerhing a i ad occurred hird e accoun gienby non o e arguen a yoou a eounded o imand wc anie a we ae ad o alu an e lo z he hrgus rs o o g u

i i i Allegorical Inerreaon o e oneraon

k 626 gs ry10 w c s srs kg our o ofrur

he dialogue ha oe eron hae eniled i n Idea o eeour conera on e la analogou o e roceion o or noneobj ec or ehalu i reen ig hi arra ie o no deeri

oo ece or ro r o enible hing all naur boh general ad ariculr ae receed o e nellgible world e reaonrncile bwhich he gi e eible hig geeraig he edlel ad ied world o or ro e eiuge or e reaonrincle exiciclly n ou l and ee w wic e eige ll uheir eence he a eache u o he we ma la

ranatng T 1py�a, an rsn ntra mrta r whh w rur vr y rqty n ts da gu th uu duss th trm by tugr n hs art "d d mtn ds mmntar d rlus

Muum Hvtcum XX ( 13): 7710 rmaly, T 6am rrs t mahya hga rhs . I ss ha Thass h ga ss h ags h s

f h g a I I I 6 1 rs .7 sgshs hs hdsrgard th ubtt tang th dagu a smly an xr n grha r-rrg hr t A b nubut t t ar that thy wr n at at ar a wth hra -syu ' ntrrtat



BOOK

c pt c t tc te t imte orce rom w ic ol receie t complemet o p

ppi picipl c wic t c c c c c c t c; c

27 te ecod for ere teir trmi io i ccomnied b memor it i tt w t ti t ; t c

c c 1 c p d for temee ocrte d r i te r of iteiibe twic ee tere i o imi of ti ier t i te orii cti t t (ogoi) w ot trmtted t ( c xpiti i c bece it e memor m

tio e orm i tre re ieee ee more i e te re ieee of ieee for it i tro te form i tt te reoc i c t t pcp c i iti ti i te remrbe ti te tr of te eco ccot ie ot o te bre dcore t o bri i te per c; p c p reet t l te dow to te t te reitie of ecodr re ter c rod i te ormer d i tr perde te rw ( i i P i t c co

p i c ttemet bot tee ieee we bei or td ote dioe Al caton of a asc Neolatonc rncle, 1a v 7P, n' Kew� BK<v

q on a at leat to en f 41 Fond n lotn Enn V hyr Snt 10, ahs In Phlb fr lon an rous T r 103, et

2



C N

628 (v Allegrc Iterprett te Chrcters

f we suld be requred t gve lely gy fr te crcterse t e to e tt re e od e re

lou to te uprtcptd d dve Itllct wc utd toel pct o t tllcto or prp to telwc w pcl cocer d wc decred to b o o gue t t tet wc prtpte te eSul lled wt l l the tellectul Frms wc e s receve t eec r t ter prtptd teet ths s wh etoo t r to tc l w (Cld r rom prttowrd t e Be tt te Iteet bove to wc ereer w peret r o w we m k to Le Ime Le tht s mmetel subseuet t e r he elt ssemblg ctrdcts d rgug bt fr gst te t t t t om ter Be te r t t r preo o cotrre o ret d oto toeter d ocrte d ecopred to te prtcr teect or outel to Itlct wero te otr two te orer Prde rked oc wthB te ttr (eo wt e w octe ce wt Prede d e tether wt t mke u

te rt certo wc we d er t kee o eeb teet t te e o de e cte ls rtre s eecll cet the the es; whtter rle s mre t t g r te p rtculr telect t t see te d-ve Frm eclre tem t thers? S tese thee persges eemto to t t o te rt to B te ecod to ttrd to Itlct or t r t to compte d prtcpted teltte cod to telect tt prtcpted te trd to t dd

rtcte tellect I vble te s tps wt h thee re beg; r tellect s eter uversl urtcpte r verld prtptd or prtcr d prtpted For ter o tettt prtculr d uprtcpted

t tree rrtor o t covrto Ptodor 2 t te d r pret t t or meet lle

wt blessed wr logo) jus t te ve S s lle wt tellec-tul frm (r te dve Sul s Plt tell us te hs 27o p t et et te tr ret t e lt mbr o t roup or tt d o dcuo blo tobe wt db le tur ut t lo b lked to te gelc re s e g t rt t pd te we tr t dve beg At p reembles te demc ul wc ly ld ture ur t t ct ; he ce he wts t be hrem s te





M M E Y

was sad y way o a o h d aou and o h s o r rm m r rr e cicusaces so n ao o sile oseand h sn d o h who as and a o hs so a as wan h o as s ons he oason h sna w r or r

A exece c etd etc

Some o or coemporaies a reecessor s a reerre e pros o hs daou o oa s I don so hy dscoun e

631 i Abo Ida s ouh s y anc o hy sa s eean m r or o os hs ao wries aais oaora on ma s e masre o ns an sowi a ma is o oe mease of a ns ana i o r a oac aboo and hey disad i s eoy o reai rm m m

r ( s armnaive ome sppo se a ao wroe aains eno o po s e won o s sue ew m ods of a o amore i cl eme a o nelliib es fo o a bee occ r

For i is ao s om rrr wen r a coroversia iaoe o o i n o o was Someimes e com

pose a imiaion o wa is riva as wrien b carries e imia rr r mFr Mnxns m r r r r m a is riva s b in e aaneme o i man oins i is inveiooso n asos a in e ay of oso h oscs muc nob icos a a ocies Someime e com m r

Fr r r r 2 parisas M r s refaon no ess a oy aumes ea onadicio i

E nus wh n th lsagoge (ch. 3) psnts as nt, whl n Didakaikoh h ras as a ga rs hs fa g unr s sn agr (sw



BOOK !

ter po to Plto mel t rlr wt eertcoppoet o plrlt prodcd t rd ow o rmet wtrerece to te ow n t m w e cotrdctob m bj A n f mny by n

y k n nk h m n n n nu n m wy hw h n n nkn k n n lk te m n n ffn n nderet d o or l t otr contrdctor rd cte bo t rm d de t cotrdctor ropoton d ot Znmy fmn em w e xb r more re el tf umn n n w h mz wd h Sgrar a btng an n aratn s abty

k f n nw f f eo "16 f e edobetod wt od v d th m wo ncrd o no nvnton n mto

ir d t to omt otrt otrori icby n b mn n n ( mnn nv).s n srs aanst Lysas t sst P. 43 tas r nstratn t sa t ys bt nsta trow tot toeter llmel do e trodcet oi orr nr to m t ior i ivin bin

td o e wtot mtod ow t it w on rom eto d p roced n ny fm est ssn; an nsta rnantn t srs wt a tt ras ta t an t sa tn as al srts r an a

633 y f w o te opt v ni cor o h o t nonovr wh to o or tot otrr t n ntr nto omtton wt in i or loer e lee compet tor r e He e nn

v nstratins vy mn n ria isrsgng n byn t stary bns xpstn s tat y trr o wor e oerem te ee f nn't e d b t trbt in t derc to de r to e cocelte ce rom t ordr rr

A x

S ar t ntntins tis grp intrprtrs tr arm1 w y m nnn b w

n he ved ueon o e "or Arum en o Zeno an d Procu nodeo hem, ee Gnra Introduon, ec Tmon So, r 4. rha Aln u aan amo or Cf n 4 aove Thralu o et

I 8) sses t s •� ut tout ndting ete h egds t s destuteor oructv

3 0



M MA Y

cos ad wh h sos h daou. s coss wh hcotnts cas n as t sam prpos as amis in cnft r of of r r soo s i uicy of ad say ha y a mnshoud ovoo h o o an houh whch hs bins amn an ar cad sc for if a otd is wod av sai r nt n an t or a iscip tai y im a n ma t ovr an

ach swim ouh such a sa of corovrsy wh his bovd 63 son who as raid And i is aso os dscoda s o can

tr it to a ta t t on (n a prpr t r arnts

to isoin t t inrprtaion oft i s pi som sa tat its prpo is oia xris r tr r trmain parts spin nra o t io as ts irprrs p r anr ot a sttnt o t mto i tot ovrs of trt mst p ractis tmsvs an t tir rsot an xamp o tis sam mto as appi to t n of Prnis A ts par ts v on n to affor practic n t xris fi ipai Fr t rt sos tat c a st is nr ot ran tt or tos o trn to t t oi ian as t it vn r potss ar ortrn n r

ts tro is a o prtic in tis mto is prsnt s pto n r o a an tat to a i p r s ( t pt • n t tir prt is notin n xap a pinstat ( to i strat ow tis mto ors so tt w m a to xrcis orsvs in tis way in a or iniris. It os somwat t sam ti as t xamp of ivisin in t s b ast hs mas nwn t to iin si it to n

nn ngle r xpa pp tn o rns Frm t t o ii s

ee aeas to e a acu a ee co ta Po us ea o te eco a ot e d ao ue. ese a e u a sed eo at 63.2-2, t e a e ao so arif s gra us rrrig h rigeassag 7 sj fBk V f h ay.

1



BOOK I

3 o t ilo troot y sy it irs ovr ro tto i ristotls os 1 i tt t lttr ivis probls itoor is viss tos o ttc or i v tooprs ts coss ti s orol ivisio rstts t toli it to s pcis o problms o corn it itiothe other with ccient, countin roe ao t en ith tho eoncerne with enton, n proes bot proprty it tosbot ccit Bt t mto scrib r i a brill it ivtioor ii y problm i vrity o a an bri t trtto lit sic possibl coclsios ollo s cssry coscsfrom oie remie, n ioie from moie So tt mhod o th ort doe not outie th coms o hiooh , s

oe th method of the opcs whch i utbe for thoe who re eek oly robbl coclon bt it cotribts to t t or trt no on or an o ao o a abo anor orc orn bon ng a on ar o alo sos lctic to b cssry otr srvs to clry ts u, n nother uminte the workin o the metho itefou ue s hs ocos ouh rswho ee tht the uroe of the ioue i oic, but iount ip lb l t w o tos wo loo or a laat io rsoa lrn

A B

om s ho, h o th dou s dcd owd mt o ubtnce, n tht the o icl exercie i intoducdor t s o ts sbsttiv stios lto ts itrprtrsdo no or or rconi ocri o la o

636 o o sd tt t nir i bout i ng lato pro

poss to cor tro t cy o ts prsos tsls owe red in to be oe , n b mn of the metho h weccutome to u, eno vio ou criicin the m n rms poi t Bi or ctrtic scorss ust prprcti os y sy tt lto isl ls ris tstis o t rts r tt ty v os t obl pt i tt lst i t Theeeu 83e) Socrts sy s tt s ryoun he mt rmenie, thn ui n o mn, n he him hiooiin bot ennot oi mnt, u t roon on

1 Tops , .bff, where Aristote makes a dvision into "property deitiogeus a ccidet. Theoprastus peraps i s ops, reuces these to Deitio aAidet Cf A Graeser e ogen Frgmente de Teoprast Beri 973 pp 07-

Possibl Orige te Patoist See tr to oo I p.



C HMENTARY

tonand a tat t

w not undtand od ad w opty o ap wa man y a t ow tat tppose of te inqiy ow nde way s a ipotant one, and t tte meto ntroce seres tt mortnt rose n s uner

tood as a necssay piay to te iry aot Bein and ttt du onntd wt t da a addtona ntnt to uto

and

t On n o t uaty o da a t oudaton n n a t oondn um do n t monad onseenty , i we aayze the iaoe an ane in ode its vaiossegm ents we wo sy tt wt s os t me t s ts en to expond te tt ot

Being in te Parmeden sense And sncet ad to ta d y t u o t to aout mto

t mtod o oa mnat t a na oad to udtand wat t tod and y wat u t pod A ncthe metho od not otewise e toe than y shown tenee for t, n ts n trn coud not be so wn excet by mress ngpon tose w o embark on te stdy o f tns wtot t te nvo-a ut od t opoo aon t

(3 u on o t dot o da ta u t tot wt tdfut

wo

ondaton y t u o t mtod woud touc t i on o th nowe w w wantin viz the

nowede of Beng as Parmndes onceived tNowee do we nd Pato podin a wor whi is

pincplly

tudy o

mtod

ut at w nd m mpo n d t mtoat dt tm aodn to wa t a u t u and awaadop tn mtod o t a o t o t o uy u the Sophist he brings in the metho of Dvision not in or der to teach serers

D v i i o n

(toug tis s an ncdenta esult), but in orer toatc and bnd the manyeaded sophst. Ths procedue is n ccord-

ac wt t atu o tn o t natu way to adopt ma oth sak of ends, not ends for te sae of the meas ecssary to r i n g

tm aout A tod a na man w w wat to xci t i ainin nowee o thins, ut not worthy o earnst attentonfo its own sake. A attentive loo at the anemet of te set of -potheses would clea confm that Pato i not intouce the theory o n o t a o t yma tod ta t popod oi t . For tat metod requis that we posit bot te existence an te non-extence o ou

sub j e c

t ten cone wat oow an what

os ot folow fo the subject, wete posited as existing or not ex-ist ing both n elatio to itself and i eaton to othe thngs, and forthe othe thins l kew oth n eaton to temee a n elato to t u t o t pot ut n dop t pot doe not

a lw a

y s oow te patten o metod, ut om t ome a



OOK!

ar r Yt f h intr trin f On Bing a an xap f th th i n ha bn rii nt t xp

?

638 th p gr f hi h a h g thrg t t tak aa a r an alr ill hr

Metaphysicl: A study ofl tings whic derive om the On

W cc xc m nrrr nn a a ai ha h hm

g y laran farmi at gnn ah ak fr argmn h n n a th a Bing c c c Sphit c c Parn a nt nn p i r r w t n in at ai f t tt w rr rly g a r afr l at I c

c c pc p mim x n th nn fn aar fr Bg an t t r lrlt rr trg a rang a r r m c c c c a bg aang an a n y wr r t tr r r r gene ne. n g t te en wt rthan �> h h ha th hin pari ian n p pcp p c c

39 ap th On ng th i p nt nl it t at n rm e rar wn te we n w tere t t

h ar h kn th prmar a b iar r a" rhap a roup copriin Poinu, Porphyry, and laihu lnro o

Book I xx edn WV v' O v w e n o oe n v�w< 6�T< c P 2 57.20 S-W nd e noe on 44. o

ow 6956-7

34



COMENTA RY

which epive f q itie it nn-prticipti i the ne i i e l t wh nd l l h -tiin Big cn we ecncil with the e Being thig tt e w ne ne F f e e e hen en n ee e ne en en,n e ve e neene n nene f et hpthi, ccing t him vthin mtte fm th O B i wld ; ll v l pitive cneq wd e t fme th m ,e ne en n t f n e be . An f e neene f in e ne en n e n n we (.e. ), e w b eie f e ne en.

mnti tht, he met hw, l the ppet iql td t O nt t m i, . O . hw c te e e e i llt whe t O ,n t hi en menie i n nbe? w n ee even be nn nbe, e v in e w ege if t e e t eminte eve f be i ?Hw c the ten ptipte in time ch i h n Bgccdig t Pmid, whi , h mi i t m te(f. 8 D-K

Hee, f mk w e n tht th e ii e m bt eg in t mnen ( f t tht he fm , i e tht he eie , w evthintht he bh m d denie, i cnitet with thi itpt ,

6 bt b e , me f whih wi ccpt the mti the eni . S ht i w b enb cte f mi h e w f i wn ne f ne ( 37b ) fe i mke hi t f et, bt n veig t

qe he e fth the whe nte f beig. Spp mwih t pp th me pce t the , i tht he wgig t t fm the e S (i . . the pim ) , n th fmh hte w te f n h tht e n e : we n e ben wh e neS he w icing bt tht e, b bth bt tht hpthi n the cneqence tht fw fm it. I gener, when ne l dwn n hpthei , te hp h the t f t

ig-it t the inqi i t t it bt bt i ceqee,n en e e

Ms : Dn f Snus

Th e he diffeec pii m th it wih t the pe f th ms Nw we mt wht mth e t nteettn He wh th f e-



K

cessos wo tout te a o te daoue s etay scs and dsmisses te dea tat t i omic as imausibe at Zno soud asrme o re eo eore e o ree e o ee e e ree o

eo oeer ree e o ee oae its uose an eosition o etod is as s y as te e tat it isa oec o i e ad to ae an eae n ode to a e ismetod cea e woud ae taen soe ote eady aaiabe toic ro e o k e mo o oree o e e o eo e oee eo rore o o o e o er octine uie s te inteect o an oe man and inee an intellect

moe tan uman as e says n s oe and ate tat o a nyys iy e 2

6 4 oierig suc to b e te ilogue uoe ou me eie o Be or o re e oe e e

o e o o re o r o oe e re eee o er e nee i we may ess ou own opo o r ll tingsae deed o eac t n een te owest ade o bein you coudmention becomes god by aticatng n unty accodng to t r

For Go e re e me ee tere o reter tGo reer e e e o e e e e o e ee J e Go were e me o e ewold e te me to be eie o te ne gies unit te igt o as me oe not simy inuie about natue in te u mer o e rl scientist but in o a as a tings get teio ore rom e oe Dere o o rme we m o qr o e e e ee

e o r e re ere ro e eow tis ne we ay sa y eists otewise in te gos t ebeins ta t coe ae te od s n te one case t s sesucient notlie sometng eistn in a substatu fo eey go is go b itue

64 o te e toug te suee Go is one u ey iml o le e e e o e oer ore oe ee ee ee eee o oer oe eeig t a a neae te u e e re ewer me oe reraway ae moe numeous ust as t oe erer e tre more ain

to it toe rter w re le to2 lrlit oe

23 I qu l r Pru ' hrlgy, 'vIcT� ·yoh1� nvo<,' wh hr

h h h r P enide' d ud h h ddname IS not elsewhere men tiOed.

24 pOernv for pOerv.



O M M E N T Y

aot a o t t t sca o . o t oee e e we e e e e e oet o ee o ee o ee o e so uty bt ts ty s o o a od at o ay ay so s a a od a d sdas o s a ss of \d s s o tct t owt o ts ad aso e o o e j ee eo o o e ee w ee ee tee ee o et ee o oee ee ovy ty t a o o poss s by od Ta taa s ba to t D ads ta t to a t a aaoos ato btw t d t o

te o e oo e e woee t De63 e e o e e e e ee o e

o o Go e o t e e ot a o Go py o t od dy a popty of a oan t a ot dv popt tat a ot d

tee o ewee e doe ee o te e o e ee e eo e o e o e e eoe te ee tee

te oe te Gee a bo 2 a t att t tas wo cay t ppo ot ods t at pt toy ov t ats a aofo t ptat o o t ty pvad a t t c o tet oe F e o e oe et owee o te teos o atato ak t tt eet pvaov t atoa t ata ov t ata ad t dov t pad Ts ppos wa t sybo o t pow ota tansnt ov o t n e o w e oe

w e e w oeoe e e oeee ee ee e e o oo6 te w t e o e Moo o w eo ee t to

a ao va o s t wo o t o .T t t at wt t ppo o t rmds ad

t covato wc pao aat t ot fo to oe (woee dee e o w ee o e e ow o te o e tt po c o tt oc a t ed w e t aty aty o t n o s tat pod fo t to t ads o tdat btw t s ad t

t T y l t f l n th SS

618.24f . But im. l 84 2f

" Tm. I 289 Of



K

ratios p roducd thm d for thm y th had ad th or t ratd b tht proc from t foroi I ftror e e t e re g ee re ee e e e e e ee not t e e r b fourt prfct armt wt t tor pruppodi th diaou? Ad if i ratd bi tr ist a formss rcptv capact th pro wo rcv th word uttrd i ths e ee e ee

e e e ee e e ze vr istc is itr ssc or rato or ithr sc or

ratio ad i th as t ca s thr prior to ssc ad ratioor suut to thm fr a th matra mt is tr fth two rm rm th t g ht ar rior

(v St of t D iou

mt rmr frtr tat t t f t mt ar

re e e e e e ee r r t prt dvi mattr a t t to ts ca of at t ivi h mthod prcds ui th most acti capact o rao car o adormt r a rtc xtrc tot ct tt o g wt ccrc t ct

t t u c a t mto t rm wl c ; t t t lctca prcr a t rl c o xgrtio ormt o wt t div mttr t x tt r e r

646

Cf. 22 aov 'AKa> wuro� evop< ia. O wou assu th authort to ithr Orhus or

th Ore ut th hra caot tt ito a hxamtr as it stas so it ma comfro om ro wor rha of ambchu ho of xara s th t rcorauthor to s oth of th wors bt h os ot thm tothr r th atost is crt at n m 8625f th ta of th aWT •8J& of ato'sst i th Tmeu or what that is worth h rai ofo S (th Hrenen,op<ia, s a ost ut t s ot cor th Lat, so is or to acojct





BOOK

tr i ol prt n otr ik n likt tr wit wi iti osy oras a r us forrr i s is rfor s i of sours t rni oow r s tyl ppoprit to s tr ts n

tk ro oriry s ot riont t rtri ooverl y cotrved bu t ur

i rin D ilti oi ii

o o y rri xposiory sty o loe Bt ce r y itrprtr o to otrin e o disu ish he mehod h Predes reses here ro

he dlecicl ehod o hihly ri Plo tink ir tot oiios on is oit Aorin o so tr r ra ad by ard h ha how h hod dr fro o s or sa i eu d haalti ogt ot o in to yo lt ty ir ttowrds wessess throug h us g their sk rgume to use teueerted cocets us but redes uges ocrts youg o use his mehod d exhors h o o so for his reso esci a h ou for ay ua of h o saror or h you y ao a o ud h roiti ony th to i by rids rcwhich il ies h it rt ot or is t l k

stotes dectc wc rstote techg sys cotbutes tooc eercse ut Ptos dlecc is descrbed the doues sli to s urt s o ow ii siis t i i b d o b ors rou whh i ada to r r t br o tiib word ay o ion o

hum oio u usi rrt ko t ry t A tirot ddto to tese two s tht the ethod of resog here sexcty cled bbbl" d b Prmedes himsef wheesilti i y ort t pton of ol (Re. I I a idd s d b y a rr o b uab oy fornn oors ry w ou o trto rk o t blr t o o r triig to pr ig

So s y thos e who hi k ht h is method i s differe ro di lecicAd n ort r r to he doed n his ow hi

loohy lto s yo prti t o t i o Pri s bu i wys us ii oo i t by rr on

din ra<TpOv irauTpwv st ) h lttr wd wudk s sns ut t is thwis uttstd whi lrUTpo� hs w-knwthni ss n this ntxt

40



O MENTARY

os o s s tt o foow s footsts s f w a o3 o s to v o ito man ad otany i nt n this is t a ntin diati h says in t hPhaedrs 6bno, o r rscrbs, o mk n yptss and dis v wat f ws f afin it and dnyin g t o o d hotss o otss t ositi ad natictos of t coss t s o Socts tt w t sc s s o t to t c tn s t di

5 rt th thd that armnd prt n this ia?Ev n t tic w is an, tho g himsf a mmbr of t grouand Panids and Zn, nvss, wn xpndng tprour o dactc i S what h a 5 t

wo s of ths s of not s takn th skn to oth o t oth t s cvs stncy a s nida prva n man ach o thm poi td as istint an mny idnt rm on anoth incudd undr on mbracg id ndgin sng id rvadg y ors but un io on any idas atothr tt n r wa Can h ayin htt th ctcn' s tsk s to hi wy tog sc yohssa armids mtod gos tog? To hunt or th counc

os iti ad a ti both or it and or othr thin o armina hyp thsis and th spnding sqns dnyn? And ytth f pa ts i n th av statnt a nsnant wth th tw asct diati nti nd in . n o thm wa to d ith o to my ts s t oty o ss to st gnsnto ts scs s s t s ida srad throuh manparat th ad xti n ah o th or th ns i nt an assa sp is , a wh ats but is ps nt in ach thsp is as xisti n b th and paticpatd in bth by h tsarat pci ad t u it sl Th pcs ar th man dadirt rom o ao thr but comrhdd b o il mbracinida wc th u thouh t is outsd thm a trancdin thsis, yt it onta th ass o th sis t a tho whpsi t I das , a na a thht t bth d and m snt ithn th sp an n thm th ra i tis xs tn prior to pi ar not dnti al wth th charatr that xt i th c b p artiiation Ts w s that to distinu ih btw t s two id i

th ta o th dartc part oiati th dtnton btwn th ainin tw ng s t th dniti na ast his at ( ) pci vs asin ni d i d vain any whstin th many idas

5 ach o whh is a who nto a dnito wavn thm t

Od. 5 9 quot at Phaedr 66b.

4



K

hr ro h rn ho r ou n rn o urhr ook uon ha o oh ro o ohr roh l c ae T i i a e expec; cld i ae e a i i d pil see e r ro o ohr?

Sin Prni k o ion of u funin f iihn ouinin o u i ho of poh i Sor o rhr ho uru u o o no h ho Peies cld e accep e ie a e ae e ae h or?

h nr o n h h h r on non h

Pani rn hi o oun n Sor fr-i on o r o un o n e; ie dic i a sal iac i e am s mla aal l e lae eisae a aie l as ad i e ceai p e ee eime irr aha of ai ini iua; for h gior i iig gi-a nt t an bt t any an th n a t ttng h b of nur bu ha i iubn ik n h l i ad e s; s a e ae cisce eal ad ae ca ecibe a ld ie a e ps e is edcai e i slecs e eaesxn o h o upo nu h e t i a gr a of irgariy i b xt i hnbng But i h aiing an ina n h oatn h rr of o h oun i i il s c a ma a s b able d ic e es e ecii eceie is adice ad i is cae e adises im selc

652 n oe aicur i ccpa ec s leiatn rgaring it a apoia o in o Sor n a g th th haar arn h a ng ny at in ipu r hih hih a h a ( 0b 1 ) he i ces a e daa e d c ied is ed i e ad a caac lie a c c i a ll i e e l e a o n r o hi p ou o ta gi hi iati ng n kning thy g

n har fro i nor uffr f h onqun hih o h h al ea a sme se e c d aec c as s ld b id I eeal bsee a ll la i ied i l e ccece; i cid r nur o h k no pur iiu

42



wtr t b aw abot t o to b onored

or t anup b r u b br rrptn r nt arly ub n t w fllo eaton . wo ar enow w a rt arer an e oon o a ee s no eason w oaes andaendes n an down esons aou one and e ae oaon o no a ren tn aot t a pkg truly t ng n n t uan ntur ttr t nul

Nor re a wen Parmene a meto a xr e s u sn a d een e o o se ta oaes use . dent o an one wo as oowed aeu e aws ta oate a

own or ae He a at on en wo ave ntrug t tu prrb n tat ut xr t-l (t t xpr u Re VII, 526b) n alt naon a ne t o r xr tr ten a s b rear a dna wt e exere on prarem (endo) or anno be e o aet mre ae

h53 exercse ao ri lar t i "xri wil "wt fulty abl n t t trutw ot36 t

uroe o t armen n oae ocs t d bot ese en a e p ra e o to exee ? I sa e ou eod o n aan enune now oo at a a woe onan r rt o av n wi utbl r yun uul r awkning rntt i s , wr lp rvkn it inquir n t ilf ata an xr n tr ann t ee o t or e ob s an or t an poe on o enta da b onroe wt ter ontrat It xre n n e pat ta aa we ma a a rai wa a yptat l lng it ryn t al t f ty ral anytntruwrty a rn a te vare ein te In anoter or o av dat pae t md at et n e eon o to wee o at ome oo n a trte tn n a ar pea (Phed 5b w rate auo br m e woe n wrl maki i wayr Fr t Fr ul t r t vry r Fr f a

tm n ana omm non nw dnra owddn bot o downwad ro aboe and wars rom ow nt av examn n ever wa t wo nar o t

J Reaing (uK) e TBAO�. it Latin translation Prous' oe purpose is to ifferntiate t Parmniean meto from te Atoteian.

43



BOOK

lli il clims ao o a wc is yon all in i a s aly ancord sol r i as racd s ga l an hr wl noonr a h rar o sir. o o h r hfunion of ii on of in h Pes n i h ot h

orr vii aca l pocrs ino wo r no ourpars a nd is is wy mo rrr o in pioso

5 4 pr w o lonr as n of mnal ynasics ouiss rao i is ol on pu coniions. ano and ir inofi h hh niv'7 n h ror n hh ur "b ignrn hn ir in n f onn otir nin h s l p thi in o iti (23 ) or h phiohr i o to u ron ho o ca

asi o m osss y ir conci of wsdom o also sopis wn nad n fuaon was

ouh o assum us of hpo sop a wof prdn o a do as da ou pus .or wo r rfs ao r an no mrly appar s o o so ich i uly purgr of f oinion i phioophr for h ou onrg ntr l i i on i unpurg

Of h hr n of ili iviruing on bo h i poudi u and pos ro i s alo a i cadasc ou wo poophs. s s h mod b wic

ora rn is you m as for inanc au y amiing b th i o h uion g hhr h n hin i tru i r nt thr r n nlg i rctinn thn inurn xinn h ifuti in r if or ring h ino ao and owin any ha i a olow ri o youL who s ano of s b nu a s a fnd ano pro wo ar ai b fids? s frindsp a ra io btn oi ? An i h ovr or h ov ho frn tot t in t y nntly xoing h i t th icti latn n hi opi os h xri a oo hin for un n iio s pos aou of now o n m aaiwars in u y an i up rou no hai iiia . ic (sc. Socras is conni i sopi masrai

thy y o , xrt n tr io th thf ilti r ry o hi hn o h hi vri hr tyonri hv n n h ho ar i wa cat art ic of owin sfopiion s arsai may

ta af bi pou fo al ids b brout o a rcoitio Tetpu W f 1apacanK' f A f

erm. . El 12 Met 212 c c W j

Socrates.

4 4



C O M M N T A

thi as tss a xas ths id ati diacic ar on in Gori an Protor an in or iaot t tt c ss o t sosts or x t rguts oc

rts uts o gtr t Rc gst t ous rsycu s ovio i iacician i raonin wi if avin od wt wh a te adsaes ed t tued ous d t xisd h ys th ihst diaic a wic reva r in i pri T ocra in ys ow crt yotss ucs r cosqucs sows t t sou s cb o rcvg t oost o t qu tyta t i conr on ta in wic i i prn a ar provin i e aai dads tat we xa wte te iiia hytses

thesevs ae tu and uties tai rues o oedu awi meo o Parmeide: a ac poi o o oooy t t cosqucs t ht m t but mk o fc t ypo tss ts ut y ou v quty go ovr t s mp cin n v a ran or t poi t couct ea in d od by assi an yotesis bst oseabov ni oi wad ste by st ou oe to smetin ade

656 amanin b i ovio npoica princip a

wic i n b pi b in ac princip wht hsb onrat n wn t aic a iari mkman o o on an niion or in on from man o impoin i rm of iacic as i f o ow a ivian n ims f a w a wn raonin in prn ofor For in i ia o i no oin or br npracinovici arr ave ara bn xrci ro armnwi ocra av bn rain in mamaic an bn pr

par or or o Bi nnor or opi apr b irob inoranc an incapab o rcivin cintic raonin ca o ir conci

i n i ca ainin in iacic mnaic aiacic wa comon ca babb in an o wo praci itbabbr ar reirs i raion in a comic poca ora a bar abbr an av sam nam o aor wo prm o b iaician

sp is Socrts a a brly babbr

ir ric or on or or o o babb

9 T forr of tse quotations s from Eu olis (fr. 32 Koc) t attr fro ristohes Test r 49 Kok) . I both ss, Prol s s oubless eee o teree sor e erh as rler oetary o he Phed 70b

5



K

w Parmen o not mp ca meo an a wa e man ca ain remore Socrae m

6 7 e in e Phedo impie at in i earier ie e na ad een appe o m in come 70: ow at ea on tin an comic

w a at I am an an an ao wa e norn wn a w a I cra m ranr o rence er n n e eetet wen a examne te rotaorean e rom a ie an n e aproved e poin a i en i i a e a o ai objciono wa e a conce "A a l n man e a i re a er n ( en ea a e reon r preame a a p w ar wa

ca an vr cara o acc pra raiin ic ie o rnin e ame popiion i wa ana ad no bng ab o av aon In o, o wo weiive caed abber ar oe men w do no nd i a o op ver armen

I was n as sa w av hs na aan a s wy arns says s wa any a · o expn B we o a cacan ar n eSpht (2b22d) w a n a vn ac Sang

u dacc und ubc ofbabbn H dvd cnc no wocae ne creave e oer aciiive; and o e aer one rar r n n ca vass n ar s r nas an nan c v n n va conov; and nde i cear we m pace iaecic or no cav, bu acuv l aac, and acuv n ooer wa a n o compeiion And n e a o duaon

v n a a n c n wc p ray by sns an anwr ar ha a wbn nr ar. Ths ar any s a r saan ve ino a pece a i concerne w paricar o crac and anoer a inqre no gna nc a adi ocrver a e a abo ad nobe and eir oppo; a cear iaecic w n i pace ere e ca i eiic n n v nn an n n rr

w cr n rvr a e a a e pe a ere are wo orm o r ie (Heio D ere en mre an one pecie o rie n o o eriic ere i eec a ae mn ( r n nen a aer pece a wae mone wc nec pvae a

46



C O MM E N T A R Y

sata tst dsussn. Ud ts w sa us a tdata o cay dos nt bon n t t cass snce tat

If

n t Prmeides ds om dat baus t s ad babbn anddat annt ss ds ts aatn.

S ' r

r tn to t poj ect we ve ne taen wt ony ts ton o

satn annt mmtats a d a nn s an t ds to ato s does Some av not condscn

to amn tm t a san ta t aes wo a enne nteste n o t pesntaton o moa atttes ktkot) an psentte an to t nta oms assed n t aos ont s bss ts dman tat t ntpete bn te matt o t

oe nto ton wt te nate o te aoes sject1

e r N sa nee te moa stancs sntd n t aoe bt nstyn an Patonc ao w mst o say at t mattestat e t s sj t an see ow t tas o t pooe pee s v r Perus 6 n n nto amony wt ts so wat e

ons to te otnn o moa atttes n t s a cometey eevant to wat oows as n te aos eaces oPonts an eops ts t oens ve y ctca

� '

F m c cf m l 876f cu p of vw vp fm c vw o Po o l Ploc commo uc u cIn im I

204 16 ) .

Po c o co o u o t -tkont mo m. I, 1924 F cuo of u of w c z r ioR I 31 331

3 I u f k fcu cc

4 7



B O O K !

P R M E N I D S

H O U T I D E A S

n w arr n A! 1 Ca:ena e �• e nn-rd dman and Gan n ara . a)

r x Fr e s of e obecs of oinion wie ose in onia ave ess aenion o sin e ineiib wor b aine nare an nares wors wi rea oroness ocras an ao sare e

r x

r r S Phad af a e a forer een r na e ae ad advaned o ors and e divine ases ofins is is ecisy wa ao indicaes i sees o e y e seinresose for is iaoe a in eir iosoies an ocra r is a e en fo Ionia resen eseves a ens o earn soein of e fe docine wie e en a ens av no oesondin one o a o e aained wi aian iosorar i is a ians wo ave coe o Aens o iar eir secia x rnce ro e ie orers own o e ows orers e owes ar efee o e ide and e ie e ins receive e i of e ie for ransissi on o e owes an silae

owars seves r as r

k na en as a s r eeca in an ens as e inreiar a rovies a wa for e sous wo ar arose o ove fro nare o Inee c is iswa a s sas s raiwa in e re : a coe r r r G

r b nion r r 66 1 wic e a earne fro oors an wic oors a

ar fro arnies In s ais inicaes wa in of pr r H

4 8



M M E R Y

e o en m jon me o en omn n nvre reene n o eom no rprnl epeor o e imy iis mss n og e n o

in mys il ision o y ns o ing r i you li w n ss nlogy on sil mo unirsllve Te o o e nr n ompre vro poer onmer orm e ll e nv n prpe ronprnpe re pnen on e prmr e n n mne en o ur i nion owrs inlligi wo smsls om os i sy sm o is so is e e om oe o r e n r le p o ee e ne plrl n nan ere vn por vne o mon onan e prr pr n or oe onn kene or o no o e nne wi su mer For o os in n u is i nio o p urliy o m plul iy piips in on wi is ooin wi mny nd io o e rnenen n o ne eor e mn o onaen ro e nere ar a or r ra proe rom e ne e ( e

H dprr om lomn prsss iiy o

gos wi nsnds sopinils in nu nourwi uo d Adimus i go inis overen o a n e n plr n onveron ro m

66 npon ow r n o n rom eve peron n e llne o e vne oo For n e ranko gods is mond soigny o dyd d numb popri o i And l wi s n irni ised o od y ms o uid plliy n e a

n or an oo o o a n a a ar n o o emv n mk vr a oro wo w o olow nlo For oerv lomenenr my Adinus nd luon r wo n oug m min is roug bou wn loms d Aipowo is one I er vrwr e mlple e ene o mon ro a mn o aoen en n o nar ak r a ro n nara akn o aoer o gi priipion in mo ompl orins ings o sond n lwys dpndn on bngs pio o md ll ings sin o o nll wi is mis mn rom lomene mke er ppe o emn n

Ts so n very l ke a rhyran "ethca exegess fwe by an I amlcanhsa

4



B K !

co te tter led tem to Atipo Atipo tem wit (logo! o Pd Ptdo P w c t e pt ii prit d trii towrd te e ie 43 Lt tem tebe rd t

N t o c o t it t w idicted be bt o c w : P

w t ecod id Ad i o w te ti poit o iw o wi Ptdr wit iet e demoi powr tt c

d trmit mee o t prim to t cd beiBot t o pprprt to t i bi t w w tt dc w t t pe d i rt ic e ppd t b o te o tccter o te od e o i ec e i ed o te pimr d to bw m wit t elet dc t

c t w e z t p dm t be t te t pwrd d e i t diie wod i i wt tt te bo d tpt t t t t eot t t t d b t o ci t t t rdi t d it t d t i t d wit co t t d t Nt t t t m wp t r we or eepi d t d

e e d ter ppc r di i 664 t t ctt o t di t p t d it i

E t t w

m toscrb t

va

ttc to t t to rChald. . P ob

ambl

ha oct





:

B

ce o ll s oee

c p p les e ee

5

5

e sl pses o sees oe l pose potry Nt a in pce l ct ca n th ratria ty a n (orgots) fr it

e jc c s e sum ma eo wc comesses l anua e and ounds off ouquckly e sows s concn fo concseness nd oceeds b usn e s ecess e cung e es expoitin that phit w

And takng me by the hand Adeimantussaid "Good cheer, Cephalus. If

you sh aythf

us here hh e a o or yo u, tell us "

You see ow e men fom Cl aom ena become aacd a oncetoAes o olds ou s and o em Glaucon s esen, bu

l le e o es lcoe e s W t irtan ybiz It b ai that tr ar anyn in prprity h: fr xap that n h b ray withelp sges o o espec o e e o spla te cten so ld nc t vso n rssons o f oodwll and n genea l a e songe sould be s to un o e ad of sctce ol eep pe o te es

abiity whih i what Aiant t intn hr whn h annn that h wi whatr h an r th Caznaan. In e c e c e e c thetex clse 44

e sod seak o te gs e s to gt e le t tes c e e ppe ec o e tAntiphn Gan an mat f an; that bing pwar n t p f attnant an

fr c t hp r cc es ee e t t e le p e eces c e copletel septe e eselep ll p se e ce ll eels

f ta kathkota f

2



C O E N T R

fo ody aos ad whe ooea wh ea order e b w b ee e rer er power o w

7 o o uwads by aach sef h uwado caacts he fo ads a e sybos of owe d h hs ade

we e od eer arn i e r ee e we e e xe r e e ood ce w e s se f desa? foe t s e d

ad a f th e d e f b ad er em d mew re e e de d d eer p e we e ee e e w w e r ee w efate Sos o wads h ec r e ed dems of a ow o ascd x cfs s ad fred mre rd pre e ed r ere e e e e e w e ew eg e pepre e reee ee re pe e e e

Ae'

ee pre d eeee ex e mpere ee pere r eer ee ee w ee pee e e eee e w

t that xatl wha am hrfor , "

r l d to mak a rq o

o . " ll m or reque, ad . 6 e e e w e e e p

e e ee ppe e e e ee e e w ee e mre fc oods o ed mr er t te

8 r d ee p emee w e de r e e e ep e e pwe eee pe e be ee e e e

wee w pe e j e ee e 45 e per e e e mpee ee fct ow. s a wo erede ewe e m

5 F f ep tdeos E, 39 71 79; m. I , 2 2430 5 1 25-30

5 3



B K I

peret n te peret etwee w t prtiiptes n w t prt

pte-egerness

opetion

on the pr t o the iperet n o thept o te hige owers pity to oe it s te imperet

e ee e e pe e e

eee e e ee e ee e ee e pe epl ere eme em eeto beigs mre peret tn temseles We see this in een mrethrittie sin wen we lo t the nt o sols o howl te pr tiip te in ie ors i tey we ot t to eeiee e e ! ee e e exe e e e e emee

e te eer e ep e pe ethe a t sose the t o the hihe owe s i ea o theman th own

an

ae emant ema eae te meyo ees t whih is a pomise to o ything he an them

Y ? F ' C ee lo me ce

thn1 . "

he htoa l at o anon who nte ete in the ae thes e stn etone o thee on ato emants an an n we er hsbn ie she me note mn whsee e Se e m G 8

69 p e e e Athenia eos an wit the son o yilas o emo ws theme o thi s bn o a ome wie oames eitioe theme Prmpe bre i son tis Antip hm e

ee e e e G e e p e e e e Se i is twentyth yer when tes ie n Petine pre thee oys wen he m e aain a ae bth to Atiphwo is ow grow mn s tat it is p ssib le o his hie optio e e .

e e e ' e e p e e

ble bety s t spe tt mes t l whe it ept rm plt r ephl es t mmee e h ee e e e We e e e e r ste rest e mkes n p m

4



N A R Y

s ow mu is nreases s eau onnoissurs o sudsours wll arat. But adm n mor lato' s s kll -sr rouou

t kss bt\n s narrat and rat s orsos that are oin to someone o e mproe im mus rs e

nd w m oug nowdg and on o nowdgeomes s en e appoa and n unon4 o no one an enie with anothr whom e anno approa no an h raw n arto tat w h dos ot kow . t s a ton of t s rats whp alus ass d matus Wat s t nam of your brotr" forthe purpose o earnin ao Anpon He os no rememer imaus was a d wn aus was m ns oe and e

7 oe s s s nown o m o usuay w mm w name o

peop e wo ar noae eir posiion in ie wer ane orsom alty o mnd o th k.u t to rtur aga to t rats : t sous that ar bg ld m us t

rs oal b lin wit h th ob ts o thi si thoh now an a enion, o wi earning o e name is an image o namesa e odu o e ogni pa o e sou an somemes appens a so s wi ar si impere o no a o on ingthy know b ut s t partaly ad inomltly ad at otr tims t ys t as a wol , w t hy gras t rftly ad troug t ow aso

othr matts that a hih than it. h nam thn, whih th a-omnaean a ss o now is a symo o ing s ing and e rene o no ememering smois s e orgeunss w sosae rom eir ir or was a i wn was re eore I asymbo o that mprt thouh whih bins t abot that th thgkow to th soul s ot s woly or xaty. nd or tat was aon tim ao " in iats a e preparaion or knowege egan a aime ong p as An i ese ree men are ae maerna roers

ease e are anaogos o e ass o aemons or a e aemonom om on mot h that is , thy hav a ommon amonom-hg sour)4 th prhas by ths atr aso th aogu mayb onntd to t tuths o mtaphyss .

na i at think, wa Pia Qit t ai an i i Antin. Bt wat i it atia want tknw? (

Chals

no ws th ath s nam aratly bt os not ow t hnam o th son an ss to an it . his i s th way in whih emoing eing s a some ing e know o emsees o ohers

r"W-'�· Aat> "WL< th th stag s o ay scb at !J m. I 2 8-28 vwL oiKeW VWL whh s d h Chde Ors Catovwxo> u f o S fu .

A 68 5

5



O K I

th gt nowldg om t i ors who r rd or th gingwhn thes h rd thmls to t hs wh A di

7 mnt eing tht th nowldg l s is urt trght

h h

r r r r r m h r ro thm tn or on t rprsd tht somon who nos mor mportnt thng th u hold b ignornt o th lser orr hr rm good tu disositio or rom x r

h mn " ad

ar own o mn and r h oohr

e ve erd is Anin s een uc n cn cerin ds n e en s ssci es nd s en erd i re-cun e cversin k

plc eeen cres en nd rmn d and an r " 6

m r r r rInmuh s the hoohr h om to hr th onerstion ndh hs m or th h didl te nerior or n the rer

rr m r t t; t r ron in th imau or t th o tobulu or th mnwho br ing u th ut ob ton in th ed ] An not onlr ti r sn t mr ondrble but lo bu h is t r r rr r r

72 tru hilooprs rrntng th po ndr to tm ttttn to rtiiption n primr rlt throug t tion trrotr Hn t r lld lltn pl us ll r r r r r F inur nt tng is roprt o uh ultis sn t rotr

h rth to b unit with th gr pwrs tn t engg n inir out tm om prpti o prtion hu tse rl r rmr n gnnl n s

5





K

id o le e leads, a wee he lives, Cephals does ot kow adAdcimanu eae him, a aferwar beomes hi gide o e

674w k

to his ho shows him h stblihm od h vsi e e

ee e e e e eeee e e e r eoig towrds gr d mo itlltl li dirtig ids rom r o Ill d rom sppio o p illio As I id o th r lpd b th dmos s om wo dirt ti li i t wold o grtio om tig e

m ip h d w p m o h bom o o p o hl hrogh hir o h b hir i bho h hghr or ir o dmo throgh whom hir r o h go r e o o optio o homp i t m o i h oo r or r hoig r o

ghr b g rorr or bogr or oowr o hgod s For t r i w iot d i h thr r hor e 4 ' m e t g d t o d god tir orhr brig m m io r ot d go o doi llbt hi mm ito ' pp

' e m e 7 o go r o ld m

dirimi t propri o ige powr r r or og t gods wl rt o hormip i pr Bt o tht l t or r to m e i i m p N

M m mMe

C r ' rrk In Phaer 7 Cr Phaer 26 . r f wt cty t " r f rt w rc Neoplatonists.

8



O M M A R Y

(on o os mnions i omanion o osion a mons a a om in an o gos as o inmee n e r en n rmeernk m em n e e rr e e e een Fr emn r ner mn e oupy sm ran an wi aproria aiaions prsr onan sa amoni propy

o m may gan ro s ais i ogrss romrr e r rr rm e e e n re e nr n rer ee er er re

urn a o ir own ausa inipls an om oin o mo i is a aarisi o aria souls o po in an inniann an o mo owars a ig ss an ury sinion rnn rm e e

e o soul a s wa ws i rom pnomna o ing ing us ro or an main i as y o us o iain imaia naur wi lp o s u an inun is o an piosoprn re is mon wrs o en P m r r r r r ene

66 o oing ro imags o i arys an lis in osints aprain anaois

Bu g xposiors o Pao no o xr mss in ngy rmen rm e r e

e m emr inning maria l or young mn i y a suinly au o al o o ow i su is or onsaion a says Anipon p ais wn was a you onains no only srip me e m r ee e e em e H r o e rils Rmr also a in Rubli V 55 oras pas ipaing o ialia argumns o youn mn ls y inarny n owars awssnss usay appns wi mn j r m Rr

Catal ogu e of Wme H M r u f f. 225 W (f u w u d f); ssby Psadr, a I a 3783

5 9



O O !

r h prsos who do o ll pry o his disrio wo rw wh s k h Ss who s s di ims owrds posoy rmis og rgs m whol dili w shol o mk mm r

r io o l youg m si s mhds r osibl or h r r idiidu ls s or omo ru o sds orwhom r shls is s s s rlr U s w w

H ng th w t ot to w lk th on nt hon t ho ivi a bridle to a smith to b e tted. Ad when he wasee ofh im , h isbrothers told h im

w y

e had come . He rnsed me om my ormervisit ad bade me elcome. "

sss gg lry smply 67 s pss g Pl ds s r r by r lg s is sm

ry by s yg ig so d rd hs words (Prot r ds dd yhig ssry b sys dirly ig sids F r hy h h spok d rd Ad h srr hs s s s s ss ss w s r w sk s r srur h s s smpy

d is s imliy hls o is rr ios so hr ls h rs r subo rd o whol d y o o o w g rom mig h sylis rr o pssg

s s l pr w lr h god sld lysk s s rs s y s s w -phls sys g sid hs w s o o wl d issld b p rd by dgms d by oodi hs

sr Adis sys"

y wsh l s go plsys "Hg s hs w s wk h Ag lr s w s s s s s s s w s s shi p h l or sls ls w r h w ms rr is or rs o iru his s w Aio dswh gg h brdl sm gs ms l dly s sirs o phs sys w ws r h idcg mos s s k s

u s lr r his ps sg h h skill whih ss rsm s r ssr r h rod h rss or A wo wllus bridl is s or wor w s i d gs hm dr

78 s or mig i sib l W s ls h i ll ss xrms r



M M E N R

r t toeter itermeir wic i i t t or Aei-m t i rtr re repie r te ecoter a te c-era z r r r r r

r rr r r r rr rm eter t re everte t cpae o e rt t-eter Ti i w teir mt recitin i ner y teewip tt i etie etee Atip te zene .

N r r r r r r en a et t re n ne ra

rce prtake te y i te c it inin r wtever yike y it are ji e it te pwer th at mve natre weertey e aen r ic ve er n ar rk r r r rr r r r r se n r re vy erecte y t e encie tt perinte ntre an ke e ntr rce .

Bu r r rrr rr r r r te en atte t perie ter ie ere a te a-mene ecnter Aeimat a i rien te ara a ytr a i attai t e iin aeo w tey vin t e

r r rr r r r k r er r rreatn tee epeent actie Fr te eo ve pwer tatrete the ti ew te orer ake er iy r r r j rk r r r j r r r rr

9 pwer wc w e can ca te k te creer r watever ee e tat ene teir ei . Fr te criteer te re, the rieer an thee actor are pe inern te e

- r k r rk r rer r r , y r r pe

Radng o or ov o M t a u t , do wtn nton dalngwth t mt

1



H K I

err e r em r ere er rr r r em r mr r er re mrepartiipaio i i trated a we ha aid by the earier iit to h

he pret by the rewa o tht ii t the reogiti o ad tea weo whih git he uio h idiibe otat ade e e m r

r e e r er e re ger g a r e r mereby ad ube to te pu o pare i the good aboe the a rtey ay hod o hir har ry ad opetey hu it i that i roe o reaio ere r aear o a oue o ie i

r m rm m e re r e ora iai o ad it oi e he har ee d e uaoof diiity o t i that ou ar itatd ito th tri bor h rater oe the ipere bfor t prf ad at t d of r j e

ru

ere ra a we r rm m r e at ar o o ek ak o e o

due the otat 6 n w askd i t a t t z ation a st wa tant

a t a t t w a a dt task; t th a a asa o

re e Czme mr aa o f o to thr proper gide for i o other way a hir otat ad opay with the od or tha by ea o th daeoor h daeo aah e o h omi god a orat ay e adr ee e re

r r r re e hy are or wha good thy hae i ir poer o ow? A dthe o e of oer wit th for w ut dir what w a ore we dd o dre w woud o e e poo o eior r m o e e a e r e r

o k r r we hy grdiy apir to oeraio ad ouio wih i hey ed to et atod to th e dii pedour i whih th die daeo how hee e o the ar ou who apr to aoe m e r o





O O K !

r akr ur r I al u ru a u r tt u ar Pard wl t w rrl

l attr xt i rat i ir

rr (r l ruur ru); r r r a r r r r rta ar p ad tu ri l t tral pr at w a ard t url a r a rl a ar i t r r rr

r r r - t pr a a atu t r and wod And m o m a focn of a caac on on on Pamende, ow a ofond aut ti All luralit all ra ar ud au t

r l rr meto successvey of Atpho Pythodorus Zeo ad Pame

A a ti t Paaaa trut t t arr

of dao Ho a fval wa abd w n nocm o f Anan ook ac n, ano x- u t a lural ll ra ru tr tr rhow thns astened to the has ts o t I t tru t t

t au no o An, b o Pananaa; a v wa urta r a t dd ad r fta no rdr t a u l tr l u prati wa a r r rr

am wa ala q a ll ma wh v a sm jOO

o

up Hs g s pbb bu v sixt

t u ur ta ti rt l t apara wa ar A t Grk r r r

r t r u t a utwa pla a u ar l r w t t t l a at ul i rt w tt Bu t u r rr t k t r a r r

64



M M R Y

sto o og d iso h itt sis thos thatr cocrd th h ho o tr h i ctod to call r es

684 r r tt, or dar bogs to th iror o th to os o opposits, ight to th sio hso d good to oopo sggt that th y o hi o i dirct toward itlligil r m hr i th haratr o big a r ad grhaird so idt a ith god o o h praid by th thoogias s i th atra it ? Whr ar aty ad good o rt a i tho wt m m a ar t am

And n s rn r nd r n rn nd s sd d bn v r rnds b

r r m id had tt rd a tricat ad coctrat ty o o a tr ait to i xtdd dicor hi i hy thillographr cal hi doultogud a i at th a ti a r r mr m m caractrtc o t u o oagai th rotic ti i gi a to ba t aor ith th pro o o to i y p raity abot partiipatio th ii Ad ifyo ihd to tak thg o a tl or comrhi ll you m

685 m m Bg ro which ty a gt thir org ad xtio ad yo

2 t isussion oft is oint a t m. I 12ff hat is t Pytagoran ystca as st out by ristot at Mt 986af hr

howvr " "r r s bu not "c " ss rcs ha s fr cm urr

Frty gi f Z Ir xx. fr 450; c 16 v ousins raing v for th MS v Latin is i sgui Parnis in analogous

not to th n bu t to t n Bing th o na of t notic ra abov 68 an bow 689 26ff )

5



B

k e e e r w reec em me nex1

ad dd w d d a n Ca-

m ber r e ke m

ree ee e e rk a oue dao o ra ad oute e y epresses the rasedet ad oprehesible ature o the od As he e oue o yodorus they a appear aherd toetherme m e c er rm r ao he ae

eee ecme k r er eco uh or the substae o hs passae As to s lauae he

hrase wth ythodous s ute tt e ou ha sa eod d wh e r ydru who ay peai e ee e e e e. e wal i the raeus a ear reeto o htory or te era

eius was died to two arts oe outsde a oe side the wa he e o o thes wre aod the rowd a hee odedoue e or urpr r e r ee e epecate te u e the h ra a ht t e

686 ied ot to x wth the utude hat the e ro lea ar ouside the ty where hose who wat to se the ust oe to th

e e e ro aoae ar ie or Mew

e e emee er e e ece e rr ad these irus taes whe oed wth a that we hae s aid earrwoud reea o a little larty o he reaty of hs

Sora an d ma n r h m am thr drn to har th ork ts v st s t t t ts t st t -

ts a qte We a se here wth what exraordiary telgee a za So-

rates ees out hee i spire e ad how ifere are his rea os orgn to meet we men han oe ake him e Sp . Hego o he Soph o covc hem of gnoance a vay, bu



M M R Y

e ee e e er m kee e mee me e e ereleg ere p lvr pl py e ell rg cmp er ere llle

ee el le e regg re leee f ve g e re leg e y lm m e eru (246 : e e leer e e r e r g m eec everyee ece rg k leg pr e rce g r bc g el e mle epee e' eg ym l e yle cre e gZe e e y e e

6 7 e ( e g e)7 eee ee

rer e me e e e perl cl le

er ere er e eg e cp emll e rer beg p er prpe r e eme er le r e er exreme keep e me ee re r ever egee eve rm kee Hee e ke e e rer r e le e reg e ree ex kepr e c r grw w em kee r e pree rm klee g ee e

e ere ee ec meg re ve e le e e e Pee e beme rme crrepg e Pec e e pecle ee wrg c ve mewe e m e Re e Re e e vc Ae

ve e G e e e ere e e em eee e e e r e m g e ere mle e e e eg g we ev e vere w rer r gcc cre ele beg yg m e me e ve emee e ve ellee e keee r e r ( 0) e pe m e e rme e e e e rk e r e pee A e e e w re e ree beeve p e pwer e er

' 207 r wc wvr qud n T I l l f Du Kairep f vq Ka! Iriq eatva. w Zu d Dyu

6



!

ediaie ao the god hogh hih thy eeal theele tothoe eaey eee eee r ey ree e

ee e e e e e e ee er ee ee re y rereee y e r

e re e t ti poit i the aatie oe peo a hethe piloophe

hold ead thei opoitio to othe a eo doe her ad i theydo o o oaio they e rer er re er erer er eeree e e e ere e re ee r ere er e re e detad hat he a ayi ad let h a e at a te til ee

tally alot all had let the hall t Plato e th old happead obad hi aoiate to peet ayo o leai o th thoe ho dertood od har th re t e erer Ze r ere e epe re e e e e re e er e re ee

eno hime rea i o hem Parmenie haene o be o an haalmot omlee he reain of he armen when Pthoor a he

ai ame in anjoine hem aoma nied Parmenide ad ritotlethe ma wh o a ter wa one o the hrt; ad th iteed to the rema art o the omoition thoh Pthodor ha himeheard enorea i before (

thee od alo Plato ha i a aello re eer ye e ee e e re er e e r pe Pree p ree

e re e re eee r e e

y a e ere e ee oded ot a that that the peor die a eal thele to the be blo the at the oet he their patipatio the be exte e ee ere r e e r e e erere e e rry A Ze' re re e pee e re Preeappa ae Pythodo ad tot Pytru a ple o o ad itotle i i a ee aed ith Parede orh (latr hel h aae e ytee y py e r re

pe r Pree ee e e e ree r eree er e e

e str s eye rm rstte b rstxens Harm Elm I I 331 im Prls' versn hweve, m kes P t k g e ess fsh thn s rstte's ntentin in rin te l ing t .

6 8



O M M E N T A

il il r ei ii iculie wll r r r

r r o arei a i aa a ooru i e (aea

ocra e or e a ea e eadig beore , wie ocrate aewi e wie en o eici e wido o aree a rae r

r rqu r i err r e r r Bei or te Ielliile or weer ele ou pleae o cal i a iee in all te oder ofdeit and in eac o te od u aeie a e ll all o te wi i ipire ou i ac in i

rr i rur r r e e r r r ere o i kl S r l r coe iuece o ie l a en u i a ppr reoe rd leel o ei p roce o o e a i

ll Pr e rc u ler rou l r r r r ii r o u a er uci o B i r i oife9

eo e i ectl lle o areie a proie li oPr i ile i r Sr rr r rir Sr r r prcie l i e u o i Sr r e real e iereie lee ucio ore i uccor ae rou al i ii a bae capaci o ee e owe of e rici l; i r i cai ar

r "rr ri r r e r priip a e ar r rde o bein and te "e con paticipaton nicate e ereciono e preio wic i rou abou tou te econdar an c i Sore i r er a cople e riar r rr o lc or r l r r r rou i i ou io coac wi areie iel aaon te od e In telect in eac i directl led wit a ii e ife

A ppct f t prcp tt t uc f r t td furtrw t sc f t t t f ts frr t t . ET, prp 7 Ddt ad

t I tct s t tr t t tc tr f g Lf Itc t

6



B O !

y wh i u id w h b pp ad w ow oudao i i Pyhodoru a ip o o a ao rii rou icui ri Sr cr rr iii k

r tiary or ju riary or ar h proor o od

io ad a aaoou o h ou whh a o d by 9 u a o o wh h ihr bi bu r a away ro u c

ci ( uuu a u ic r u " [ l u r r c ao o i i haracri o ihr bi

rou upuiy o pow o o uch ou a o ha o d i hu h ooia a h uali roa o oia aouh h ac o hrou hyu For u a Zu bi r i r r cu r r u u k c opay ih u y ha hihr o o boh ira ad rary ord o b a ually ou a ar prd by o ar ha ii bi a

i r r u c u k r ruc r C r Si o aohr who i i bu oca o oo boo ad o h a o hrayachu b would o b abo cur h ad a oy o a ophi bu ora ror i i o orr a rua i ha ju i i r u u S r i c

br o opay ho a a69 aiu Pao ia h a oi apay by al i

you o h roup wic i a ybo o i uo ur by ai wor abou i a c r u u r i r i u rio hr a i ra wi Pyooru bu ar o apacy o o o Pyhodoru ahr o hi ow pricp a co

ua coaio o o u a h wo ca o aaay rai b i r

r a y an nerean f an rh eane u t s eat rvane i s m ss e t I m I I I , 9 9 s ie aeThe Kvwv mas t Sat th at



O M M N Y

t dn ut rttl, m n a lr bcm a tant r u tat l t l l u me accen enp nt m ter trnc natur metme r n n

u u "trne Nece ( X n n udicrdant mul T ul t irt Trat ve r Aten i il a rrntat n dmnanc t a trn r antc lifever te Atna nd t lmian e tru warfar wit n k n u en en elc rue e i n n p c u e p r

gneral t wre an eartbrn element ten t cntiutn tm tran en n lat a tat ti ma wa fte rt rt e wuld appea t be ai te ame i fac a n nu u c r n inr n u n pn n u il er al inte t w te wr t i i p rt am ul dla a vart v at a ul at oe tim iical ma becme at anr tme trannical and aain macn ck r nnc t te plpcl lie era c u in S Scr n eulc (X ul tat rtur rm aven a cin r te m ar t te i a trant r n t wr u r te traverd te wl ftin in tir revluti n ti te reai a mer wn i r cc e tr pe trn Bu uc r

(Le us now summarse bry he heory coad cd ng geand en unetake te exposition o f it . We sai ta he men who hav cmto Athns from Cl azomena are sous who have bn sirr up o move romNaure o In ct . They n to unied ih gnuin rai and make asnt up o od s or thr s e abour o f sou s, an from hene om

he fu ess o f ens, scnng n a arorae mnnr u asss o f ne engs an uon al sols t at are strvng to aan to I cBefore akn onat wt te d ne n s emsees te encounr th

s ss s st st It s t tdt d t atn

tst t t t < tdt s s ty ar VII It ds t sd k t tt s t s t t ss ts : tht < s d d tt s t t ma? th a a u tt th ht k t us hms ut t tt s d t s sss t th m ss t s dd t tt 6 9 t < tt s an aus

7



B K

eies re er o em for hr se mus le hrou ermres T a sa o ecounr es e foe e ve eace e-cn an re ave all scad m ue le ue " m le " rou s rmedrs e ome

i o ern ood demon hrouh ho ir rsorion o hieeu relm bou bou B is meein ks plce o ongr e mre-ple u ome si i resuls from hr mor rfe fel

ws Onc arr a s n e clng eag r re gudsad a d w cua wr rm m; and ng ed, e ede rans ages, wc rceve e ro ods d ur lle demos i die Forms n neleu ronprincipl; n bigurer rege b hm ehol he ro, lprfec or ofe gods n d e, i comp i e ges, bho e spre souls

re ge anc au rea Hc e cm m as m-l e e a and a aace o gds

s re m e o from mrs e proloue f eu derke xmi on of i mes of lo gic in rpri on B no u s oie r e ignic o wor folow ]

We Soctes d ed t ll e sked tt te oess o test met e e we t ee e s eo wt o

me ts

Yu hw lara h rdr f ac r cra xa huh h h h fc f h au d hrdly adac h wld il which h ha hm r r r m r m r ru r mar r ha uyudd lwr hw h y w h whl c a a uy u wh h ha hu h d rac

uy r ray a a n m m or de mm r rm rr m mr r w ur a o a uy uy i c ad l ha h c fdfua h ar ad h x f a f h aar rfua ay u h whl cfrc a a ccrd e r m rm k

m r6 9 5 m aura h arum wa h

If h ar a y h a h wl l ad ul u l ha h a h huld h l ad ul ad hrfr hi a ay h r aru a a w c

72



C O M M E N A Y

wo poial propoiio wi a inor preie and a coco ora ak o ar r oi o e r ar,ael i ig are an, ae ing w ke an ie . or i i one o e ree poee e econd i, "I eae ing i no ie and unie, ing are no an Te ird i einor prie , i ipoible a e ae ig old be lie adnike o e wo poca roon an r ae a oee, a ro a r o low Sor e, a we ad, a o ear agai e r o e r poee and no, being a piloopr, read i, undobedl wioe eaboraion , and u proide e aring poin or e eningdon en Sopi red a opoiion i pbic e n

noe wi an wo aep o e ; ow a , e are nw o a ao o w Ti i o e wa o e re pilooper e wil gdl rep ae word wo or ree ie, and e alow none wo i le andwilling o raie oecio o wa a id o wen e r poei a ben read, Sorae re e enire ar,ow o reene in, ap carin or , a enra rer inrcion, a i, i abi o ol oger a plrl idea, o grap e ru r, and o expond e idde eaig igr docrine

ns ar any y us o l k an un lk u s s larly possl ;or s possl a unl k soul lk or l k unl k Is

s no a yo say s sad Zno . Trr s posslr n l o and n o n s poss a ns any; or s any oul a possl caracrscs "

Sorae e or e woe are ar

incl, aing accurael idenied i poei and ee e prpoe o e arguen a a woe ou can e e o i par e vee r p ei a e er begining, econd aer eno a, e ior preie in b ipoible ad e cocliin " i poile a e a eno eo a o pr a lng, b Socrae anle e logi a logc e

per do, a ing e preie in eir ecnica or and oring eino a gureNow ere a be oe wo wold appl Soic pedr o i

VIJJevov, the normal term, originally Stoic, for a premis in a hypothtcal sl-sm



K !

or an a a rumn a hi 4 and a whhr an imoib cncu ca ollow ro a obl rm ra cuon r " D u " r r r r i rr alk o axi a a oxi ubc. u h oncuion wua i io b bcau our innr rrnain us dmonr a rou o o a ni u c corn o ol r " D " ru u l x r

ow aod mnio uc u whic hav arad bndal wi uci b h riaic i w b a o ru i m ol a o xla ac rul aou ocal accor l l r ru w q u rl k cla r a ocalwc ru " Don dad i ma i a no ru r h rar i ra a ru o a ad ro co ar ow

r ra a l ru o a l a cal r rl rr

Ze ' r aru a ol or man oxi wou ari rm r w n a hor wa o r ricl 67 I car hr a r rcl ar au aro u waor o a ar ou lrl r r r url Nw ar ma u all aur ollow a no aru allaa o a a i ar ma wihou un I h ar ma

Ti we pa age w t Tee matte wee beg ate t Lic igie i i rm y in ereke rana t e reek n raii < preri y an exemey rcae a eiica eri ee n thi K iak In Pm. V I I p 808 (wth xi a 99 Te eek t biy acuewer a it pbe tat oebeke m n ee n e t ca an obscue efeence, b ut it eemed bet to incde te e veio i te text. Fo te passa e I brrow, with ermission fm the tsli f

E l i z b e h

Ascmbe (ap. K l i b a n

s k v ,

8 65 exane p a bz An Pr 9 80 a text tat c

amt cetaiy w a amiiar wit yippu i te aut o te pem iceere ee . ree Di stoish ogik , 888 itte ctrne e A P. I , 34a567 T e flw agument fund moe omaly n te oenn p ton ofET

op -

7



CO ENR

e me e e e 697 me ee re m me e e

r eer p lr ee m e e erincipl e i ne tat cti plurlit in itel it will be wle compe te mn prt cntned in it r element But ti i otrl e, u n ccietal i we er rm e p e me ee e eere e e m e e Ti i e cocli o ll e me i eo rt rument re reciel wen crte ove i o ectio toit or te pree le l t crte i te co o pm e me ee me o e

e ee e e e e ee emee e ee teir ow power re le rom ove w mo m ee o

yr r r y ry d r y A uink a ac ur argunts i s a pr f s t at cnsieru a as an pr ta t ings ar n t an as nber f teru yur k yu y r isunerst

yu y crrcy drd m r cp . ( e

Se e e me e e r ee e ie o le r e ue e w e ke o te iew teir lert beore oi ti we oul r

8 tir mei ccurtel pile let we ivertel mt eirrume wi ept wr i te opiti mer mi

ee e e o e re e e eo m e rume i rel w eir uor i i w b miti litl pre mo ppropr oeo ptei reie lre itlle ml i em mo o i e e u eee e e p m p e e e me e like been purie rie p p w e pr i lte ltter lie oe w i be in rie up n i in proce o pu ttw plurli im i i true tt e ot een completl epre m i om i em or e e m e e e r w pr e ere e e e



K !

t i t rit mke the mtnt hie rt eehe the prit

in i tht I t

per tht the hr" r rr r r r r k r t t i th tht he exhrt i te

Republic V 54 t mer g t fr the in tte menin tht w n o

rp it thrh etve n .Li wis

ere "vint mt w e k r

ht eh the ever rmet io t

in ite nd i d-

trtive the i i ret ti ren O tewe ve t i e ni rm ever rent, d the e th et ite hi re wht Paeo " w r r

rr r r r th , d eer xit re etein t t Th thedivide etwn thm the tw rt the nn mntrtd, reter th rm t it e i iet t t i h wht i m

w r r r r epulc Paerus th e eh them dt d th t et eh ther. Srte m thetht th t ogoi re thi hrter eh them e t t eth the , r

w F Bi th wit h th O d it th e ieivin nt etd t itet wr preed th nt it d d t it i th trmit r ll F r wr w whh t tte t ie wth th , r th p t th dt d thi h th id te t whh pr ii l

l l l rl w r r ve tht w r e t e , e thet th On Bg, thr t th rr L n th the t th r



O R

r o el o oe l rer oe o o rsl prpe oer o r pr pe oer o e prlr ll

00 r a ocr Zo r ap r o o yo u o o ly p roa l co u lso s r or a ss s r a as you u as ca a s ry oc u o k s y so r

g we l o e orer o e ore g m oe pe w eo re e rm rm j m ro m r r r re

r w e o o r r lel e o prmr o rog rers oweer bese o em? For ro le e r e power o ompree e r prp ol o jo e mr pre ow l pre rer o wo e er Fr lk o g el o e we ee o Bg es el lso o g o eer l w e e o prp el w r r r o r er w o r w r r e Fr o or r w r e or e o rmees w erler ol eror or sl r begs w le e ore lol e e o e r llowsp o b r r r w

o kw r r 0 le re o o e sr o le w r

a o le o lr o bele b mog me o ee re sw mlr bo rpe r ommo le pros b r w p o b pro m rr r r r w m prpr p r r rs m lr o ore o l belog o

begs , of w ese e re leesss s of e gos se epe s eo ol elle es ee ores r e r k e r r r r w r r r e ws o pp r er lr oror ol go



B O O K

c ere w As ss e Ls I I c I I es lws resere e ee

re

e

r e W eer rom te erer mo peTt bee et n . . .

e e Her Od I ee r e e re e r w eprg e r e res For ron en we nid y tt Ben eno ow tt t i not ny em

pg re rges b ce e cseces r r elcrr . e se wll e b lke e

re ree e le llble e

w s s b e elble wr l. wer be r e e Be b sedr

7 le re ers rer Is c s ser wpee er eeler ele e ser re r er lse- w e e re ree b ers eer er seeces r er reeg w eses resl cee s emeer ree s r s ee becse s ree w s rs p rls r ee s ree b s cseeces Fr e ee r re ee e l eqee s

e e s b lke lke e l r r r ele e se s r e e cre s rges b s sr lec wc

be prs e ceee rs bPree recl eree e eg b sg Iellel ellle le w r le Hee

e e rl re rr p ellle rel eer se k re erere rl s s ese e w e re sg gs s eee Fr e g e gis e r wr s r r leser rw e ee e w e

6 Th s s unexpeced. Te reerence see ms o be o s assage ofLaws I I , ot VII 8 1 2bs Cousi s uess , but it is o rt o Pto's rose thee to dvocte che or -ovato i msical matter toug e migt i fact toeate vaao, f te s bject mte eme s e sm e

7 8



CO NRY

w r r rp r rc r s w w c Fr fwp c l t fr frr gs r

w pr rp r r r

o you say n you pos a l s On an o s y ou aancoo n au an ooy as on u on o an says sno any an s ns a any an ny oo o on

ofyo u o say s on an o a s no ny an o a oyou o spak so as o s no o saying sa ns aoug ayo u say is a os sa s ay o spak ing of yous appars o

ao us as " p g sfr prcr

F rg r c rk pr B k p w r p r g r w w w w k f ffr css B sc t s wr prr t pr gs ms c t r rcr

c w prc pr w c pr c r r r p r r t prcr g cr t f cr t s p ffct f t w Wt ss t f r k cr p c r wr w

wr r r r r Parus kw c rprcp Ic rgg rt fr gs t st gr r fr sf tr c prt r r pr M B r w ua r r wpc r-c r rg s w c rct c f t rtls c

r t w kw f t r r w r wc c r r r c w r r w r cc r r r

9





M M E R

ar imag o iii uaii a r i oig i m wic io a i a mo o ii

i a ura a ui o ipr m cap oic o .

q acig coca ir ir ui a arm a i aai i aiss o ii ig w oo a pariii o marorms a ir iviio a ma a opposiio o o ao w ivii ivi ki ao av a imiar xiii

706 .

i a a xio a com rom ux o muiu ar o aura ma o ur ooig a ivi ui(c S a o oo a provics asig o go , ml ar para i i wa rom o aor Bu i i o o o ar s ov r x i i a ux asio aovr lurai igs i a uiar asio A i ca o

ioi " . mar

Y Srat aid Zn b t av n t atgtr snd t trtat t mp tn

purai ogig o i i ar o coar moaa vr plurai as ui appropria o i or a pluraiiiii a icua as w a os i or ao como ar lurai o moa i o ivi ro i l or voi o ui or i wou o ri a caus a uior is ou m ivi rom o aor i

o iii ui r aor or somig uprior o ui Bu r is oig mor i

8 1



B O O K

xp l I p

r t plrl r pr pllt t l z

k w M xp l rt ppt w t l t lEql

pp prr w lg tl w t ptp t r tr w x t

p t p r l t lt prp rr l l r wl l F rp l p rp g pr A pp prp t ltr tg llgl plrl rr lg gr prtp g l w 69

70 r g w r r pg prl r pl p rpg r

k ll g w g prrl rl

e ce t t t t e e o ee oe o bes s e utce m o,beoe e tcte s b sc o Pous mes s ( ET os 3 7\ 1 , bu seems to oe w mbus ( In Tm 54 o

2



M M R

N m wrl r s w ss s . s ll m r I sll b r I sl cm ck r lswr w m r r All srss w s rr w e e e Be e l sr cr rm wc s r r w r ps s s l spr msl w m l l ks spps r cee ms s l Aml Isl mc s

k k e k e e e plrl s ls rms kws lll prrs rm rr m bs r e B w e

9 e e e e B w e e ss s r m rr s e eb wr s rm r rrs s css s s clrs s

e e e ms r r lrl c rs w "B e s e eerm rl s mpss bl e mmsl w w s s r r lssr mr lss r p ll s r m m " B e

e e ee ee e ee w ee e e r w m llw r prcr mr sc s c s rdd b c rr Shis (b ) w s s w ssr s r m I bs wr e w ee e w e e e e b rs e e e ersmd rs I m rsms rs s wl pr mrl r s wld b be ms rm sm s s w l b e w e e e ee e e we

8



B O O K

s ess be rm e prpe W s prpe ees pre s e emg pr

m r w w r r r m m rme p rr prr exs s er emsees.

If s s re te e eg eessr exs s prr e m7 rm Ue m r w r

r w w r r rmr w e prpe e s prpew erwse d te begs t ptpte be w te

e f e e w te prpe w s pr tem? erefre w s prpe e be s B rr pre r r r r m w r r e beg s Nw res s vee s ere see s m beg rseg e p rf egs s e e sepr r e pr gs ree r B e m rrw l mr m r k

r m r rr r e k we r s Soh e see w ese r e b g erferees ter p r w e re e w pe er r se e e ws se e e ee pr b e e e ws mw k r r r r m w

e e sere prrs b reg e e ee e m b swg em e sepre m rm r seees w B r "m r m w r r r res e rsee e Be se e prpe

7 1 1 re r e prpe e e rm e rsee s w s w se e me gs rees er bege bsere s erer e e e e We

rm r r r r r r r r rk r we s gs exs ers re sre gs e er re esees I s s r res s es s e pess Ies rgg

8 4



C M M N T A R Y

om ommon arars i in in man o rima r rr an o ircommon caracters. Hence te people who reject Parmenides ' doctrine

sbjc slvs fy d dssdss s; d

no in owin p i il lical mo rr k may a c many cy aricia an ssow a o armnis o or a uar o rancnn ca a rm nii in man

cs s n Z d s purps s

P rm

cn d s ,

w, -in a no man am " rman b on r nos no man lads s o on in

man no o on a i prior o man o a was mnr r rancn "y, , t O f, bu t th

asr; ror in sain "n man i ain r absnc nabls im o rf osi f man is i manin no s admiral prspicacis s an a ocra a lr r p '

r r °or da rwramon o amn ll sol s in narsis princil an mor ofplrai and ca plrali i is in a wa caal plrai a n I r r n a cm ar prp islf i aso in a ns on an rfor o niy an plraliy. B

i i a ni a paricipain in n an plral a ca plur r r prl r lrl r its unity is productve of ualty.

Al o y o ar a a a Lacoa do pc p c ad_{ lowing

t h track of my arguments , . " ( 128c)

pulic r ll . " r caracr r r

'

It is ad to s who ould siously podu this objtio xpt a ostl Nopy-thagoa o mmntato, of th typ of Modatus ulss phaps t objtio is smpy that t s thr a uty r a praty wc cas t s ar wr

7 1 Ke ai-v. A tch ca trm r rcus c E prp 65, a Ds' t ad loc.

8 5



B O O K I

t or be (Ped b l l l ollw te tr e low e' wrt ee wrt be t pe tetre te wrter tt rte re ow tepr o w wrr " k

rr r kr r r r r mr re kee bt tr t rre t t e te trt o ee lo ow relet tese tls r t teprg of tese perge. aredes be te traeete e proet te o te e orte tr b eeee t r r r r r r r r rr te reer t k rl t

7 3 eg te e wt te begg o rte wt s ot ases to t reda Oe we eo grg sow d post o bot respt te tes s of rees peret te p rte e me tee r r

Nv l k e kg wtg se pu pse s exacy wa t yu say i as, mae any oy peten-ion eeiin te u li i nto tinkin tat omet in reat a e inwo ke u . Wat yu menin e is ne f e inciena nsequences . "

r w r te er w t ere Frte treet Oe Beg s tr gst obet s esoe t t s gret s possessg preesb pwer seret re expreble rtbe t e t rr r r r r e t oe e te l e terere at et d terefore sret Bt t s te sors f areestt s tese rters tt of eo t tr ef t w te ter r e r w r r wrk r r eterpre r te lter te l o l

e t te ot etr f e wl r w t t tet e a t deee te ltte e we t le eper te ree t t rle .

1 r r r ree r ee t e te erer



C l M M L N R Y

e an p o e ancnden ne e In a wa t ea O Big t its imdiat ppo s to t t trasitio rom

pluralty to the One Beng immanent in he Many, bu s ince in a way

t a l o revel tat Parmendean OneBe n g

i t i ntual tat e o

add a ou menone i one o i inciena conseunces "FI am not coun e a aou te ne a uc ut aena o oe wo eect upon e tat oe ea wc ncsbe muu, make t pprn. " T w is

Socraes 'c

u s t om

, as we sa a lttle earler 7

1 )

to busy himself with

t iti tig kigWa t i j u t i e ?

"

"Wt i By? a is oline Fo eniions ae o e coon crcers aicua and o e enads n wic a ticua aiciae en

we ave occuped ouseve wi enad we can ea oceed tot tdt hmslves of t h e

e

common chaacer; hencei t hppens h those who hav studie tese common charaters nd

the tanition fom tem an ea one. Fo everone ol be con- aine o a nc coe ee coon rr coe te na tue o tee univeal o wat n t a cua notlso in anoe nd wat en ae t e sae n eac and a e n wc i arice o a as e conie o inire

r e wee w is per s an w is ncin l w r or e coen aenide di not et see i iincionwhich a cue cri tic has iected againt im. -

It is inee true ta t tese rit in�s are a kin ofai to Paren is is-coure aga inst tose o try to ake j o it y say ing tat it is ne ,any rcu lous a z secon tractory consences ollo for is ocrn " c

7 Tese raes coe o pilooic soul e ae utences o r r r r rk r r r r' "course loos u i own eacin wiins Te icoure is ai e wiis ae a plurali an e orer i prai ler suc en s e on s rr n lural n er rr r' w rer n ' N w slves ns i eacer no a e ree is wo u

s s ottn o stotle y. I . 82 te concson o n obJecton begn at 8a P ocs ses gst stote te etet <pnKw� o te o stotehmse

H



B O O K I

rcl i i i e or o A cr e Re- bi X 66 yo ill ed p by beoi a oedi For ieera oedia aaked oe o ere ore eerable ad di l , a l lr r

w w j w hleus (c) l l ar ro eake e aele ad eake a roi are araerii o oe w pluraiy abado iy adare iply ep aay by e diiio ad eparaio i i eoi o w ake y l wk l w w l ll a k l

o ry a k c ailue oe about hoh a ee both itetio a ll teo exalt hi teahe a to the eptio o h wor a a a he

7 1 add a kid o ad ha i i a aid o Pareide ord l ( w l h ws o Zo ar a way owas cay h s scors) ko w l eeee o ee i doe e add itou ualiatio a I ai d beorebt by ieti a i o he how tha the iou e o aeee i peret ai ro i el i oe i e ireabili o k k ls o a ar rsa o J s o m h say ss Mys k l a e reaerare deeie b a ey are reealed ore lly beaue o teohe I ee ee that eo opo to ot really a a toareide dioure b raer o e eole o oe o i l w F

w as o h Zo's wrs h hm by l w lraliy

o uh te about thee two iore Wa te ridiulo ob etio are at e aker ae bro aai P l w l ll l w l l ay l r rl raioa iraial

e ae ie ey delare oe ad ooe o be te ae I a i ioe beae otio i a e i il l be a beae diiible i i i ay ae aai i

7 1 7 k l ll w w l wr p e eir ierloor ad ede i o ae co-



O M M E R

raicion ing aro lar a no a ar nowor o ri o amni og

T s rg s drcd agas os o arm may, ad mor

tha rpas t r atacs t purpos is to so hat ypohss o t may ha e e mor riicu lous onunces tha th poth esis o theo , xam oroughly . "

go av a garian cla s inllignc av l orm" an living bing ir ma o nc o a' r7 rociv ar owr r wr r w w

low in n a owr o o i r rmar alii r val t big blow m niar a noran ixribl xic o o rima bing o al o o wii ra io la ml o on in man a c w r 's r w r r r " r riclo connc or ar w awa o ro o ii a norr ar coll o ai a ai l a l a nir li or li acm oabri a rr r coinc w o r w rqr r r r rj w uli analogo o iila r oc i ivin rr

7 1 s cororsal spr ro a y ou ma ad somosol a copy o so ha as o l or op to m o cosdr ror ot shold pul isd. "

c rr r s w r l roon an orical caracr o no o b coica xc wi ra caion an conir g w r l ari nl o r k r c r r r o now o Illc b inconcivab b or o w n i roro i n c all a w in o o r ar an mar a w

cr a xr rrrig o ar i nclor r Nr w wr l w r w w k r r wr r

73 •A}aO el&� eeece esum b o e xpaoL eoi.7 Hee, logos mus so be e s sese esoce ee ouou s

assae ee s s semc mbu Po us se o logo, wc s mossbe oee so

8 9



K

s em e m d red ee r d we dcrm wr r we c wr w r wr r w cr r eere ke r

rere mm rer w er I w i l e de i e wi diie

rder d ee e e ere re e e cr w rotagoras (3 1 r w re r w r r e er e wr rder eg-r exme mrl mr r e irri ld i e i ere rri r gd w ere d ueded ri de d b err e ed e c r

i e m ere errei ee mer. 7 1 e " d i " rril iri w l l w i

we w ree ee de e rdig r erePr e rr c r r r r rr r w cr rc rr

k m r eer ierr eig w e r ir mrd ig em i im ie ig ig w i u ll elder i e di rder bemedeed w w er me wi i edr rk w w r r rr rr r r r r wer d grd w ee d igr r diie g d ldig e lmi d dii gd, dw ll e err ii ri rm ew Ad ee e re mrg e wrig kee e ere rre i ewr r r r rr r r e mre; r wi kiger me e rm bee mg e gemee rg em rm er e ig d rde wi me beee ue e

hs s here o u ar e mstake ocrates; u t see tha t t asrtte a uthl s rt cotrovers ot the emul us am to a ol man nd yet, a ad, our lkenng f t75 t Pamende'dcue n t lltaken

7 s ee o Kaua� s eue b Po us eeo o beow Te eme s, esm, sm ese o ese

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Proclus Commentary on Plato Parmendies Book 1