Product-Service Information Systems – Designing Product-Service Systems (2) Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Wolfgang Maass Chair in Economics – Information and Service Systems (ISS) Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany WS 2011/2012 Fridays, 10 – 12 a.m. (c.t.) Room HS 020, B4 1

Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Wolfgang Maass  

09.01.12 Slide 2

Agenda

1.  Introduction 2.  Design Science in Information Systems 3.  Nature of Products 4.  Guest Lecture: Product Design 5.  New Product Development (NPD) 6.  Nature of Services 7.  New Service Development (NSD) 8.  Nature of Product-Service Systems (PSS) 9.  Nature of Product-Service Information Systems 10.  Designing PSS (1) 11.  Designing PSS (2) 12.  Empirical Evaluation of PSS (1) 13.  Empirical Evaluation of PSS (2) 14.  Advanced Topics: Design Science of PSS

Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Wolfgang Maass  

09.01.12 Slide 3

Situational Design Method for Information Systems (SiDIS)

It’s Thursday morning. Anna gets site-specific weather information when she is brushing her teeth in the bathroom.

23rd of December

Today

Today’s exercise

20th & 27th of January

20th & 27th of January

Conceptual Models

Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Wolfgang Maass  

09.01.12 Slide 4

Situational Design Method for Information Systems (SiDIS)

It’s Thursday morning. Anna gets site-specific weather information when she is brushing her teeth in the bathroom.

T9: PSS Production

Conceptual Models

Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Wolfgang Maass  

09.01.12 Slide 5

SiDIS Task 3: Derivation of Diagrammatic Conceptual Models

•  How to represent narratives in a structured, diagrammatic form?

•  Translation of narrative conceptual models (CMs) into semi-formal, diagrammatic CMs

•  Highlighting essential elements of each narrative

•  Outcome: Representation of narrative CMs in form of semi-formal diagrammatic CMs

•  Involved stakeholders: Knowledge engineers and computer scientists

It’s Thursday morning. Anna gets si te-specif ic weather in fo rmat ion when she i s brushing her teeth in the bathroom.

? ?

structured

semi-formal diagrammatic

Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Wolfgang Maass  

09.01.12 Slide 6

Generic Model of Conceptual Modeling

•  Useful conceptual modeling approaches “should enable both mappings without loss of information” (Wand et al., 1995, p. 289)

Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Wolfgang Maass  

09.01.12 Slide 7

Generic Model of Conceptual Modeling

•  Useful conceptual modeling approaches “should enable both mappings without loss of information” (Wand et al., 1995, p. 289)

•  Distinction between CMs and design models for information systems gets blurred if CMs can be executed (Wand et al., 1995) based on formal ontologies (Evermann, 2009)

•  Consistency, syntactic, and semantic interoperability are major obstacles for working with different CMLs (Booch & Rambaugh, 1999) -  e.g., Rational Unified Process

(RUP) provides 159 key resulting artifacts that are created and used during software development process (Kruchten, 2003) Rational Unified Process (RUP)

Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Wolfgang Maass  

09.01.12 Slide 8

Reminder

SiDIS Task 3: Derivation of Diagrammatic Conceptual Models

•  Information System (IS) = composition of Information Sphere, Social System, Service System (Lamb & Kling, 2003; Lechner & Schmid, 2001; Orlikowski & Barley, 2001)

•  Ubiquitous Information Systems require additional fourth level: Physical Object System (Maass & Janzen, 2011)

Abstract Information System Model (AISM)

Narratives

AISM

Pre-Artifacts

SiDIS

Pre-Artifact Patterns

•  Pre-Artifacts conceive usage situations by highlighting requirements on social structures, information objects, physical objects and services of the IS

Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Wolfgang Maass  

09.01.12 Slide 9

SiDIS Task 3: Pre-Artifacts

Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Wolfgang Maass  

09.01.12 Slide 10

SiDIS Task 3: Pre-Artifact Patterns

Role

P1: Role Interaction

P4: Service Interaction

P2: Service takes Role

Role r-interacts

Information Object

usedIn

s-interacts

Information Object

usedIn

Internal Service Internal Service

Interface Service Interface Service

takesRole

Interface Service

P3: Service uses Information Object

Internal Service

Interface Service

Information Object

receivedBy

P5: Role uses Information Object

Information Object

receivedBy

Information Object

creates Role

Role

or

or or

Interface Service

supportsAction

Internal Service

Interface Service

uses

or Internal Service

Interface Service

uses

or

supportsAction

supportsAction

Information Object

creates

Role

takesRole

Interface Service

Role

supportsAction

P6: Role uses Service

P7: Role creates Information Object

Interface Service

Information Object

creates

P8: Service creates Information Object

Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Wolfgang Maass  

09.01.12 Slide 11

SiDIS Task 3: Exemplary Pattern RoleInteraction

Role

P1: Role Interaction

Role r-interacts

Information Object

usedIn

Interface Service

supportsAction

Boss

P1: Role Interaction

Dogbert r-interacts

Question

usedIn

Hotline Service

supportsAction

Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Wolfgang Maass  

09.01.12 Slide 12

SiDIS Task 3: Construction of Pre-Artifacts in 5 Steps

•  Step 1: Definition of interactions between users or user and system •  Step 2: Definition of Information Objects (IO) in Infosphere •  Step 3: Definition of actions by Interface Services •  Step 4: Definition of supporting Internal Services •  Step 5: Definition of user initiative

Application of Pre-Artifact Patterns during 5 steps

Patterns / Steps Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Step 5 P1: Role Interaction x - - - - P2: Service takes Role - - x - - P3: Service uses Information Object - - - x - P4: Service Interaction - - - x - P5: Role uses Information Object - - - - x P6: Role uses Service - - - - x P7: Role creates Information Object - - x - - P8: Service creates Information Object - - x - -

Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Wolfgang Maass  

09.01.12 Slide 13

SiDIS Task 3: Exemplary Translation of Narrative CM into Pre-Artifact

•  Application in Duravit case: •  Specification of 7 relevant narrative CMs •  Derivation of 17 Pre-Artifacts that represent narratives in a diagrammatic form --

Library of diagrammatic conceptual models •  In case of high complexity of narrative, multiple Pre-Artifacts were generated to

avoid overloading of diagrammatic structure

It's Thursday morning. I get site-specific weather information when I am brushing my teeth in the bathroom. Based on weather information and my calendar, free-time event suggestions are given, e.g. "Today, 8 p.m. - Miss Marple Night at CinemaOne. Do you want to order tickets?”

Focus of exemplary translation

Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Wolfgang Maass  

09.01.12 Slide 14

SiDIS Task 3: Exemplary Translation – Step 1 & 2

Definition of Information Objects in Infosphere •  Information that occur in a narrative are defined as Information Objects (IO)

in the Infosphere •  Why? Information Objects are subjects of any later interaction! •  Description of goal, i.e. intention of user in situation •  Note: always take the perspective of the user when modeling!

Definition of interactions between users or user and system •  Interactions between users or user and system related to newly generated

information objects have to be defined •  Interactions take place between Roles in the Social System exclusively •  Interactions between user and system are always supported by a service of the

Service System (defined later in Step 3) •  Application of Role Interaction pattern

①  Step

②  Step

Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Wolfgang Maass  

09.01.12 Slide 15

SiDIS Task 3: Exemplary Translation – Step 1 & 2

Research Center for Intelligent Media (RCIM) Hochschule Furtwangen University

Role

Internal Service

Information Object

Interface Service Serv

ice

Syst

em

Soci

al S

yste

m

Info

sphe

re

It's Thursday morning. I get site-specific weather information when I am brushing my teeth in the bathroom.

Goals

a)  Getting weather information for user‘s location [User]

Notation

Global Weather Information

Site-specific Weather

Information

User

Location

Personalized Weather Assistant

r-interacts

usedIn

Action

Personalized Weather Service

supports Action

Step 1 & 2: Definition of interactions between users or user and system; Definition of Information Objects (IO) in Infosphere

Role Interaction pattern

Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Wolfgang Maass  

09.01.12 Slide 16

SiDIS Task 3: Exemplary Translation – Step 3

Definition of action by Interface Services •  Interface services have to be defined that create new information

objects that will be used in the interaction •  Service can take a specific role in the interaction •  Option (1) service is linked to a role that was already defined in step 2

or option (2) it adds a new role •  Application of RoleCreatesInformationObject,

ServiceCreatesInformationObject and ServiceTakesRole pattern

③  Step

Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Wolfgang Maass  

09.01.12 Slide 17

SiDIS Task 3: Exemplary Translation – Step 3

Role

Internal Service

Information Object

Interface Service

Soci

al S

yste

m

Info

sphe

re

It's Thursday morning. I get site-specific weather information when I am brushing my teeth in the bathroom.

Goals

a)  Getting weather information for user‘s location [User]

Notation

Global Weather Information

Site-specific Weather

Information

User

Location

Personalized Weather Assistant

r-interacts

usedIn

Action

Personalized Weather Service

supports Action

takes Role

creates

supports Action

Step 3: Definition of actions by Interface Services

Serv

ice

Syst

em

Role creates Information Object pattern

Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Wolfgang Maass  

09.01.12 Slide 18

SiDIS Task 3: Exemplary Translation – Step 4

Definition of supporting Internal Services •  To create new information objects, generic information sources are

needed -- interface service that supports the creation of a new IO needs access to these sources

•  Internal Services for all remaining information objects in the Infosphere have to be specified

•  Interaction between services regarding information objects is realized by applying the Service Interaction and ServiceUsesInformationObject pattern

④  Step

Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Wolfgang Maass  

09.01.12 Slide 19

SiDIS Task 3: Exemplary Translation – Step 4

Research Center for Intelligent Media (RCIM) Hochschule Furtwangen University

Role

Internal Service

Information Object

Interface Service Serv

ice

Syst

em

Soci

al S

yste

m

Info

sphe

re

It's Thursday morning. I get site-specific weather information when I am brushing my teeth in the bathroom.

Goals

a)  Getting weather information for user‘s location [User]

Notation

Global Weather Information

Site-specific Weather

Information

User

Location

Personalized Weather Assistant

r-interacts

usedIn

Action

Personalized Weather Service

supports Action

takes Role

creates

supports Action

Weather Service s-interacts

usedIn

User Context Service s-interacts

usedIn

Step 4: Definition of supporting Internal Services Service

Interaction patterns

Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Wolfgang Maass  

09.01.12 Slide 20

SiDIS Task 3: Exemplary Translation – Step 5

Definition of user initiative •  If a user role initiates an interaction with the system -- situation is

modeled by using the Role uses Service or Role uses Information Object pattern

•  Role uses service to create or receive an information object, for instance, the user wants to leave a message for another user

•  Action is indirectly supported by a service •  (no user initiative in exemplary Pre-Artifact)

⑤  Step

Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Wolfgang Maass  

09.01.12 Slide 21

Outlook

1.  Introduction 2.  Design Science in Information Systems 3.  Nature of Products 4.  Guest Lecture: Product Design 5.  New Product Development (NPD) 6.  Nature of Services 7.  New Service Development (NSD) 8.  Nature of Product-Service Systems (PSS) 9.  Nature of Product-Service Information Systems 10.  Designing PSS (1) 11.  Designing PSS (2) 12.  Empirical Evaluation of PSS (1) 13.  Empirical Evaluation of PSS (2) 14.  Advanced Topics: Design Science of PSS

Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Wolfgang Maass  

09.01.12 Slide 22

Literature

Books: •  Booch, G. and Rambaugh, J. The Unified Modeling Language User Guide, Addision-Wesley, Redwood City, CA, 1999. •  Kruchten, P. The Rational Unified Process-An Introduction, Addison-Wesley, 2003.

Papers: •  Evermann, J. "A UML and OWL description of Bunge’s upper-level ontology model," Software and Systems Modeling (8:2), 2009, pp.

235-249. •  Janzen, S., Blomqvist, E., Filler, A., Gönül, S., Kowatsch, T., Adamou, A., Germesin, S., Romanelli, M., Presutti, V., Cimen, C., Maass, W.,

Postaci, S., Alpay, E., Namli, T. and Erturkmen, G. B. L. "IKS Deliverable - D4.1 Report: AmI Case - Design and Implementation (Public)", IKS Project (FP7) , Technical report, EU project IKS, 2011.

•  Janzen, S., Kowatsch, T. and Maass, W. "A Methodology for Content-Centered Design of Ambient Environments"'Proc. of DESRIST 2010: Global Perspectives on Design Science Research', 2010.

•  Lamb, R. and Kling, R. "Reconceptualizing Users as Social Actors in Information Systems Research," MIS Quarterly (27:2), 2003, pp. 197-235.

•  Lechner, U. and Schmid, B. "Communities and Media – Towards a Reconstruction of Communities on Media"'Proceedings of 34th Annual Hawaii International Conference on Systems Sciences (HICSS-34)', 2001.

•  Maass, W. and Janzen, S. "Pattern-Based Approach for Designing with Diagrammatic and Propositional Conceptual Models"'Proc. of 6th International Conference on Design Science Research in Information Systems and Technology (DESRIST 2011), Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA', 2011.

•  Maass, W. and Varshney, W. "A Framework for Smart Healthcare Situations and Smart Drugs"'Proc. of SIG-Health Pre-AMCIS Workshop at the 15th Americas Conference on Information Systems (AMCIS 2009)', 2009.

•  Orlikowski, W. and Barley, S. "Technology and Institutions: What can Research on Information Technology and Research on Organizations Learn from each others?," MIS Quarterly (25:2), 2001, pp. 145- 165.

•  Wand, Y., Monarchi, D. E., Parsons, J. and Woo, C. C. "Theoretical foundations for conceptual modelling in information systems development," Decis. Support Syst. (15), 1995, pp. 285-304.

Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Wolfgang Maass  

Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Wolfgang Maass Chair in Information and Service Systems Saarland University, Germany