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APPENDIX I
Products and Manufacturers
1. Barium products A. Upper G I tract
a. E-Z-HD (E-Z-Em). Contains 98% barium sulfate (340 g), simethicone, and other additives; addition of 65 ml of water produces 135 ml of suspension of 85% w/w or 250% w/v
b. Liquid Sol-O-Pake (E-Z-Em), 45% w/w or 72% w/v barium sulfate suspension
c. HD 200 Plus (E-Z-Em)-225% w/v. d. Novopaque, 40% w/w or 60% w/v barium sulfate suspension
with sodium saccharine flavouring. This is a pre-mixed liquid barium in 355 ml cans or 3.71 litre containers.
e. Micropaque 92% w/v. No longer available in Canada. f. Polibarpowder. (E-Z-Em) Supplied in a 100-gjug; suspension
from 27% w/w to 50% w/w can be obtained with appropriate quantity of water
g. Baricon (E-Z-Em). Contains 95% barium sulfate (340 g). Addition of 70 ml of water produces 83 w /w suspension B. Small bowel
a. Ultra-R (E-Z-Em), 95% barium sulfate powder with simethicone and additives. Can be diluted to 45%, 50%, 55%, or 60% w/w (72%-110% w/v)
b. Enterobar (E-Z-Em), 50% w/v barium suspension C. Double-contrast colon
a. HD85 (E-Z-Em), 85% w/v suspension (2000 ml) b. Polibar Liquid (E-Z-Em), 55% w/w or 100% w/v barium sul
fate suspension (1900 m1) c. Liquid Polibar Plus (E-Z-Em), 57% w/w or 105% w/v sus
pension d. Colobar (E-Z-Em), 56% w/w or 100% w/v barium sulfate sus
pension (2000 ml) D. Single-contrast colon
a. Polibar Liquid (E-Z-Em). Dilute 1 volume Polibar Liquid with 5 volumes of water to obtain 15.4% w/w or 17.5% w/v suspension
b. Baroperse Enema Kit (E-Z-Em). Contains 340 g Barosperse c. Unibar 100 (E-Z-Em), 56% w/w or 100% w/v barium sulfate
suspension (2000 m1)
222 Appendix I: Products and Manufacturers
d. Unibar 110 (E-Z-Em), 60% w/w or 110% w/v suspension (2000 ml) E. Barium suspension for CT
a. Baro-cat (E-Z-Em), 1.5% w/w barium suspension b. E-Z-Cat (E-Z-Em), 4.5% w/w concentration; dilutes to 1.1%
w/w suspension (225 m}) c. Readi-Cat (E-Z-Em), 1.2% w/w barium sulfate suspension
(450 ml, 2000 m}) d. Esopho-Cat (E-Z-Em), 3% w/w barium sulfate paste for
coating of esophagus 2. Water-soluble contrast for upper GI tract in adults only (very dan-
gerous in children) a. Gastrografin (adults only) b. Hypaque (Winthrop) c. Renografin (Squibb) d. Omnipaque (Winthrop) e. Isovue (Squibb) f. Ioxyglate, Hexabrix (Mallinckrodt) g. Hypaque powder for oral CT contrast (Winthrop)
3. Effervescent Tablets a. E-Z-Gas2, effervescent granules (E-Z-Em). Contain sodium
bicarbonate 2.21 g, citric acid 1.53 g, simethicone 0.02 g; produce no less than 400 ml CO2
b. Unik-Zoru, tablets or granules (E-Z-Em). Produce 280 ILg of gas per dose
c. Baros, granules (E-Z-Em) 4. Methylcellulose
a. Enterocel (E-Z-Em), 500-ml concentration of methylcellulose b. MC (E-Z-Em), 1% w/v hydroxypropylmethylcellulose so
lution 5. Enteroclysis catheters
a. Maglinte enteroclysis catheter (Cook Inc, E-Z-Em), 155 cm x 13 French catheter with balloon and torque cable
b. Gianturco catheter (Cook Inc.). Has flexible guide for stiffening and torque control
c. Bilbao Dotter catheter (Cook Inc.). Has a curved tip for directional control. 12 and 14 Fr available in various lengths
d. Muller catheter. (Cook Inc.) Has variable curve tip control 6. Enema tubes and tips
Various enema bags with various sizes, tips with and without cuff are supplied by E-Z-Em. Cuffs should not be used in children
7. Film. a. T-Mat L Film (Eastman Kodak) b. Cronex 7 Film (Dupont) c. High-Ortho Film (Konica) d. Fuji Xray Film (Fuji)
Various products are available that are suitable for examination of the gastrointestinal tract. This appendix lists only the products with which the authors have clinical experience.
APPENDIX II
Further Reading
1. Margulis AR, Burhenne HJ, eds (1988). Alimentary Tract Radiology, 4th Ed. St. Louis: C.V. Mosby.
2. Meyers MA (1986). Computed Tomography of the Gastrointestinal Tract including the Peritoneal Cavity and Mesentery. New York: SpringerVerlag.
3. Gelfand DW (1984). Gastrointestinal Radiology: Performing and Interpreting Fluoroscopic Examinations. New York: Churchill Livingstone.
4. Kelvin FM, Gardiner R (1987). Clinical Imaging of the Colon and Rectum. New York: Raven Press.
5. Laufer I, ed (1979). Double Contrast Gastrointestinal Radiology, with Endoscopic Correlation. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders.
6. Nolan JD (1980). The Double Contrast Barium Meal: a Radiological Atlas. Aylesbury: HM & M.
7. Hunt RH, Waye JD (1981). Colonoscopy: Technique, Clinical Practice and Colour Atlas. London: Chapman and Hall.
8. Blackstone MO (1984). Endoscopic Interpretation: Normal and Pathologic Appearances of the Gastrointestinal Tract. New York: Raven Press.
9. Cotton PB, Williams CB (1984). Practical Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific.
10. Nahum H, Fekete F, margulis AR (1976). Radiology of the Postoperative Digestive Tract, Trans AE Oestreich. New York: Masson.
11. Binelson J. Castell DO (1988). Disease-A-Month. Esophageal Motility Disorders, Vol. 34(6). Chicago: YearBook Medical Publications.
12. Oudkerk M (1981). Infusion rate in enteroclysis examination. Thesis. Leiden, The Netherlands: Leiden University.
13. Megibow AJ, Balthazar JE, eds (1986). Computed Tomography of the Gastrointestinal Tract. St. Louis: C.V. Mosby
14. Felson B (1976). Roentgenology of the Gallbladder and Biliary Tract. Orlando: Grune and Stratton.
15. Shirakabe H (1971). Double Contrast Studies of the Stomach. Tokyo: Bunrodo Co. Ltd.
16. Op Den Orth JO (1979). The Standard Biphasic Contrast Examination of the Stomach and Duodenum (Series in Radiology: Radiological examination of the GI tract). The Hague: M. Nijhoff.
17. Simpkins KC, ed (1988). The alimentary tract: the hollow organs and salivary glands. In: A Textbook of Radiological Diagnosis, 5th Ed, Vol. 4. London: HK Lewis.
18. Sherlock S (1981). Diseases of the Liver and Biliary System, 6th Ed. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific.
224 Appendix II: Further Reading
19. Fishman EK, Jones B (1988). Computed Tomography of the Gastrointestinal Tract. New York: Churchill Livingstone.
20. Ponsky JL, Gauderer MWL, Stellato TA, Aszodi A (1985). Percutaneous approaches to enteral alimentation. Am J Surg 149:102-115.
21. Farrar CW (1979). Patterns of sigmoid colon and their implications for barium enema radiography. Med Radiogr Photogr 55:1-28.
Index
A Acidified barium in
esophageal examination, 29
Air enema, 84-85 Air insufflation
in computed tomography of colon, 201-202
in double-contrast barium enema, 64
in children, 153 in double-contrast
enteroclysis, 56 in gastrostomy, 193
Air reduction of intussusception in children, 148
Anastomotic leaks, postoperative colon studies in, 99
Appendectomy, postoperative colon studies in, 102
Aspiration of barium fatigue, in childhood, 128 in swallowing study,
117
B Balloon paddle as compression
device, 80 Baricon,221 Barium enema
double-contrast, 61-78 in children, 152-155 products for, 221-222
and reflux small bowel study, 57-58
in children, 142-143,
145-146 products for, 222
tips for technologists, 213-215
tubes and tips for, 222 Barium kitchen, 212-213 Barium meal, 3-24
contraindications and precautions in, 4
double-contrast in children, 129-134 in small bowel studies, 47
duodenum in, 16-24 esophagus in, 6-8 indications for, 3-4 materials for, 4 patient preparation in, 5-6 problems in, 23-24 products for, 221 single-contrast, in children,
123-128 in small bowel studies,
43-47. See also Small bowel studies, barium meal in
stomach in, 8-15 swallowing function
evaluation in, 38-39 Barium products, 221
for computed tomography, 222
double-contrast colon, 221-222
single-contrast colon, 222 small bowel, 221 upper tract, 221
Baro-Cat, 222 Baroperse Enema Kit,
222 Baros granules, 4, 222
in computed tomography, 198
Bilbao Dotter enteroclysis catheter, 222
modified, 48, 138 Biliary tract
cholaniography operative and
postoperati ve, 172-173 percutaneous transhepatic,
182-188 cholangiopancreatography,
endoscopic retrograde, 188-192
cholecystography, oral, 169-172
sonography, pediatric, 113 sphincterotomy, 190-192 stent placement, 192
Biopsy of liver, 173-182 percutaneous, 173-177
contraindications for, 174 indications for, 173-174 patient preparation in, 174 postprocedure care in, 177 procedure in, 174-177
transjugular, 177-182 contraindications and
precautions in, 177-178 indications for, 177 patient preparation in, 178 technique of~ 178-182
Biopty gun in percutaneous liver biopsy, 175
Bupivacaine, 220 in percutaneous transhepatic
cholangiography, 182 Buscopan, 218-219
in barium enema examinations, 78, 83
226
Buscopan (cant.)
C
in computed tomography of pancreas, 206 of stomach and
duodenum, 199 in duodenography, 16
Carbon dioxide enema, 85 Carbon dioxide insufflation in
double-contrast barium enema, 78
Carboxymethylcellulose solution in small bowel enema, 138
Chest pain, esophageal examination in, 29
Childhood. See Pediatric procedures
Chilled barium in esophageal examination,
21,29 in small bowel examination,
44 Cholangiography
operative, 172 percutaneous trans hepatic,
182-188 complications of, 188 contraindications and
precautions in, 183 indications for, 182 materials for, 182 patient preparation in,
183 procedure in, 183-188
postoperative, 172-173 Cholangiopancreatography,
endoscopic retrograde, 188-192
diagnostic, 188-190 and sphincterotomy,
190-192 and stent placement, 192
Cholecystography, oral, 169-172
contraindications and precautions in, 170
indications for, 169-170 materials for, 170 patient preparation in, 170 procedure in, 170-172
Colobar, 222 Colon studies. See Large
bowel studies
Colonoscopy,87-93 compression techniques in,
89-93 ascending colon to cecum,
92-93 hepatic flexure, 91-92 sigmoid colon, 88-90 splenic flexure, 90 transverse colon, 90-91
contraindications for, 87 indications for, 87 patient preparation in, 62, 88 postoperative, in cancer and
polyp follow-up, 102-103
procedure in, 88 Colostomy in children, and
postoperative loopagrams, 150-151
Colostomy enema, 101-102 Communication with patients
and staff, 210-211 Compression
in colonoscopy, 88-93 devices for colon, 80 of duodenum, 17 small bowel, 44, 136
Computed tomography, 196-206
D
barium suspension for, 222 colon and rectum in,
201-202 esophagus in, 197-198 liver in, 203 pancreas in, 203-206 pelvis in, 203 small bowel in, 200-201 stomach and duodenum in,
198-200
Decubitus films, 214-215 Defecography, 93-99
in children, 155-158 contraindications and
precautions in, 93 indications for, 93 materials for, 93 patient preparation in, 94 procedure in, 94-96 throne for, 96-98
Demerol. See Meperidine Diatrizoate
in computed tomography, 197
Index
in operative cholangiography, 172
in percutaneous trans hepatic cholangiography, 184
Diazemuls, 188, 220 Diazepam, 219-220
in endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, 188
in percutaneous trans hepatic cholangiography, 182
respiratory repression from, reversal of, 36, 220
in small bowel enema preparation, 53
Doppler sonography, pediatric, 114
Double-contrast barium enema, 61-78
in childhood, 152-155. See also Pediatric procedures, double-contrast barium enema
products for, 221-222 Double-contrast barium meal
in childhood, 129-134. See also Pediatric procedures, double-contrast barium meal
duodenum in, 16-19 esophagus in, 6-8, 21-23 small bowel in, 47 stomach in, 8-15
Double-contrast small bowel enema, 51-52
Drugs used in radiology departrnent,217-220
Dulcolax in barium enema preparation, 62
in children, 145, 152 Duodenography, hypotonic,
16-24 Duodenum
barium meal studies, 16-24
Buscopan injection in, 16 double-contrast, in
children, 129-134 positioning of pad in, 17
computed tomography of, 198-199
hypotonic duodenography, 16-24
postoperative examination of, 32-35
Index
Dysphagia, esophageal examination in, 26-29
in acute total dysphagia, 30
E Edrophonium,219
in esophageal motility test, 29
Effervescent tablets, 222 Endoscopy
colonoscopy,87-93 gastrostomy, 195-196 in retrograde
cholangiopancreatography, 188-192
sigmoidoscopy, flexible, 85-87
upper tract, 3, 4, 35-38 diagnostic technique in,
36-37 intubation in, 37 sedation in, 36 withdrawal of endoscope
in, 37 Enema
air, 84-85 barium. See Barium enema carbon dioxide, 85 colostomy, 101-102 small bowel, 47-56. See also
Small bowel studies, enema in
water-soluble, for neonates, 142, 143-145
Enterobar, 221 in small bowel enema,
48,54 Enteroclysis for small bowel
examination, 47-56. See also Small bowel studies, enema in
Enterocel, 222 in small bowel enema,
48,54 Equipment, 211-213
barium kitchen, 212-213 cassette holder, 215 film/screen combination,
211 grid, 211 in high-kV techniques,
211-212 Esopho-Cat, 222 Esophagus
barium meal studies, 6-8 acidified barium in, 29
capsule transit time in, 29 in chest pain, 29
in children, 123-124 chilled barium in, 21, 29 in dysphagia, 26-29, 30 and edrophonium test of
motility, 29 in gastroesophageal reflux,
24-25 in globus hystericus,
25-26 marshmallow study in, 27
computed tomography of~ 197-198
foreign body removal in children, 159-160
gastrografin study in perforation, 30
tube esophagram, 30-32 in tracheoesophageal
fistula in children, 127 video prone esophagram in
children, 128-129 in tracheoesophageal
fistula, 127 Evacuating proctography,
93-99. See also Defecography
E-Z-Cat, 222 E-Z-Gas, 47, 222
in computed tomography, 198
E-Z-HD,221
F
in barium meal, 4 in double-contrast studies of
upper tract, 130
Feeding study in children, 115-116
Fentanyl, 219 in endoscopy, 36 in small bowel intubation,
48 Fetal anomalies, and antenatal
sonography, 113 Film for radiologic studies,
223 Film/screen combination, 211 Fistula, tracheoesophageal, in
children tube esophagram in, 127 video prone esophagram in,
127, 128-129 Fistulograms, 167-169
227
stomadhesive for contrast leakage in, 168
Flow technique in barium stomach of stomach, 15
Flumanzenil to reverse respiratory depressant effect of diazepam, 36, 220
Foreign body removal in children, 159-160
G Gallbladder disease. See
Biliary tract Gastroesophageal reflux
barium meal examination in children, 127-128
pediatric sonography in, 112 water siphon test in, 24-25
Gastrografin, 221 in computed tomography,
197 in esophageal preforation
study, 30 in postoperative examination
of upper tract, 32 Gastrostomy, 193-196
endoscopic, 195-196 radiological, 193-195
Gel-Unix, 123 Gianturco enteroclysis
catheter, 222 Globus hystericus, esophageal
examination in, 25-26 Glucagon, 218
in barium meal examination, 78,83
in computed tomography of pancreas, 206 of stomach and
duodenum, 199 in duodenography, 16 in endoscopy retrograde
cholangiopancreatogra-phy,188
in peroral pneumocolon, 56 in reflux small bowel
enema, 58 Grid characteristics, 211
H HD 85, 80, 221
in postoperative colon studies, 101
228
HD 200 Plus, 221 Hemicolectomy, postoperative
colon studies in, 100-101
High-kV techniques, 80, 211-212
Hypaque. See Diatrizoate
I Ileal pelvic pouch,
postoperative assessment of, 101
Ileus postoperative colon studies
in, 99 and single-contrast enema in
children, 142 Intestinal tube placement in
children, 158-159 Intubation
in endoscopy of upper tract, 37
intestinal tube placement in children, 158-159
for small bowel enema, 48-51
in children, 139 Intussusception reduction in
children, 142-143, 146-150
Iohexol in contrast meal for children,
139, 141 in enema for neonates, 144 in gastrostomy, 193 in loopograms in children,
151 Iopamidol
in contrast meal for children, 139, 141
in enema for neonates, 144 in loopograms in children,
151 Iopanoic acid in oral
cholecystography, 170 Iothalamate meglumine in
loopograms in children, 151
Ioxaglate as contrast medium for children
in contrast meal, 139-141 in enema, 144
Ipodate in oral cholecystography, 170
J Jamshidi needle in
percutaneous liver biopsy, 174
Jugular vein puncture for
K
transjugular liver biopsy, 178
Kitchen for barium preparation, 212-213
L Large bowel studies
air enema, 84-85 carbon dioxide enema, 85 in children
contrast enema in, 141-158
sonography in, 112-113 colonoscopy, 87-93. See also
Colonoscopy computed tomography,
201-202 defecography, 93-99
in children, 155-158 double-contrast barium
enema, 61-78 air insufflation in, 64 carbon dioxide insufflation
in, 78 in children, 152-155 clearance of sigmoid colon
in, 64-65 contraindications and
precautions in, 61 examination technique in,
68-72 indications for, 61 materials for, 61-62 normal anatomy in, 65-68 patient preparation in, 62 [-olyethylene glycol
preparation in, 62-63 problems in, 78 products for, 221-222 rectosigmoid examination
in, 63-72 splenic flexure, hepatic
flexure, and cecum in, 72-78
spot films in, 70-71 postoperative studies,
99-102 in anastomotic leaks, 99
Index
in appendectomy, 102 in cancer and polyp
follow-up, 102-103 in ileal pelvic pouch
assessment, 101 in ileocolic and colocolic
anastomoses, 102 in ileus or obstruction, 99 in left hemicolectomy, 101 loopograms in children,
150-151 in right hemicolectomy,
100-101 sigmoidoscopy, flexible,
85-87 single-contrast barium
enema, 78-83 in children, 142-143,
145-146 compression devices
in, 80 contraindications for, 80 indications for, 78-79 materials for, 80 patient preparation in, 80 postevacuation study
in, 83 procedure in, 81-83 products for, 222
Lateral rectum films, 214 Lidocaine, 220
in gastrostomy, 193 in percutaneous transhepatic
cholangiography, 182 in small bowel intubation,
48 Liquid Polibar, 221 Liquid Sol-O-Pake, 221 Liver
biopsy of, 173-182. See also Biopsy of liver
percutaneous, 173-177 transjugular,177-182
computed tomography of, 203
normal anatomy of, 185 transhepatic
cholangiography, percutaneous, 182-188
Loopograms of colon in childhood, 150-151
Lower tract. See Large bowel studies
Lymphoid follicular pattern in double-contrast barium enema studies in children, 155
Index
M Maglinte enteroclysis catheter,
54,222 Marshmallow study in
dysphagia, 27 Me solution, 222 Meperidine, 219
in endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, 188
in percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography, 183
Mepivacaine, 220 Methylcellulose, 222
for double-contrast esophagram, 23
in small bowel enema, 48 in children, 138
Metoclopramide, 217-218 in intestinal tube placement,
159 in small bowel enema, 53
Micropaque, 221 Muller enteroclysis catheter,
222
N Novopaque, 221
o Omnipaque. See Iohexol Operative cholangiography,
172-173 Overhead films, 213
p Pancreas
cholangiopancreatiography, endoscopic retrograde, 188-192
computed tomography of, 203-206
Passavant ridge, 120 Patient preparation
assessment by technologist, 210
for barium enema double-contrast, 62 single-contrast, 80
for cholangiography, percutaneous transhepatic, 183
for cholecystography, oral, 170
for colonoscopy, 62, 88 for defecography, 94 for liver biopsy
percutaneous, 174 transjugular, 178
for pediatric procedures double-contrast barium
enema, 152-153 double-contrast barium
meal,130 feeding study, 116 single-contrast barium
meal,123 small bowel enema,
138-139 sonography, 114-115
for small bowel enema, 48 for small bowel meal, 43-44 for upper tract studies, 5-6
Pediatric procedures, 107-160 cholangiography,
percutaneous transhepatic, 183
defecography, 155-158 double-contrast barium
enema, 152-155 contraindications for, 152 indications for, 152 lymphoid follicular
pattern in, 155 materials for, 152 patient preparation in,
152-153 procedures in, 153-155
double-contrast barium meal, 129-134
contraindications and precautions in, 130
indications for, 129-130 materials for, 130 patient prepa.ration in, 130 procedure in, 130-134
feeding study, 115-116 foreign body removal,
159-160 intestinal tube placement,
158-159 intussusception reduction,
146-150 air in, 148 barium in, 148-150 contraindications and
precautions in, 146 materials for, 146 procedure in, 148-150
100pograms,150-151 lower tract studies, 141-158
pneumocolon, peroral, 136-137
229
single-contrast barium meal, 123-128
contraindications and precautions in, 123
fatigue aspiration in, 128 in hypertrophic pyloric
stenosis, 127-128 indications for, 123 materials for, 123 patient preparation in,
123 procedure in, 123-127 in small bowel studies,
134-136 in tracheosophageal
fistula, 127 in varices, 128
single-contrast enema for lower tract studies, 142-143
barium in, 145-146 water-soluble agents in,
143-145 single-contrast small bowel
meal barium in, 134-136 water-soluble agents in,
139-141 small bowel enema,
137-139 contraindications and
precautions in, 138 indications for, 138 materials in, 138 patient preparation in,
138-139 small bowel meal,
single-contrast barium in, 134-136 water-soluble agents in,
139-141 sonography, 107-115. See
also Sonography in pediatric examinations
speech study, 118-122 swallowing study, 117-118 upper tract examinations,
115-141 video prone esophagram,
127, 128-129 Pelvis, computed tomography
of,203 Percutaneous
cholangiography, transhepatic, 182-188
230
Percutaneous liver biopsy, 173-177
Perforation of esophagus, gastrografin study in, 30
Pharmacology, 217-220 Phentolamine, 220 Pneumocolon, peroral, after
small bowel meal, 56-57
in children, 136-137 Polibar
in barium enema, 62, 80 in children, 145, 152 in intussusception
reduction, 146 in defecogram in children,
158 in postoperative colon
studies, 101 in small bowel enema, 48
in children, 138 in speech study, 118
Polibar Liquid, 221, 222 Polibar Powder, 221 Polyesthylene glycol solution
in colonoscopy, 88 in computed tomography,
201 in preparation for
double-contrast barium enema, 62-63
Posteroanterior radiographs, 214
Postoperative studies cholangiography in, 172-173 colon, 99-103. See also
Large bowel studies, postoperative studies
small bowel, 58-60 upper tract, 32-35
Proctography, evacuating, 93-99. See also Defecography
Prone angled radiographs, 214 Pyloric stenosis, hypertrophic,
in children
R
barium meal examination in, 127-128
sonography in, 108-111
Radiation protection methods, 209-210
filtration device in defecography throne, 97-98
Readi-Cat, 222 Rectum
computed tomography of, 201-202
lateral rectum films, 214 Reflux, gastroesophageal
barium meal examination in children, 127-128
pediatric sonography, 112 water siphon test in, 24-25
Reflux small bowel enema, 37-38
Renografin. See Diatrizoate Roth biopsy gun in
percutaneous liver biopsy, 175
S Sigmoidoscopy, flexible,
85-87 Single-contrast studies
barium enema, 78-83 in children, 142-143,
145-146 products for, 222
barium meal in children, 123-128. See
also Pediatric procedures, single-contrast barium meal
esophagus in, 8 stomach in, 23
enema for lower tract studies in children, 142-143
barium in, 145-146 water-soluble medium in,
143-145 small bowel enema, 56 small bowel meal in
children barium in, 134-136 water-soluble agents in,
139-141 Sinograms, 167-169
stomadhesive for contrast leakage in, 168
Small bowel studies, 43-60 barium meal in, 43-47
in children, 134-136 chilled barium in, 44 compression in, 44 contraindications and
precautions in, 43 double-contrast, 47
Index
follow-through examination in, 57
indications for, 43 paddle balloon in, 44 patient preparation in,
43-44 peroral pneumocolon in,
56-57 products for, 221 single-contrast, in
children, 134-136 computed tomography in,
200-201 enema in, 47-56
barium products for, 221 catheters for, 222 in children, 137-139. See
also Pediatric procedures, small bowel enema
contraindications and precautions in, 47-48
double-contrast, 51-52 indications for, 47 intubation in, 48-51 Maglinte technique in,
53-55 paddle balloon in, 53 patient preparation in, 48 procedure in, 44-53 rapid technique in, 56 reflux enema in, 57-58 single-contrast, 56
postoperative studies, 58-60
sonography in, pediatric, 112-113
Sol-O-Pake, Liquid, 221 Sonography in pediatric
examinations, 107-115 in abdominal mass lesions,
108 antenatal, 113 in biliary disease, 113 Doppler, 114 in fetal anomalies, 113 in gastric wall thickening,
112 in gastroesophageal reflux,
112 in hypertrophic pyloric
stenosis, 108-111 indications for, 108-114 small or large bowel
evaluation in, 112-113 Speech study in children,
118-122
Index
Sphincterotomy, biliary, 190-192
Stomach barium meal studies, 8-15
double-contrast, in children, 129-134
flow technique in, 15 computed tomography of,
198-200 gastrostomy, 193-196 postoperative examination
of, 32-35 sonography of, pediatric,
108-112 Stomadhesive for contrast
leakage in sinograms, 168
Swallowing function
T
evaluation, 38-39 in children, 117-118 in dysphagia, 26-29, 30
Technologists, role of, 209 Telebrix in computed
tomography, 197 Tomocat in computed
tomography, 197 Tracheoesophageal fistula in
children tube esophagram in, 127 video prone esophagram in
127,128-129 Transhepatic cholangiography,
percutaneous, 182-188 Transjugular liver biopsy,
177-182
Trucut needle in percutaneous liver biopsy, 175
Tube esophagram, 30-32 in tracheoesophageal fistula
in children, 127 Tyropanoate sodium in oral
cholecystography, 170
U Ultra-R, 43, 221 Ultrasonography. See
Sonography in pediatric examinations
Unibar 100,222 in single-contrast barium
meal, 123 in single-contrast small
bowel meal, 134 in video prone esophagram,
129 Unibar 110, 222 Unik-Zoru,222
in double-contrast examination of upper tract, 130
Upper tract studies barium meal in, 3-24. See
also Barium meal in children, 115-141 computed tomography in,
197-201 endoscopy in, 3, 4, 35-38 postoperative examination
in, 32-35 barium in, 32-35 gastrografin in, 32
water-soluble medium in, 221
V Valium. See Diazepam Varices, esophageal, barium
meal examination in children, 128
Velopharyngeal portal evaluation in children, 118-122
Video-prone esophagram in children, 128-129
in tracheoesophageal fistula, 127, 128-129
W Water
for double-contrast enteroclysis, 56
for double-contrast esophagram, 22
Water siphon test for gastroesophageal reflux, 24-25
Water-soluble contrast
X
in computed tomography, 197
enema for neonates, 142, 143-145
for foreign body removal, 160
meal for children, 139-141 in sinograms and
fistulograms, 167 for upper tract studies, 221
Xylocaine. See Lidocaine
