1Prof.Aux. Msc.Ing. Jorge Arcos Méndez Teléfono en GREDES 267 1123Prof.Aux. Msc.Ing. Jorge Arcos Méndez Teléfono en GREDES 267 1123Prof.Aux. Msc.Ing. Emilia Fors Garzón. E Mail: efors@arquitectura.cujae.edu.cuProf.Aux. Msc.Ing. Emilia Fors Garzón. E Mail: efors@arquitectura.cujae.edu.cu

EXERCISE WORK OF MCRR IN PLANNING MEASURES FOR PREVENTION.

TRAINING COURSEMCRR (Management Centers for Risk Reduction) EXPERIENCE OF

THE CUBAN MODEL

““Putting science in everyday Putting science in everyday language, here is something only language, here is something only few do” few do” José José MartíMartí

Instituto Superior Politécnico José Antonio Echeverría

OBJETIVES OF THE EXERCISEModeling a situation of disaster by hurricane or heavy rain. Proposing preventive measures for disaster reduction in the MCRR in the territory, that promote climatic change adaptation and population sustainability.

STARTING DATA•Territory planning •Information of the typology of buildings and its constructive conditions.•Scale of estimated dangers to building by hurricane category.•Data table of population and affected areas.•Hurricane category table•Flooding map•Classification of natural hazards

BIBLIOGRAPHY : Classification of flooding assumed by GREDES for different disaster studies. ARCOS COCA table for hazard classfication due to winds, different sources of Internet downloaded by Jorge Arcos about damages by flooding and winds in Puerto Rico. Typology of Cuban buildings. Description of Cuban urban typologies.

2

OUTPUT DATA•Preventive measures for rehabilitation of the built fund.

o Number of buildings proposed for imroving its constructive conditions. o Number of buildings proposed for changing its constructive typology.

•Preventive measures in constructing protector works for reducing river flooding area•Preventive measures for urban planning.

CONTENT OF THE EXERCISEModeling the effects of winds of a II category Hurricane in Entre Ríos Community.

Modeling the effects of flooding by heavy rains of up to 158mm in 24 hours in a Residential Neighborhood

3

4

Classification of hazard by tropical cyclonesClassification of hazard by tropical cyclones

Considering the effect of winds on structural elements of the territory.

Classification of hazard by heavy rainsClassification of hazard by heavy rainsConsidering the flooding caused by tropical cyclones and local

storms on the urban area.

5

The degree of risk is given by the high water runoff that occurs in urban areas and that causes great accumulation of water into the river.

Considering the infraestructure of the urbanized area and the coefficients of water runoff in this case

Classification of hazards by flooding.Classification of hazards by flooding.

6

Lámina 24 horas.

Classification of hazard by the height of flooding.Classification of hazard by the height of flooding.

Moderate floodings• of height of 0.91m to 1.80m

Can cause damages to human life. Can cause damages in non-structural elements of buildings of I to III typology. Can cause structural damages in buildings of IV to VI typology. Disruption on the accesses and can cause damages to structural elements on

highways.

Extreme floodings • of height over 1.80m

Can cause damages to human life. Can cause damages in non-structural elements of buildings of I to III typology. Can cause structural damages in buildings of IV to VI typology. Disruption on the accesses and can cause damages to structural elements on

highways.

7

Considering the topography

Characterization of flooding streamCharacterization of flooding stream

Topography Stream CategoriesStream Speed

m/seg

In zones Plain, Valleys

Weak Slow ≤ 0.5Medium > 0.5 a 1

Fast Fast 1 a 2Very fast > 2

MountainWeak ≤ 2

Medium > 2 y ≤ 4Fast > 4 y ≤ 6

Very fast > 6

8

Slow Stream flooding Speed less than:

• 0.9 m/seg. = 3 pies/seg. = 3.3 km/h, Do not cause serious damages to the structure Dangerous to human security

Speed of:• 0.6 m/seg. = 2 pies/seg. = 2.2 km/h

Sandy soil erosion

Fast Stream flooding Speed less than:

• 1.5 m/seg. = 5 pies/seg. = 5.5 km/h Cause severe damages by soil erosion.

Classification of hazard by flooding stream speedClassification of hazard by flooding stream speed

9

Type Walls Roof

I Concrete prefabricated panels, armed or not, concrete blocks, braised mud bricks, ashlar, masonry.

Armed concrete slab casted in situ, armed concrete prefabricated slabs, armed concrete beams with concrete or braised mud hollow bricks.

II Concrete blocks, braised mud bricks, masonry, pressed bricks or blocks of stabilized soils, tapial, pebble.

Armed concrete beams with plain or vaulted slabs of concrete, braised mud, stabilized soils, pebble, ferrocement.

IIIConcrete blocks, braised mud bricks, ashlar, masonry, pressed blocks and bricks, of stabilized soil, pebble, tapial, tamped, adobes, hard wood, and precious wood.

Armed concrete beam, of metal or sliced wood, clay tile covers, of metal sheet, asbestos cement, or vibrated mortar (tevi).

IV Pressed blocks or bricks of stabilized soils, masonry, rubble, smearing.

Sliced wood or roundwood beams , metal sheet covers, shaped or of fiber cement.

V Sliced wood,or palm table. Roundwood bear covered with guano, asphalt cardboard tiles, waterprofed paper.

VI Rustic wood, guano, yagua, waterproofed cardboard, canvas, waste materials. Rustic wood, guano, yagua, waterproofed

cardboard, canvas, waste materials.

TYPOLOGIES OF BUILDINGSTYPOLOGIES OF BUILDINGS

10

URBAN TYPOLOGY OF ENTRE RÍOS COMMUNITY•Urban plot built by blocks•The buildings are developed in depth usually in the block perimeter.•Presence of wall between buildings•Construction typology predominantly of woods, masonry, brick or block either. •Sloping roofs with French tiles, of fiber cement and combined with armed concrete and bricks. •Storm drainage with fitted or surfaced drainpipes in facades. •Average height of the buildings almost equal

11

URBAN TYPOLOGY IN A RESIDENTIAL NEIGHBORHOOD•Urban plot constituted by blocks in a semi compact urbanization•The buildings are developed in depth in front to back in the block perimeter but not necessarly in its edge•Perimeter aisles of buildings of 0.75 m and more •Dominating the front gardens of 3 to 5m. •Sidewalks with grass and trees •Surfaced Storm drainage and underground waste disposal and underground tanks. •Uneven height of buildings.

12

For the modeling a case of a III Cat. Hurricane at Saffir-Simpson scale , it is assumed the historical worst trajectory of natural events, south-north at left of the community under analysis ..

Accompanied by heavy rainfall over 150 mm that, coinciding with the wettest months, finds a saturated soil, making it more dangerous

Characteristics of hazard tropical cyclone used for Characteristics of hazard tropical cyclone used for modelingmodeling

Right LeftENE

S

LeftBefore

After

During

From the convention drawn up by GREDES ‘ specialists for wind direction and trajectories used in studies of GREDES.

Preventive measures to Preventive measures to reduce vulnerability to the reduce vulnerability to the

effects of heavy windseffects of heavy winds

14

IMPORTANT NOTE: The effects caused by hurricane winds are regional, with dimensions over the territory choosen for the study.

SB

Primaria

15

ENTRE RÍOS COMMUNITY

15

SCENARIO OF HAZARD ENTRE RÍOS COMMUNITY

The periphery highlighted in red has a different treatment to the center zone for modeling wind direction, The total length of the periphery of the community affected is 2km.

Direction of the Winds

SSE - S

Policlinic

Medical consulting

PSB

Schools

SSE-S

During

After

BeforeN

ESE-SE

NE-ENE

Direction of the winds

LeyendaHistorial Center New development

Details of urban plot

Direction of the windsNE - ENE

16

From the total of affected buildings by the Modelated Hurricane, 80% are in perifery blocks in the probable direction of winds and they are not protected by the density of the urban plot and its regular average height of nor more than 10 m.

The rest of the affected buildings are within the urban plot, where the effects of the wind are on the roofs. The effects are only on the facades when the direction of the winds coincides with street axys causing suction force in facades.

Details of the effects on the urban plot with winds of NE-ENE

Effect of suction on the cellings

Effect of pressure over the facades

Interior Blocks

Block periphery

Direction of the wind NE-ENE

Direction of the wind ENE-E

Details of the effects on urban plot by winds ENE-E

From the results of the studies to the community buildings there are obtained the probable damages by type and construction conditions that can cause various hurricane categories. The buildings exposed to a likely total damage correspond to the building typologies IV, V, and VI, the rest of the buildings with construction typologies III, II may suffer partial damages.

Considering the effects of the load of winds that are produced according to: •Topography of the place•Wind direction taking into account the trajectory of the hurricane•Typology and structure of the urban plot•Location of buildings within the urban plot.•Typology and construction conditions of buildings

TYPOLOGY TOTAL OF BUILDINGS TC I TC II TC III TC IV TC V TC VIConstruction

conditionsAffected

buildings G R B G R B G R B G R B G R B G R B G R B

241 456 854 132 19 5 45 156 78 36 189 177 22 76 445 6 11 123 1 4 25

Total # % 1.551 155 279 403 543 140 31

Affected buildings by

TC Cat.

TT 148 10% 148 123 25

Cat I 164 11% 1 15 148 11 123 1 4 25

Cat II 615 40% 7 15 593 445 6 11 123 1 4 25

Cat III 868 56% 7 91 770 177 76 445 6 11 123 1 4 25

Cat IV 1.033 67% 44 193 796 39 26 15 63 177 22 76 445 6 11 123 1 4 25

18

TYPOLOGY TOTAL POPULATION TC I TC II TC III TC IV TC V TC VIConstruction

conditionsAffected

populationB R M B R M B R M B R M B R M B R M B R M

965 1.823 3.416 527 74 19 179 625 312 145 758 709 87 304 1.781 22 45 493 5 17 102

Total Population # % 6.204 620 1.116 1.612 2.172 560 124

Affected Population

Cat TC

TT 595 10% 0 0 595                             493 0 0 102

Cat I 662 11% 5 62 595                           45 493 5 17 102

Cat II 2.465 40% 27 62 2.376                       1.781 22 45 493 5 17 102

Cat III 3.478 56% 27 366 3.085                 709   304 1.781 22 45 493 5 17 102

Cat IV 4.137 67% 174 774 3.189         156 104 60 252 709 87 304 1.781 22 45 493 5 17 102

The following table shows the data of the affected population liable to be evacuated, by total or partial damages, and that will require a temporary housing until the damage is restored

Reserve areas that should be used for temporary housing for emergency or progressive rate, by planning, are about 42m2 to 69m2, to each house, of an 80% approximately that may suffer total damages, totaling 2.769 houses equal to an area of 116,298m2 a 191,061m2 or 12ha to 19ha.

19

Severity and propability of hazards by .CT.

VULNERABILITYAffected

Buildings LevelQuant. %

TS Low Frequent 148 10%Low

Cat IMediun Probable

164 11%Cat II 615 40% MediumCat III

High Remote868 56%

Very highCat IV 1.033 67%

Vulnerabilities of the building fund to the Vulnerabilities of the building fund to the hazard of Tropical Cycloneshazard of Tropical Cyclones

The levels of vulnerability are refered to the urban scale and are related to the perimetral block that are affected by the effects of winds not only in the roofs but also in the facades

20

HAZARDS FOR TC

VULNERABILITYLOW

5% - 11%MEDIUM

12% - 40%HIGH

41% - 50%VERY HIGH

50%

TS LOW 148 Build.10%      

Cat IMEDIUM

164 Build.11%  

  Cat II   615 Build.

40%

Cat IIIHIGH    

 

868 Build.56%

Cat IV  1,033 Build.

67%Cat V VERY HIGH  

Matrix for Risk evaluation of the Community. (proposal)

Risk LOW (Acceptable)

Risk MEDIUM (Reducible)

Risk HIGH (Reducible)

Risk VERY HIGH (Unacceptable)

Measures for reducing risk

Evaluation of the built fund Risk by the Evaluation of the built fund Risk by the hazard of tropical cyclones hazard of tropical cyclones

Risk values and ranges depending on the economical posibilities for reconstruction and response.

LeyendHistorical Center New development

ENTRE RÍOSCOMMUNITY

21

Policlinic

Medical consulting

P

SB

PSB

ENTRE RÍOSCOMMUNITY

22

Analysis of the proposals for urban Analysis of the proposals for urban planning due to III Cat. Hurricane planning due to III Cat. Hurricane

Damages.Damages.

Preventive measures for Preventive measures for reducing vulnerabilities to reducing vulnerabilities to

flooding by heavy rainsflooding by heavy rains

23

IMPORTANT NOTE: RAINS, UNLIKE HURRICANES, HAVE SPECIFIC EFFECTS, therefore the analysis of vulnerability of flooding by heavy rains, (unlike the vulnerability by strong winds that can be done by general statistics of the conditions of the buildings in the territory) IS ONLY CIRCUNSCRIED TO THE BLOCKS WITHIN THE FLOODING MAPS AND TO THOSE THAT ARE LOCATED IN LOW AREAS, and not for the entire territory that covers a particular political division.

24

RESIDENTIAL NEIGHBORHOOD

Área of analysis

Modeling of the effects of Modeling of the effects of flooding by heavy rains.flooding by heavy rains.

25

Blocks highlighted in red are the location of buildings with IV, V, and VI typologies

360m

26

27

28

From the results of the studies to buildings by typology and construction conditions can be assumed the probable damages of buildings located in flooding levels 2 and 3.

In the first level of flooding, there are only affected small areas of short-cycle crops. The buildings exposed to a likely total damage correspond to those of IV, V, and VI typologies, due to the construction materials used in roofs and walls not suitable to cases of flooding levels exceeding the strut.

The rest of the buildings with I, II and III typologies may be considered to suffer damages in their non-structural elements and its functional vulnerability

29

The impact due to flooding depends on:

•Topography, slope, soil type •Degree of saturation of the soil •Characteristics of the river •Type and structure of the urban plot •Location of the building within the urban plot•Typology and physical conditions of the buildings

Typology TOTAL TC I TC II TC III TC IV TC V TC VI

Construction conditions AffectedG R B G R B G R B G R B G R B G R B G R B

73 137 256 40 6 1 13 47 24 11 57 53 7 23 134 2 3 37 0 1 7

Total # % 466 47 84 121 163 42 9

Buildings affected by

flooding

Intensity I 0 0% 0 0 0                                    

Intensity II 117 25% 0 27 90               27 53           37      

Intensity III 351 75% 20 76 255         18 24 11 30 53 7 23 134 2 3 37   2 7

Buildings affected by flooding effects.

30

In the following table, there are shown the data of affected population by total or partial damages, or just for being the houses located in places under more than 1m water, this population has to be evacuated and is susceptible to continue evacuated until minimum living conditions are restored.

Typology TOTAL POPULATION TC I TC II TC III TC IV TC V TC VI

Construction Conditions Affected Population

G R B G R B G R B G R B G R B G R B G R B

291 548 1.025 160 23 6 54 188 94 44 227 213 26 91 535 7 13 148 1 5 30

Total Población # % 1.864 188 336 484 652 168 36

Affected population by

flooding

Intensity I 0 0% 0 0 0                                    

Intensity II 1.157 62% 258 438 461 160 23 6 54 188 94 44 227 213           148      

Intensity III 1.864 100% 291 547 1.026 160 23 6 54 188 94 44 227 213 26 91 535 7 13 148   5 30

As it can be appreciated , evacuation is not only carried out to the population or economical activities in buildings with vulnerable construction typologies , but also the entire population or economical functions in buildings that, for the level of the water, should not stay in the site.

31

Vulnerabilities of the building fund by flooding Vulnerabilities of the building fund by flooding hazard hazard

Vulnerability levels are referred to the affected blocks according to the different maps of flooding, and also to materials of construction of the walls and ceilings and the physical condition of the buildings within those flooding maps.

Severity and frequency of hazards by flooding

VULNERABILITYAffected build.

LevelCant. %

Intensity I Low 1 in 5 yearsP: 20% 0 0% Low

Intensity II Medium 1 in 10 yearsP:10% 117 25% Medium

Intensity III High1 in 50 years

or 100 years P: 2 a 1%

351 75% Very High

32

Matrix for risk evaluation by flooding in a residential neighborhood

Risk LOW (Acceptable)

Risk MEDIUM (Reducible)

Risk HIGH (Reducible)

Risk VERY HIGH (Unacceptable)

Risk classification

Evaluation of the Risk of the built fund to Evaluation of the Risk of the built fund to hazards by floodinghazards by flooding

The values and range of the risk depend on the economic possibilities for reconstruction and response. It is up to local governments with the consulting of working groups of the territory for the realization of the study.

FLOODING HAZARDS

VULNERABILITYLOW MEDIUM HIGH VERY HIGH

5% - 11% 12% - 40% 41% - 50% 50%

Intensity I Low      

Intensity II Medium 

117 Buld.25%  

 

Intensity III High   351 Build.75%