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Serangga 22(2): 185-216
ISSN 1394-5130 © 2017, Centre for Insects Systematic,
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
PROFILING OF DENGUE VECTORS BREEDING
HABITAT AT URBAN RESIDENTIAL AREAS IN
SHAH ALAM, MALAYSIA
Faiz Madzlan1, Nazri Che Dom1*, Nurmahirah Zakaria1,
Siti Nur Anis Hasnan1, Chua Say Tiong2 and Siti Nazrina
Camalxaman3
1Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Faculty of Health Sciences,
Department of Environmental Health and Safety, 42300 Puncak Alam,
Selangor, Malaysia 2Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Kampus Bertam, Faculty of Health
Sciences, Department of Environmental Health, 13200 Kepala Batas, Pulau
Pinang, Malaysia 3Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Faculty of Health Sciences,
Department of Medical Laboratory Technology,42300 Puncak Alam,
Selangor, Malaysia
Corresponding author : [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Dengue fever is an urban vector-borne disease transmitted by
Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. Both species lay their eggs
in favourable breeding containers either in natural or artificial
containers. Thus, an understanding of Aedes species habitat
characteristics is important in combating dengue fever
outbreaks. A minimum of 100 houses were inspected the
peridomestic area for Aedes species in central zone of Shah
Alam. Larval surveillance and water analysis were conducted to
determine water breeding characteristic while larval species
identification was conducted used to determine dominant
species in Shah Alam. Aedes immatures were identified by
using standard entomological procedures. Aedes albopictus
easily found throughout the localities while plastic container
become most preferences breeding container and paint cans
were the favourable breeding container. pH and sodium are
considered as the water parameters that enhanced the
development of Aedes larvae with p-value of 0.001 and 0.000
respectively. By identifying the key of habitat characteristic of
Aedes species through larval surveillance, the vector control can
be implemented efficiently throughout the central zone of Shah
Alam.
Keywords: Aedes, breeding habitat, water characteristics,
urban, Malaysia
ABSTRAK
Demam denggi adalah penyakit berjangkit bandar yang di bawa
oleh Aedes aegypti dan Aedes albopictus. Kedua-dua Aedes
spesies ini bertelur di dalam bekas yang disukai sama ada bekas
semulajadi atau bekas buatan manusia. Oleh itu, pemahaman
berkaitan dengan sifat air bagi tempat pembiakan nyamuk
Aedes ini penting bagi mengatasi penularan demam denggi.
Sekurang-kurangnya 100 buah rumah di zon tengah Shah Alam
telah diperiksa persekitarannya untuk mengenalpasti kehadiran
nyamuk Aedes. Pengawasan jentik-jentik dan analisis air telah
dilakukan untuk mengenalpasti sifat air tempat pembiakan
nyamuk Aedes dan pengecaman spesis jentik-jentik juga
dilakukan untuk mengetahui spesis utama di Shah Alam.
Pengecaman jentik-jentik dilakukan dengan menggunakan
kaedah piawai prosedur entomologi. Aedes albopictus sangat
mudah di jumpai di semua kawasan pengawasan terutama di
dalam bekas plastic yang merupakan bekas pilihan manakala tin
cat merupakan bekas kesukaan nyamuk untuk bertelur. pH dan
natrium merupakan parameter yang menggalakkan pembesaran
186 Serangga
jentik-jentik dengan masing-masing mencatat nilai-p 0.001 dan
0.000. Dengan mengenalpasti sifat-sifat utama air tempat
pembiakan nyamuk Aedes melalui pengawasan jentik-jentik,
kawalan vektor dapat dijalankan dengan lebih berkesan di
sekitar zon tengah Shah Alam.
Kata kunci: Aedes, tempat pembiakan nyamuk, sifat air,
bandar, Malaysia
INTRODUCTION
Water-associated diseases account for approximately 10% of
the global disease burden, representing a significant source of
morbidity and mortality worldwide (Dom et al., 2016a). Dengue
is classified as one of water-associated disease as the water acts
as a media of transmission, although occurs indirectly (Dom et
al., 2016a). The role of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in
the transmission of dengue viruses is well documented
(Lambrechts et al., 2010). Human ecology, habits and behaviour
greatly influence mosquito distribution, species relative
abundance and survival (Chatterrjee et al., 2015). Locations of
probable breeding sites and water body conditions often lead
mosquito groups and subgroups and species to choose their
preferred habitats. Generally, mosquitoes lay their eggs in a
wide range of habitats with different physicochemical
characteristics (Abai et al., 2016).
There are many factors that influenced mosquitoes to
adapt with a wide range of artificial container habitat such as
heavy deforestation, climate change and increase in global trade
(Rao et al., 2011). Both Aedes species had the habits to breeds
in a specific type of container with specific preference
characteristics of the water that attract them for oviposition
(Chatterrjee et al., 2015). Some of the commonly used cues that
attract the mosquitoes are colour and optical density of water,
oviposition substrate, temperature, olfactory cues, and chemical
Faiz et al. 187
cues provided by Aedes immature (Chatterrjee et al., 2015).
Thus, knowledge in habitat selection of dengue vectors (DVs)
mosquitoes is vital in order to implement vector control
program. In dengue active area, it is crucial to monitor DVs
mosquitos’ abundance and its distribution to predict the dengue
epidemics. Water conditions, presence of larval food, location,
and shades are the determining factors or cues of breeding sites
of DVs (Bashar et al., 2016).
Dom et al. (2013) reported that environmental changes
have contributed a big influenced to the pattern of dengue
incidences distribution. Highly developed as well as high
density population areas are reported with a high dengue
incidence throughout the year. Previous studies showed that
there are other factors that made an impact on the dengue
outbreak such as inadequacies in urban infrastructure as in
improper solid waste disposal system (Dom et al., 2013). In
addition, the fluctuating number of dengue cases also has been
heavily correlated with rapid population growth as well as
increasing number of domestic and international travellers. A
study by Dom et al. (2013) stated that Aedes mosquitoes breed
in both artificial and natural containers inside and surrounding
the residential area as well as in construction sites. Recently,
rapid infrastructure development changes and economic
developments had created favourable man made breeding
habitat.
It is crucial to eliminate the DVs mosquito from the
larval stage by several anti-larval measures. In order to execute
that strategy, knowledge on larval habitat characteristics of DVs
mosquitoes is important and vital. Therefore, this study was
conducted in providing a better input on the knowledge in
habitat selection of DVs mosquitoes. The technique of
measuring larvae and adult mosquito population requires
enormous effort and time, and this has to be done continuously.
Ecological data on physicochemical factors of larval habitat is
188 Serangga
an important role in understanding the aquatic stages of
mosquitoes and thus can help in developing the appropriate
control measures through environmental manipulation and
modification.
METHODOLOGY
Study Site and Study Population
Shah Alam is capital city of Selangor which located in Petaling
District and part of Klang District of Selangor and it is located
25 km from Kuala Lumpur. Shah Alam covers an area of 290.3
sq. km and being divided into three zones which is north zone
(NZ), central zone (CZ) and south zone (SZ). Figure 1 shows
the number of DF cases in Shah Alam cumulatively from 2012
to 2014 and indicates that CZ recorded higher DF cases as
compared to other zones. Moreover, CZ has a clustered DF
cases and the main landscape characteristic of this area is an
urban area with rapidly developed. The major land area in this
study area is residential, commercial, and industrial area.
Besides that, the forested areas and construction area also has
shown a rapid changes trend, and this might influence the trend
of DVs distribution.
Study Design
A series of cross-sectional ecological survey was conducted in
sixteen selected localities in central zone of Shah Alam from
October 2015 to December 2015. The selection of the localities
is based on the constant occurrence of DF cases in Shah Alam
for 3 years (2012-2014). A house to house and peridomestic
area survey was carried out in order to detect mosquito larval
breeding sites which reflect the infestation level with Aedes
larvae in the localities. A team of 5 persons were employed to
conduct larval surveillance in each locality starting from 8.00
am to 12.00 pm. Aedes surveyed was conducted with a
minimum of 100 houses per locality to which covers dengue
Faiz et al. 189
Figure 1. A] Map of Selangor highlighted Shah Alam in different colour from top; north zone (NZ), central
zone(CZ) and south zone(SZ). [B] Distribution map in term of number of DF cases in Shah Alam
cumulatively from 2012 to 2014
sensitive area and non-dengue sensitive area (Saifur et al.,
2013; Rozilawati et al., 2015). Volume of water required for
each sample is 200 ml per sample. The volume of the water
taken was dependent on the type and numbers of water analysis
parameters. At least ten positive containers were aimed to be
collected in each locality and if the objective had not been
fulfilled upon reaching 100 houses be, surveillance will be
continuing until ten positive containers were located.
Conversely, if ten positive containers were found before
reaching 100 houses, the survey would continue until 100
houses were inspected. The overall study design of the research
is summarized in flowchart (Figure 2)
Collection of Samples
During larval surveillance, possible wet containers were
inspected and recorded in the form. Once positive container was
identified, type of container, volume and physical analysis of
water were conducted and recorded. The larvae were collected
within the residential area by using standard larvae collection
procedure (Su et al., 2016). The containers are inspected
thoroughly using a flashlight and immature mosquitoes are
collected (Manrique-Saide et al., 2008). The immature
collection was collected by using standard dipper that varied in
size according to the breeding habitat size (Chatterjee et al.,
2015). Dipper and pipette is the most commonly used tools for
collecting mosquito larvae from a wide variety of habitat
(Vikram et al., 2016). As there is no recommended method in
collecting Aedes immature, dipper with different size was used
for different habitats, pipettes and white plastic pan (Chatterjee
et al., 2015).
The collected immature is being kept in falcon tubes and
the tubes are also labelled with house identification, container
code, area code, and date of collection. Both water and Aedes
immature were collected concurrently and send back to
Faiz et al. 191
Figure 2. Study design being used in this study represents the study localities, sample size of the study, basic
methodology and the management of the data collected
laboratory for analysis. The immature collection is possibly
being avoided after a heavy rain because it might affect the
results by having lower number of immature collected as it can
be washed away by the rain water (Paramanik et al., 2012;
Selvan et al., 2015).
The samples were carried to the laboratory and
transferred into standard larval rearing bowl (30 cm x 30 cm).
The larvae and dead pupae were counted and identified to
species under a compound microscope according to the standard
keys (Maheswaran et al., 2008). Live pupae were allowed to
emerge into adults and then identified the species. The number
of larvae and pupae were recorded along with the container
types and added to a database for subsequent statistical
analyses.
Characteristics of Positive Container
All containers will be given an identification container identity
(CID) based on the operational guidelines in assessing the
productivity of Aedes aegypti breeding sites (WHO, 2011).
Eight CID has been determined where CID 1: Plastic container,
CID 2: Drum and water reservoir, CID 3: Flower vases and
pots, CID 4: Metal and tin pots, CID 5: Paint can, CID 6: Leaf
and natural container, CID 7: Tyre and CID 8: Ceramic.
Determination of Physicochemical Characteristics
The physical properties of breeding water characteristics such as
pH, water temperature (0C), turbidity (NTU) and dissolve
oxygen (DO) were recorded by conducting in-situ measurement
whereas for hardness ex-situ measurement are conducted at
laboratory using DR5000. Water samples (200 ml) were
collected from the breeding habitat which showed the presence
of immature mosquitoes. For chemical properties, the dissolved
micronutrient such as calcium (Ca), sodium (Na), potassium (K)
and magnesium (Mg) was measured by standard methods. The
collected samples of water were preserved by adding 1 ml of
Faiz et al. 193
analytical grade concentrated HNO3 (acidified pH less than 2.0)
for the analysis of dissolved micronutrients (USEPA, 2015;
Agilent, 2015). This preservation was done to prevent chemical
adsorption into the container walls as well as to inhibit the
activity of microorganism, which might cause changes in
chemical characteristic levels in the water samples. All these
analyses were done in the Research laboratory, Department of
Environmental Health and Safety, University Teknologi
MARA.
Data Management and Analysis
Traditional indices are being used to evaluate the population
densities of the DVs mosquitoes such as house index (HI),
container index CI) and Breteau index (BI). HI is defined as
percentage of positive houses per total number of house
inspected. CI is defined as percentage of positive containers per
total number of container inspected while BI is defined as
percentage of total number of positive container per total
number of house inspected. These methods are widely used as
standard empirical parameters in developing countries (Petric et
al., 2014). HI and BI commonly used to prioritize risk area for
control measure while CI was used to draw vector control
strategies. When HI>5% and/or BI>20% for any locality thus
will be classified as dengue sensitive area and therefore
adequate preventive measures should be taken. Depending on
potential outbreak, an area can be placed in following
categories. A locality will be classified into Priority I group
when there is death due to dengue confirmed. Priority II group
or being labelled as dengue sensitive area (DSA) is when
HI>5% and/or BI>20% for any locality. Priority III group or
non-dengue sensitive area (NDSA) when HI<5% and/or
BI<20% for any locality and a locality will be classified into
Priority IV group when despite active search already conducted,
there are no positive breeding sites found (Minhas & Sekhon,
2013; Patel et al., 2015).
194 Serangga
In order to study the abundance of larval mosquitoes
found, the larval density need to be calculated, by using method
by Gopalakrishnan et al. (2013); Larval density; (Total number
of larvae collected/Total number of positive containers).
Finding of the survey were analyse using Microsoft Excel
2013 spread sheet and Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21.
Descriptive analysis was conducted which is data from the
surveillance consists of number of house, number of containers
and number of larvae and its species in order to obtain the
Aedes indices. One-way ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis statistical
analysis test were conducted in order to determine the
significant relationship between the habitat characteristics with
references to containers types.
RESULTS
Dengue Vector Breeding Locations Classification and
Distribution of Aedes indices
Through the larval surveillance, 153 positive containers was
collected and it is found that Aedes albopictus is the dominant
species (n: 4703; 90.7%) followed by Aedes aegypti (n:
482; 9.3%). A few indices were also calculated such as house
index (HI), container index (CI) and breteau index (BI). Table 1
shows the distribution of dengue vectors in central zone of Shah
Alam based on HI, CI and BI. From all the locality, the highest
number of positive house were recorded at Seksyen 17 (n=13)
followed by Seksyen 19 (n=12). In term of HI, Seksyen 22 has
recorded the highest HI (15.34%) which indicates that this area
is likely to be the most risk area for dengue transmission in
central zone of Shah Alam also support by the BI reading with
Seksyen 22 (19.23%) are the closest BI reading to 20% as it is
the indicator for the classification for DSA.
Faiz et al. 195
Table1. Distribution of Aedes indices (HI, CI and BI) in central zone of Shah Alam which covers 16 localities.
Different colour represents different level of Aedes indices; red colour indicate high, green indicate medium
and yellow indicate low level while grey indicates the localities that are not included in the data collection
The highest receptacle or wet container were found at
Seksyen 20 (n=105). This suggest that the local municipal need
to take a closer look at this locality although the positive
container is among the lowest (n=5) but the risk is still there.
Seksyen 17 have the highest CI with 57.69% which is consider
as a very high CI and the specific key container of dengue
transmission at this locality need to be identified. The
distribution of HI and BI shows that Seksyen 22 recorded the
highest reading and indicates that this locality is a susceptible
locality for dengue transmission. However, in term of CI,
Seksyen 22 has a low CI which located at fourth last in the CI
distribution. This shows that even with low number of
receptacles for mosquito to breed is available in Seksyen 22 but
the HI and BI are still high. Based on HI and BI, the indices
indicate that most of residential areas in central zone of Shah
Alam were categories as DSA (68.75%) as showed in Figure 3
which represents the value of HI and BI in the study locality
and thus determined the DSA and NDSA cluster.
Faiz et al. 197
Figure 3. [A] Boundary between NDSA and DSA in central
zone of Shah Alam based on HI and BI indicator
(Patel et al. [21]) [B] HI and BI reading based on all
16 localities in central zone of Shah Alam and the
classification between NDSA and DSA
198 Serangga
Role of Physicochemical Characteristics in Different
Localities
Figure 4 shows the physical characteristics of positive breeding
water in residential area of central zone of Shah Alam with the
larval density (LD) for each locality. The highest temp erature
was recorded at Seksyen 7, (30.64±0.32°C), while the lowest
temperature recorded is at Seksyen 9, (26.7±0.00°C). Apart
from that, LD also the lowest in Seksyen 9 (LD: 19.5) which
describe that less larvae were found in lower temperature of
breeding water. In term of pH, the breeding water recorded
reading range between pH of 6.11 to 7.89. This shows that
mosquito prefer to breed in either slightly acidic, neutral or
slightly alkali water. For turbidity (NTU), the highest reading
was recorded at Seksyen 2 (59.06±22.49NTU), while the lowest
turbidity reading is at Seksyen 19 (2.76±0.39NTU). As
expected, highest LD was also recorded at Seksyen 19 and has
proven that larvae are more prone to infest in less turbid water.
The highest reading of dissolved oxygen (%) is at Seksyen 2,
(95.95±0.49%) and the lowest reading is at Seksyen 20,
(86.04±1.41%) hence this shows that mosquito prefer to breed
in water that has high oxygen level (>80%).
For chemical parameter as showed in Figure 5, larvae
were found in water that has specific characteristics with
certain ranges of chemical parameters. (i) calcium (2.66 to
75.71 mg/L), (ii) magnesium (0.25 to 12.46 mg/L), (iii)
potassium (0.00 to 8.83 mg/L) and sodium (0.00 to 41.69
mg/L). The highest reading of calcium, magnesium and sodium
in positive container were recorded at Seksyen 9 but vice versa
in term of the value of LD which shows the lowest in Seksyen
9. This shows that mosquito less preferred to breeds in high
level of calcium, magnesium and sodium containers or the
survival rate of larvae is low that particular container.
Faiz et al. 199
Figure 4. The comparison of reading of physical parameters
between DSA and NDSA with the reading of larval
density in central zone of Shah Alam
200 Serangga
Figure 5. The comparison of reading of chemical parameters
between DSA and NDSA with the reading of larval
density in central zone of Shah Alam
Faiz et al. 201
Distribution of Positive Containers Based on the Types of
Containers with Their Efficiencies
Table 2 shows the number of positive container in each study
locality. Based on the result, S17 recorded the highest number
of positive container found with 15 containers (9.8%) followed
by S19 with 13 containers (8.5%). As showed in Table 2, CID 1
has the highest number of containers collected with 93
containers (61%). In term of the variation in different locality,
most all of the locality recorded CID 1 as the highest positive
container found except for S2(CID3) and S22(CID7). In this
study, the profile of container efficiency was also being
observed. Table 3 shows the larval productivity and efficiency
of dengue vector breeding container in the residential area of
central zone of Shah Alam. For larval productivity, the most
productive container is CID 1 with 59.41% followed by CID 2
(12.85%), and the least productive container is CID 6 (1.3%).
The most efficient container for source reduction to reduce the
number of larvae in population is CID 5 with efficiency of
1.47% followed by CID 7 (1.35%) while the least efficient
container was CID 6 (0.54%). Even though, CID 1 has high
productivity, but in term of efficiency of larval production, CID
1 had recorded a low efficiency (0.93%) which is the third
lowest efficiency among the containers.
202 Serangga
Table 2. Percentage of different types of containers in each locality and the distribution of containers based
on localities in central zone of Shah Alam
Table 3. Percentage of productivity, prevalence and efficiency of each type of container with the
distribution of the container’s efficiency
Role of Physicochemical Characteristics in Different
Localities and Types of Containers
The water characteristics of breeding habitat can be determinant
factor of female Aedes mosquito to breed and different types of
container may contribute to a differ characteristics of water. The
comparison on different types of container with the
physicochemical characteristics of breeding habitat is tabulated
in Table 4 and Table 5. The results show that pH (p-
value=0.001) and sodium (p-value=0.000) have a significant
variation in term of difference breeding habitat. This shows that
different mosquito breeding habitat have a differ water
characteristics and; pH and sodium was detected as the
characteristics that attracts female Aedes mosquito to breeds in
that particular container. From the surveillance, it was found
that plastic container (CID1) recorded the highest number of
positive container (n=93). This indicates that plastic container
has a big influenced in determining the median reading of pH
and sodium which lead to be the parameters that have a
significant difference in term of differ types of containers. The
interpretation of pH value is different when comparing to other
parameters because of the sensitivity and indicator whether it is
in acidic, neutral or alkali group. Even a small gap can make a
difference in term of the classification of the pH unlike other
parameters where it is broader.
Faiz et al. 205
Table 4. The comparison of physicochemical characteristics in different types of containers across central
zone of Shah Alam (Non-parametric test)
Parameters Median (IQR) X2 statistic(df) p-value
Number of larvae 25.00(40.00) 5.569(7) 0.591
pH 6.73(0.69) 24.183(7) 0.001*
Turbidity (NTU) 6.08(12.03) 7.908(7) 0.341
Calcium (mg/L) 21.04(25.18) 6.625(7) 0.469
Magnesium (mg/L) 1.52(2.46) 7.344(7) 0.394
Potassium (mg/L) 0.00(0.00) 13.186(7) 0.068
Sodium (mg/L) 0.00(0.03) 26.383(7) 0.000*
Note: The calculated median and interquartile range (IQR) were based on sample size of CID1, n=93; CID2, n=18; CID3, n=12;
CID4, n=4; CID5, n=4; CID6, n=4; CID7, n=11; CID8, n=7. Kruskal-Wallis test applied. *p-value <0.05
Table 5. The comparison of physicochemical characteristics in different types of containers across central
zone of Shah Alam (Parametric test)
Parameters
Mean (SD) F-
stats(df)
p-
value
CID
1(n=93)
CID
2(n=18)
CID
3(n=12)
CID
4(n=4)
CID
5(n=4)
CID
6(n=4)
CID
7(n=11)
CID
8(n=7)
Temperature
(ºC)
28.98
(1.44)
29.02
(2.50)
28.86
(1.15)
29.35
(1.17)
29.03
(0.98)
28.20
(1.04)
28.44
(1.18)
28.51
(0.77) 0.435(7) 0.879
DO (%)
89.66
(5.15)
92.03
(4.85)
90.60
(3.86)
89.20
(5.74)
86.75
(3.21)
88.88
(8.00)
89.46
(5.44)
90.11
(4.55) 0.78(7) 0.605
Note: One-way ANOVA test applied
*p-value <0.05
DISCUSSION
Previous studies show that several physicochemical properties
and biotic characteristics have a great impact to the abundance
of immature in the population (Higa, 2011). This study
demonstrated that the density of Aedes species larvae were
significantly influenced by some of the physicochemical
environmental factors that are associated with mosquito
breeding ecologies. Aedes albopictus is a dominant species in
central zone of Shah Alam followed by Aedes aegypti in the
peridomestic area surrounding the residential areas. The
dominancy of Aedes albopictus species were also being
observed in each locality that being surveyed. This is supported
by the study conducted by Vijayakumar et al. (2014) where
Aedes albopictus was found to be the most common species
distributed equally at outdoor environment in urban and rural
areas.
From the surveillance, majority of Aedes species larvae
were found in plastic container (CID 1) with productivity of
59.41% thus it becomes most preference container for mosquito
to breed and the least productivity of container was natural
container (CID 6) with productivity of 1.3%. The result of
productivity highlighted that the gap between plastic container
and other containers was high which shows that plastic
container had a big influence in the dengue transmission in the
study area. The usage of plastic container particularly in
residential area was very varied. The types of houses also
heavily correlated with the social status have been found
affected the cleanliness of surrounding area (Chandren et al.,
2015). Other variables that should be considered is the
efficiency of the solid waste management system of the
residential area which is play an important role as all the
receptacles especially plastic container can be found scattered at
the waste collection point near the residential area (Banerjee et
al., 2013). In term of efficiency, paint cans (CID 5) and tyres
208 Serangga
(CID 7) prove to be the most efficient container for Aedes
mosquito to breed with the efficiency of 1.47% and 1.35%
respectively. This indicates that paint can specifically is the
most favourable container for female Aedes mosquito to breed
in and had supply the optimum condition for the larvae
development. Although plastic container has the highest
productivity, the efficiency of breeding containers is more
crucial. It has been proven that not necessary a high
productivity container will have a high efficiency. Study by
Dom et al. (2016b) shows that recyclable containers have a high
productivity, but rubber material type of container are the
one that recorded as the highest efficiency which is align with
the result of this study. The result also supported with the study
by Mudin, (2015) where polystyrene food container, plastics
bottles and tyres contribute the highest percentage of breeding
places. It also reported that Aedes species less often breed in
natural containers such as plant leaf axils, bamboo stumps, tree
cavities and coconut shells (Hai et al., 2015). The same pattern
was also observed at Philippines where the most productive
breeding sites for Aedes aegypti found consistently were
artificial container such as plastic and metal drum, while Aedes
albopictus were found in bamboo stumps, plastic drums, and
rubber tires (Edillo et al., 2012).
From the surveillance, Seksyen 22 recorded the highest
HI and BI which shows that this locality has a higher tendency
of infested by Aedes mosquito compared to another locality in
central zone of Shah Alam. Seksyen 22 would be considered as
high-risk area based on the BI and for residential area that has
high BI and HI, local authority need to carry out preventive
action to prevent new emergence of dengue fever in the area
and to control spread of dengue fever in the area (Saleeza et al.,
2011). In term of CI, by identifying the key of habitat
characteristic of Aedes species through larval surveillance, the
vector control can be implemented efficiently. Based on the
findings of this study, majority of Aedes species were found in
Faiz et al. 209
plastic container (CID 1) such as plastic based-materials and
only small distributions of Aedes species were found in natural
container (CID 6) such as leaf axil and coconut husk. Thus,
vector control such as search and destroy in Shah Alam should
be carry by focusing more on the key breeding container which
is more cost effective and time saving.
Based on the results, pH and sodium has a significant
difference in term of physicochemical parameters for every type
of containers. By focussing on the value of pH and sodium for
paint cans (CID 5) (highest efficiency), the most optimum
conditions for Aedes mosquito to breeds can be identified.
Study by Thangamathi et al. (2014) indicates that pH, calcium
and phosphate show a positive correlated with the number of
larvae. These results shown clearly that Aedes species larvae
favoured a neutral pH environment. Hence, pH manipulation
from the larval aquatic habitat by spraying of bio pesticides
such as neem oil can be one of management tool to combat the
risen of mosquito population. Apart from that, study by
Chatterjee et al. (2015) have indicates that sodium and
potassium are the only parameters that can be associated with
the number of larvae thus considered as the water parameters
that enhanced the development of Aedes larvae.
CONCLUSION
This study has provided information on the profile
distribution of Aedes species by container with detailed
characteristics. The most preferred breeding habitat for Aedes
mosquitoes was plastic containers with 59.41% container
productivity while the most favourable container was paint cans
with 1.47% container efficiency. These reflected by the
abundance of Aedes species in the study area which indicates a
prominent density of mosquitoes. From using Aedes indices, BI
was the most sensitive and reliable index and Seksyen 22 has
recorded the highest BI which indicated that this area is the
210 Serangga
most susceptible area in central zone of Shah Alam. The local
authority could then give a special attention to the key
containers at specific locality in managing the risk of mosquito
infestation. The key determining factors of Aedes breeding
characteristics associated with the larval density and container
preferences of dengue vectors species are pH and sodium. This
study also observed that irregular garbage collection and poor
sanitation contribute to potential sources of breeding sites for
dengue vectors. Therefore, it is suggested that environmental
management should be carried out to reduce Aedes mosquito
infestation, with social participation was recommended to
provide proper management of backyards.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We gratefully acknowledge the Ministry of Higher Education
(MOHE) for granting us permission to conduct this research.
We also thank the Director of Health Department Majlis
Bandaraya Shah Alam (MBSA) for permission to conduct this
research work. FM was involved in all phases of the study,
including study design, data collection, data analysis and write
up of the manuscript; NCD, CST and SNC supervised the study,
and revised the manuscript; NZ and SNAH were involved in the
statistical analysis of data; NZ were involved in the collection
and laboratory examination of samples. All authors read and
approved the final manuscript. FM and NCD are the guarantors
of the paper. This work was supported by the Fundamental
Research Grant Scheme (FRGS) – 600-RMI/FRGS 5/3
(54/2014) from Universiti Teknologi MARA.
Faiz et al. 211
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