AN AWARD GIVEN BY THE

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY

THE 2009

ERNEST ORLANDO LAWRENCE AWARDS

D GIVEN BY THE

TMENT OF ENERGY

APRIL 28, 2010

NATIONAL ACADEMY OF

SCIENCES BUILDING

2100 C STREET, N.W.WASHINGTON, D.C.

front and back cover finall.indd 1 4/12/2010 6:07:43 PM

The Honorable Steven Chu Secretary of Energy

welcomes you to the presentation of the

2009 ERNEST ORLANDO LAWRENCE AWARD to

Joan F. Brennecke

University of Notre Dame

William Dorland

University of Maryland

Omar Hurricane

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

Wim Leemans

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

Zhi-Xun Shen

SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory

and Stanford University

Sunney Xie

Harvard University

April 28, 2010

National Academy of Sciences Building

2100 C Street, N.W. Washington, D.C.

Reception immediately following the ceremony

WELCOME

JOAN F. BRENNECKE University of Notre Dame

For her seminal work advancing fundamental understanding in supercritical fl uids and ionic liquids, and her

scientifi c and technological leadership in discovering new environmentally-benign, green chemistries.

WILLIAM DORLAND University of Maryland

For his scientifi c leadership in the development of comprehensive computer simulations of plasma turbulence, and his

specifi c predictions, insights, and improved understanding of turbulent transport in magnetically-confi ned plasma experiments.

OMAR HURRICANE Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

For his scientifi c leadership to advance understanding in a long-standing nuclear weapons physics anomaly and his contribution

to nuclear weapons stockpile stewardship.

WIM LEEMANS Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

For his breakthrough work in developing the laser plasma wakefi eld accelerator from concept to demonstration, and his scientifi c

leadership exploring its promise and unprecedented possibilities ranging from hyperspectral light sources to high energy colliders.

ZHI-XUN SHEN SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory

and Stanford University

For his ground breaking discoveries and pioneering use of high resolution angle-resolved photoemission to advance understanding

of strongly correlated electron systems including high-transition temperature superconductors and other complex oxides.

SUNNEY XIE Harvard University

For his innovations in nonlinear Raman microscopy and highly sensitive vibrational imaging, his scientifi c leadership in establishing the fi eld of single-molecule biophysical chemistry, and his seminal

work in enzyme dynamics and live cell gene expression.

2009 AWARD LAUREATE CITATIONS 2009 AWARD LAUREATE CITATIONS (CONTINUED)

Professor Joan Brennecke’s research has lead to seminal advances in the understanding of solvation and reactions in supercritical and ionic solvents. She has applied this new understanding of ionic liquids and supercritical fl uids to develop solvent systems suitable for environmentally benign chemical processing, and thus has impacted both industry and academia.

Ionic liquids are recently-identifi ed classes of organic fl uids that are good solvents for a wide variety of industrially important chemical reactions, and possess extremely small volatilities. The later property means that evaporation, a major route for environmental contamination, is absent for this new class of organic solvents. Dr. Brennecke’s measurement and modeling of a wide range of ionic liquid physical properties has helped underpin a science-based approach towards establishing their use. Her phase equilibrium studies exploring the feasibility of combining ionic liquids as solvents provided a scientifi c basis for engineering scale processes involving ionic liquids. She has also investigated the solution thermodynamics of water-ionic liquid mixtures, including measurement of a number of their important thermophysical properties. Via molecular simulation, she also characterized important thermodynamic properties, including infi nite dilution activity coeffi cients of organic solutes in ionic liquids.

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND

TECHNOLOGY

JOAN BRENNECKEUNIVERSITY OF NOTRE DAME

Joan Brennecke has also conducted important research in supercritical fl uids. By using fl uorescence spectroscopy, she provided early clear experimental evidence of the very signifi cant enhancement in solvent density surrounding solute molecules immersed in a supercritical medium. Moreover, she showed that asymmetry between local and bulk conditions depend sensitively on the bulk density of the solvent, and attain its maximum value at sub-critical densities. This work made a major contribution to advance the understanding of solvation mechanisms at supercritical conditions. In related work, Dr. Brennecke’s studies of reactions in supercritical fl uids using laser fl ash photolysis established that diffusion-controlled processes are not affected by the very large density asymmetry between local and bulk conditions in solute-solvent and solute-solute distributions, which helps distinguish supercritical mixtures of practical interest. This very important conclusion has signifi cantly shaped current understanding of rate processes in supercritical solvents where her studies of esterifi cation and hydrogen abstraction reactions in supercritical solvents showed that for reaction-controlled processes the rate can be dramatically affected by local composition enhancements around the reactant.

Dr. Brennecke also developed a solvatochromic microstructure probe based upon ultraviolet and visible spectroscopy that she applied to directly test the widely-used Non-Random, Two-Liquid (NRTL) local composition model for activity coeffi cients. Based upon this experimental work, NRTL-predicted local composition solution models could be microscopically tested and benchmarked for cases where chemical complexation is absent. This result represents an important validated case for engineering scale excess free energy models.

In her studies of reaction kinetics and solvation, Professor Brennecke combined spectroscopic and photolytic investigations of supercritical solvents with integral equation calculations of pair distribution functions in model systems. Through the combination of measurements with microscopic interpretation via integral equations, new insight was obtained

and used to systematically and predictably tailor solvent characteristics in studies of pressure-dependent preferential solvation in ternary systems. This approach is a signifi cant benchmark to establish the physicochemical and molecular-level fundamentals underlying the behavior and properties of supercritical systems.

Joan F. Brennecke is the Keating-Crawford Professor of Chemical Engineering at the University of Notre Dame and Director of the Notre Dame Energy Center. She joined Notre Dame after completing her Ph.D. and M.S. (1989 and 1987) degrees at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and her B.S. at the University of Texas at Austin

Professor Brennecke has won signifi cant awards for her work, including the American Chemical Society’s Ipatieff Prize (2001), the American Institute of Chemical Engineers’ Professional Progress Award (2006), the J.M. Prausnitz Award in Applied Chemical Thermodynamics (2007), the Julius Steiglitz Award, American Chemical Society Chicago Section (2008), the University of Notre Dame Presidential Award (1998) and the NSF Presidential Young Investigator Award (1991).

She also was awarded Fellowships from the General ElectricFoundation (1989) and the National Science Foundation (1985) and received the University of Illinois Departmental DuPont Fellowship (1985) and the DuPont Fellowship (1984) as well as the College of Engineering Outstanding Scholar/Leadership Award, University of Texas (1985).

Professor Bill Dorland has pioneered the development of computational models that have signifi cantly advanced the predictive scientifi c understanding of important topics in fusion science. Harnessing the power of nuclear fusion -- the power source of stars and hydrogen bombs -- in a form capable of providing steady, controllable electrical power, has long been a holy grail of clean energy research. The work of Dr. Dorland signaled a turning point in the fi eld, where turbulence modeling for the fi rst time is taken as a serious predictor of the confi nement properties of fusion plasmas. Moreover, he made his codes widely available to the community, and supported its users.

To understand tokamak turbulent transport, Dr. Dorland focused on the turbulence driven by the gradient in ion temperature in the core of toroidal plasma, which is believed to act as the dominant driver in many tokamak experiments. This is a very challenging problem because both electrons and ions must be modeled under turbulent conditions, which requires deep insight on how the consequent time and spatial scale problems are to be properly addressed from fi rst principles. Professor Dorland rigorously addressed this multi-scale problem by developing a 3-D “gyrofl uid” code that has led to a number of discoveries underpinning the origins of the turbulence itself. One of his primary discoveries was that a separate thermodynamic accounting of the electrons and ions must be used, indicating that the temperature gradients of both components

NUCLEAR TECHNOLOGIES (FISSION AND FUSION)

WILLIAM DORLAND UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND

have independent infl uence, and can drive turbulent fl uctuations at rather different spatial scales. His combination of 3-D nonlinear “gyrofl uid” simulations of turbulence with a full kinetic model for the onset threshold for the instability was revolutionary in light of the widespread failure of earlier modeling efforts. In his detailed theory-based model, which contained no adjustable parameters, he was able to accurately reproduce both the ion temperature profi les and the overall energy confi nement time of a variety of discharges in the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor (TFTR) at the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL). Most striking was that the theoretical model (denoted as the IFS-PPPL model) was in better agreement with the TFTR experimental data than were empirical models based on international databases.

This remarkable result made a transformative change to the fi eld, and as a result, advanced modeling of turbulence in tokamaks is now an accepted critical tool used to understand and predict the performance of fusion experiments. Consequently, his work had an immediate impact on the planning for ITER.

With broad recognition of the potential of turbulence simulations, a new class of nonlinear, kinetic simulation codes was developed, with Dr. Dorland playing a leadership role. He and his colleagues were the fi rst to develop an electromagnetic “gyrokinetic” simulation code to study the low frequency turbulence that drives energy and particle transport in high temperature magnetized plasmas. Dorland’s “gs2” code is now one of the key tools of nonlinear plasma physics. It has been used to analyze data from all of the major tokamak experiments in the world, and has a large international group of users, which has since spread into the astrophysics community. With this powerful tool Dr. Dorland was the fi rst to make the observation that the electron temperature gradient could drive turbulence and compete with that driven by the corresponding ion temperature gradient. This key result provides the basis for an explanation of the large electron heat transport measured in some experiments. Such transport had come as a surprise, since this class of turbulence is driven at much

smaller spatial scales and, as a result, its impact on transport had been assumed to be negligible. Dr. Dorland and his colleagues, however, showed that this turbulence formed elongated streams that carried energy across the magnetic fi eld much more effi ciently than other forms of turbulence, offering a physics basis for this behavior.

Dr. Dorland received a B.S. in Physics (1988) from the University of Texas at Austin, an M.P.A. in Public and International Affairs (1993) and Ph.D. in Astrophysical Sciences (1993) from Princeton University. He was a Postdoctoral Fellow at the University of Texas (September 1993-February 1996).

Dr. Dorland is a Visiting Reader at Imperial College, London, a Wolfgang Pauli Fellow at the University of Vienna, and serves as the Director of the Center for Multiscale Plasma Dynamics, a DOE Fusion Science Center hosted jointly by the University of Maryland and UCLA. He was named a Fellow of the American Physical Society in 2005.

Dr. Omar Hurricane’s research focuses on the development of physics-based models to advance scientifi c understanding of an energy balance anomaly critical to Stockpile Stewardship. This issue is one of the major unresolved technical challenges facing the nuclear weapons community since underground testing ceased, and is a major source of uncertainty in the required annual certifi cation of the stockpile’s safety and reliability.

Dr. Hurricane is leading an effort to implement a physics-based model in advanced computer codes at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory that will provide a new assessment basis for stockpile systems. Dr. Hurricane increased the ability to identify and understand the key physical processes involved in this challenge, designed and built computational tools to make predictions about the physics, and fi nally conducted experiments to validate the theories. This is a signifi cant breakthrough and is at the heart of the science-based Stockpile Stewardship Program.

Physics-based models are particularly valuable, because they provide consistent, science-based understanding, which when validated through experiments, can simulate warhead performance across a wide range of stockpile regimes and thus eliminate the need to develop and use

NATIONAL SECURITY AND

NON-PROLIFERATION

OMAR HURRICANELAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATIONAL LABORATORY

different empirical approximations specifi cally calibrated for each weapons system. Hurricane is a program element leader dealing in thermonuclear secondary design in the Weapons and Complex Integration (WCI) directorate. Although much of his work is classifi ed, he has led a multi-disciplinary team that worked on a diffi cult technical issue involving two vastly different areas of physics that resulted in the development of a consistent, science-based understanding and implemented a physics-based predictive model to simulate warhead performance across a wide-range of stockpile regimes.

Dr. Hurricane is one of the principal investigators on the design and development of experiments at the University of Rochester to observe the dynamic evolution of Kelvin Helmholtz instabilities. This new experimental platform provides access to the high-energy-density regimes required to explore another important nuclear explosive anomaly.

Dr. Hurricane received a in B.S. Physics and Applied Mathematics from Metropolitan State College Denver (1990, Summa Cum Laude), an M.S. in Physics (1992) and Ph.D. in Physics (1994) from UCLA, where he was a Postdoctoral Fellow (September 1994 until September 1998).

Dr. Hurricane was awarded the U.S. Department of Energy 2004 Recognition of Excellence Award in Weapons Design (2005), the U.S. Department of Energy 2002 Recognition of Excellence Award in Weapons Science (2004), the High Velocity Impact Society “Best Paper Award” (2003), the Outstanding Student Paper Award, American Geophysical Union, Space Physics (1992), and Fellowships from the United States Department of Energy Magnetic Fusion Science (1991-94) and the University of California, Irvine (1990-91).

Dr. Wim Leemans is recognized as a leader in laser plasma acceleration, and since such techniques offer a new way to build high performance particle accelerators of much smaller size than conventional devices, this innovation holds great promise. The impact of Dr. Leemans’ work is both in laser plasma physics, as well as in the advancement and innovation of novel accelerators. The latter especially holds promise to profoundly impact the experimental and implementation landscape in broad areas ranging from advanced probes of materials in physics, chemistry and biology, to applications in medicine and energy.

His experimental laser plasma acceleration devices show accelerating gradients several orders of magnitude better than current particle accelerators, having demonstrated electron acceleration to 1 GeV over 3.3 cm, whereas, more conventional accelerators require 64 m to reach the same energy. In such laser wakefi eld accelerator experiments, a laser pulse is sent through a plasma to create a plasma wave "wake," in which bunches of free electrons are trapped and ride along. Eventually the trapped electrons outrun the wake, which limits how far they can be accelerated and thus limits their energy. Leemans’ breakthrough was to lengthen the acceleration through lowering the plasma density andthereby increasing the wake speed. Once fully developed, this new technology could replace many of the traditional RF accelerators, including many found in hospitals and research facilities.

WIM LEEMANSLAWRENCE BERKELEY NATIONAL LABORATORY

HIGH ENERGY AND

NUCLEAR PHYSICS

Dr. Leemans’ pioneering technical achievements have also been put into practice. Through his Berkeley Lab Laser Acceleration (BELLA) project, he is providing international leadership and is inspiring world-wide research activities on capillary discharge based laser plasma accelerators. In this project, he has experimentally demonstrated the possibility of guiding laser beams of relativistic intensity in preformed plasma channels and the production of monoenergetic beams using a laser wakefi eld accelerator. This achievement was chosen as one of the top ten discoveries in 2004 by the journal Nature, and has received worldwide recognition.

Other highlighted work that Dr. Leemans is leading includes a demonstration of a new method of generating 300 femtosecond long pulses of hard x-rays (30 keV) by scattering a terawatt laser pulse off a relativistic electron beam at 90°. This method has already provided a new tool for probing the structural dynamics of materials, where it has been used to study laser-induced ultrafast melting in semiconductors.

Dr. Leemans has also provided scientifi c leadership in his theoretical work in which he proposes a method to produce femtosecond bunches in a plasma based laser driven accelerator. This method relies on the use of three collinear laser pulses in plasma, where an intense laser pulse drives a large plasma wake and two counter-propagating injection pulses.

Dr. Leemans received a B.S. in Electrical Engineering/Applied Physics, Vrije Universiteit Brussels, Belgium (1985); an M.S. in Electrical Engineering from UCLA (1987) and a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering with emphasis on plasma physics from UCLA (1991).

Wim Leemans is a Fellow of the American Physical Society (2001) and the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (2007). His work has been recognized by the APS with the 1992 Simon Ramo Award, by the IEEE with the 1996 Klaus Halbach Award and by the US Particle Accelerator School with the 2005 Prize for Achievement in Accelerator Physics and Technology.

During the last decade, Professor Z-X Shen has pioneered the use of high-resolution, angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES). Through his leadership, ARPES has become a powerful tool for studying the electronic structure of high-temperature superconductors. His innovative applications of ARPES have led to a series of important discoveries within the fi eld of strongly correlated electron systems, and have advanced the understanding of complex oxide and high transition temperature superconductors. In particular, Dr. Shen used ARPES to show that the superconducting gap has “d-wave” anisotropy in momentum space, and to demonstrate that electronic excitations are gapped even in the normal state of the high-transition temperature superconductors. The latter is now termed a “pseudogap,” which is a gap-like feature appearing in the non-superconducting state of cuprate materials when the charge carrier density is low. Moreover, he provided deep insights on the relationship between these two gaps, including evidence of collective mode coupling. His work provides an important foundation to inspire and lead the effort to achieve a predictive understanding of superconductivity and related phenomena. Dr. Shen’s research has focused on strongly correlated materials made from transition metal oxides. These materials have unique properties, such as high temperature superconductivity and colossal magnetoresistance, which are not describable in terms of the behavior of individual electrons.

MATERIALS RESEARCH ZHI-XUN SHENSLAC NATIONAL ACCELERATOR LABORATORY

AND STANFORD UNIVERSITY

Shen made a major breakthrough when he showed that studying these materials under synchrotron X-ray light could begin to reveal the important and unexpected underlying physics and symmetry behind superconductivity, which has widespread applications in power transmission technology, accelerator technology, medical imaging devices and microwave technology. Shen has contributed greatly to a general understanding of the physics of these materials. He has published more than 250 papers in his career thus far, several of which are considered seminal in the fi eld. He has also trained many young researchers, including more than twenty who are now on the faculties and staff of research universities and national laboratories.

Professor Shen’s work to improve the experimental resolution of ARPES allowed measurement of small changes in the gap magnitude as a function of doping and temperature, revealing a subtle interplay between the superconducting gap and the pseudogap. This complex behavior suggests a competition between the two; however, because the energy scales merge near optimal doping, it also suggests that the two phenomena are interrelated. In conventional superconductors, phonon mediated interactions attract the electrons and form Cooper pairs required for Bose condensation and zero resistance, while in high-Tc superconductors, the boson mediates the pairing, and this “mechanism” for the latter case has been long-debated. Using ARPES, Professor Shen discovered that the electrons are strongly coupled to a bosonic mode and exhibit a kink in their dispersion spectra. This anisotropy, which follows that of the d-wave gap, strongly suggests an intimate connection to the superconductivity. Moreover, by combining this discovery with other spectroscopies that measure the phonons directly, he identifi ed the bosonic mode as a phonon, with one in particular that couples anisotropically to the Fermi surface. This anisotropic electron-phonon interaction provided a key ingredient for understanding high-Tc superconductivity.

Professor Shen has also brought new dimensions to photoemission techniques, such as time-resolved angle-resolved photoemission

spectroscopy (trARPES), which he applied to novel quantum systems to directly probe the effects of collective excitations and collective vibrations. In his trARPES studies of charge density wave (CDW) compounds, he was able to directly observe the ultra-fast oscillatory behavior of the electronic and atomic structure as the system equilibrated following transient melting of the CDW. This melting initiated a time-dependent closing of the electronic CDW gap in the electronic band structure, where it was found that due to electron-phonon coupling, two collective modes coherently modulate the electronic band structure. The observed collective vibrations are intimately connected to the CDW physics. This is the fi rst time that momentum-dependent dynamics were recorded with this technique, and it represents a major breakthrough in uncovering the mechanics of collective phenomena in solid state physics.

Professor Shen also discovered novel properties of diamondoids, which are nanoscale clusters of diamonds that give rise to new ideas and concepts for energy technologies, such as novel lighting and thermosolar devices. Most recently, he confi rmed the existence of topological insulators, which allow electrons on its surface to travel with no loss of energy at room temperatures, and can be fabricated using existing semiconductor technologies. Such materials are not conventional superconductors, and can only carry small currents, but could greatly increase microchip speeds and effi ciencies. They may also signifi cantly advance spintronic devices for the next generation electronics.

Dr. Shen received a B.S. from Fudan University (1983), an M.S. from Rutgers University (1985), and a Ph.D. from Stanford University (1989).

His honors include being named a Fellow by Sloan Research (1993) and the American Physical Society (2002); and being awarded a NSF Young Investigator Award (1993), Outstanding Young Researcher Award, Offi ce of Basic Energy Science, Department of Energy (1994); Materials Science Research Award for Outstanding Scientifi c Accomplishment in SSP, DOE (1994), the Kammerlingh Onnes Prize (2000) and the Takeda Foundation Technical Entrepreneurship Award (2002)

Professor Sunney Xie is a pioneer in the development of experimental tools at the frontier of molecular spectroscopy and optical microscopy, and a leader in utilizing these tools in a wide range of scientifi c topics including biophysical chemistry, biophysics, medicine, enzymology,and genomics. Professor Xie’s contributions include seminal advances in the theoretical understanding of imaging contrast mechanisms, the development of advanced laser technology, improving imaging sensitivity by orders of magnitude, and demonstrating important applications in biomedicine. His discovery and contribution in single-molecule biophysical chemistry and live cell bio-imaging has made broad impact to understanding the cell, and life, at the molecular level. He was among the fi rst to study single-molecule behavior by fl uorescence detection at room temperature, and this work helped initiate the fi eld of single-molecule science.

Professor Xie’s scientifi c discoveries are impressively numerous, and include real time observation of enzymatic turnovers of a single enzyme molecule by fl uorescence detection, revealing the general phenomenon of signifi cant fl uctuations in the enzymatic rate; development of a new approach to probe conformational dynamics within a protein molecule through photo-induced electron transfer to make the fi rst direct observation that conformation fl uctuation occurs within a single molecule over a broad range of time scales; discovering that the electron transfer

CHEMISTRY SUNNEY XIEHARVARD UNIVERSITY

approach is complementary to the fl uorescence resonant energy transfer approaches as it allows smaller distance changes on the angstrom scale to be measured; demonstrating that conformational fl uctuation in an intact protein responsible for the enzymatic rate fl uctuation, and proving that the fl uctuating enzyme obeys the classic Michaelis-Menten equation in biochemistry; developing and implementing a multiplexed single-molecule assay to study DNA-protein interactions in a variety of systems, including digestion of DNA by exonuclease, DNA synthesis by the replisome, DNA repair enzyme searching DNA and replication fi delity of DNA polymerase; pioneering efforts in single-molecule enzymology, with possibilities to sequence the human genome by single-molecule techniques; studying gene expression in living cells reporting simultaneously two different approaches to monitor stochastic gene expression in a living cell with single protein sensitivity making it possible to probe single-protein molecules as they are generated, one at a time, in a living cell, and to describe in a quantitative way the transcription and translation processes; recording images of single fl uorophores in a live cell and using them to probe a variety of fundamental processes in living cells, including transcription, translation, replication, gene regulation and DNA repair, and in particular, binding and unbinding kinetics of a single transcription factor on a specifi c DNA site in a live E. coli cell, where such studies yield rich and unprec-edented information about DNA protein interactions in a living cell offering the possibility for probing gene regulation in bacteria; discov-ering that a single-molecule event of the complete dissociation of a tetrameric repressor from DNA is solely responsible for the switching of an E. coli cell’s phenotype yielding a clear experimental demonstra-tion that a single molecule action makes a life changing decision in a living cell; and demonstrating three dimensional imaging of living cells using coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy, which has since become a fi eld of its own.

Dr. Xie was born in Beijing, China. He received a B.S. in Chemistry from Peking University, Beijing, P. R. China in 1984 and a Ph.D. in Chemistry from the University of California at San Diego in 1990.

Xie is the Mallinckrodt Professor of Chemistry and Chemical Biology at Harvard University, is considered to be a founding father of single-molecule enzymology, and has made major contributions to biomedical imaging by developing CARS microscopy. His honors include the Berthold Leibinger Zukunftspreis for Laser Technology, Germany (2008), the Willis E. Lamb Award for Laser Science and Quantum Optics (2007), the National Institutes of Health Director’s Pioneer Award (2004), the Raymond and Beverly Sackler Prize in the Physical Sciences, Israel (2003), the Coblentz Award, Coblentz Society (1996) and the Jane Hart Memorial Award, University of California at San Diego (1988).

He is a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and the Biophysical Society, and was elected into the American Academy of Arts & Sciences.

THE LIFE OF ERNEST ORLANDO LAWRENCE

Ernest Orlando Lawrence’s scientifi c accomplishments and infl uence onscience are unique in his generation and rank among the mostoutstanding in history. His cyclotron was to nuclear science what Galileo’s telescope was to astronomy. A foremost symbol of the rise of indigenous American science in the twentieth century, Lawrence, perhaps more than any other man, brought engineering to the laboratory, to the great benefi t of scientifi c progress. He originated a new pattern of research, of the group type and on the grand scale, which has been emulated the world over. Rarely, if ever, has any person given so many others, in such a small span of years, the opportunity to make careers for themselves in science. Lawrence was a leader in bringing the daring of science to technology, in wedding science to the general welfare, and in integrating science into national policy.

Lawrence was born in Canton, South Dakota, on August 8, 1901, the son of educated Norwegian immigrants. He received his B.S. degree from the University of South Dakota and his M.A. in physics from the University of Minnesota. He continued his studies at the University of Chicago for two years, then transferred to Yale, where he received his Ph.D. in 1925. In 1928, Lawrence went to the University of California as an associate professor, and in 1930, at the age of 29, he became the youngest full professor on the Berkeley faculty.

In July 1958, Lawrence traveled to Geneva to take part in developing an agreement on means for detecting nuclear weapon tests. In the midst of negotiations, he became ill and was forced to return to Palo Alto,California, where he died on August 27, 1958.

Lawrence received many awards during his lifetime, including the 1939 Nobel Prize in Physics, the Hughes Medal of the Royal Society, the Medal for Merit, the Faraday Medal, the American Cancer Society Medal, the very fi rst Enrico Fermi Award, and the fi rst Sylvanus Thayer Award. He was a member of the National Academy of Sciences and the American Philosophical Society and recipient of many honorary degrees and memberships in foreign societies.

His doctoral thesis was in photoelectricity. Later, he made the most precise determination to that time of the ionization potential of the mercury atom. With J.W. Beams, he devised a method of obtaining time intervals as small as three billionths of a second, and he applied this technique to study the early stages of electric spark discharge. He originated a new and more precise method for measuring e/m, which was perfected by F.G. Dunnington.

In 1929, Lawrence, who for some time had been contemplating the problem of accelerating ions chanced while scanning the literature, upon a sketch in a German publication. He formulated, within minutes, the principles of the cyclotron and the linear accelerator and so set himself upon a course that was to fundamentally infl uence scientifi c research and human events. Between the brilliant, simple concept and operating machines lay engineering barriers not previously encountered.Lawrence’s willingness to tackle new engineering problems and his success in solving them, as he reached for successively new energy ranges, was a departure in scientifi c research that is an important part of his contribution. The hard road he chose was recognized when W.D. Coolidge, presenting Lawrence with the National Academy of Sciences’ valued Comstock Prize in 1937, said, “Dr. Lawrence envisioned a radically different course ... [which] called for boldness and faith and persistence to a degree rarely matched.” By 1936, the scale of research and supporting engineering development was so large that the Radiation Laboratory was created at the University of California. The prototype of the big laboratory had been born.

Lawrence championed interdisciplinary collaboration: he stronglyencouraged physicists to work with biologists, and he set up his ownradioisotope distribution system, supplying isotopes to hundreds of doctors and numerous institutions in the prewar period. With his brother John, director of the University’s medical center, he used the cyclotron to irradiate malignant tissues with neutrons.

This biography was excerpted from “E. 0. Lawrence: Physicist, Engineer, Statesman of Science,” by Glenn T. Seaborg, The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., Nuclear and Plasma Science, 5 Society News, June 1992.

The Ernest Orlando Lawrence Award was established in 1959 in honor of a scientist who helped elevate American physics to world leadership.

E. O. Lawrence was the inventor of the cyclotron, an accelerator of subatomic particles, and a 1939 Nobel Laureate in physics for thatachievement. The Radiation Laboratory he developed at Berkeley during the 1930s ushered in the era of “big science,” in which experiments were no longer done by an individual researcher and a few assistants on the table-top of an academic lab but by large, multidisciplinary teams of scientists and engineers in entire buildings full of sophisticated equipment and huge scientifi c machines. During World War II, Lawrence and his accelerators contributed to the Manhattan Project, and he later played a leading role in establishing the U.S. system of national laboratories, two of which (Lawrence Berkeley and Lawrence Livermore) now bear his name.

Shortly after Lawrence’s death in August 1958, John A. McCone,Chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission, wrote to PresidentEisenhower suggesting the establishment of a memorial award inLawrence’s name. President Eisenhower agreed, saying, “Such an award would seem to me to be most fi tting, both as a recognition of what he has given to our country and to mankind, and as a means of helping to carry forward his work through inspiring others to dedicate their lives and talents to scientifi c effort.” The fi rst Lawrence Awards were given in 1960.

The Lawrence Award honors scientists and engineers at mid-career(defi ned as within 20 years of receiving a Ph.D.), showing promise for the future, for exceptional contributions in research and development supporting the Department of Energy and its mission to advance thenational, economic, and energy security of the United States.

The 2009 Lawrence Award is given in the following categories: Chemistry, Materials Research, Environmental Science andTechnology, Nuclear Technologies (Fission and Fusion), National Security and Non-Proliferation, and High Energy and Nuclear Physics. The Lawrence Awards are administered by the Department of Energy’s Offi ce of Science.

Each Lawrence Award category awardee receives a citation signed by the Secretary of Energy, a gold medal bearing the likeness of Ernest Orlando Lawrence, and $50,000; if there are co-winners in a category, the honorarium is shared equally.

THE ERNEST ORLANDO LAWRENCE AWARD

1996: Charles Roger Alcock Mina J. Bissell Thom H. Dunning, Jr. Charles V. Jakowatz, Jr. Sunil K. Sinha Theofanis G. Theofanous Jorge Luis Valdes

1994: John D. Boice, Jr. E. Michael Campbell Gregory J. Kubas Edward William Larsen John D. Lindl Gerard M. Ludtka George F. Smoot John E. Till 1993: James G. Anderson Robert G. Bergman Alan R. Bishop Yoon I. Chang Robert K. Moyzis John W. Shaner Carl Wieman

1991: Zachary Fisk Richard Fortner Rulon Linford Peter Schultz Richard E. Smalley J. Pace Vandevender

2006: A. Paul Alivisatos Malcolm J. Andrews Moungi G. Bawendi Arup K. Chakraborty My Hang V. Huynh Marc Kamionkowski John M. Zachara Steven John Zinkle

2004: Nathaniel J. Fisch Bette Korber Claire E. Max Fred N. Mortensen Richard J. Saykally Ivan K. Schuller Gregory W. Swift 2002: C. Jeffrey Brinker Claire M. Fraser Bruce T. Goodwin Keith O. Hodgson Saul Perlmutter Benjamin D. Santer Paul J. Turinsky

1998: Dan Gabriel Cacuci Joanna S. Fowler Laura H. Greene Steven E: Koonin Mark H. Thiemens Ahmed H. Zewail

THE ERNEST ORLANDO LAWRENCE AWARD LAUREATES

1990: John J. Dorning James R. Norris S. Thomas Picraux Wayne J. Shotts Maury Tigner F. Ward Whicker

1988: Mary K. Gaillard Richard T. Lahey, Jr. Chain Tsuan Liu Gene H. McCall Alexander Pines Joseph S. Wall

1987: James W. Gordon Miklos Gyulassy Sung-Hou Kim James L. Kinsey J. Robert Merriman David E. Moncton

1986: James J. Duderstadt Helen T. Edwards Joe W. Gray C. Bradley Moore Gustavus J. Simmons James L. Smith

1985: Anthony P. Malinauskas William H. Miller David R. Nygren Gordon C. Osbourn Betsy Sutherland Thomas A. Weaver

1984: Robert W. Conn John J. Dunn Peter L. Hagelstein Siegfried S. Hecker Robert B. Laughlin Kenneth N. Raymond

1983: James F. Jackson Michael E. Phelps Paul H. Rutherford Mark S. Wrighton George B. Zimmerman

1964: Jacob Bigeleisen Albert L. Latter Harvey M. Pratt Marshall N. Rosenbuth Theos J. Thompson 1963: Herbert J.C. Kouts L. James Rainwater Louis Rosen James M. Taub Cornelius A. Tobias

1962: Andrew A. Benson Richard P. Feynman Herbert Goldstein Anthony L. Turkevich Herbert F. York 1961: Leo Brewer Henry Hurwitz, Jr. Conrad L. Longmire Wolfgang K. H. Panofsky Kenneth E. Wilzbach 1960: Harvey Brooks John S. Foster, Jr. Isadore Perlman Norman F. Ramsey, Jr. Alvin M. Weinberg

1982: George F. Chapline, Jr. Mitchell J. Feigenbaum Michael J. Lineberry Nicholas Turro Raymond E. Wildung

1981: Martin Blume Yuan Tseh Lee Fred R. Mynatt Paul B. Selby Lowell L. Wood

1980: Donald W. Barr B. Grant Logan Nicholas P. Samios Benno P. Schoenborn Charles D. Scott

1977: James D. Bjorken John L. Emmett F. William Studier Gareth Thomas Dean A. Waters

1976: A. Philip Bray James W. Cronin Kaye D. Lathrop Adolphus L. Lotts Edwin D. McClanahan

1975: Evan H. Appelman Charles E. Elderkin William A. Lokke Burton Richter Samuel C. Ting

1974: Joseph Cerny Harold Paul Fourth Henry C. Honeck Charles A. McDonald Chester R.Richmond

1973: Louis Baker Seymour Sack Thomas E. Wainwright James Robert Weir Sheldon Wolff

1972: Charles C. Cremer Sidney D. Drell Marvin Goldman David A. Shirley Paul F. Zweifel

1971: Thomas B. Cook Robert L. Fleischer Robert L. Hellens P. Buford Price Robert M. Walker

1970: William J. Bair James W. Cobble Joseph M. Hendrie Michael M. May Andrew M. Sessler

1969: Geoffrey F. Chew Don T. Cromer Ely M. Gelbard F. Newton Hayes John H. Nuckolls

1968: James R. Arnold E. Richard Cohen Val L. Fitch Richard Latter John B. Storer

1967: Mortimer M. Elkind John M. Googin Allen F. Henry John O. Rasmussen Robert N. Thorn

1966: Harold M. Agnew Ernest C. Anderson Murray Gell-Mann John R. Huizenga Paul R. Vanstrum

1965: George A. Cowan Floyd M. Culler Milton C. Edlund Theodore B. Taylor Arthur C. Upton

THE 2009

ERNEST ORLANDO LAWRENCE AWARDS

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