Project-CBD Survey-Results 2019 Final

TiffanyDevittPROJECTCBD|PROJECTCBD.ORG|JULY16,2019

CultivatingWellnessASURVEYONTHEWHO,WHAT,WHEN,WHERE&WHYOFCBD

PROJECTCBD 2

TABLE OF CONTENTS

AboutProjectCBD............................................................................................................................................3

Disclosures&Disclaimers.................................................................................................................................4

Recruitment&Participation.............................................................................................................................5

Limitations........................................................................................................................................................6

SummaryofKeyFindings.................................................................................................................................7

Demographics.................................................................................................................................................11

CBDProducts&Dosing..................................................................................................................................14

GeneralImpact&SideEffects........................................................................................................................17

Conditions.......................................................................................................................................................19

CBDforPain....................................................................................................................................................20

CBDforSleep..................................................................................................................................................22

CBDforMoodDisorders.................................................................................................................................24

CBDforHormonalConditions........................................................................................................................26

CBDforPTSD...................................................................................................................................................28

CBDforGastrointestinalDisease...................................................................................................................30

CBDforADD/ADHD.......................................................................................................................................32

CBDforCancer................................................................................................................................................34

CBDforDiabetes.............................................................................................................................................36

CBDforAlcoholism/Addiction......................................................................................................................37

CBDforBrainInjuries.....................................................................................................................................39

AnecdotalFeedback.......................................................................................................................................41

Conclusions.....................................................................................................................................................42

AppendixA:MedicalConditionsforWhichParticipantsUseCBD................................................................43

AppendixB:CompleteListofReportedSideEffects.....................................................................................45

EndNotes.........................................................................................................................................................47

PROJECTCBD 3

ABOUTPROJECTCBD

ProjectCBDisaCalifornia-basednonprofitdedicatedtopromotingandpublicizingresearchintothemedicalusesofcannabidiol(CBD)andothercomponentsofthecannabisplant.Weprovideeducationalservicesforphysicians,patients,industryprofessionals,andthegeneralpublic.

Forquestionsandsuggestionsregardingthisreport,pleaseemailusat:[email protected].

PROJECTCBD 4

DISCLOSURES&DISCLAIMERS

THEINFORMATIONHEREINISNOTINTENDEDTODIAGNOSE,TREAT,ORCUREANYDISEASE.THISINFORMATIONSHOULDNOTBEINTERPRETEDASMEDICALADVICEORTREATMENT.

TiffanyDevitt,theauthorofthisreport,holdsstockin,isseparatelyemployedby,andservesontheBoardofDirectorsof,CannaCraft,acommercialcannabiscompany.TheviewsandopinionsexpressedinthisreportarethoseoftheauthoranddonotnecessarilyreflectthepoliciesorpositionsofCannaCraft.

PROJECTCBD 5

RECRUITMENT&PARTICIPATION

Inearly2019,ProjectCBDpostedoneofthemostcomprehensiveresearchsurveystodateontheuseofCBD.Withover200questions,thesurveywasdesignedtoshedlightonwhoisusingCBD,whatkindofproductstheyareusing,forwhatpurpose,andtowhatends.

AsofJune26,2019,3,506peoplehadcompletedthesurvey.Surveyparticipantsspannedtheglobe,representing58differentcountries,fromAfghanistantoAustralia,fromtheUStoUruguay.

ParticipantsreportedusingCBDforover200differentmedicalconditions.Themajoritysaidtheywereusingthismuch-talked-aboutcannabinoidforcommonailments,suchaspain,depression,anxiety,sleepproblems,andhormonalconditions–allofwhich,despitetheirprevalence,remainstubbornlydifficulttotreat.AsignificantminorityofsurveyrespondentsreportedusingCBDtomanagethesymptomsofcatastrophicillnesseslikecancer,Parkinson’sdisease,andAlzheimer’sdisease.Thecompletelistofailmentsisasoberingreminderofthelimitationsofpharmacology,andthemagnitudeofhumansufferinginthefaceofintractablediseases.

Whatfollowsisapreliminarysummaryofthedatacollectedthusfar.Thissurveyisstillopen.Wewillbeupdatingresultsregularlyandpublishingin-depthreportsonspecificconditions.

Visitprojectcbd.orgformoreinformationandupdates.

PROJECTCBD 6

LIMITATIONS

Therearelimitationstothisobservationalstudythatwarrantmention.Mostsignificantisthewayparticipantswereselected;werecruitedfrompeoplewhovisittheProjectCBDwebsiteorsocialmediasites,orsubscribetotheProjectCBDnewsletter.ThismeansthatparticipantswereinterestedinCBDasatreatmentmodality,andmanyhadalreadyfoundittobehelpful.Thislikelyhadtheeffectofincreasingtheproportionofpatientswhoreportedimprovementsanddecreasingtheproportionofpatientsreportingthattheirconditionworsened.

Theselectionofpatientsmayhavealsointroducedsystematicbiasesinothercategories,thoughthisislessclear.Forexample,sinceCBDisrarelyafirst-linetreatment,patientswhoturntoCBDproductsmaybemorelikelytorespondpoorlytoothermodalities.Thissamplebiascannotbedistinguishedfromthedata,andthedatamustbeviewedwiththesequalificationsinmind.

Finally,thisstudyreliesentirelyonself-reportedoutcomes.

PROJECTCBD 7

SUMMARYOFKEYFINDINGS

Thisobservationalstudyvalidatedsomewell-establishedfactsaboutCBD–namelythatithasastrongsafetyprofile,iandisextraordinarilyeffectiveatamelioratingpainiiandanxiety.iiiParticipantsreportedsignificantimprovementsinpainandmoodregardlessoftheunderlyingmedicalcondition.

Thatsaid,thestudyalsoshowedthatCBDisnotapanacea–assomewouldclaim–forallthatailsus.SomesymptomsweredecidedlylessresponsivetoCBDproducts.Forexample,CBDwasnotparticularlyusefulinhelpingpeople

withgastrointestinaldiseasesmaintainahealthyweight.NordidithavemuchofanimpactonPMS-relatedbloating,cancer-relateddiarrheaandconstipation,orlowsexdriveduringmenopause.Nonetheless,itwasastonishinglyeffectiveatsimplymakingpeoplefeelbetter–mostlikelybecauseofitsimpactonpain,mood,andsleep.Thesurveyalsofoundthattherewerefewadverseeffects,whichisconsistentwithstudiesshowingthatCBDissafeandwell-toleratedevenathighdoses.iv

WHOISUSINGCBD?

ThefirstquestionwesetouttoanswerwaswhoisusingCBD?Basedonthissurvey,itappearsthatthetypicalCBDuseriswhite,well-educated,over45,female,andlivingintheUS.Tosomeextent,thisskewingtowardsfemalesmayreflecttheirgreaterutilizationofhealthcareservicesingeneralv,andalternativemedicinesinparticularvi.ItmayalsoreflectthefactthatthetwomostprevalentconditionsforwhichparticipantsreportedusingCBD–painandanxiety–affectwomendisproportionately.vii,viii

Regardingethnicity,asmentioned,thevastmajorityofsurveyparticipantswerewhite.IntheUS,whichiswherethemajorityofparticipantswerelocated,thismaybeduetothehighcostsofCBDtherapeutics,thegreaterutilizationofalternativetherapiesbyCaucasians,ixand/orawarinessofcannabisonthepartofcommunitiesofcolorthathavebornethebruntoftheUSdrugwar.

CBDusersinthissurveyalsoskewedolder.Almosttwo-thirdswereovertheageof44,andalmost20%wereseniorsovertheageof64.ThisfindingmaybeexplainedbyCBD’spopularityfortreatingpainandsleepproblems,ailmentsthatarecommonamongtheelderly,particularlyintheUSwherehalfofolderadultsreportsufferingfromchronic“bothersome”pain,xandhalfreportregularsleepdisturbances.xi

PROJECTCBD 8

WHATKINDOFPRODUCTSAREPEOPLEUSING?

ParticipantsweremorelikelytobeusingCBDfromhempratherthancannabis.(Thisisunsurprisinggiventhatthelatterisstillillegalinmostoftheworld.)TheytendedtofavorCBDtincturesandtopicalsovertraditionalmodesoftakingcannabis,i.e.smokingandedibles.TheytypicallyusedCBDproductsmultipletimesperdayandusedmorethanonetypeofproduct(mostoftenatincturewithatopical).

FewparticipantswereabletosayhowmuchCBD(orTHC)theyweretaking,suggestinganurgentneedforbothbetterproductlabelingandconsumereducation.AlmosthalfofparticipantshadbeenusingCBDforundersixmonths.

WHATAREPEOPLEUSINGCBDFOR?

ThevastmajorityofparticipantsreportedusingCBDtoalleviatepain(particularlyinflammatorypain),toimprovemoodandsleep,and/orforgeneralwellness.

Around10%reportedusingCBDproductstotreatsevere,debilitating,treatment-resistantconditions,includingbraininjuries,epilepsy,multiplesclerosis,autismspectrumdisorder,Parkinson’sdisease,andAlzheimer’sdisease.

MostparticipantswereusingCBDformorethanonecondition,andtherewasanotableclusteringofcertainconditions.xiiPain,moodissues,andsleepproblemscorrelatedclosely.AsignificantnumberofparticipantsusingCBDforpainreportedsufferingfromfibromyalgiaand/orarthritisthoughwehadnotaskedspecificallyabouttheseconditions.TherewasalsoanotablecorrelationbetweenaddictionandADD/ADHD,andaddictionandPTSD;participantswhowereusingCBDforADD/ADHDorPTSDwerethreetimesmorelikelythantheaverageparticipanttobeusingCBDforalcoholismoraddiction.

CBD’SIMPACT&EFFICACY

ThesurveyaskedaboutCBD’simpactonsixqualityoflifemeasurements:Pain,mood,sleep,physicalfunction,energyormotivation,andtheabilitytosocialize.Amajorityofparticipantsreportedsomeimprovementacrossallmeasures,butthemostsignificantwereintheareasofpainandmood.Fortypercentofparticipantsreportedhavingoneormoresideeffects.Theseweretypicallymild.Themostcommonsideeffectsweredrymouth,tiredness,dryorbloodshoteyes,andincreasedappetite.

Ofgreatinterestweretheefficacyreportsforspecificconditions.Thesurveyaskedabout17differentconditionsforwhichCBDissometimesused,includingalcoholism/addiction,ADDorADHD,Alzheimer'sdisease,autismspectrumdisorder,braininjury(e.g.stroke,TBI,tumor),cancer,diabetes,epilepsyand

PROJECTCBD 9

otherseizuredisorders,gastrointestinaldisease(e.g.Colitis,Crohn's,IBS),depression,anxietyandothermooddisorders,motionsickness,pain,Parkinson'sdisease,hormonalconditions(e.g.PMS,menopause),multiplesclerosis,PTSD,andsleepproblems.Thesurveyaskedwhattypeorstageofdiseasethepersonhad(e.g.type1ortype2diabetes),andhowtheyfeltCBDimpactedthecommonsymptomsofthatdisease.HerearesomeofthefindingsregardingtheefficacyofCBDforspecificconditions:ü CBDforPain:MostparticipantstakingCBDforpainindicatedthattheygotmeaningfulrelief.Just

under90%ofparticipantsofthisgroupreportedsomeimprovementinthefrequencyanddurationoftheirpain,with60%reportingthatCBDmadetheseaspects“muchbetter.”MostsignificantthoughwasCBD’simpactontheperceptionofpainintensity:BeforetakingCBD,theaveragepainscorewas6.85;whentakingCBD,theaveragepainscorewas2.76,representinga60%decreaseinintensity.

ü CBDforSleep:ParticipantstakingCBDforsleepweremorelikelytoreporthavingproblemsstayingasleepthangettingtosleepthoughmostpeoplereportedhavingdifficultywithboth.ParticipantsreportedthatCBDhelpedthemgettosleepmorequickly,reducingtheaveragetimefromaboutanhourto20minutes.Theyalsoreportedwakingupmuchlessoften–1.4timespernightversus4.3oraboutathirdasmanytimes.WithoutCBD,almostthree-quartersofparticipantsreportedwakinguptired;withCBD,9%reportedwakinguptired.Thereportedimprovementsinhowpeoplereportedfeelinguponwakingislikelyexplainedbyimprovementsintheabilitytostayasleep.PeopletakingCBDforsleepweresomewhatmorelikelytoalsousesomeTHCthantheaverageparticipant.

ü CBDforAnxiety,Depression&OtherMoodDisorders:Almost90%ofparticipantsusingCBDforamooddisorderreportedthattheyhadanxiety.Formost,anxietywenthand-in-handwithdepression.ParticipantsreportedthatCBDhadsignificanteffectasbothananti-anxietyagentandanti-depressant.Itperformedespeciallywellatmitigatingfeelingsofnervousness;92%ofparticipantsexperiencedsomerelieffromthissymptom,and68%reportedthatfeelingsofnervousnesswere“muchbetter”withCBD.CBDalsoperformedwellatrelievingpanicattacks,mitigatingmoodswings,andquellingfeelingsofagitation,irritability,andsadness.CBDwaslesseffectiveatmitigatingdifficultiesconcentrating,alackofinterestinactivities,anddigestiveupset;almostafifthofpeoplereportnochangeinthesesymptoms.Moreover,3%ofpeopleusingCBDforamooddisorderreportedthattheabilitytoconcentrateworsenedwithCBD.

ü CBDforHormonalIssues:AmongpeopletakingCBDforPMS,menopause,orotherfemalehormonalconditions,CBDappearstobehighlyeffectiveinaddressingmooddisturbancesandpain.Italsoappearstohelpmitigatenightsweatsand,toalesserdegree,hotflashesassociatedwithmenopause.CBDwaslesseffectiveatamelioratingbloatingcommontomenstruation;anditwaslesseffectiveatmitigatingsexualdiscomfort,lowsexdrive,anddryskinassociatedwithmenopause.About5%ofpeoplereportedthattheirCBDproductmadePMS-relatedfoodcravingsworse,aneffectthatmaybeattributabletoTHC’swell-knowntendencytocausethe“munchies.”

PROJECTCBD 10

ü CBDforPTSD:AmongpeopletakingCBDforPTSD,CBDappearstobehighlyeffectiveinaddressingarangeofsymptoms,particularlyanxiety,anger,irritability,depression,moodswings,andpanicattacks.CBDalsoappearshelpful,thoughlessso,inmitigatingunwantedthoughts,nightmares,andheartpalpitationsinpeoplewithPTSD.

ü CBDforGastrointestinal(GI)Diseases:AmongpeopletakingCBDforGIdiseases,particularlyIBS(IrritableBowelSyndrome),CBDappearstobeextremelyhelpfulforrelievingabdominalcrampsorpain,nauseaorvomiting,andindigestion.Manyparticipantsalsofoundithelpfulforfatiguethoughsomefounditmadethemmoretired.CBDappearstobelesseffectiveathelpingpeoplewithGIdiseasesmaintainahealthyweight;halfofparticipantsinthisgroupreportedeithernochangeoraworseningofthissymptom.

ü CBDforADD/ADHD(AttentionDeficitDisorder/AttentionDeficitHyperactivityDisorder):AmongpeoplewithADD/ADHD,CBDappearsmosthelpfulwithstayingontask,minimizingdistractibility,andmitigatingagitationorirritability.Itappearslesseffectiveatminimizingthetendencytolosethingsandprocrastinate(commontoADD/ADHD)andsometimesmadethosesymptomsworse.

ü CBDforCancer:AmongpeopletakingCBDforcancer,CBDwasmosthelpfulwithamelioratingnauseaandvomiting.Manyparticipantsalsofoundithelpfulforappetite,neuropathy(numbnessortingling),andweakness.Asmentionedearlier,CBDwasmarkedlylesslikelytohelpwithcancer-relatedconstipationanddiarrhea.Themostsignificantsideeffectswerewithmemoryandconcentrationissues.PeopletakingCBDforcancerweremorelikelythantheaverageparticipanttobetakingsomeTHC.ThismaybeduetoTHC’sefficacyasapainrelieverxiiiortowell-publicizedpreclinicaldatasuggestingthatbothTHCandCBDmayhavetumor-fightingproperties.xiv

ü CBDforDiabetes:ParticipantstakingCBDfordiabeteswereaskedtheiraveragebloodsugarlevelsbeforeandaftertheystartedtakingCBD.ThoughaveragebloodsugarlevelswithCBDwerestillhigh,theyshowedsignificantimprovementsoverthepre-CBDlevels,decreasingfrom178to130onaverage.Participantsalsoreportedsignificantimprovementsinneuropathy-typesymptoms(i.e.nervepain,tinglingornumbness),andsomeimprovementsintheirabilitytomaintainahealthyweight.

ü CBDforAlcoholism/Addiction:AmongpeopleusingCBDforaddiction,most(70%)wereseekingtoabstainfromtheirsubstanceofabuse(asopposedtousinglessorgettingthroughwithdrawal).CBDappearedtobeextremelyhelpfulforgettingandstayingoffopiates.Thisisconsistentwithobservationalstudiesthathavenotedthatmanypatientsvoluntarilydecreasethenumberofopiatestheyareusing—orgooffopiatescompletely—whentheyusetheminconjunctionwithcannabis,aswellwithanimalandpreclinicalstudiessuggestingthatcannabisandCBDmayreducetheriskofrelapse.xvCBDwasalsoreportedlyhelpfulforreducingoreliminatingalcoholconsumption.Itwascomparativelylesshelpfulasasmokingcessationaid.Twenty-fourpercentoftobaccousersexperiencednochange,and4%reportusingmoretobaccoafterintroducingCBD.

ü CBDforBrainInjury:AmongpeopleusingCBDforabraininjury(typicallyaTBI),CBDprovedmosthelpfulforrelievingheadaches,irritability,andagitation.CBDwaslesshelpfulforbalanceissues.Inasmallpercentageofparticipants,CBDseemedtomakeissueswithmemory,concentration,andself-expressionworse.

PROJECTCBD 11

DEMOGRAPHICS

Thissectionlooksatthedemographicsofsurveyparticipants,includinggender,ethnicity,age,education,andlocation.

SEX

Participantsskewedstronglyfemale.Thisskewingmayreflectfemales’higherutilizationofhealthcareservicesingeneralandalternativemedicinesinparticular.

Itmayalsoreflectthefactthatthetwomostprevelantconditions–painandanxiety–affectwomendisporportionately.

ETHNICITY

Thevastmajorityofsurveyparticipantsclassifiedthemselvesaswhite.IntheUS,thismaybeduetothehighcostofCBDtherapeutics,greaterutilizationofalternativetherapiesbyCaucasians,and/orawarinessofcannabistherapeuticsonthepartofcommunitiesofcolorthathavebornethebruntoftheUSdrugwar.

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500White

HispanicorLatino

BlackorAfricanAmerican

Asian/PacificIslander

NativeAmericanorAmericanIndian

Other

Notdisclosed

Female62.4%

Male

34.1%

Prefernottosay3.4%

Intersex0.1%

PROJECTCBD 12

AGE

Participantsskewedolder.Almosttwo-thirdswereovertheageof44,andalmost20%wereovertheageof64.

ThismaybeexplainedbytheCBD’sreportedeffectivenessintreatingpainandsleepproblems,ailmentsthatarecommonamongtheelderly,particularlyintheUSwherehalfofolderadults(i.e.overtheageof65)reportsufferingfrom“bothersome”painregularly,andhalfreportregularsleepdisturbances.

EDUCATION

Surveyparticipantswerewell-educated.Justunderthree-quartersreportedhavingatleastsomecollegeeducation.Aboutone-fifth(18%)reportedhavingagraduatedegree.ThismayreflectthefactthatparticipantswererecruitedthroughProjectCBD,awebsitethatfocusesonCBDscienceandeducation.

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000 Noschoolingcompleted

Nurseryschoolto8thgrade

Somehighschool,nodiploma

Highschoolgraduateorequivalent

Trade/technical/vocational training

Somecollegecredit,nodegree

Associatedegree

Bachelor’sdegree

Master’sdegree

Professionaldegree

Doctoratedegree

Notdisclosed

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900 Under18

18-24yearsold

25-34yearsold

35-44yearsold

45-54yearsold

55-64yearsold

65-74yearsold

75yearsorolder

Notdisclosed

PROJECTCBD 13

LOCATIONOFPARTICIPANTS

Fifty-eightseparatecountrieswererepresentedinthesurvey;however,mostparticipants(80%)werefromtheUnitedStates.

TOPCOUNTRIES

1. UnitedStates2. Canada3. UnitedKingdom4. SouthAfrica5. Australia6. Germany7. Norway8. Mexico9. Argentina10. Italy

TOPUSSTATES

1. California2. Texas3. Florida4. Washington5. Pennsylvania6. Kentucky7. NorthCarolina8. Utah9. Colorado10. NewYork

TIFFANYDEVITT 14

CBDPRODUCTS&DOSING

Thissectionlooksatwhatpeoplearetaking:whattypeofproducts,whatdosages,howoften,andforhowlong.

CBDSOURCES:HEMPVS.CANNABIS

HalfofparticipantsreportedusingCBDfromhemp,thatisCBDwithlessthan0.3%THC.FortypercentreportedusingCBDfromcannabisorincombinationwithcannabis,meaningtheytakesomeTHCaspartoftheirCBDroutinethoughamountsvariedwildly.

ThesurveydidnotaskaboutCBDisolates.SomeoftheparticipantswhodidnotspecifythesourceoftheirCBD(4%)maybeusinganisolate.

FivepercentofparticipantsstatedthattheywerenotsurewheretheirCBDcamefrom.Thismayreflectpoorlabeling,and/orconfusionaroundthechanginglegaldefinitionofhemp.

CBDfromhemp(littletonoTHC)

50%CBDfromorwith

cannabis(someTHC)40%

CannabiswithoutCBD1%

I'mnotsure.5%

Notspecified

4%

PROJECTCBD 15

PRODUCTTYPES

CBDuserstendedtofavorsmoke-freemethods,liketincturesandtopicals,overtraditionalmodesofingestingcannabis(i.e.smoking,vaping,andedibles).

Almosthalfofparticipants(46%)reportedusingmorethanonetypeofproduct.Themostpopularcombinationwasatincturewithatopical(13%)followedbyatincturewithavapedproduct(4%).Only2%ofparticipantsreportedusingatopicalalone.

FREQUENCYOFUSE

ThemajorityofsurveyrespondentsreporttakingCBDatleastonceaday,andoverhalfreportedtakingitmultipletimesperday.

0.00

500.00

1000.00

1500.00

2000.00

2500.00

3000.00

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500 Morethanonceaday

Onceaday

Onceaweek

Onceamonth

Lessthanonceamonth

Notspecified

PROJECTCBD 16

DOSING&RATIO

FewparticipantswereabletosayhowmuchCBD(orTHC)theyweretaking,suggestinganurgentneedforbothbetterproductlabelingandconsumereducation.Thosethatdidanswerthisquestionindicatedthattheytakeanywherefrom2mgto1000mg.

AbouthalfofparticipantstakingCBDwithorfromcannabisspecifiedtheratioofCBDtoTHC.MostfavoredabalancedratioofCBDandTHC(between4:1and1:1),orahighCBD/lowTHCratiobetween(20:1and10:1).

LENGTHOFUSE

Forty-fourpercentofparticipantssaidthattheyhadbeenusingCBDforlessthansixmonths.Thisisnotsurprisinggivenhowrecentlyit’sbecomeavailableanditstherapeuticpotentialunderstood.Overone-thirdreportedthattheyhadbeenusingCBDforoveroneyear,and11%reportedtheyhadbeenusingitforoverthreeyears.

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200 Lessthan30days

Between1and6months

6Monthstoayear

1to3years

Over3years

Notspecified

0%

25%

50%

75%

100% MoreTHCthanCBD

BalancedCBD-THCRatio

Mid-rangeCBD

HighCBD/LowTHC

AlmostHemp(over20:1)

PROJECTCBD 17

GENERALIMPACT&SIDEEFFECTS

ThissectionlooksattheoverallimpactofCBD.Specifically:howdidCBDimpactkeyqualityoflifemeasurements,whatsortofsideeffectsdidpeopleexperience,andhowseriouswerethosesideeffects?

QUALITYOFLIFEMEASURES

ParticipantswereaskedtoassessCBD’simpactonsixqualityoflifemeasurements–pain,mood,sleep,physicalfunction,energyormotivation,andtheabilitytosocialize–andindicateifCBDmadethemfeel“muchbetter,”“alittlebetter,”“alittleworse,”“alotworse,”or“nochange.”Amajorityofsurveyrespondentsreportedsomeimprovementinallareas.Themostsignificantimprovementswereintheareasofpainandmood.Theonlynoticeablenegativeeffectswereonenergyandmotivation;justover2%ofparticipantsreportedthattheirenergyormotivationgotworse.ThismaybeexplainedbythefactthatbothCBDandTHCcanbesedatingdependinguponthedose.

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

Lotworse

Littleworse

Nochange

Littlebetter

Muchbetter

PROJECTCBD 18

SIDEEFFECTS

Fortypercentofparticipantsreportedhavingoneormoresideeffects.Theseweretypicallymild.Themostcommonsideeffectsweredrymouth(18%ofparticipants),tiredness(12%),dryorbloodshoteyes(5%),andincreaseappetite(5%).

SeeAppendixBforthecompletelistofreportedsideeffects.

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

Severe

Moderate

Mild

PROJECTCBD 19

CONDITIONS

ThissectionlookedattheconditionsforwhichpeoplearetakingCBD.

ParticipantsreportedusingCBDforover200differentconditions.(SeeAppendixAforthecompletelist.)Thevastmajority,however,reportedusingCBDtoalleviatepain,improvemoodandsleep,and/orforgeneralwellness.Mostparticipants(71%)wereusingCBDformorethanonecondition.Around10%reportedusingCBDtotreatserious,intractableillnessessuchasbraininjuries,epilepsy,multiplesclerosis,autismspectrumdisorder,Parkinson’s,andAlzheimer’s.

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

PROJECTCBD 20

CBDFORPAIN

PROFILE

2,202PeoplereportedtakingCBDforpain65%Female|33%Male|2%Prefernottosay

ThevastmajorityofparticipantstakingCBDforpainstatedthattheyturnedtoCBDbecausetheyhadpainmost,ifnotall,thetime(87%).Manyhadidentifiedmultiplesourcesofpain,themostsignificantbeinginflammation.Almost10%ofparticipantswithpainindicatedinthecommentsfieldthattheyhadarthritisand/orfibromyalgia.

Otherhealthissueswerecommonamongthosewithpain,inparticular,sleepproblems(51%),moodissues(typicallyanxietyand/ordepression)(51%),hormonalconditions(15%),PTSD(14%),andgastrointestinaldisease(12%).

FREQUENCYOFPAIN

SOURCESOFPAIN

0 400 800 1200 1600 2000

Unknown

Other

Surgery

Disease

Injury

Inflammation

Allthetime51%

Frequently36%

Occasionally10%

Rarely2%

Notspecified

1%

PROJECTCBD 21

EFFICACY

ParticipantswereaskedtoratetheirpainwithandwithoutCBDonascaleof1to10where1represented“alittlepain”and10represented“theworstpainimaginable.”Theywerealsoaskedaboutchangesinthefrequency,duration,andintensityoftheirpain.

Participantsreportedmeaningfulimprovementagainstallpainmeasures.Justunder90%ofparticipantsreportedsomeimprovementsinthefrequencyanddurationoftheirpain,with60%reportingthatCBDmadetheseaspects“muchbetter.”MostsignificantthoughwasCBD’simpactontheintensityofpain.Almost70%ofparticipantsreportedthattheirpainintensitywas“muchbetter”withCBD;anadditional23%reporteditwas“alittlebetter.”WithoutCBD,theaveragepainscorewas6.85.WithCBD,theaveragepainscorewas2.76,representinganaveragedecreaseinintensityof60%.

Inlightofthewell-knowndangersofopiates,thissuggeststhatCBDhassignificantpotentialasanon-toxic,non-addictive,alternativepainremedy.

CHANGESINPAINSCORE

FREQUENCY,DURATION&INTENSITY

6.85WITHOUTCBD

2.76WITHCBD

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

Frequency Duration Intensity

Lotworse

Littleworse

Nochange

Littlebetter

Muchbetter

PROJECTCBD 22

CBDFORSLEEP

PROFILE

1,521PeoplereportedtakingCBDforsleepproblems69%Female|29%Male|2%Prefernottosay

Surveyparticipantswereslightlymorelikelytoreporthavingproblemsstayingasleepratherthanfallingsleep,thoughmostpeoplereportedhavingdifficultywithboth.

OtherhealthissueswerecommonamongthoseusingCBDforsleep,inparticular,pain(73%),moodissues(63%),hormonalconditions(20%),PTSD(18%),andgastrointestinaldisease(15%).

PeopletakingCBDforsleepwereslightlymorelikelythanaveragetouseCBDwithorfromcannabis(ratherthanCBDfromhempalone),meaningtheyweremorelikelytobeusingsomeTHCwiththeirCBD.

SLEEPISSUES

0

500

1000

1500

Ihaveproblemsstayingasleep.

Ihaveproblemsgettingtosleep.

Iwakeuptired.

I'msleepyduringthe

day.

TIFFANYDEVITT 23

EFFICACY

SurveyparticipantswereaskedtoestimatehowmanyminutesittookthemtogettosleepwithandwithoutCBD,andhowoftentheywokeinthenightwithandwithoutCBD.

ParticipantsreportedthatCBDhelpedgettosleepmorequickly,reducingtheaveragetimefromaboutanhourto20minutes.Perhapsmoreimportantly,participantsreportedwakinguplessoftenwhenusingCBDforsleep(aboutathirdasmanytimes).

NO.OFMINUTESTOGETTOSLEEP

NO.OFTIMESONEWAKESINTHENIGHT

Amajorityofparticipantsreportedimprovementsinhowtheyfeltuponwaking.Almostthree-quartersofparticipantsreportedwakinguptiredwithoutCBD;9%reportedwakinguptiredwithCBD.

ThesignificantimprovementsinhowparticipantsreportedfeelinguponwakingwhenusingCBDwaslikelyconnectedtothedecreaseinthenumberoftimestheywokeduringthenight.

FEELINGSUPONWAKING

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

WithoutCBD WithCBD

Ifeeltired.

Ifeelneitherrefreshednortired.

Ifeelrefreshed.

62WITHOUTCBD

20WITHCBD

4.3WITHOUTCBD

1.4WITHCBD

PROJECTCBD 24

CBDFORMOODDISORDERS

PROFILE

1,631PeoplereportedtakingCBDformooddisorders70%Female|28%Male|2%Prefernottosay

OftheparticipantstakingCBDforamooddisorder,moststatedthattheyhadanxiety,depression,orboth.Themostcommontypesofanxietyweregeneralizedanxietydisorder(50%ofallparticipantstakingCBDforanxiety),socialanxiety(10%),andpanicdisorder(10%).

Mostpeoplewithdepression(58%ofallparticipantstakingCBDfordepression)werenotsurewhattypetheyhad.TwelvepercentofpeopletakingCBDfordepressionsaidtheyhadmajordepressivedisorder,andsevenpercentsaidtheyhadbipolardepression.

Mostparticipantsreportedthattheiranxietyand/ordepressionwereofmoderateseverity.

TYPESOFMOODDISORDERS

Anxiety&depression

56%Anxiety33%

Depression8%

Other3%

PROJECTCBD 25

SEVERITYOFANXIETY

SEVERITYOFDEPRESSION

EFFICACY

SurveyparticipantswereaskedtoratehowCBDimpacted11commonsymptomsofmooddisorders(seechartbelow),indicatingwhetherthesymptomwasa“muchbetter,”“littlebetter,”“nochange,”a“littleworse,”or“lotworse.”CBDappearedtobequiteeffectiveasananti-anxietyagentandanti-depressant.Participantsreportedthatitperformedespeciallywellatmitigatingfeelingsofnervousness.Ninety-twopercentofpeopleexperiencedsomerelief,and68%reportedthatfeelingsofnervousnesswere“muchbetter”withCBD.CBDalsoperformedwellatrelievingpanicattacks,mitigatingmoodswings,andquellingfeelingsofagitation,irritability,andsadness.

CBDwaslesseffectiveatmitigatingdifficultiesconcentrating,lackofinterestinactivities,anddigestiveupset.Whilestillsomewhathelpfulformost,seventeenpercentofpeoplereportednoimprovementinthesesymptoms.And,3%ofpeoplereportedthattheabilitytoconcentrateworsenedwithCBD.

0

400

800

1200

1600

Lotworse

Littleworse

Nochange

Littlebetter

Muchbetter

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

Mild Moderate Severe I'mnotsure.0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

Mild Moderate Severe I'mnotsure.

PROJECTCBD 26

CBDFORHORMONALCONDITIONS

PROFILE

452FemalesreportedtakingCBDforhormonalissues

ParticipantsreportedtakingCBDforfemalehormonalissuesacrossthelifecycle,fromPMStopost-menopause.

Typically,peopletakingCBDforhormonalconditionsalsoreportedusingCBDforpain(76%),andsleepproblems(69%).

Thisgroupwasmorelikelythanaveragetobetakinghemp(withlittletonoTHC)ratherthancannabis-derivedCBD.Fifty-sevenpercentutilizedhemp-derivedCBD,while38%usedCBDwithorfromcannabis.

TYPESOFHORMONALISSUES

EFFICACY

ParticipantswereaskedtoratehowCBDimpacted14commonsymptomsofhormonalconditions(seechartbelow),indicatingwhethersymptomswere“muchbetter,”“littlebetter,”“nochange,”a“littleworse,”or“lotworse.”CBDappearedtobehighlyeffectiveinaddressingmoodandpainissuesassociatedwithfemalehormonalcycles.Italsoappearedtobeespeciallyhelpfulinmitigatingnightsweatsand,toalesserdegree,hotflashesassociatedwithmenopause.

0 50 100 150 200

Notspecified

Postmenopause

Menopause

Perimenopause

Menstrualsyndrome

PMS

PROJECTCBD 27

CBDwaslesseffectiveatamelioratingbloatingandfoodcravingsrelatedtomenstruation,andsexualdiscomfort,lowsexdriveassociatedanddryskinrelatedtomenopause.About5%ofpeoplereportedthattheirCBDproductmadePMS-relatedfoodcravingsworse,aneffectthatmaybeattributabletoTHC’swell-knowntendencytocausethe“munchies.”

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

Lotworse

Littleworse

Nochange

Littlebetter

Muchbetter

PROJECTCBD 28

CBDFORPTSD

PROFILE

406PeoplereportedtakingCBDforPTSD(Post-TraumaticStressDisorder)69%Female|30%Male|1%Prefernottosay

MostparticipantsusingCBDforPTSDcharacterizedtheirPTSDas“moderate.”Overhalf(57%)reportedthattheyhadhadPTSDforovertenyears.FourteenpercentofparticipantswithPTSDweremilitaryveterans.

ThemajorityofparticipantsusingCBDforPTSDalsoreportedthattheywereusingCBDfordepression(80%),pain(77%),andsleepproblems(67%).

Notably,thisgroupwasalmostthreetimesmorelikelythantheaverageparticipanttoreportusingCBDforalcoholism/addiction.And,theywerealmostthreetimesmorelikelytobeusingCBDforabraininjury.

ThisgroupfavoredCBDderivedfromorusedincombinationwithcannabisoverhemp-derivedCBD(53%utilizedCBDfromorwithcannabis),meaningtheyweremorelikelytobeusingTHC.

SEVERITYOFPTSD

Mild

Moderate

Severe

I'mnotsure.

0

50

100

150

200

250

PROJECTCBD 29

EFFICACY

ParticipantswereaskedtoratehowCBDimpactedninecommonsymptomsofPTSD(seechartbelow),indicatingwhetherthesymptomwasa“muchbetter,”“littlebetter,”“nochange,”a“littleworse,”or“lotworse.”CBDappearedtobehighlyeffectiveinaddressingarangeofPTSDsymptoms,particularlyanxiety,anger,irritability,depression,moodswings,andpanicattacks.CBDwasalsohelpful,thoughlessso,inmitigatingunwantedthoughts,nightmares,andheartpalpitations.

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

Lotworse

Littleworse

Nochange

Littlebetter

Muchbetter

PROJECTCBD 30

CBDFORGASTROINTESTINALDISEASE

PROFILE

366PeoplereportedtakingCBDforgastrointestinal(GI)diseases71%Female|26%Male|3%Prefernottosay

IrritableBowelSyndrome(IBS)wasthemostcommonGIconditionamongparticipantsreportingthattheywereusingCBDforGIdiseases.

ThemajorityofparticipantsusingCBDforGIdiseasealsoreportedthattheywereusingCBDforpain(73%),moodissues(66%),andsleepproblems(62%).

ThisgroupwasmorelikelythanaveragetobetakingCBDwithorfromcannabis(asopposedtohemp-derivedCBD),meaningtheyweremorelikelytobeusingsomeTHCwiththeirCBD.

TYPEOFGIDISEASES

0 50 100 150 200

Other

Colitis

Crohn'sDisease

IBD

GERDorAcidReflux

IBS

PROJECTCBD 31

EFFICACY

ParticipantswereaskedtoratehowCBDimpactedninecommonsymptomsofGIdiseases(seechartbelow),indicatingwhetherthesymptomwasa“muchbetter,”“littlebetter,”“nochange,”a“littleworse,”or“lotworse.”CBDappearedtobemosthelpfulwithrelievingabdominalcrampsorpain,nauseaorvomiting,andindigestion.ManyparticipantsalsofoundithelpfulforfatiguethoughasmallpercentagefoundCBDmadethemmoretired.CBDappearedtobefarlesseffectiveathelpingpeoplewithGIdiseasesmaintainahealthyweight.

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

Lotworse

Littleworse

Nochange

Littlebetter

Muchbetter

PROJECTCBD 32

CBDFORADD/ADHD

PROFILE

263PeoplereportedtakingCBDforADD/ADHD57%Female|38%Male|4%Prefernottosay

PeoplereportingthattheywereusingCBDforADD/ADHD(attentiondeficitdisorder/attentiondeficithyperactivitydisorder)typicallyhadInattentiveTypeorCombinedtype.ThisgroupfrequentlyreportedthattheywereusingCBDforotherissuessuchasmoodissues(78%),pain(68%),andsleepproblems(60%).

SimilartoparticipantsusingCBDforPTSD,thisgroupwasalmostthreetimesmorelikelytobeusingCBDforalcoholism/addiction,aswell.

Inaddition,theyweremorelikelytobeusingCBDwithorfromcannabisratherthanhemp-derivedCBDalone,meaningtheyweremorelikelytobeusingsomeTHCwiththeirCBD.

TYPESOFADD/ADHD

0 20 40 60 80 100

I'mnotsure.

Hyperactive-Impulsive Type

CombinedType

InattentiveType

PROJECTCBD 33

EFFICACY

ParticipantswereaskedtoratehowCBDimpactedsevencommonsymptomsofADD/ADHD(seechartbelow),indicatingwhetherthesymptomwasa“muchbetter,”“littlebetter,”“nochange,”a“littleworse,”or“lotworse.”CBDappearedtobemosthelpfulwithstayingontask,minimizingdistractibility,andmitigatingagitationorirritability.Itappearedlesseffectiveatminimizingthetendencytolosethingsandprocrastinateandsometimesmakesthosesymptomsworse.

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Lotworse

Littleworse

Nochange

Littlebetter

Muchbetter

PROJECTCBD 34

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Other

Pancreaticcancer

Bladdercancer

Endometrial cancer

Kidneycancer

Livercancer

Melanoma

Thyroidcancer

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma

Leukemia

Braincancer

Lungcancer

Colonorrectalcancer

Prostatecancer

Breastcancer

CBDFORCANCER

PROFILE

214PeoplereportedtakingCBDforcancer51%Female|49%Male

Participantsreportedhaving32differenttypesofcancer.Breast,prostate,andcolon/rectalcancerwerethemostcommon.Themajorityofparticipantsinthisgrouphadhadeithersurgery,chemotherapy,orradiationtherapy.Manywereinremission/cancer-free.ManywerealsousingCBDforpain(44%),sleepproblems(30%),and/ormoodissues(25%).

ParticipantsusingCBDproductsforcancerweremorelikelytobeusingCBDwithorfromcannabisratherthanhemp-derivedCBDalone(57%versus40%),meaningtheyweremorelikelytobetakingsomeTHCwiththeirCBDregimen.ThismaybeduetoTHC’seffectivenessasapainrelieverortowell-publicizedpreclinicaldatasuggestingthatbothTHCandCBDmayhavetumor-fightingproperties.

CANCERTYPES

TIFFANYDEVITT 35

TREATMENTS

CANCERSTATUS

.

EFFICACY

ParticipantswereaskedtoratehowCBDimpactedeightcommonsymptomsofcancerandcancertreatment(seechartbelow),indicatingwhetherthesymptomwasa“muchbetter,”“littlebetter,”“nochange,”a“littleworse,”or“lotworse.”CBDwasmosthelpfulwithamelioratingnauseaandvomiting.Someparticipantsalsofoundithelpfulforlossofappetite,neuropathy(numbnessortingling),andweakness.CBDwasmarkedlylesslikelytohelpwithcancer-relatedconstipationanddiarrhea.Themostsignificantsideeffectsrelatedtomemoryandconcentration.

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Lotworse

Littleworse

Nochange

Littlebetter

Muchbetter

0 20 40 60 80 100

I'mgettinghospicecare.

I'mgettingpalliativecare.

I'mintreatment.

I'mbeingmonitored.

I'minremission.

0 20 40 60 80 100

Other

Stemcelltransplant

Targettedtherapy

Immunotherapy

Hormone therapy

Radiationtherapy

Chemotherapy

Surgery

PROJECTCBD 36

CBDFORDIABETES

PROFILE

169PeoplereportedtakingCBDfordiabetes53%Female|44%Male|3%Prefernottosay

MostparticipantstakingCBDfordiabeteshadType2diabetes(72%).ManyreportedthattheyweretakingCBDforotherconditions,inparticular,pain(77%),moodissues(49%),andsleepproblems(46%).Asignificantminorityofthisgroup(14%)alsoreportedtakingCBDforGIdiseases.

EFFICACY

ParticipantswereaskedabouttheirtypicalbloodsugarlevelsbeforeandaftertheystartedtakingCBD.ThoughtheaveragelevelswithCBDwerestillhigh,theyshowedsignificantimprovementsoverthepre-CBDlevels,decreasingbyabout27%onaverage.Participantsalsoreportedsignificantimprovementsinneuropathy-typesymptoms(i.e.nervepain,tinglingornumbness),andsomeimprovementsintheirabilitytomaintainahealthyweight.

BLOODSUGARLEVELS

SYMPTOMRELIEF

178WITHOUTCBD

130WITHCBD

0

40

80

120

160

Nervepain,tinglingornumbness

Difficultymaintainingahealthyweight

Lotworse

Littleworse

Nochange

Littlebetter

Muchbetter

PROJECTCBD 37

CBDFORALCOHOLISM/ADDICTION

PROFILE

145PeoplereportedtakingCBDforaddiction49%Female|48%Male|3%Prefernottosay

MostparticipantsusingCBDforaddictionreportedbeingaddictedtoalcohol(68%),tobacco(38%),and/oropiates(36%).Asmallerpercentreportedbeingaddictedtobenzodiazepines,amphetamines,cocaine,sleepingmedications,ketamine,food,sugar,caffeine,andhighTHCcannabis.AmajorityofparticipantsusingCBDforaddiction(55%)reportedhavingmorethanoneaddiction.Themostcommoncombinationswerealcoholandtobacco,alcoholandopiates,andopiatesandtobacco,inthatorder.ParticipantstakingCBDforaddictionwereverylikelytoreportthattheywerealsotakingCBDformoodissues(78%),pain(69%),sleepproblems(58%),andPTSD(30%).

Participantswereaskedwhattheirprimaryrecoverygoalwas:toavoidarelapse(stopusingthesubstance),uselessoftheaddictivesubstance,ormanagethesymptomsofwithdrawal/detox.Moststatedthattheyweretryingtoabstainfromtheiraddictivesubstance(s).

ADDICTION

PRIMARYRECOVERYGOAL

70% “I’mtryingtoabstain/avoidarelapse.”

23% “I’mtryingtouselessofthesubstanceI’maddictedto.”

7% “I’mtryingtogetthroughdetoxorwithdrawal.”

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Sleepingmedications

Cocaine

Amphetamines

Benzodiazepines

Opiates

Tobacco

Alcohol

PROJECTCBD 38

EFFICACY

CBDappearedtobeextremelyhelpfulforgettingoffandstayingoffopiates.Thisisconsistentwithobservationalstudiesthathavenotedthatmanypatientsvoluntarilydecreasethenumberofopiatestheyareusing—orgooffopiatescompletely—whentheyusetheminconjunctionwithcannabis,aswellwithanimalandpreclinicalstudiessuggestingthatcannabisandCBDmayreducetheriskofrelapse.

CBDwasalsoreportedlyhelpfulforreducingoreliminatingalcoholconsumption.Itwascomparativelylesshelpfulasasmokingcessationaid.Twenty-fourpercentoftobaccousersexperiencednochange,and4%reportusingmoretobaccoafterintroducingCBD.

CHANGESINSUBSTANCEUSE

0%

25%

50%

75%

100%

Alcohol Opiates Tobacco

Istoppedusing

Iuseless

Iuseaboutthesame

Iusemore

PROJECTCBD 39

CBDFORBRAININJURIES

PROFILE

128PeoplereportedtakingCBDforbraininjuries58%Female|41%Male|1%Prefernottosay

ThemostcommontypeofbraininjuryamongparticipantswasaTBIorTraumaticBrainInjury.ParticipantstakingCBDforbraininjuriesoftenreportedthattheywerealsotakingCBDforpain(68%),moodissues(55%),sleepproblems(46%),andPTSD(33%).

PeoplewithabraininjuryweretwiceaslikelytoreportusingCBDforaddictionastheaverageparticipant.ParticipantswithbraininjurieswerealsomorelikelytobetakingCBDfromorwithcannabisratherthanhemp-derivedCBDalone(53%versus40%),meaningtheyweremorelikelytobetakingsomeTHCwiththeirCBD.

TYPESOFBRAININJURY

0 10 20 30 40 50

Other

Aneurysm

Tumor

Stroke

Concussion

TBI

TIFFANYDEVITT 40

EFFICACY

ParticipantswereaskedtoratehowCBDimpactedsevencommonsymptomsofbraininjuries(seechartbelow),indicatingwhetherthesymptomwasa“muchbetter,”“littlebetter,”“nochange,”a“littleworse,”or“lotworse.”Forparticipantswithbraininjuries,CBDappearedmosthelpfulforrelievingheadaches,irritability,andagitation.CBDwaslesshelpfulatrelievingissueswithbalanceorcoordination.Inasmallpercentageofparticipants,participantsreportedthatissueswithmemory,concentration,andself-expressionworsenedthoughitisunknownifthiswastheresultofCBDorTHC.

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Lotworse

Littleworse

Nochange

Littlebetter

Muchbetter

PROJECTCBD 41

ANECDOTALFEEDBACK

Inspiteofthefactthatthiswasalengthysurvey,overhalfofparticipants(1,897)answeredthequestion“whatelsewouldyouliketoshareaboutyourCBDexperience?”addingfree-formcommentsattheendoftheirsubmission.

MostcommentselaboratedonhowCBDenhancedthequalityofparticipants’lives,oftenpoignantlydescribingthechangeintheday-to-dayexperienceoftheirsymptoms.Otherselaboratedonitsefficacyforspecificconditions,andmanydescribedCBD’sunexpectedhelpfulnessinamelioratingsymptomsforwhichtheyweren’teventakingCBD(suchaspsoriasis).

ManyparticipantsalsonotedthatCBDhelpedthemreduceoreliminateothermedications,mostnotablyopiates,butalsoanti-depressants,anti-anxietyagents,thyroidmedications,insulin,andotherprescriptiondrugs.

AnumberofparticipantsbemoanedthelackofaccesstoCBDandothercannabis-derivedtherapeuticsandthehighpriceofsuchproducts.Othersexpressedconsternationoverthechallengesoffindrightproduct.

Quiteafewparticipantsrequestedmoreinformationonhowtofigureouttherightdoseand/orbalanceofCBDandTHC.OtherswantedtosharetipsonusingCBDbasedontheirownexperience,suchashowmuchtouse,daytimeversusnighttimeuse,theirfavoritemodesofadministration,etc.

Afewparticipantsreportedsideeffects,includinginonecasetheneedtochange–undertheirdoctor’ssupervision–theirdoseofWarfarin(acommonbloodthinner).

PROJECTCBD 42

CONCLUSIONS

FiguringouthowtomaximizethetherapeuticbenefitsofCBDandothercannabiscompoundsisstillaworkinprogress.Thissurveywasintendedtoharnessthegreat“laboratoryexperimentindemocracy”knownasmedicalandrecreationalcannabisthat’sbeenunfoldingstate-by-stateandaroundtheworld.Wedidthisbycrowd-sourcingtherapeuticknowledgeandsharingourcollectivelearnings.

Whilelargelyanecdotalandlimitedinscope,themessageisoneofhopeforpeoplesufferingawiderangeofdifficult-to-treatconditionsandsymptoms.

Forquestionsandsuggestions,pleaseemailusat:[email protected].

PROJECTCBD 43

APPENDIXA:MEDICALCONDITIONSFORWHICHPARTICIPANTSUSECBD

ParticipantsreportedthattheywereusingCBDtotreatawiderangeofmedicalconditionsandsymptoms.Thefulllist,whichisbelow,includesmanydifficulttotreatdiseases.

1. Acidreflux2. Acne3. Acousticneuroma4. ADD/ADHD5. Adrenalinsufficiency6. AIDS7. Alcoholism/addiction8. Allergies9. Alopecia10. ALS11. Alzheimer'sdisease12. Alzheimer'sprevention13. Angermanagement14. Ankylosingspondylitis15. Antiphospholipidsyndrome16. Anxiety17. Appetitestimulation18. Appetitesuppression19. Arrhythmia20. Arthritis21. Asthma22. Atherosclerosis23. Atrialfibrillation24. AutismSpectrumDisorder25. Autoimmunedisease26. Babesiadisease27. Backinjury28. Backpain29. Bipolardisorder30. Bodydysmorphia31. Braininjury32. Bronchiectasis33. Bulimia34. Bulgingcervicaldisks35. Bursitis36. Cancer37. Cancerprevention38. Carpeltunnelsyndrome39. Cataracts40. Celiacdisease41. Cerebralpalsy42. Cervicalspondylotic

myelopathy43. CharcotMarieToothdisease44. Highcholesterol45. Chronicfatiguesyndrome46. Clusterheadaches47. Colitis

48. Complexregionalpainsyndrome

49. Concussion50. Connectivetissuedisorder51. COPD52. Cranialfacialpain53. Crohn'sdisease54. Cymbaltawithdrawal55. Degenerativejointdisorder56. Depression57. Dermatitis58. Diabetes59. DiGeorgesyndrome60. Diverticulitis61. Dysautonomia62. Dystonia63. Eczema64. Ehlers-DanlosSyndrome65. Endometriosis66. Enlargedspleen67. Epilepsy/seizures68. Essentialtremors69. Exerciserecovery70. Fatigue71. Fibromyalgia72. Focus73. Functionalneurological

disorder74. Generalizedanxietydisorder75. Generalmovementdisorder76. Generalwellness77. GERD78. Glaucoma79. Glutensensitivity80. Gout81. Graftvshostdisease82. Grave’sdisease83. Grief84. Hashimoto’sdisease85. Headaches86. Heartdisease87. Hemifacialspasms88. Hemorrhoids89. HepatitisC90. Hereditaryspasticparaplegia91. Highbloodpressure92. Highcholesterol93. Hirschsprung'sdisease94. HIV

95. Hotflashes96. Hypertension97. Hypothyroidism98. IBS99. Idiopathicintracranial

hypertension100. Idiopathicmembranous

nephropathy101. Inclusionbodymyositis102. Inflammation103. Inflammatoryboweldisease104. Insomnia105. Intractablebrainstem

migraines106. Interoculareyepressure107. Irritablebowelsyndrome108. Jointhealth109. Jointpain110. Juvenilerheumatoidarthritis111. Keratosis112. Kidneydisease113. Kidneyfailure114. Kidneytransplant115. Leakygut116. Legcramps117. Lichensclerosus118. Lumbarbackinjury119. Lumbarspinalstenosis120. LungInjury121. Lupus122. Lyme'sdisease123. Medullaryspongekidneys124. Menopause125. Menstruationpain126. Mentalclarity127. Metabolicdisease128. Migraines129. Mooddisorders130. Moodswings131. Morningsickness132. Motionsickness133. Motorneurondisease134. Multiplemyeloma135. Multiplesclerosis136. Musclepain137. Musclerigidity138. Musclespasms139. Myastheniagravis140. Nailfungus

PROJECTCBD 44

141. Nausea142. Nervedisease/demyelination143. Nervepain144. Neuropathy145. Neuroprotection146. Numbnessinhands147. Obsessivecompulsivedisorder148. Ocularheadaches149. Osteoarthritis150. Osteomalacia151. Osteopenia152. Osteoporosis153. Pain154. Panicattacks155. Panicdisorder156. Parkinson'sDisease157. Parkinson'sprevention158. Polycysticovarysyndrome159. Pemphigus160. Pericarditis161. Perimenopause162. Peripheralneuropathy163. Phantomlimbpain164. Plantarfasciitis165. Polymyalgiarheumatica166. Porphyria167. Postablationsyndrome

168. Postmenopause169. Posturalorthostatic

tachycardiasyndrome170. Prader-Willisyndrome171. Prednisolonewithdrawal172. Primarybiliarycholangitis173. Psoriasis174. Psoriaticarthritis175. Psychosis176. PTSD177. Recoveryfrominjury178. Recoveryfromsurgery179. Relaxation180. Restlesslegsyndrome181. Rosacea182. Sarcoidosis183. Schizoaffectivedisorder184. Schizophrenia185. Sciatica186. Scleroderma187. Scoliosis188. Seborrheickeratosis189. Shingles190. Sjögren’ssyndrome191. Skinconditions192. Skin,hair,nailhealth193. Sleepproblems

194. Smokingcessation195. Socialanxiety196. Speechimpediment197. Spinabifida198. Spinalcordinjury199. Spinalstenosis200. Stroke201. TBI202. Temporalarteritis203. THCwithdrawal204. Thyroiddisease205. Tinnitus206. TMJ207. Toothache208. Tourette’ssyndrome209. Transversemyelitis210. Tremors211. Trigeminalneuralgia212. Tuberoussclerosis213. Undiagnosedintestinalissues214. Undiagnosedstomachpain215. Vertigo216. Weightloss217. Wellness218. Woundhealing

TIFFANYDEVITT 45

APPENDIXB:COMPLETELISTOFREPORTEDSIDEEFFECTS

SideEffect #Reports %ofParticipants

Drymouth 619 17.66%

Tiredness 429 12.24%

Bloodshotordryeyes 188 5.36%

Overeating 181 5.16%

Headache 150 4.28%

Dizziness 130 3.71%

Digestiveupset 127 3.62%

Increasedpulseandheartrate 122 3.48%

Impairedconcentration 116 3.31%

Increasedsensitivity 78 2.22%

Anxiety 67 1.91%

Impairedcoordination 45 1.28%

Vividdreamsornightmares 7 0.20%

Itchinessorhives 6 0.17%

Insomnia/wakefulness 5 0.14%

Ringinginears 5 0.14%

Constipation 3 0.09%

Overheating 3 0.09%

Agitation/restlessness 2 0.06%

Diarrhea 2 0.06%

Forgetfulness 2 0.06%

Grogginess 2 0.06%

Impactonwarfarindose 2 0.06%

Nausea 2 0.06%

Tinglinginextremities 2 0.06%

Bloodsugarhigherinthemorning 1 0.03%

Blurredvision 1 0.03%

Brainfog 1 0.03%

Bruising 1 0.03%

Burningoftongue 1 0.03%

Cough/lungirritationfromvaping 1 0.03%

Delayedmenstruation 1 0.03%

Distractibility 1 0.03%

Driedsinusesandnasalpassage 1 0.03%

Foodcravings 1 0.03%

Fuzzyandheavyfeelinginthebody 1 0.03%

PROJECTCBD 46

Hypotension 1 0.03%

Incarceration 1 0.03%

Increasesensitivitytoalcohol 1 0.03%

Increasedappetite 1 0.03%

Increasedpain 1 0.03%

Increasedurination 1 0.03%

Irritability 1 0.03%

Lightheadedness 1 0.03%

Lossofappetite 1 0.03%

Nosebleed 1 0.03%

Numbnessinmouth 1 0.03%

Poorimpulsecontrol 1 0.03%

Sadness 1 0.03%

Sciatica 1 0.03%

Scratchythroat 1 0.03%

Severethrobbinginmyleftleg 1 0.03%

Shinglesoutbreak 1 0.03%

Softerandfaster-growingnails 1 0.03%

Swollenlegs 1 0.03%

Urinaryurgency 1 0.03%

Vomiting 1 0.03%

Weightgain 1 0.03%

PROJECTCBD 47

ENDNOTES

iForinformationonthesafetyofcannabidiol:

- Bergamaschi,M.M.,Queiroz,R.H.,Zuardi,A.W.,&Crippa,J.A.(2011).SafetyandSideEffectsofCannabidiol,aCannabissativaConstituent.CurrentDrugSafety,6(4),237-249.doi:10.2174/157488611798280924.

- Iffland,K.,&Grotenhermen,F.(2017).AnUpdateonSafetyandSideEffectsofCannabidiol:AReviewofClinicalDataandRelevantAnimalStudies.CannabisandCannabinoidResearch,2(1),139-154.doi:10.1089/can.2016.0034

- Martin-Santos,R.,Crippa,J.A.,Batalla,A.,Bhattacharyya,S.,etal.(2012).AcuteEffectsofaSingle,Oraldoseofd9-tetrahydrocannabinol(THC)andCannabidiol(CBD)AdministrationinHealthyVolunteers.CurrentPharmaceuticalDesign,18(32),4966-4979.doi:10.2174/138161212802884780

iiForinformationoncannabidiolandthetreatmentofpain:

- CommitteeontheHealthEffectsofMarijuana.TheHealthEffectsofCannabisandCannabinoids:TheCurrentStateofEvidenceandRecommendationsforResearch.(AReportoftheNationalAcademiesofScience,Engineering,andMedicine.)TheNationalAcademiesPress,2017.

- Britch,S.,Wiley,J.,Yu,Z.,Clowers,B.,&Craft,R.(2017).Multicenter,double-blind,randomized,placebo-controlled,parallel-groupstudyoftheefficacy,safety,andtolerabilityofTHC:CBDextractandTHCextractinpatientswithintractablecancer-relatedpain.DrugAlcoholDepend,175:187-197.doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.01.046

- Fine,PG,andMJRosenfeld.“CannabinoidsforNeuropathicPain.”CurrentPainandHeadacheReports,vol.18,no.10,ser.451,Oct.2014.451,doi:10.1007/s11916-014-0451-2.

- Iskedjian,Michael,etal.“Meta-AnalysisofCannabisBasedTreatmentsforNeuropathicandMultipleSclerosis-RelatedPain.”CurrentMedicalResearchandOpinion,vol.23,no.1,2006,pp.17–24.,doi:10.1185/030079906x158066.

- Johnson,JR,etal.“Multicenter,Double-Blind,Randomized,Placebo-Controlled,Parallel-GroupStudyoftheEfficacy,Safety,andTolerabilityofTHC:CBDExtractandTHCExtractinPatientswithIntractableCancer-RelatedPain.”JournalofPainSymptomManagement,vol.39,no.2,Feb.2010,pp.167–179.,doi:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2009.06.008.

- McDonough,Patrick,etal.“NeuropathicOrofacialPain:CannabinoidsasaTherapeuticAvenue.”TheInternationalJournalofBiochemistry&CellBiology,vol.55,2014,pp.72–78.,doi:10.1016/j.biocel.2014.08.007.

- Nielsen,Suzanne,etal.“TheUseofCannabisandCannabinoidsinTreatingSymptomsofMultipleSclerosis:ASystematicReviewofReviews.”CurrentNeurologyandNeuroscienceReports,vol.18,no.2,2018,doi:10.1007/s11910-018-0814-x.

- Nurmikko,TuroJ.,etal.“SativexSuccessfullyTreatsNeuropathicPainCharacterisedbyAllodynia:ARandomised,Double-Blind,Placebo-ControlledClinicalTrial.”Pain,vol.133,no.1,2007,pp.210–220.,doi:10.1016/j.pain.2007.08.028.

- Rog,D,etal.“OromucosalΔ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol/CannabidiolforNeuropathicPainAssociatedwithMultipleSclerosis:AnUncontrolled,Open-Label,2-YearExtensionTrial.”ClinicalTherapeutics,vol.29,no.9,2007,pp.2068–2079.,doi:10.1016/j.clinthera.2007.09.013.

- Russo,EthanB.,etal.“Cannabis,Pain,andSleep:LessonsfromTherapeuticClinicalTrialsofSativex®,aCannabis-BasedMedicine.”ChemInform,vol.38,no.47,2007,doi:10.1002/chin.200747254.

- Russo,Ethan.“CannabinoidsintheManagementofDifficulttoTreatPain.”TherapeuticsandClinicalRiskManagement,Volume4,2008,pp.245–259.,doi:10.2147/tcrm.s1928.

- “IlluminatingResultsofCBDPatientSurvey.”ProjectCBD:MedicalMarijuana&CannabinoidScience,www.projectcbd.org/medicine/illuminating-results-cbd-patient-survey.

iiiForinformationoncannabidiolandthetreatmentofanxiety:

- Bergamaschi,M,etal.“CannabidiolReducestheAnxietyInducedbySimulatedPublicSpeakinginTreatment-NaiveSocialPhobiaPatients.”Neuropsychopharmacology,vol.36,2011,doi:10.1038/npp.2011.6.

- Blessing,E,etal.“CannabidiolasaPotentialTreatmentforAnxietyDisorders.”Neurotherapeutics:TheJournaloftheAmericanSocietyforExperimentalNeuroTherapeutics.2015,doi:12.10.1007/s13311-015-0387-1.

- Campos,AllineC.,etal.“Cannabidiol,NeuroprotectionandNeuropsychiatricDisorders.”PharmacologicalResearch,vol.112,2016,pp.119–127.,doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2016.01.033.

- Crippa,Jos.AlexandreS,etal.“NeuralBasisofAnxiolyticEffectsofCannabidiol(CBD)inGeneralizedSocialAnxietyDisorder:APreliminaryReport.”JournalofPsychopharmacology,vol.25,no.1,2010,pp.121–130.,doi:10.1177/0269881110379283.

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- Soares,VanessaP.,andAllineC.Campos.“EvidencesfortheAnti-PanicActionsofCannabidiol.”Current

Neuropharmacology,vol.15,no.2,2017,pp.291–299.,doi:10.2174/1570159x14666160509123955.

ivArmentano,P.(2012,September).CBD:SafeatHighDoses.RetrievedJune26,2019,fromhttps://www.projectcbd.org/medicine/cbd-safe-high-dosesMartin-Santos,R.,Crippa,J.A.,Batalla,A.,Bhattacharyya,S.,etal.(2012).AcuteEffectsofaSingle,Oraldoseofd9-tetrahydrocannabinol(THC)andCannabidiol(CBD)AdministrationinHealthyVolunteers.CurrentPharmaceuticalDesign,18(32),4966-4979.doi:10.2174/138161212802884780

vVaidya,V.,Partha,G.,&Karmakar,M.(2012).GenderDifferencesinUtilizationofPreventiveCareServicesintheUnitedStates.JournalofWomen’sHealth,21(2),140-145.doi:10.1089/jwh.2011.2876viAlwhaibi,M.,&Sambamoorthi,U.(2016).SexDifferencesintheUseofComplementaryandAlternativeMedicineamongAdultswithMultipleChronicConditions.Evidence-BasedComplementaryandAlternativeMedicine,2016,1-8.doi:10.1155/2016/2067095

viiCarpenter,G.,&Patil,M.(2017).GenderDifferencesinPain.OxfordMedicineOnline.doi:10.1093/med/9780190217518.003.0005viiiMclean,C.P.,Asnaani,A.,Litz,B.T.,&Hofmann,S.G.(2011).Genderdifferencesinanxietydisorders:Prevalence,courseofillness,comorbidityandburdenofillness.JournalofPsychiatricResearch,45(8),1027-1035.doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2011.03.006

ixTrendsinalternativemedicineuseintheUnitedStates,1990–1997:Resultsofafollow-upnationalsurvey.(1999).ComplementaryTherapiesinMedicine,7(3),191-192.doi:10.1016/s0965-2299(99)80132-0

xPatel,K.V.,Guralnik,J.M.,Dansie,E.J.,&Turk,D.C.(2013).PrevalenceandimpactofpainamongolderadultsintheUnitedStates:Findingsfromthe2011NationalHealthandAgingTrendsStudy.Pain,154(12),2649-2657.doi:10.1016/j.pain.2013.07.029xiNeikrug,A.B.,&Ancoli-Israel,S.(2010).SleepDisordersintheOlderAdult–AMini-Review.Gerontology,56(2),181-189.doi:10.1159/000236900xiiRusso,E.B.(2016).ClinicalEndocannabinoidDeficiencyReconsidered:CurrentResearchSupportstheTheoryinMigraine,Fibromyalgia,IrritableBowel,andOtherTreatment-ResistantSyndromes.CannabisandCannabinoidResearch,1(1),154-165.doi:10.1089/can.2016.0009

xiiiForinformationonTHC,CBD,andpain:


- Lötsch,J.,etal.“CurrentEvidenceofCannabinoid-BasedAnalgesiaObtainedinPreclinicalandHumanExperimentalSettings.”EuropeanJournalofPain,vol.22,no.3,2017,pp.471–484.,doi:10.1002/ejp.1148.

- Johnson,JeremyR.,etal.“AnOpen-LabelExtensionStudytoInvestigatetheLong-TermSafetyandTolerabilityofTHC/CBDOromucosalSprayandOromucosalTHCSprayinPatientsWithTerminalCancer-RelatedPainRefractorytoStrongOpioidAnalgesics.”JournalofPainandSymptomManagement,vol.46,no.2,2013,pp.207–218.,doi:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2012.07.014.



xivForinformationonCBD,THC,andcancer:

- Adinolfi,Barbara,etal.“AnticancerActivityofAnandamideinHumanCutaneousMelanomaCells.”EuropeanJournalofPharmacology,vol.718,no.1-3,2013,pp.154–159.,doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.08.039.

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- Anderson,SusanP.,etal.“ImpactofMedicalCannabisonPatient-ReportedSymptomsforPatientswithCancer

EnrolledinMinnesota’sMedicalCannabisProgram.”JournalofOncologyPractice,2019,doi:10.1200/jop.18.00562.- Aviello,Gabriella,etal.“ChemopreventiveEffectoftheNon-PsychotropicPhytocannabinoidCannabidiolon

ExperimentalColonCancer.”JournalofMolecularMedicine,vol.90,no.8,2012,pp.925–934.,doi:10.1007/s00109-011-0856-x.

- Bifulco,M.,etal.“EndocannabinoidsinEndocrineandRelatedTumours.”EndocrineRelatedCancer,vol.15,no.2,2008,pp.391–408.,doi:10.1677/erc-07-0258.

- Blasco-Benito,Sandra,etal.“Appraisingthe‘EntourageEffect’:AntitumorActionofaPureCannabinoidversusaBotanicalDrugPreparationinPreclinicalModelsofBreastCancer.”BiochemicalPharmacology,vol.157,2018,pp.285–293.,doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2018.06.025

- Brown,KJ,etal.“Cannabidiol,aNovelInverseAgonistforGPR12.”BiochemicalandBiophysicalResearchCommunications.,vol.4,no.493,ser.1,4Nov.2017,pp.451–454.1,doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.09.001.


- Dall’Stella,PaulaB.,etal.“CaseReport:ClinicalOutcomeandImageResponseofTwoPatientswithSecondaryHigh-GradeGliomaTreatedWithChemoradiation,PCV,andCannabidiol.”FrontiersinOncology,vol.8,2019,doi:10.3389/fonc.2018.00643.

- Deng,L.,etal.“QuantitativeAnalysesofSynergisticResponsesbetweenCannabidiolandDNA-DamagingAgentsontheProliferationandViabilityofGlioblastomaandNeuralProgenitorCellsinCulture.”JournalofPharmacologyandExperimentalTherapeutics,vol.360,no.1,2016,pp.215–224.,doi:10.1124/jpet.116.236968.

- Fisher,T,etal.“InVitroandinVivoEfficacyofNon-PsychoactiveCannabidiolinNeuroblastoma.”CurrentOncology(Toronto,Ont.),MultimedInc.,Mar.2016,www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4791143/.

- Guzman,M,etal.“APilotClinicalStudyofΔ9-TetrahydrocannabinolinPatientswithRecurrentGlioblastomaMultiforme.”BritishJournalofCancer,vol.95,17July2006,pp.197–203.


- Ligresti,A.“AntitumorActivityofPlantCannabinoidswithEmphasisontheEffectofCannabidiolonHumanBreastCarcinoma.”JournalofPharmacologyandExperimentalTherapeutics,vol.318,no.3,2006,pp.1375–1387.,doi:10.1124/jpet.106.105247.

- Marcu,J.P.,etal.“CannabidiolEnhancestheInhibitoryEffectsof9-TetrahydrocannabinolonHumanGlioblastomaCellProliferationandSurvival.”MolecularCancerTherapeutics,vol.9,no.1,2010,pp.180–189.,doi:10.1158/1535-7163.mct-09-0407.

- Massi,Paola,etal.“AntitumorEffectsofCannabidiol,aNonpsychoactiveCannabinoid,onHumanGliomaCellLines.”JournalofPharmacologyandExperimentalTherapeutics,vol.308,no.3,2003,pp.838–845.,doi:10.1124/jpet.103.061002.

- Massi,Paola,etal.“CannabidiolasPotentialAnticancerDrug.”BritishJournalofClinicalPharmacology,BlackwellScienceInc,Feb.2013,www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3579246/.

- McAllister,SeanD.,etal.“CannabidiolasaNovelInhibitorofId-1GeneExpressioninAggressiveBreastCancerCells.”MolecularCancerTherapeutics,vol.6,no.11,2007,pp.2921–2927.,doi:10.1158/1535-7163.mct-07-0371.

- McAllister,SeanD.,etal.“PathwaysMediatingtheEffectsofCannabidiolontheReductionofBreastCancerCellProliferation,Invasion,andMetastasis.”BreastCancerResearchandTreatment,vol.129,no.1,2010,pp.37–47.,doi:10.1007/s10549-010-1177-4.

- McKallip,R.J.“Cannabidiol-InducedApoptosisinHumanLeukemiaCells:ANovelRoleofCannabidiolintheRegulationofp22phoxandNox4Expression.”MolecularPharmacology,vol.70,no.3,2006,pp.897–908.,doi:10.1124/mol.106.023937.

- Nabissi,Massimo,etal.“TriggeringoftheTRPV2ChannelbyCannabidiolSensitizesGlioblastomaCellstoCytotoxicChemotherapeuticAgents.”Carcinogenesis,vol.34,no.1,2012,pp.48–57.,doi:10.1093/carcin/bgs328.

- Pacher,Pál.“TowardstheUseofNon-PsychoactiveCannabinoidsforProstateCancer.”BritishJournalofPharmacology,vol.168,no.1,2012,pp.76–78.,doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.02121.x.

- Pokrywka,M,etal.“Cannabinoids-aNewWeaponagainstCancer?”PostepyHigMedDosw(Online),vol.70,29Dec.2016,pp.1309–1320.,doi:10.5604/17322693.1227443.

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- Ramer,Robert,etal.“COX-2andPPAR-gConferCannabidiol-InducedApoptosisofHumanLungCancer

Cells.”MolecularCancerTherapeutics,vol.12,no.1,2012,pp.69–82.,doi:10.1158/1535-7163.mct-12-0335.- Ramer,Robert,andBurkhard,Hinz.“AntitumorigenicTargetsofCannabinoids–CurrentStatusand

Implications.”ExpertOpiniononTherapeuticTargets,vol.20,no.10,2016,pp.1219–1235.,doi:10.1080/14728222.2016.1177512.

- Ramer,Robert,etal.“CannabidiolInhibitsCancerCellInvasionviaUpregulationofTissueInhibitorofMatrixMetalloproteinases-1.”BiochemicalPharmacology,U.S.NationalLibraryofMedicine,1Apr.2010,www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19914218/.

- Ramer,Robert,etal.“CannabidiolInhibitsLungCancerCellInvasionandMetastasisviaIntercellularAdhesionMolecule-1.”TheFASEBJournal,vol.26,no.4,2012,pp.1535–1548.,doi:10.1096/fj.11-198184.

- Rocha,FranciscoCarlosMachado,etal.“SystematicReviewoftheLiteratureonClinicalandExperimentalTrialsontheAntitumorEffectsofCannabinoidsinGliomas.”JournalofNeuro-Oncology,vol.116,no.1,2013,pp.11–24.,doi:10.1007/s11060-013-1277-1.

- Russo,Ethan.“CannabinoidsintheManagementofDifficulttoTreatPain.”TherapeuticsandClinicalRiskManagement,Volume4,2008,pp.245–259.,doi:10.2147/tcrm.s1928.

- Russo,EthanB.,etal.“Cannabis,Pain,andSleep:LessonsfromTherapeuticClinicalTrialsofSativex®,aCannabis-BasedMedicine.”ChemInform,vol.38,no.47,2007,doi:10.1002/chin.200747254.

- Sharma,Manju,etal.“InVitroAnticancerActivityofPlant-DerivedCannabidiolonProstateCancerCellLines.”Pharmacology&Pharmacy,vol.05,no.08,2014,pp.806–820.,doi:10.4236/pp.2014.58091.

- Shrivastava,A.,etal.“CannabidiolInducesProgrammedCellDeathinBreastCancerCellsbyCoordinatingtheCross-TalkbetweenApoptosisandAutophagy.”MolecularCancerTherapeutics,vol.10,no.7,2011,pp.1161–1172.,doi:10.1158/1535-7163.mct-10-1100.

- Solinas,M,etal.“CannabidiolInhibitsAngiogenesisbyMultipleMechanisms.”BritishJournalofPharmacology,BlackwellPublishingLtd,Nov.2012,www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3504989/.

- Solinas,Marta,etal.“Cannabidiol,aNon-PsychoactiveCannabinoidCompound,InhibitsProliferationandInvasioninU87-MGandT98GGliomaCellsthroughaMultitargetEffect.”PLoSONE,vol.8,no.10,2013,doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0076918.

- Takeda,Shuso,etal.“CannabidiolicAcid,aMajorCannabinoidinFiber-TypeCannabis,IsanInhibitorofMDA-MB-231BreastCancerCellMigration.”ToxicologyLetters,vol.214,no.3,2012,pp.314–319.,doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.08.029.

- Vaccani,Angelo,etal.“CannabidiolInhibitsHumanGliomaCellMigrationthroughaCannabinoidReceptor-IndependentMechanism.”BritishJournalofPharmacology,vol.144,no.8,2005,pp.1032–1036.,doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706134.

xvInrecentanimalstudies,researchersfoundthattheheroin-seekingbehaviorofself-administeringratsdecreasedwhentheanimalsweregivenCBD.PreclinicaldatafurthersuggeststhatCBDinhibitsthereward-facilitatingeffectofopiatesbydisruptingthereconsolidationofcue-inducedmemoriesthatreinforceaddiction.

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