Project MSW

Municipal Solid Waste Management – A Gold Mine Of Opportunities

Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 SOLID WASTE-A CONSEQUENCE OF LIFE:

From days of primitive society, humans and animals have used the

resources of the earth to support life and dispose wastes. In early times,

the disposal of human wastes did not pose a significant problem, for the

population was small and the amount land available for the assimilation

of wastes was large. Although emphasis is currently being placed on

recycling values of solid wastes, the farmer in ancient times probably

made bolder attempt at this.

Problems with the disposal of wastes can be traced from the times

human first began to congregate in tribes, villages and communities and

accumulation of wastes became a consequence of life. Littering of food

and other solid wastes in medieval towns led to the breeding of rats, with

their attendant fleas carrying bubonic plague. This led to killing of half of

fourteenth century Europeans. It was not until recently that public health

control measures became a vital consideration to public officials, who

realized that wastes had to be collected and disposed of in a sanitary

manner.

Ecological phenomena such as water and air pollution have also

been attributed to improper management of solid wastes. For instance,

liquid from dumps and poorly engineered landfills has contaminated

surface waters and groundwater. Although the nature has the capacity to

dilute, disperse, degrade, absorb, or otherwise reduce the impact of

unwanted residues in the atmosphere, in the waterways, and on land,

SEM VII B.E (CIVIL) 1


ecological imbalances have occurred where the natural assimilative

capacity has been exceeded.

1.2 WASTE GENERATION IN A TECHNOLOGICAL SOCIETY

The development of a technological society can be traced to the

beginnings of the industrial revolution in Europe; unfortunately, so can

increase in solid waste disposal problems. In fact, in the latter part of the

nineteenth century, conditions were so bad in England that an urban

sanitary act was passed in 1888 prohibiting the throwing of solid wastes

into ditches, rivers, and waters. This preceded by about 11 years the

enactment of the Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899 in United States, which

was intended to regulate the dumping of debris in navigable waters and

adjacent lands.

Thus, along with the benefits of technology have also come the

problems associated with disposal of resultant wastes. To understand the

nature of these problems, it will be helpful to examine the flow of

materials and the associated generation of wastes in a technological

society and to consider the direct impact of technological advances on the

design of solid waste facilities.

Modern technological advances in packaging of goods create a

constantly changing set of parameters for the designer of solid waste

facilities. Of particular significance are the increasing use of plastics and

the use of frozen foods, which reduce the quantities of food wastes in the

home but increase the quantities at agricultural processing plants. The use

of packaged meals, for example, results almost in no wastes in the home

except for packaging materials. These continuing changes present

problems to the facilities designer because engineering structures for the

processing of solid wastes involves such large capital expenditures that



they must be designed to be functional for approximately 25 years. Thus,

the engineers responsible for the design of solid waste facilities must be

aware of trends, even though they cannot, of course, predict all the

changes in technology that will affect the characteristics of solid wastes.

On the other hand, every possible prediction technique must be

used in this ever-changing technological society so that flexibility and

utility can be designed into the facilities. Ideally, a facility should be

functional and efficient over its useful life, which should coincide with

the maturity of bonds that were floated to pay for it. But important

questions arise : Which elements of society generate the greatest

quantities of solid wastes and what is the nature of these of wastes? How

can the quantities be minimized? What is the role of resource recovery?

Can disposal and recovery technology keep up with consumer product

technology?

1.3 THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Solid waste management may be defined as the discipline

associated with the control of generation, storage, collection, transfer and

transport, processing, and disposal of solid wastes in a manner that is in

accord with the best principles of public health, economics, engineering,

conservation, aesthetics, and other environmental considerations, and that

is also responsive to public attitudes. In its scope, solid waste

management includes all administrative, financial, legal, planning and

engineering functions involved in solutions to all problems of solid

wastes. The solutions may involve complex interdisciplinary

relationships among such fields as political science, city and regional

planning, geography, economics, public health, sociology, demography,



communications, and conservation, as well as engineering and materials

science.

1.4 FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS OF A WASTE MANAGEMENT

SYSTEM

The problems associated with the management of solid wastes in

today’s society are complex because of the quantity and diverse nature of

the wastes, the development of sprawling urban areas, and the funding

limitations for public services in many large cities, the impact of

technology, and the emerging limitations in both energy and raw

materials. As a consequence, if solid waste management is to be

accomplished in an efficient and orderly manner, the fundamental aspects

and relationships involved must be identified, adjusted for uniformity of

data, and understood clearly.

In this text, the activities associated with the management of solid

waste from the point of generation to final disposal have been grouped

into six functional elements:

(1) Waste generation

(2) Waste handling and separation, storage, and processing at the source;

(3) Collection

(4) Separation and processing and transformation of solid waste

(5) Transfer and transport and

(6) Disposal

By considering each functional element separately, it is possible

(1) to identify the fundamental aspects and relationships involved in each

element and



(2) to develop, where possible, quantifiable relationships for the purpose

of making engineering comparisons, analyses, and evaluations. This

separation of functional elements is important because, it allows the

development of a framework within which to evaluate the impact of

proposed changes and future technological advancements. For example,

the means of transport in the collection of solid waste has changed from

the horse-drawn carts to the motor vehicle, but the fundamental method

of collection –that is, the manual physical handling required-remains the

same.

The discussions purpose of the discussions is to introduce to the

reader the physical aspects of solid waste management and to establish a

useful framework within which to view the activities associated with

management of solid wastes.

1.5 OPERATION OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

The facilities that compose a solid waste management system are

often identified as solid waste management system units. The planning

and engineering of solid waste management units include social, political,

and technical factors. The combinations of all of these factors form a

series of issues that must be addressed by community decision makers.

Some contemporary solid waste management issues and future challenges

and opportunities are introduced as follows:

1.5.1 Management Issues: In addition to meeting the requirements

associated with Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM), a number

of other management issues must be addressed in the operations of

ISWM systems. The solid waste practitioner must acknowledge these



management issues or face a high risk of failure in the implementation of

solid waste management programs.

1.5.2 Setting Workable but Protective Regulatory Standards:Solid

waste management units are subjected to an increasing number of

regulations. The attention is justified and timely, but strict adherence to

very protective regulatory standards often causes failure of these

processes by which waste management units are put in place.

Municipal solid waste management is caught in the backlash of

understandable public concerns over hazardous waste management.

Regulatory agencies, in setting standard for construction, operation, and

monitoring units, are beset by lawyer and environmental groups recently

armed with scientific data derived from experiments with massive doses

of toxic compounds. Municipal waste does not contain massive quantities

of toxics, but it does contain the small amounts found in the waste from

normal household activities. An unworkable regulation is one that ignores

reality and deals only with certain technical data. Nobody wants waste.

Solid waste cannot be washed away and hidden by paper regulations.

1.5.3 Improving Scientific Methods for Interpretation of Data:The

need to know about hazards in the environment has generated large

amount of data on toxics. Billion of dollars has been invested in

analytical equipments, laboratory, and data accumulation since the

passage of the Comprehensive Environmental Response and Liability Act

(CERLA). Even with all the data, however, there is a lack of uniform

basis for data interpretation. Analytical equipment and laboratory

techniques produce data of accuracy in parts per billion or trillion. What

does such detection accuracy mean to a solid waste management unit?



The goal is to understand the effects of very small quantities of

toxic components on the environment. In the meantime, how much data

should be presented to the public? How does the public participate in data

gathering and interpretation?

1.5.4 Identification of Hazardous and Toxic Consumer Products

Requiring Solid Waste Management Units: Municipal solid waste is a

heterogeneous mass made up of every discard from home, businesses and

institution. Although small in quantities, some are less hazardous.

Example: bleach, gasoline, insecticides, and cleaning fluids.

The issue is whether household hazardous waste contaminates the

municipal waste management unit and whether, because of the large land

areas in landfills, certain household waste should be removed from the

garbage can for disposal in smaller, highly controlled waste management

unit. Which products are more hazardous? How will the consumer store

hazardous discards until they are picked up or delivered to the special

management units? Who will setup and operate special management units

as such units will be defined by regulators as hazardous waste units?

1.5.5 Paying for Improved Waste Management Units: Solid waste

management has a tradition of low cost. The improvements demanded by

a concerned public are more costly than past practices. The increased cost

must be paid by waste generators. This issue involves changing the

manner in which a consumer thinks about paying for waste disposal. How

is the cost of waste disposal presented to the consumer? When the

consumer is asked to pay-at the time of product purchase or when the

product is discarded? Since solid waste decays very slowly, who pays for

long term maintenance of land disposal waste management unit-the



generator at the time of the discard or future users as maintenance costs

are incurred?

1.5.6 Designating Land Disposal Units at or near Large Urban

Centers: Waste management units are difficult to place in an urban

environment. A suspicious public views these units as open dumps and

littered transfer stations served by odorous, dripping garbage collecting

trucks. Yet it is within urban centers that the greatest quantity of solid

waste is generated. Urban land use planning is facing a severe challenge

to provide designated waste management units, especially land disposal

units.

The issues are identifying environmentally acceptable land areas

for land disposal units and then preserving lands for the intended use.

Who will set a standard for “environmentally acceptable”? Will different

standard apply for urban and rural areas? Can a scientific basis be

identified that will satisfy a suspicious public regarding the safety of land

disposal units?

1.5.7 Establishing and Maintaining More Qualified Managers to

Develop and Operate Waste Management Units: Solid waste

management units are increasing in quantity and complexity. In response,

a set of managers must be trained and put in appropriate positions to

develop and operate expanded and improved management units.

The goal is to develop the human resources needed to develop and

operate waste management units. Who will train the managers/ how will

the cost of training be paid? What standards will apply during the interim

period while managers receive training?



1.6 PERSPECTIVE OF OUR PROJECT

Countries like India with urban cities like Mumbai which generate

large quantities of waste, that is, about 6000 tonnes have no major

treatment facility available. Mumbai specifically is just lifting and

shifting its wastes but is not able to find a permanent solution to the heaps

of solid wastes that is generated on its streets everyday. This lethargic

approach of the administration and the people have given rise to major

Environmental Concerns.

The collection fleets are being woefully stretched, dump yards are

fast filling out and absence of recycling facilities have made Mumbai’s

garbage disposal system a MESS. We are already 50 to 60 years behind

the US and European nations in treating the garbage and implementing

waste technologies and any further delay in this respect can cause

irreparable consequences to our city of Mumbai.

With concern towards this grave problem which our own city of

Mumbai is facing, we the students of FINAL YEAR of CIVIL

ENGINEERING with our limited knowledge have thought to provide

suitable alternatives and solutions to this problem of solid waste.

The main aim of ours of taking up this project is to propagate to the

society the need of solid waste management and to suggest improvement

in the collection, handling, transportation, treatment, and disposal of solid

waste with the help of simple management, improved legislations,

changes in revenue systems and by adopting economical technologies.

This all will not only solve the problem facing us but it will also generate

enough job opportunities for the unemployed youth and will turn the

mountain of solid waste generated by the city into a gold mine from

which wealth can be generated to sustain the growth and even diversify

the funds for other potential use.



Chapter 2

Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)

Solid waste is often called the third pollution after air pollution air

&water pollution, is that material which arises from various human

activities &which is normally discarded as useless or unwanted. It

consists of highly heterogeneous mass of discarded material from the

urban community.

2.1 CAUSES OF SOLID WASTE POLLUTION:

The reasons for the rapid growth in the quantity of solid waste are over

population, affluence and technology.

2.1.1 Over-population: As the number of people producing a pollutant

increases, pollution will naturally increase. Same is true for solid waste

pollution also which increases with the increase in population.

2.1.2 Technology: Rapidly growing technologies for most economic

gods indicate a shift in technology from the returnable packaging to non

returnable packaging. This has resulted in phenomenal growth of

packaging industry which encourages self service merchandising by

packages that help to sell the product by themselves. Returnable glass

containers and bottles are being replaced by non-returnable cans, bottles,

and paper board and plastic containers.

Packaging is largely responsible for causing solid waste pollution

because packaging materials like plastic bags and cans etc. are not

biodegradable and persist unchanged in disposal operations such as



landfills. Plastic can be recycled to make new packs but recycled plastic

soon loses its strength, becomes brittle and is easily broken up by wind or

rain.

The per capita contribution of solid waste has increased manifold due

to increase in urbanization, lack of awareness, lack of public participation

and poor enforcement of laws.

2.2 CLASSIFICATION OF WASTE:

Because of the heterogeneous nature of solid waste, no single method

of classification is entirely satisfactory. In some cases it is important for

the solid waste to know the source of waste, so that the classification as

domestic, institutional, commercial, street waste, industrial waste,

construction and demolition waste etc. is useful. For other situations, the

type of waste garbage, rubbish, ash, hazardous waste etc. which gives a

better indication of its physical and chemical characteristic is more

useful.

i) Domestic/Residential waste: This category of waste

comprises the solid waste that originates from household.

These wastes are generated as consequence of house hold

activities such a cooking, cleaning, repairs, hobbies and

redecoration and contain empty containers, packing clothing

book, writing, and furnishing. Residents in developed

countries sometimes discard bulky waste such as furniture

and large appliances which cannot be repaired and used.

ii) Commercial waste: Included in this category are solid

wastes that originate from offices, whole sale and retail



stores, restaurants, hotels, market, warehouse, and other

commercial establishments.

iii) Institutional waste: Institutional wastes are those arising

from institutions such as school, universities, hospitals and

research institutes.

iv) Street waste: this term applies to waste that is collected

from streets, walkways, alley and vacant areas. Street waste

includes paper, cardboard, plastic, dirt, leaves and other

vegetables matter discarded by road users. It also includes

the waste left by the vehicles moving over the road

v) Construction and demolition waste: Construction and

demolition waste is the waste material generated by the

construction, refurbishment, repair and demolition of houses,

commercial buildings and other structures. It consists of

earth, stones, concrete, bricks, lumber, roofing material,

plumbing material, heating system and electrical wires etc.

vi) Industrial waste: Included in this category is the discarded

solid material of manufacturing processes and industrial

operation. They cover a vast range of substances which are

unique to each industry. For this reason they are dealt with

separately from municipal waste. However, solid waste from

small industrial units and ash from power plants are

frequently disposed off at municipal landfill sites.

vii) Sewage waste: The solid by-products of sewage treatment

are classified as sewage waste. They are mostly organic and

derive from treatment of organic sludges from both the raw

and treated sewage. The inorganic fraction of raw sewage

such as grit is separated at the preliminary stage of treatment



and is disposed off. The bulk is treated; dewatered sludge is

useful as a soil conditioner but invariably its used for this

purpose is uneconomical. Such sludge therefore may enter

the stream of municipal wastes unless special arrangements

are made for its disposal.

viii) Garbage: Garbage is the term applied to animal and

vegetable wastes resulting from handling, storage, sale,

preparation, cooking and serving of food. Since such wastes

contain putrescible organic matter which produce strong

odours and, therefore, attracts rats, flies and other vermin, its

storage, handling and disposal requires immediate attention.

ix) Rubbish: Rubbish is a general term applied to dry, non

putrescible solid wastes originating in households,

commercial establishments an institutions, excluding

garbage and ashes.

x) Ashes: Ashes are residue from burning of woods, coal,

charcoal, coke and other combustible material, for cooking

and heating in houses, institutions and small industrial

establishments. When produced in large quantities at power

generating plants and factories these wastes are classified as

industrial wastes. Ashes mainly consist of fine powdery

residue, cinders and clinkers.

xi) Hazardous waste: Hazardous waste may be defined as

waste of industrial, institutional or consumer origin which,

because of its physical, chemical or biological characteristics

is potentially dangerous to humans and the environments. In

some cases although the active agents may be liquid or

gaseous, it is classified as solid waste because it is confined



in solid containers. Typical examples are: solvents, paints

and pesticides whose spent container are frequently mixed

with municipal waste and become part of urban waste

stream. Certain hazardous waste causes explosions in

incinerators and fires at landfills sites. Others, such as

pathological waste from hospitals and radioactive waste,

require special handling at all times. Good management

practice should ensure that hazardous waste is stored,

collected transported and disposed off separately, preferably

after suitable treatment to render it innocuous.

xii) Dead animals: This a term applied to dead animals that die

naturally or are accidentally killed. This category does not

include carcass and animal parts from slaughterhouses which

are regarded as industrial wastes. Dead animals are divided

into two groups, large and small. Among the large animals

are horse, cows, goats, sheep, hogs and the like. Small

animals include dogs, cats, rabbits and rats. The reason for

this differentiation is that large animals require special

equipments for lifting and handling during their removal. If

not collected promptly, dead animals are threat to public

health because they attract flies and other vermin while they

putrefy. Their presence in public places is particularly

offensive from the aesthetic point of view. In large cities,

collection and disposal of large dead animals is often

entrusted to NGOs or private agencies while the small

animals are collected by municipal agency.

xiii) Bulky waste: In this category is included the bulky

households waste which cannot be accommodated in the



normal storage containers of households. For this reason

they require special collection. In developed countries bulky

waste are large household appliances such as cookers,

refrigerators and washing machines as well as furniture,

crates, vehicle parts, tyres, wood, trees and branches.

Metallic bulky waste is sold as scrap metal but the greater

portion is disposed of at sanitary landfills. Except lawn

cutting, branches of trees and banana stems (in coastal cities)

no other bulky waste is expected in the solid waste stream in

India.

xiv) Abandoned vehicles: In this category are automobiles,

trucks and trailers that are abandoned on streets and other

public places. Responsibility of their removal varies from

country to country but is more commonly that of the

municipal agency. The value of abandoned vehicle is highly

variable. In developing counties abandoned vehicles are

greatly valued for their parts, since there is no dearth of skill

and technical expertise in keeping the old vehicle

serviceable. Hence, abandoned vehicles are rarely found in

the waste from developing countries. On the other hand, the

developed countries find it more economical to abandon

vehicle after relatively short lives, in favour of new

purchases. Abandoned vehicles have significant scrap value

fro their metal and are sold to scrap merchants. However, the

equipments and machinery used for scrapping, transport and

processing of the vehicle for the scrap market are expensive

and require large capital investment. The economics of such

an enterprise dictates that only a large operation is feasible.



About 10% o abandoned vehicles were recycled in

industrialized countries in 1996.

2.3 HAZARDS RELATED TO ACCUMULATION OF SOLID

WASTE

Improper collection and disposal of solid waste can cause serious

problems such as:

The organic portion of solid wastes favours fly breeding.

The garbage, in the refuse, attracts rats and rodents.

The pathogens may be conveyed to man through flies and dust.

There is always a possibility of water pollution, if rain water

passes through the deposits of fermenting refuse.

There is a risk of air pollution, loss of property and life, if there is

accidental combustion of inflammable refuse.

Heaps of refuse are a nuisance from an aesthetic point

2.4 CHARACTERISTICS OF WASTE

The characteristics of municipal solid waste vary throughout the

world. Within the same countries too, they change from place to place

since it depends on several factors such as social customs, standard of

living, geographical location, climate, etc.

2.4.1 Physical characteristics: The collected sample is physically sorted

out on a sorting platform into various ingredients such as paper, glass,

plastic etc. The individual components are stored in bins and weighed.

The weights are expressed as a percent of the original sample on a wet

weight basis.



NEERI has carried out extensive characterization solid waste from

43 cities during 1970-1994. the average characteristics are presented in

table 2.1.

Populationrange

(in millions)

Numberof citiessurveyed

Paper Rubber, leather,

and plastic

Glass Metals Total compostable

matter

inerts

0.1 to 0.5 12 2091 0.78 0.56 0.33 44.57 43.590.5 to 1.0 15 2.95 0.73 0.35 0.32 40.04 48.381.0 to 2.0 9 4.71 0.71 0.46 0.49 38.95 44.732.0 to 5.0 3 3.18 0.48 0.48 0.59 56.67 49.07

>5 4 6.43 0.28 0.94 0.80 30.84 53.9

Table 2.1 Physical characteristics of municipal solid wastes in Indian cities

The biodegradable fraction is quite high, essentially due to habit of

using the fresh vegetable in India. The inerts (ashes and fine earth)

content of Indian municipal solid waste is high due to the practice of

inclusions of street sweepings, drain silts, and construction and

demolition debris in municipal solid waste. The proportion of ash and

fine earth reduces with increase in population due to improvement in the

road surface.

The paper content generally varies between 2.9% to 6.5% and

increases with the increase in the population. The plastics, rubber and

leather content are lower than the paper content, and do not exceed 1%

except in metropolitan cities. The metal content is also low, viz. less than

1%. The low values are essentially due to large scale recycling of these



constituents. During a recent study in Mumbai (1993-94), samples were

collected both at the sources as well as disposal sites to ascertain the

extent of recycling (table 2.2). In Mumbai, paper is recycle don a priority

basis while the plastics and glass are recycled to a lesser extent.

Zones Paper Plastic Glass and crockery

Source DS Source DS Source DSCity 6.16 5.38 4.23 4.10 1.28 1.10

Eastern suburbs 10.93 7.08 4.87 3.54 0.87 0.42Western suburbs

6.61 3.98 5.47 3.85 3.48 2.80

Table 2.2 Recyclable constituents of municipal solid waste in greater Mumbai

A large organic content indicates the need for its frequent

collection and removal. A high value of paper content indicates that the

waste can be thermally treated. High plastic content poses a problem in

its disposal. A large percentage of ash indicates that putrefaction will not

readily occur and collection could be less frequent. In such a case sanitary

land filling is preferable.

Since income directly affects the lifestyle and consumption pattern,

the physical composition of waste also changes accordingly. This is

apparent from table 2.3. The data in table 2.4 also illustrates the

differences in physical composition of waste with socio-economic

factors.



Composition: (% by weight)

Low income countries

Middle income countries

High income countries

Metal 0.2-2.5 1-5 3-13Glass, ceramic 0.5-3.5 1-10 4-10

Food and garden waste

40-65 20-60 20-50

Paper 1-10 15-40 15-40Textiles 1-5 2-10 2-10

Plastic\rubber 1-5 2-6 2-10Misc.

combustible1-8 - -

Inert 20-50 1-30 1-20Density (kg\m3) 250-500 170-330 100-170Moisture content

(% by wt)40-80 40-60 20-30

Waste generation (kg\cap\day)

0.4-0.6 0.5-0.9 0.7-1.8

Table 2.3 Patterns of composition, characteristics and quantities

Component Range in percent by weightDeveloped countries Developing countries

Food waste 6-26 20-35Paper\cardboard 28-60 4-10

Plastics 2-8 2-5Textiles 0-4 2-8Rubber 0-2 0-2Leather 0-2 1-3

Garden trimming 0-20 0-6Wood 1-4 0-2

Glass\ceramics 4-16 0.5-5Metals 3-13 0.5-2

Dirt, ashes, brick etc. 0-10 20-40

Table 2.4 Physical composition of municipal solid wastes from developed and developing countries



The data clearly shows that

The proportion of paper in waste increases with national income.

The proportion of putrefaction organic matter is greater in

countries of low income than those in high income.

Moisture content is high in low income countries with higher

agricultural activities.

Density of waste is a function of national income being 2 to 3

times higher in low income countries than in countries of high

income.

2.4.2 Chemical characteristics:

2.4.2.1 Ultimate analysis: Ultimate analysis is useful during mass

balance calculations for a chemical or thermal process. Ultimate analysis

is carried out to determine the proportions of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,

nitrogen and sulphur. The ash factor should also be determined because

of its potentially harmful environmental effects, brought about by the

presence of toxic metals-cadmium, chromium, mercury, nickel, lead, tin

and zinc. Other metals, such as iron, manganese, calcium, magnesium

and sodium, are also present but because they are not toxic, they do not

present a serious problem.

2.4.2.2 Proximate analysis: Proximate analysis is important in

evaluating the combustion properties of waste or waste derived fuel

(refuse derived fuels). The fractions of greatest interest are: moisture

content, as, volatile matter and fixed carbon. Moisture adds weight to the

waste\fuel without increasing its heating value and evaporation of water



reduces the heat released from the fuel. Ash also adds weight without

releasing any heat during combustion.

Volatile matter is that portion of waste that is converted into gas

before and during the combustion. The gases are passed through

secondary combustion chamber where rapid combustion occurs. Fixed

carbon represents the carbon remaining on the surface of grates as char.

Waste or fuel with high proportion of fixed carbon requires longer

retention time on the furnace grates to achieve complete combustion than

does waste\fuel with a low proportion of fixed carbon.

2.4.3 Biological properties of MSW: Excluding plastic, rubber, and

leather components, the organic fraction of most MSW can be classified

as follows:

Water soluble constituent as sugar, starches, amino acids, and

various other organic acids,

Hemicelluloses, a condensation product of fiver and six carbon

sugars,

Celluloses, a condensation product of six carbon sugar glucose,

Fats, oils, and waxes, which are esters of alcohols and long chain

fatty acids,

Lignin, a polymeric material containing aromatic rings with

methoxyl groups (-OCH3), the exact chemical nature of which is

still not known (present in some paper products such as news print

and fiberboard)

Lignocellulose, a combination of lignin and cellulose,

Proteins, which are composed of chains of amino acids.



Perhaps the most important biological characteristic of the

organic fraction of MSW is that almost all of the organic components

can be converted biologically to gases and relatively inert organic and

inorganic solids. The production of odors and the generation of flies

are also related to the putrescible nature of the organic materials found

in MSW. (e.g., food waste)

2.5 COLLECTION:

2.5.1 House to house collection: In the house-to-house collection, refuse

generated and stored in individual premises is collected by several

methods, some of which are described below:

Curb services: the hose owner is responsible for placing the

refuse containers at the curb on the scheduled day, when the

workmen from solid waste collection vehicles collect and empty

the containers in the collection vehicle and place them at the

curb.

Alley service: The containers are placed at the alley line from

where they are picked up from the workmen from solid waste

collection vehicles who deposit back the empty containers.

Set-out, set-back service: Set-out men go to the individual

houses, collect the containers and empty them in the in the solid

waste collection vehicle. Another group of persons return them

to house owners.

Set-out: The workers of the solid waste collection vehicles

collect the containers from individual houses and empty them in



the collection vehicle. The house owner is required to take back

the containers.

Backyard service: solid waste workers carry a bin, handcraft or

sack or cloth to the yard and empty the solid waste container in

it. The handcraft or bin is subsequently taken to solid waste

collection vehicles.

Sr.no

Description Curb service

Alley service

Setout set-back service

Setout service

Backyard service

1. House owners’ cooperation is required:

i) to carry full cansii) to carry empty cans

YesYes

OptionalOptional

NoNo

NoNo

NoNo

2. Scheduled service s necessary for obtaining houseowners’ cooperation

Yes Yes No Yes No

3. Prone to upset Yes Yes No Yes No4. Average crew size 1-3 1-3 3-7 1-5 3-55. Complains regarding

trespassingLow Low High High High

6. Special service - Requires special vehicle

- - -

7. Evaluation with reference to:i) service to citizenii) crew cost

PoorHigh

LowFair

FairMedium

LowGood

GoodMedium

Table 2.5 Comparison of various methods of house to house collection



A modified form of house to house collection called “Block

collection” is also sometimes adopted in developing countries. In this

system, the collection vehicle stops at selected locations on specific days.

The house owner brings his waste and deposits the same in the vehicle

which then moves ahead and the process is continued till the vehicle is

full.

Storage of waste at individual premises should be in the containers

of specific size, capacity and design. The house to house collection

system works efficiently, if location of bins in individual premises is

carefully planned and fixed. Indian cities are by and large outgrowth of

small town and have narrow streets and crowded localities. It is therefore

difficult to provide specific locations outside the house for waste

containers and these must therefore be stored within the houses. This

poses a number of sociological and aesthetic problems.

Further, if the house to house collection is to be effective, standard

containers should be used by the individuals. This is difficult to achieve

due to the low purchasing power of the citizens. The municipal agencies

are unable to provide and maintain such a large inventory of containers

due to their poor financial conditions.

In India the daily volumetric contribution of waste per house hold

is small and as the waste requires frequent collection (to prevent

decomposition at source) the vehicle will be required to make a large

number of halts. This increases the cost of collection in house to house

collection system.

2.5.2 Community bin system: This system is commonly adopted in

India wherein community bins are located at street corners, and at

specific frequencies along the straight roads. The residents are expected



to bring their waste and deposit the same in the community bins. The

capacity of the community bins should be at least 50% in excess when

collection is made daily and 100% in excess when collection is made on

alternative days. The spacing of the containers should be fixed on the

basis of per capita quantity and the population contributing the waste.

However, the distance between the containers should never be more than

100 metres. In the case of larger spacing, the workers tend to avoid

transportation of waste to the community bins and private start operating

in such areas.

2.5.3 Bell ringing system: It is observed that in some cities a modified

form of house to house collection system is adopted. In this system the

collection vehicle is provided with a bell and on reaching specific points

it is rung. Residents from adjoining areas come to the vehicle and deposit

the waste in the vehicle. This system can work efficiently if the

movement of the vehicle is appropriate and continuously controlled and

the citizens also cooperate.

In come cities e.g. Ban dung, Indonesia, workers with large sized

handcarts move along the streets and residents deposits the waste in these

carts. Often the worker uses the bell to inform the residents of his arrival.

As he moves slowly, residents can still find him in the vicinity and

deposit the waste in the handcart. He waits at specific points and deposits

the waste in the waste transport vehicle when it arrives.

2.5.4 Street cleansing: In addition to the waste generated in the premises,

waste is also generated along the streets. The waste comprises of i)

Natural waste-waste blown from adjoining open spaces. ii) Traffic waste-



waste from the tyres of the truck and other vehicle. iii) Behavioral waste-

waste deposited by the pedestrians and people using the streets. Besides,

waste from residents is often thrown by the roadside and hence street

sweeping is de facto a waste collection activity. The sweeping is carried

out mutually by using short handled brooms, although there is a

perceptible trend towards use of long handled brooms.

Only the major roads were swept everyday, other roads were swept

on alternate days and minor roads in peri urban areas are swept only once

a week. The duty norms are not clearly specified and workers do not have

specific facilities, except for the fact that in a few cities they assemble at

mustering check posts for attendance.

The manual cleaning work is usually carried out in pairs-one

person (commonly female) sweeping the road and other collecting the

swept material in the handcart. They work in two shifts form 6 to 12 AM

in the first shift and 3 to 5 PM in the second shift. They are usually

assigned a ‘beat’ where they work. The area to be served should be 300 to

500 sq.m in highly dense region, 500 to 1000 sq.m in medium dense

regions and more than 1000 sq.m in low density and periurban areas.

They work on six days a week but it is desirable that the work be carried

out daily and holidays to different workers are staggered.

2.6 PROCESSING TECHNIQUE:

2.6.1 Land fills: Land filling involves the controlled deposal of solid

wastes on or in the upper layer of the earth’s mantle. Important aspects in

the implementation of sanitary landfills include:



2.6.1.1 Landfilling methods and operation: To use the available area at

a landfill site effectively, a plan of operation or the placement of solid

waste must be prepared. Various operational methods have been

developed, primarily on the basis of field experience. The methods used

for landfilling dry may be classified as (1) area, (2) trench, and (3)

depression.

The area method is used when the terrain is unsuitable for the

excavation of trenches in which to place the solid waste. The filling

operation usually is started by building an earthen levee against which

wastes are placed in thin layers and compacted. Each layer is compacted

as the filling progresses, until the thickness of the compacted waste

reaches a height varying from 2 to 3 m (6 to 10 ft.). At the time, and at

the end of each day’s operation, a 150 to 300 mm (6 to 12 in.) layer of

cover material is placed over the completed fill. The cover material must

be hauled in by the truck or earth moving equipments from adjacent land

or from borrow pit areas. In some newer landfill operations, the daily

cover material is omitted. A completed lift, including the cover material,

is called a cell. Successive lifts are placed on top of one another until the

final grade called for in the ultimate development plan is reached. A final

layer of cover material is used when the fill reaches the final design

height.

The trench method of landfilling is ideally suited to areas where

an adequate depth of cover material is available at the site and where the

water table is well below the surface. To start the process (for a small

landfill), a portion of the trench is dug with a bulldozer and the dirt is

stock piled to form an embankment behind the first trench. Wastes are

then placed in the trench, spread into thin layer and compacted. The

operation continues until the desired height is reached. Cover material is



obtained by excavating an adjacent trench or continuing the trench that is

being filled. In large landfills, a dragline and one or more scrapers are

used to excavate a deep rectangular pit.

At locations, where natural or artificial depressions exist, it is often

possible to use them effectively for landfilling operations. Canyons,

ravines, dry borrow pits, and quarries have all been used for this purpose.

The technique to place and compact solid waste in depression landfills

vary with the geometry of the sites, the characteristics of the cover

material, the hydrology and geology of the sites, and the excess of the

site. In a canyon site, filling start at the head end of the canyon and ends

at the mouth. This practice prevents the accumulation of water behind

pushed up against the canyon face at a slope of about 2 to 1. In this way,

a high degree of compaction can be achieved.

2.6.1.2 Gases in Landfills: Gases found in landfills include air,

ammonia, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen, hydrogen sulfide,

methane, nitrogen, and oxygen. Carbon dioxide and methane are principal

gases produced anaerobic respiration of organic solid waste components.

The anaerobic conversion of organic compounds is thought to

occur in three steps:

The first involves the enzyme-medicated transformation

(liquefaction) of higher-weight molecular compounds into compounds

suitable for use as source of energy and cell carbon;

The second is associated with the bacterial conversion of

compounds resulting from the first step into identifiable lower-molecular-

weight intermediate compounds; and the third products such as carbon

dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4).



The rate of decomposition in unmanaged landfills, as measured by gas

production reaches a peak within the first 2 years and then slowly tapers

off, continuing, in many cases, for a period of 25 years or more.

2.6.1.3 Control of Gas Movement: The movement of gases in landfills

can be controlled by construction of vents and barriers and by gas

recovery. The lateral movement of gases produced in a landfill can be

controlled by installing vents made of materials that are more permeable

than surrounding soil. Gas vents are constructed of gravels. The spacing

of cell vents depends upon the width of the waste cells but usually varies

from 18 to 60 m (60 to 200 ft). The thickness of the gravel layer should

be such that it will remain continuous even though there may be

differential settling; 0.30 to 0.45 m (12 to 18 in) is recommended. Barrier

or well vents can be used to control the lateral movement of the

2.6.1.4 Leachate in landfills: Leachate may be defined as liquid that has

percolated through solid waste and has extracted dissolved or suspended

materials from it. Under normal conditions, leachate is found in the

bottom of landfills. From there, its movement is through underlying

strata, although some lateral movement may also occur, depending on the

characteristics of the surrounding material. The rate of seepage of

leachate from the bottom of the landfill can be estimated by Darcy’s Law

by assuming that the material below the landfill to the top of the water

table is saturated and that a small layer of leachate exists at the bottom of

the fill. Under these conditions the leachate discharge rate per unit are is

equal to the value of the coefficient of permeability K expressed in meters

per day. The computed value represents the maximum amount of seepage

that would be expected, and this value should be used for design



purposes. Under normal conditions, the actual rate should be less than

this value because the soil column below the landfill would not be

saturated.

2.6.1.5 Control of leachate movement: As leachate percolates through

the underlying strata, many of the chemical and biological constituents

originally contained in it will be removed by the filtering and adsorptive

action of the material composing the strata. In general, the extent of this

action depends on the characteristics of the soil, especially the clay

content. Because of the potential risk involved in allowing leachate to

percolates to the underground water, best practice calls for its elimination

or containment. Ultimately, it may be necessary to collect and treat the

leachate.

The use of clay has been the favored method of reducing or

eliminating the percolation of leachate. Membrane liners have also been

used, but they are expensive and require care so that they will not be

damaged during filling operations. Equally important in controlling the

movement of leachate is the elimination of surface-water infiltration,

which is the major contributor to the total volume of leachate. With the

use of an impermeable clay layer, and appropriate surface slope (1 to 2

percent) and adequate drainage, surface infiltration can be controlled

effectively.



Fig 2.1 Typical Landfill cross section

2.6.2 Incineration: Incineration is the complete oxidation (at high

temperature) of the waste material. It is the most widely used thermal

treatment technique. But, it has to be mentioned right in the beginning

that in India incineration of SW is not at all popular at present. This is

mainly due to fact that in general, Indian SW has gat relatively high

moisture content (22-45%), high density (260-560 kg/m3), high inert

content (30-45%) and a low heat content (3400-5000 kJ/kg). A heat

content of more than 5000 kJ/kg has been found to be required to make

the refuse incineration viable and economical justifiable. Also, the

installation cost of incineration is quite high.

The problem of municipal solid waste disposal has become public

concern as availability of landfill sites is becoming limited. Incineration

technology has proved to be reliable technique for reduction of MSW



even though it is not ultimate disposal method as it yields residual end

product, which require further disposal. MSW incineration achieves up to

70% and 90% reduction in waste mass and volume respectively.

The term ‘incineration’ and ‘combustion’ have the same definition;

a process of burning, resulting from the rapid oxidation of the substances.

Both of these terms have been used interchangeably in waste incineration

documents. However, combustion is generally used for steam power

generation. Incineration on the other hand is a controlled burning of waste

in properly designed and constructed furnaces with proper care of air

pollution.

Incineration technique can be used for destroying a variety of

waste including municipal, medical, hazardous waste and residue from

dump-site clean-up. Infact US EPA(Environment Protection Agency)

research data and industry’s opening experience indicate tat incineration,

when compared to other alternative technologies, has the highest overall

degree of destruction and control for the broadest range of waste stream.

2.6.2.1 Parts of incineration unit: The incineration unit consists of

furnace, cooling equipment, air pollution control equipment and stack

Waste

Air Bottom ash Flyash Stack

Fig2.2 flow diagram of incineration plant

SEM VII B.E (CIVIL)

FurnaceCooling

EquipmentAir pollution

Control equipment

32


2.6.2.1.1 Furnace: The furnace/combustion chamber consists of primary

and secondary chamber. In the primary chamber wastes are fed and fired

with less than and more than stoichiometric air requirement depending on

the type of furnace. The off-gases are burned out in the secondary

chamber, where 100% to 140% of the stoichiometric air requirement is

injected. Each of the chambers normally has one or two burners to

provide the heat required to bring the furnace up to operating

temperatures and maintain its required operating temperature. For

properly operated incinerator, the combustion is essentially complete by

the time the hot gases exit the secondary chamber i.e. no further

significant changes occur in the concentration of principals combustion

gas variables such as CO, CO2 and O2, except by dilution due to leakage

or the introduction of air. The temperature should be maintained at 800±

50ºC in the primary and 1050±50ºC with the retention time of at least one

second in the secondary chamber. Combustion temperatures lower than

the mentioned temperature favours dioxin and furan emissions.

The furnace is fitted with waste feeding, fuel feeding, refractor and

ash remover systems. The feeding of refuse may be either batch or

continuous. Batch feeding of refuse directly in to the furnace is done in

most cases, with a hydraulic ram expelling waste from the hopper.

2.6.2.1.2 Cooling equipment: Cooling of flue gas required after it has

left combustion zone to permit discharge to air pollution controlled

device. In general, cooling at 230-370ºC is necessary if the gas is

discharged to air pollution control equipment while cooling to 470-590ºC

is adequate for discharged to a refractory lined stack. Cooling can be

done by water evaporation or by dilution with air. Water evaporation

condition can be installed as either an alternative to heat removal in boiler



type incinerator or add-on to boiler system to lower gas temperature

below those considered safe in a boiler to improved removal efficiency of

acid gases, mercury, dioxin/furan compound and some other pollutants.

In wet method, water is introduced into the hot gas stream and

evaporation occurs. Wet cooling can be: wet bottom method or dry

bottom method. In wet bottom water much more than required for cooling

the flue gas is sprayed. In the dry bottom method, only enough water is

added to cool the gas to preset temperature and the system is designed

and operated to assure complete evaporation. In both cases there is

reduction in gas volume and the gas is humified during the cooing, which

may be advantageous to some type of APCE (Air Pollution Control

Equipment) and disadvantageous for other (fabric filter). Dilution with air

is the simplest method for the flue gas cooling. Only damper of air

control is necessary for a system with adequate chart. On the other hand

large quantities of air are required for dilution. The increase in volume

increase the capacity and operating cost of the equipment which follows

the point at which dilution take place.

Another method for cooling the flue gas is by use of convention

boiler in which heat is removed from the flue gas by the generation of

either stream or hot water. The advantages of this system are that heat is

recovered and that the shrinkage in the flue gas is greater than with other

method. Hot water can be used for low-temperature industrial as space-

heating application. Stream can be used for both heating and generation

of electricity.

2.6.2.1.3 Air pollution control equipment(APCE): Emission from

combustion of solid waste and their potential health impacts have become

an increasing concern, especially as more incineration facilities are



planned and built. To meet the stringent standard established by the state

and the federal government, it is therefore required to install APC

equipment in the incineration unit. The APCE effectively collects

particulate matter, capture trace matter and organics and neutralize acid

gases produced in the combustion chamber. The process of selecting an

optical APC technology is complex. The following criteria should be

considered.

Pollutant removal efficiency

Capital investment to include

Operating cost

Impact on incinerator availability

Operability and maintainability

Compatibility with other regulation e.g. noise, odor etc.

2.6.2.2 Different types of APCE are discussed below

2.6.2.2.1 Dry cyclonic separators: The cyclonic is an inertial separator.

Gas entering the cyclone forms e vortex eventually reverses the direction

and forms a second vortex leaving the cyclonic chamber. Particulate

matter, because of their inertia, tends to move towards outside wall. They

will drop from this wall, the sides of the cyclone, to an external receiver

for an ultimate disposal.

2.6.2.2.2 Venture scrubber: Venture scrubbers are widely used, where

water is readily available. The heart of the system is a wetted venture

throat zone, where gas passes through a contracted area, reaching

velocities of 200 to 600 feet per second, and then pass through an

expansion system. From the expansion system the gas enters the enlarge



chamber where its velocity suddenly decreases. The higher inertia of the

water particles throws than against the bottom of the scrubber where they

eventually exit the gas stream.

2.6.2.2.3 Electrostatic precipitator: Electrostatic precipitators (ESPs)

are effective devices for the removal of airborne particulate matter. A

negative charge is induced in the particulate matter passing through the

corona. A grounded surface, or collector electrode, surrounds the

discharge electrode. Charged particulate will collect on the ground

surface by a series of rappers for collection an ultimate disposal.

2.6.2.3 Heat recovery and power generation: The simplest method of

waste heat recovery from MSW incineration has been the incorporation

of the waste heat boilers immediately following the incinerator for the

regeneration of hot water or stream. The cooling water under pressure is

passed into pipes or tubes immersed in hot gas stream or arranged in

panel lining of furnace wall. Often, the wall tubes are welded together

with a narrow steel strip between the individual tubes to form a

continuous, gas tight membrane or water wall enclosure. Boiler can also

be built as a separate device, as in waste heat boilers. Steam can be used

directly for industrial process and building heating. Steam can also be

used to produce mechanical or electrical energy with a steam turbine.

The principal components used for energy recovery are boilers of

steam production, steam turbines’ and reciprocating engines as prime

move for mechanical energy, and electrical generators for the conversions

of mechanical energy into electricity. Steam turbines are used in larger

systems (10 to 50 MW) and gas turbines and reciprocating engines are

used in smaller systems.



The amount of steam generated per pound of refuse burned

depends on many factors. The most efficient generation has been in

water-tube-wall boiler operating with low excess air without interruption

for 24 hours a day. To achieve satisfactory heat generation, it is necessary

to provide auxiliary fuel to maintain constant generation because often

the varying moisture content of the refuse and the varying supply of the

refuse. Energy from the waste plant attain 80% efficiency in the

conversion, from fuel to steam (fluidized bet boilers firing MSW achieve

85% efficiency). The majority of energy from the waste plant limits

steam pressure to 40-50 bar and steam to 400ºC. the major purpose of

energy from waste plant is to dispose off waste in a hygienically and

environmentally sound manner and generate power.

2.6.2.4 Advantages of incineration are:

Relatively reliable and full proof.

Not affected by external parameters.

Treatment is relatively complete.

Compact unit i.e. large area not required

Chance of heat recovery and power generation.

Relatively faster treatment.

Technology which is evolved with time and modernization.

Availability of many different types.

Last resort when all other techniques have failed.

2.6.2.5 The disadvantages of incineration are:

Relatively high cost.

If not properly operated there is probability of causing air pollution.

It may cause hazards like explosion.



Odours problems (it is not more than from other treatment units).

Emission of toxic like dioxins and furans.

Fig 2.3 Cross section of incineration plant

1. Waste holding area/pit

2. Grab

3. Feed hoppers

4. Moving grate

5. Hydraulic arm to push the waste

6. Air holding chamber

7. Ash quenching

8. Boiler

9. Flue gas cleaning system

10. Flue gas cleaning system

11. Stack



2.6.3 Composting: Composting is a natural microbiological process

where bacteria break down the organic fractions of the municipal-solid-

waste stream under controlled conditions to produce a pathogen-free

material called Compost that can be used for potting soil, soil

amendments (for example, to lighten and improve the soil structure of

clay soils), and mulch. The microbes, fungi, and macro-organisms that

contribute to this biological decomposition are generally aerobic.

Systematic turning of the material, which mixes the different components

and aerates the mixture, generally accelerates the process of breaking

down the organic fraction. The composting process takes from 14 to 180

days.

Composting being e biological process is sensitive to

environmental influence along with physical and chemical characteristics

of waste. Some of the important parameters generally affecting the

activity of the organisms causing stabilization are moisture content,

particle size, aeration, carbon to nitrogen ratio, pH, and temperature. In

the succeeding section the effect of these parameters on composting is

briefly discussed.

2.6.3.1 Methods of composting:

2.6.3.1.1 Indore method of composting: In pits it is similar to Bangalore

method except that it is timed at specific intervals to help maintain

aerobic conditions which will ensure high temperature, uniform

decomposition as well as absence o flies and odour. While filling with

refuse and night soil, about 60cm on the longitudinal side of the pit is

kept vacant for starting the timing operation. The timing is manually



carried out after 4-7 days using long handled rakes and the second timing

after 5-10 more days

Fig 2 4 Typical cross section of Composting

2.6.3.1.2 Bangalore method: A layer of coarse refuse is first put at the

bottom of the pit to a depth of 15-20cm which is 7.5cm deeper for a 25cm

width at the pit edges. Night soil is poured to thickness of 5cm in the

depressed portion and the elevated edges prevent its drainage to sides. On

top of this, e second layer of refuse is spread which sandwiches the night

soil layer. Such alternate layers of refuse and night soil are repeated till it

reaches a height of 30cm above the edges of the pits. The top layer of the

refuse should be atleast 25-30cm thick. The top of the mass is rounded to

avoid rainwater entering the pit. Sometimes a top layer of soil is given to

prevent fly breeding. It is allowed to decompose for 4-6 months, after



which the compost can be taken out for use. The above method is

anaerobic in nature (absence of O2).

2.6.3.1.3 Windrow composting: In tropical region with higher ambient

temperature, composting in open windrows is preferred. The windrows

(stack or piles in rows) have to be timed at suitable intervals to maintain

the aerobic reaction.

2.6.3.1.4 Vermicomposting: Vermicomposting or composting with

earthworms, in an excellent technique for recycling food waste in the

apartments as well as composting yards wastes in the backyard. Worm

bins located in near a hot water heater in the garage during the winter will

save many a trip through snow to the backyard compost bin. Letting

worms recycle your food waste also saves your back, because you don’t

have to turn over the compost to keep it aerated.

Vermicomposting contains not only worm castings, but also

bedding material and organic waste s at various stages of decomposition.

It also contains worms at various stages of development and other

microorganisms associated with the composting processing.

Earthworm casting in the home garden often contains 5-11

times more nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium as the surrounding soil.

Secretion in the intestinal tracts of earthworms, along with soil passing

though earthworms, makes nutrients more concentrated and available for

plant uptake, including micronutrients.



Parameter* Garden compost Vermicompost

pH 7.80 6.80

EC (mmhos/cm)** 3.60 11.70

Total Kjehdahl nitrogen

(%)***

0.80 1.94

Nitrate nitrogen (%)**** 156.50 902.20

Phosphorous (%) 0.35 0.47

Potassium (%) 0.48 0.70

Calcium (%) 2.27 4.40

Sodium (%) <.01 0.02

Magnesium (%) 0.57 0.46

Iron (ppm) 11690.00 7563.00

Zinc (ppm) 128.00 278.00

Manganese (ppm) 414.00 475.00

Copper (ppm) 17.00 27.00

Boron (ppm) 25.00 34.00

Aluminum (ppm) 7380.00 7012.00

Table 2.6 parameters of vermin composting

* units-ppm=parts per millions, mmhos/cm=millimhos per cm, **

EC=electrical conductivity is a measure (millimhos per cm) of the

relative salinity of soil or the amount of soluble salts it contains.

***Kjehdahl nitrogen= is a measure of the total percentage of the

nitrogen in the sample including that in organic matter.**** nitrate

nitrogen= that nitrogen is the sample that is immediately available for

plant uptake by the roots.



Chapter 3

CASE STUDY OF B-WARD

Mumbai, the commercial and financial capital of India is spread

over an area of around 437.71 km2 and houses more than 12 million

people. Financial and commercial institutions as well as the industrial

houses in Mumbai provide considerable employment opportunities. The

consequent large scale migration has resulted in very high densities of

population and corresponding demand on its infrastructure. One of the

important components of urban infrastructure is Solid Waste management

(SWM) which has a direct impact on health and environmental safety of

the city.

MCGM is responsible for municipal solid waste management of

Mumbai running a comprehensive operation of street cleaning,

construction, maintenance and cleaning of public sanitary conveniences,

waste collection, waste transportation, and waste disposal (including

disposal of dead bodies of animals). MCGM maintains a large fleet of

vehicles for transportation and secondary collection of waste from

various waste storage containers and bins. The present municipal solid

waste disposal facilities include three disposal sites located at Deonar,

Mulund and Gorai.

Mumbai generates approximately 6,000 tons per day (TPD) of

MSW at the rate of 0.475 kilograms per capita per day. In addition,

approximately 2,400 TPD of construction and demolition waste is also

generated. Final disposal of the MSW in Mumbai since last many years is



by open dumping method without any waste treatment. The dumping

grounds are near creeks and surrounded by residential development

around it. Waste dumping at the site is not scientific and unsanitary

condition prevail which causes nuisance to the surrounding land uses.

Deonar Mulund Gorai

Total

Area(hectares)

132 25 19.6

Year of

establishment

1927 1968 1972

MSW received

(TPD)

4100 600 1200

Debris received

(TPD)

1000 200 1200

Wards supplying

waste

A, B, C, D, E,

F/N, F/S,

G/N,G/S, H/E,

H/W,

K/E, L, M/W,

M/E, N,

A, C, D, E, F/N,

G/N,

G/S, H/W, H/E,

K/W,.K/L,

M/W,

M/E, N, S, and T

R/S, R/N, R/C,

K/W, P/N, P/S

Table 3.1 Details of the Existing Dumping Grounds and Approximate

Quantity of MSW and Debris Received



Fig 3.1 Dumping ground locations

3.1 MUNICIPAL WASTE GENERATION AND POPULATION

FORECAST The population of Mumbai as per 2001 census was 11.91 million. The past

data shows that the population has grown four folds from 1951 (2.97 million).

Though, the growth rate has been coming down, the last decade shows 20% growth in

population. The population has been projected for a period of 25 years using the

arithmetic method. Similarly, waste quantity generated per capita per day has also

been projected for a period of 25 years to estimate the quantum of waste generated as

tabulated below. It is estimated that the waste quantity will increase from the present

0.475 kilograms/capita/day to 0.65 kilograms/capita/day during the projected period.

Year Population

(million)

Waste Quantity in

TPD



2005 12.8 6000

2015 14.4 8100

2025 15.9 9780

2030 16.2 10530

Table 3.2 Population and MSW Generation Projection

3.2 REASON FOR SELECTION OF B-WARD:

1. B ward is the smallest of all the Municipal wards in Mumbai.

However the density of population is the highest (8 persons per sq.

meter).

2. B ward is the centre for commodities trading activity and has largest

number of wholesale markets, which attract a large number of floating

population.

3. Presence of a large number of house gullies which are filled with

drainage water, garbage and rodents like rats.

4. A large number of residential premises with very low rentals, which

are old structures and need substantial repairs. These include private

as well as govt/MCGM owned properties such as BIT chawls. Some

of these are as old as 70 years. They account for as much as 30 to 50%

of residential population of the ward. They are characterized by very

low rentals – Rs. 30 pm inclusive of water supply and sanitation

services and full building maintenance for MCGM properties such as

BIT chawls.

5. No system for house-to-house waste collection is provided by MCGM

as it is very difficult to cater to several small residences in a very

small area and narrow lanes and prevalence of “infamous house

gullies” where age-old habits of throwing garbage prevail.



6. As a result the waste disposal system is dominated by a few critical

collection spots such as Memonwada, Koliwada, Bibijan and

Pydhonie which overflow with garbage at all times of the day.

7. Waste is primarily collected and deposited at collection spots by

municipal staff, restaurants and other commercial establishments. It is

then transported by a private contractor to the dumping ground at

Deonar.

8. No separate systems exist for collection and disposal of Institutional

wastes such as Hotels and Markets which account for over 35% of the

total waste generated in the ward.

9. The distance from ward office to Deonar dumping ground is 19.75

km.

3.3 ABOUT THE B-WARD:

B ward is one of the smallest wards of Municipal Corporation of Greater

Mumbai. The density of population is the highest. The boundaries of the

ward are –

East – Upto P D ‘Mello Road

West – Upto Ibrahim Rehimtulla Road & Abdul Rehman Street

North – Upto Ramchandra Bhatt Marg & Jinabhai Mulji Rathod Marg

South – Upto Lokmanya Tilak Marg

The ward has wholesale markets located on Narsi Natha Street,

Keshavji Naik Road, Nagdevi Street, Abdul Rehman Street and

Mohammad Ali Road



Fig 3.2 Wards of Mumbai

Area of Ward 2.47 km



Population 1.4 lacs(approx)

Floating Population per day 1.5 lacs(approx)

Total Premises Residential

Commercial

3229 properties

Approximate Slum Population 50000

No. of Hawkers

Licensed

Unatuthorized

825

5000

Shops and Establishments 17,677

Eating Places 237

Markets 2 Nos.

Gardens

Municipal

Private

8 Nos.

Nil

Hospitals 5 Nos.

Community Bins

(MCGM Collection Points)

14 Nos.(Trolley and open dump

+10 TDP spots)

Table 3.3 factual data about the ward

Population of the ward : 1.4 lacs

Floating Population : 1.5 lacs

Total Estimated population per day : Around 3 lacs.

Hence while preparing the plan for SWM of B ward, it is important

to consider the population of the ward as 3 lacs and not 1.4 lacs.

(Estimated generation of waste based on the norm of 450 gm. per capita

waste generation per day: 135 tpd)

3.4 EXISTING SYSTEM OF SWM IN B WARD



Current system at B ward is really geared to collect the garbage in

whichever form it is available from the collection points and transported

by the private contractor but the labour for putting the waste into the

trucks is provided by the municipal staff.

Municipal sweepers try to clean the house gullies as well as municipal

properties such as BIT chawls as much as possible.

There is no house to house collection done.

While the dept does the job of removing the garbage fairly

competently under very difficult circumstances, there is no thought, no

plan to improve the practices,introduce segregation at least in a limited

scale.

There is a lack of morale, motivation and sense of ownership in the

staff at all levels in the ward especially in solid waste management.

Eateries and markets generate a lot of pure bio degradable waste.

Current waste handling system mixes such waste with dry and other

waste and transports all the mixed waste to Deonar dumping ground. It is

virtually impossible to get segregated waste from most parts of residential

areas from this ward except via a few isolated efforts in buildings.

But low grade/ high volume eateries and markets as well as unofficial

slaughtering provides a good opportunity to obtain mostly segregated bio

degradable waste and establishing a bio gas plant as a demo can be quite

effective in this area.

In fact, preventing 500 kg wet waste from such origins will

definitely reduce the transportation load and to that extent, there is some

return on the investment.



Fig 3.3 Composition of waste



Fig 3.4 Existing approximate composition of waste in B-ward

Sr.

No.

Sources of waste in B-ward Approx. Weight (tpd)

1 Eating houses/stalls/ hawkers 35

2 Residential Commercial 70

3 Markets 17

4 Debris 15

5 Animal Waste 5

Total 142

Table 3.4 Composition of Waste in B-ward



3.5 CURRENT SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IN B-WARD

The ward has adopted 4 systems for the collection and disposal of

waste generated in the ward.

Compactor system (Privately managed) – These compactors can carry

8 tonnes of waste, which is not effectively compacted. Compactor

attends10 sheds and 3 open dumps out of which 4 sheds and 1 open

dump are very critical with heavy generation of waste. These

compactors are old compactors and do not provide standard bins

lifting arrangements.

Tempo (Privately managed by M/s DCON India Pvt. Ltd.) – Having a

capacity of 1.5 tonnes waste (35 baskets with 85 ltr capacity each) 5

tempos –2morning+2afternoon+1night

TDP – (Municipal) – Having 2.5 tonnes of waste capacity. TDPs are

placed at 10 places in the ward having total number of 15 TDP

containers served by 4 TDP vehicles

Dumper lifting thru JCB (Municipal) – Having a capacity of 8 m.t. 3

dumpers are provided twice a week



Fig 3.5 Garbage collection spots at B-ward



Table 3.5 Quantity of waste lifted



Fig 3.6 Garbage lifting by compactor

Fig 3.7 Condition of trolleys

3.5.1 Garbage Compactor Observations:

System handled by private compactor and Payment to the contractor

per tonne of waste is Rs 545/-

Ceiling put on waste lifting by Compactor is 57 tpd

Compactor lifts around 65-70 tpd

Eventhough it is a compactor it does not do technically effective

compacting



There are total 14 dumping spots from where the private compactor

lifts garbage (11sheds and 3 open dumps)

Compactor also lifts harkat i.e. housegalli waste Total 5 compactors

are provided – Work is done in 3 shifts (5+4+2 hours)

Motor loaders are BMC labor and the private contractor doesn’t have

control on the motor loaders

Sometimes the compactor comes late for the shift, sometimes the

labour gathers late eventually the shifts starts quite late and timings

cannot be fixed at the spots for local people.

3.5.2 Tempo (managed privately by M/s DCON India Ltd):

Private contractor provides 5 tempos - 2 in the morning, 2 in the

afternoon and 1 at night (For afternoon shift one additional tempo has

been started)

No ceiling on weight lifting but each tempo is supposed to make 3

trips per shift

Tempo lifts housegalli waste during day time

Per shift the contractor gets Rs 576/- (3 trips per shift)

Payment is made at the end of the month on the basis of actual trips

made

The contractor provides a driver and 35 baskets (85 ltr each – apprx

60-65 kgs capacity) in the tempo as per BMC specifications

BMC provides a staff of 2 labour and 1 Mukadam on the tempo

BMC labour lifts around 60-65 ltr i.e. apprx 40 kgs

35 baskets*40kgs = 1575 kgs total weight per trip and such 3 trips of 4

tempos

Weight of waste lifted by tempo per day is 18,900 kgs i.e. 18-19 tpd



Reporting is done at the ML chowky but quantity lifted is not cross

checked strictly at the chowky

Generally tempos are unloaded at BRC (Bulk Refuse Container) at C

Ward

In the morning due to traffic jams at the c ward spot, B ward tempos

are emptied at some TDP spot in the ward, even at night in the last trip

the Tempo is emptied at some TDP spot (There is triple handling of

waste – when waste is lifted by tempo and emptied in TDP container

which is emptied at Mahalaxmi transfer station and from there this

waste is loaded in dumper/truck to dump at Deonar)

During day shift the trip is scrutinized at the C ward along with

scrutiny at ML chowky in the Ward

At night there is no verification at the C ward because there is no

BMC staff for night shift (No source to cross check tempo dumping)

Tempo trips are organised as per the reporting done by JOs(Junior

Overseer) regarding housegalli waste in the section/bit. Tempo also

collects garbage from Sydneham compound, which is a BMC

property.

At night (with respect to hotel service) the route is defined but tempo

leaves from ward at irregular timings.

By the time the tempo starts its 3rd trip at night many hotels are closed

The baskets in the tempo are not user friendly, when they are full

workers cannot lift them and put into the tempo or unload at the BRC

3.5.3 TDP- Tata Dumper Placer (Managed by MCGM):

There are 10 TDP spots having total number of 15 TDP containers in

B Ward



Almost all the TDPs are placed in areas, which are not high waste

generation spots (With the exception of trolley spot recently converted

to TDP spot at Koliwada). TDPs in the ward are mostly placed in the

commercial areas and not in residential areas.

Waste carrying capacity of the TDP is 2.5 tonnes

4 vehicles are provided to lift the containers, these TDPs are unloaded

at Mahalaxmi transfer station

These vehicles are provided from Worli (garage) office along with a

driver

There is no ward labour on the vehicle

The vehicle trip is scrutinized at both ward level (ML chowky) and at

Mahalaxmi transfer station - The weight lifted is not checked at any of

the check posts, sometimes half loaded TDPs are also lifted just

because the vehicle has to complete its trips

Segregation of waste is not possible in the TDP. Many times good

quality biodegradable waste generated by hotels and markets gets

mixed with dry as well as wet waste from house gallis

It was observed that unlike the compactor spots, TDP spots are loaded

with more of dry waste

Fig 3.8 TDP spot on Kalyan street fully occupied by Drug addicts



3.5.4 Dumpers (Managed by Municipality):

Fig 3.9 Dumpers managed by municipality

Dumpers are used by Conservancy and Maintenance Dept. at the ward

level. The tempo, compactor and TDPs are supposed to take care of the

mixed waste and dumpers were looked upon as vehicles to lift debris

from different places in the ward. But the ward office doesn’t have any

guideline for the use of dumpers.

3.5.5 Debris:

Apart from Maintenance dept, Roads dept gets a dumper every day,

where debris lifting is done manually by 6 labour and 1 mukadam.

Sometimes if urgent work comes (e.g. complaint from local corporator

regarding lifting debris in his/her constituency) then the debris lifted is

unloaded in the ward itself (Elphinston bridge is a regular place for such

debris unloading), and surprisingly such debris remains unattended for

quite a long period. Maintenance dept lifts debris that is created mainly

because of road work, some repairs etc. Because of the dual authorities

involved in debris collection and disposal becomes nobody’s



responsibility leading to emergence of debris dumping spots at many

places.

3.5.6 Informal debris dumping spots in the ward

Under J J Flyover

On Carnac Bridge

Near Mandvi Post Office

On Solapur Street – parallel to Raichur Street

On the bridge at Jinabai Mulji Rathod Marg - from Walpakhadi

towards Wadi Bunder and on Issaji Street

3.5.7 Dry waste observation:

The ward generates more quantity of wet waste as compared to the dry

waste

On all the municipal collection spots, the waste is dumped and lifted

in mixed form Dry waste is mainly found in the areas where wholesale

markets are situated and where waste is mainly collected in TDPs

Many TDP spots are managed by rag pickers who take out the dry

waste from the bins and sell it to the scrap vendors in the ward

Many a times municipal labour on the compactor is seen segregating

the waste at the compactor spots

Most of the hotels mainly bars have there own system to manage the

dry waste which is mostly pet bottles and or glass bottles

3.5.8 Market waste observation:

There are 4 markets in the ward –

J B Shah Market (Municipal Market)

Dongri Municipal Market (Municipal Market)



Char Nal Market (Unauthorized market)

Vegetable market at Lokmanya Tilak Marg near Crawford Junction

(Unauthorized market).

Other commodity markets are situated on Narsi Natha street, Keshvji

Naik Street, Nagdevi street and Abdul Rehman street. The commodity

markets have more generation of dry waste which is picked up by the rag

pickers at some of the collection spots especially at TDP spots. J B Shah

Market is a wholesale market and mainly has a sale of spices, food grains

and fruits whereas Dongri market has a sale of food grain items,

vegetables and also sizable amount of nonveg (chicken, mutton and fish).

J B Shah Market is located besides Masjid Bunder Railway station which

is mostly commercial and wholesale market area and Dongri market is

located in an area near Sandhurst Rd station which is a combination of

residential population and commercial activities. Only common situation

in this is both the markets are cleaned by labour from Market dept. This

entire market activity is not under the charge of ward authorities. Both

these markets contribute a small share of waste at the collection spots

named after the markets. Lot of waste is section waste and then the waste

from hotels and hawkers in the surrounding areas. J.B. Shah Market has

120 shops out of which 38 are big store rooms (warehouses) whereas

Dongri Markethas 152 shops. The non-veg waste generated in Dongri

Market is collected by an offal van(vehicle used for transporting non-veg

waste), which collects the non-veg waste twice in a day.



3.5.9 Dongri Market:

The market generates around 2 m3 waste which is mixed in nature

This spot was created only for the market waste but it is used for

dumping of BMC section waste, hotel waste from the hotels in the

vicinity, non- veg waste from the mutton, chicken stalls

(authorized/unauthorized) and residential waste

A shed has been constructed outside the market from the local

corporator’s fund but the surface is uneven

There are total 152 shops out of which 45 belong to fish vendors, 22

mutton shops and 10 chicken shops make it a market with more sale of

non veg items

This shows that the market generates more of non-veg waste rather

than the green vegetable waste

The sweeping and maintenance of the market is done by the market

department and the ward doesn’t have any control on the market

Eventhough the market is cleaned by the market labour, the waste

other than non-veg waste is lifted by conservancy department from the

community collection spot outside the market

An offal van comes to lift non-veg waste twice a day

Generally 2 trolleys are kept on the spot outside the market

Private compactor attends the spot in 3 shifts – morning, afternoon

and night

Many a times rag pickers are seen on the spot who segregate dry waste

which has resale value –these rag pickers are mainly drug addicts and

female rag pickers are hardly seen on the spot



3.5.10 Hotel waste observation:

There are around 233 hotels in the ward registered with the ward

office. Besides these, there are a large number of small movable eating

joints such as tea stalls, coconut stalls, sugarcane juice stalls etc. (called

as Tapryas). There are also a lot of stalls of non vegetarian eatable items

such as kabab and meat stalls.

3.5.11 Present System of Collection and disposal of Hotel waste in B

ward:

The total generation of hotel waste in the ward is around 35 tpd.

This includes waste generated by the tea stalls, sugarcane juice and

coconut vendors as well as a large number of non-veg eatable stalls.

All the vendors dump their waste at the collection spots at different

times of the day. The hotel waste which is a relatively segregated wet

waste is also dumped at the collection spots and gets mixed with the other

waste at the spot.

3.5.12 Hospital waste observations:

No use of biomedical van door to door service by small dispensaries

and clinics in the ward.

Waste is disposed off mostly at the collection spots or in housegallis if

the quantity is small.

Type of the garbage is- Cotton, Needles (used to give shots or draw

blood), Injection Wrapper Strips, Plastic, Plastic Saline bottles , Blood

Soaked Bandage , discarded surgical gloves (after surgery), syringe

etc.

Vehicle service for the collection of Bio-Medical Waste is twice a

Week only for the hospitals.



Quantity of Dry Waste is greater than Wet Waste. Some hospitals do

not keep the garbage separately.

In absence of the service by the vehicle of Bio-medical waste , private

sweepers of hospital burn that waste or they burry that waste under the

nearby land available like garden etc.

Total number of House gullies which are Cleaned daily

in B ward

557

Total number of House gullies which are Cleaned

alternately

110

Total number of House gullies which are Cleaned Twice

weekly

163

Total number of House gullies which have been

Encroached

127

Total number of house gullies in B ward 947

Table 3.5 House gullies observation

Fig 3.10 Unhygienic conditions were observed in the house gully due to

leakages from downtake pipe



Fig 3.11 Due to garbage resultant filthy conditions in the house gullies

the nuisance of pest and rodents was more

Fig 3.12 Garbage thrown in housegully

Fig 3.13 Drinking water supply lines and sewerage connections

were observed side by side which may contaminate water



Fig 3.14 Numerous water connections in the House gully from the Main

supply lines

Fig 3.15 Encroachments within the house gullies

3.5.13 Important observations:

The house gullies are provided for installation of drainage systems for

the two adjacent buildings, but these house gullies are used for

throwing garbage from the households.

The House gullies are in total unhygienic condition with leaking

drainage systems, heaps of garbage and presence of pests and rodents.

Some of the house gullies in the ward are already encroached whereas

in some cases some constructions were seen within the House gullies.



Many illegal water connection lines can be seen within the house

gullies, which have been taken (tapped) from the main supply lines.

Drinking water connection pipes and drainage (down take) pipes were

seen side by side from where contamination of the drinking water is

possible if the drinking water pipes are damaged.

In most of the cases underground chamber lids have been broken

which makes it easier for the garbage in the house gully to enter into

the chambers and further blocking drainage lines.

House gullies are cleaned by the conservancy labour and if the waste

is less in quantity i.e. 2-3 baskets per house gully then the labour takes

the waste which is removed from the house gully to the nearby

common collection spots and if the quantity is more then the waste is

dumped outside the house gully on the road for about 1-2 days so that

water drains out from the waste. It is collected by the tempo and is

dumped at a TDP spot in the ward.

Sometimes if the house gullies are not cleaned regularly, and the

quantity of waste dumped outside the house gullies is more than the

capacity of the tempo then dumpers along with JCB and even

compactors are used for collecting the waste.

House gullies from Nagdevi street, Sarang St, Bhajipala lane Janjikar

street (which is mostly the commercial area) were found full of

commercial waste i.e. dry waste including papers, polythene bags,

cardboard packing etc.

Another major problem of pests and rodents was observed in almost

all house gullies of the total surveyed house gullies were observed

with full of garbage and similarly the house gullies were observed

with drainage problems such as leakages from the down take pipes,

due to poor conditions of sewer traps and gully traps further creating



problems with the garbage entering the underground chambers thus

blocking the drainage lines.

3.5.14 Problems faced by House gully cleaning labour:

In some cases the underground chamber covers were either missing or

in bad condition which makes it difficult for the sweepers to work in.

In some places the entrances of the house gullies were blocked

because of which the sweepers cannot clean it regularly.

One of the biggest problems faced by the house gully labour is that

even when they are cleaning the house gullies the residents facing the

house gullies throw waste directly on them.

Plumber shops, tea stalls, dry cleaning or ironing shops were seen at

the entrances of the house gullies which make it difficult for the

workers to clean it regularly and if it is cleaned then these shop

keepers don’t allow the workers to leave the garbage in front of their

stalls or shops.

There are 79 people working for cleaning of house gullies which is

permanent labour. There is only one shift and the shift timings are 6.30

a.m. to 1.30 p.m. The staff cleaning the house gullies has to work in

inhuman conditions. Many house gullies have drainage leakages and a lot

of waste. Some of the house gullies are very narrow making it very

difficult for the labour to enter in them for cleaning.

The sweepers cleaning the housegallis collect the waste in baskets

which are hung to a wooden pole and are carried to the nearby collection

spot by the two sweepers on their shoulders.



3.5.15 Slaughtering :

A sizable quantity of animal slaughter waste is dumped on the

collection spots especially at the Dongri market and Memonwada

collection spot slaughtering in the ward.

3.5.16 Animal waste generated in the ward:

There is only one municipal Market (Dongri Market) which has

licensed shops for selling meat, chicken and fish in B ward.

There are around 19 Meat stalls, 8 poultry (chicken) stalls, 5-6 dry fish

squatters and around 100 fish squatters. Waste from these stalls is

collected twice a day by BMC offal van.

Except Dongri Market, there is no special BMC service for collection

of non-veg waste.

Private shopkeepers and stall owners, outside BMC market, are

dumping the slaughter waste at the community collection spots.

Animal waste is brought to the community collection spots in open

containers through their own staff or many a times through drug

addicts.

Fig 3.16 Slaughtering in B ward



Illegal slaughter business was observed (goat cutting) in some

lanes such as Attar gully, Dr Memon Marg and M.A. Sarang Marg

This illegal slaughtering is carried out in extremely unhygienic

conditions

3.6 STRUCTURE OF CONSERVANCY DEPARTMENT AT

WARD LEVEL

fig no 3.17 Structure Of Conservancy Department At Ward Level

3.7 The general procedure at ML(Motor Loaders) chowkey is as

follows

The shift starts at 6.30 a.m. But the labour assembles by 6.45am.

Compactor comes by 6.45-7 a.m.

The labour signs the attendance register-There are two registers for

beat B1 and B2. Time taken 15 minutes.

The Mukadum fills the log sheet on the basis of the attendance

register manually.-Time taken 15 minutes.

DR labour is called to fill in the gaps for permanent labour.



Their names are entered in the DR attendance register and then the

labour signs.

Their names are entered in the log sheet.

Log sheet is given to the compactor driver who carried it with him

to the dumping ground.

The total time taken for completing this procedure is atleast 45 minutes to

one hour.

3.8 ROUTE MAPS

Sr.N

o.

Collectio

n Spot

No.

Name of

Collection spot

Name of

Road

Generati

on in

cu.m3

Time of

collection

1 C-1 Abdul rehman

street

Abdul

rehman street

6 m3 7:30am to

8:30am

2 C-3 Mirchi Abhaychand

Gndhi marg

8 m3 8:45am to

11:00am

3 C-2 Bibijan street Bibijan street 16m3 7:15am to

10:30am

4 C-4 Chunabhatt Miyan

Ahmed

Chattani

marg

6m3 10:45am to

11:30am

5 C-5 Mandvi police

quarter

Mohd Ali

road

1m3 7:15am to

7:45am

6 C-6 Pydhonie Ibrahim

Mohd

17m3 8:00am to

11:30am



merchant

road

7 C-10 Memonwada Imamwada

road

16m3 7:15am to

10:45am

8 C-8 Asha Sadan Samantbai

nanji marg

1m3 11:00am to

11:30am

9 C-11 Koliwada Madhav rao

rokade marg

12m3 7:15am to

11:00am

10 C-12 Sydnam

Compound

S.R. road 3m3 11:15am to

11:45am


Ahmed

Chattani

marg

4m3 2:15pm to

3:00pm

12 C-2 Bibijan street Bibijan street 6m3 3:15pm to

6:30pm


road

10m3 2:00pm to

4:15pm

14 C-7 Dongri market Navroji hill

road no.4

10m3 4:30pm to

6:30pm


Mohd

merchant

road

17m3 2:00pm to

5:00pm

16 C-8 Asha Sadan Samantbai

nanji marg

1m3 5:15pm to

6:00pm

17 C-3 Mirchi Abhaychand

Gndhi marg

12m3 2:15pm to

5:00pm



18 C-9 Keshavji naik K.Naik marg 4m3 5:15pm to

6:30pm

19 C-12 Sydnam

Compound

S.R. road 8m3 2:15pm to

4:45pm


rokade marg

2m3 5:00pm to

5:30pm


road

10m3 10:15pm to

12:30am

22 C-7 Dongri market Navroji hill

road no.4

10m3 12:45am to

2:00am


Mohd

merchant

road

12m3 10;30pm to

12:30am


Ahmed

Chattani

marg

2m3 12:45am to

1:30am

25 C-9 Keshavji naik K.Naik marg 1m3 1:45am to

2:30am


rokade marg

4m3 10:00pm to

11:30pm


Ahmed

Chattani

marg

1m3 11:45pm to

12:30am

Table 3.6 Route maps for Municipal Compactor (16m3)



Sr.No. Collection

Spot No.

Name of

Collection

spot

Name of

Road

Generation

in cu.m

Time of

collection

1 T-7 Masjid

bunder

Y.M Road 5m3 7:00am to

1:30pm

2 T-8 Masjid

bunder

Y.M Road 5m3 7:00am to

1:30pm

3 T-9 65 Clive

road

65 Clive

road

5m3 7:00am to

1:30pm

4 T-10 65 Clive

road

65 Clive

road

5m3 7:00am to

1:30pm

5 T-14 Nadi bunder J.M. Rathod

marg

5m3 7:00am to

1:30pm

6 T-6 Koliwada Madhav rao

rokhade

marg

5m3 7:00am to

1:30pm

7 T-5 Surat Surat street 5m3 7:00am to

1:30pm

8 T-11 Kalyan Kalyan

street

5m3 7:00am to

1:30pm

9 T-3 Ahmedabad Ahmedabad

street

5m3 7:00am to

1:30pm

10 T-4 P.D.Mello

road

P.D.Mello

road

5m3 7:00am to

1:30pm


rokhade

marg

5m3 2:00pm to

4:30pm

12 T-12 Kalyan Kalyan 5m3 2:00pm to



street 4:30pm

13 T-7 Masjid Y.M Road 5m3 2:00pm to

4:30pm

14 T-8 Masjid Y.M Road 5m3 2:00pm to

4:30pm

15 T-1 Sant tukaram Sant

tukaram

marg

5m3 2:00pm to

4:30pm

16 T-13 Raichur Raichur 5m3 10:15pm

to 5:45am


rokhade

marg

5m3 10:15pm

to 5:45am

18 T-10 65 Clive

road

65 Clive

road

5m3 10:15pm

to 5:45am

19 T-9 65 Clive

road

65 Clive

road

5m3 10:15pm

to 5:45am

20 T-2 Sant tukaram Sant

tukaram

marg

5m3 10:15pm

to 5:45am

Table 3.7 Route maps for Municipal Dumper placer (5m3)



Chapter 4

MSW Rules and Regulation

MUNICIPAL CORPORATION OF BRIHANMUMBAI

Municipal Solid Waste (Prohibition of Littering and Regulation of

Segregation, Storage, Delivery & Collection) Rules 2006

N O T I F I C A T I O N

w.e.f. 1st March 2006

STATEMENT AND OBJECTIVES

Whereas solid waste management and handling is an obligatory

function under Section 61 (A), 61(C) and 61 (N) of the Brihanmumbai

Municipal Corporation and has to be done in accordance with the

Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling) Rules 2000 framed

under the Environment (Protection) Act 1986.

And whereas, management and handling of hazardous industrial

waste and bio-medical waste are governed by separate sets of rules

framed under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986.

And whereas, the effective implementation of a Solid Waste

Management Programme requires an integrated plan that covers all

aspects of the situation ranging from framing of appropriate regulations to

rationalisation of existing waste management contracts and operations,



stringent enforcement of applicable rules as well as active citizen

participation.

And whereas, some of the initiatives undertaken by the

Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation include:

New Solid Waste Management contracts and collection processes

which emphasise reduction of community waste storage centres on

public roads and a corresponding increase in “on-time” point-to-

point collection through bell-ringing vehicles and collection at

source of segregated waste.

Policy Guidelines for Granting Permission to Utility and Municipal

Agencies for Excavation and Reinstatement thereafter – Jan. 2005

Construction & Demolition & De-silting waste (Management &

Disposal) Rules – 2006

Facilitation of the implementation of the Bio-Medical Waste (M &

H) Rules, 2000, under the direction of Maharasthra Pollution

Control Board (MPCB)

Establishment of waste processing plants and sanitary landfills and

the closure of existing dumping grounds in a scientific manner in

phases with the advice and assistance of expert consultants.

(planned)

Promotion of waste segregation, recycling and composting.

A MOU with the NGO Council for devising collaborative

structures to ensure greater citizens participation in Solid Waste

Management and other areas.

Expansion and strengthening of the Dattak Vasti Yojana for

cleanliness of slum localities.


http://www.karmayog.com/cleanliness/cleanlinesscontract.htm

http://www.karmayog.com/cleanliness/cleanlinesscontract.htm

http://www.karmayog.org/library/libartdis.asp?r=152&libid=615


http://www.karmayog.com/cleanliness/cddwg.htm



And whereas the apathy of generators of waste regarding their

responsibility to keep the city clean, to avoid littering, and to ensure

proper segregation, storage, and delivery of Municipal Solid Waste as

well as some constraints in the storage, collection and transport systems

have resulted in incomplete or inadequate compliance with the relevant

criteria and procedures for different parameters of management of

Municipal Solid Waste given in Schedule II of the Municipal Solid Waste

(Management and Handling) Rules 2000.

Now, therefore, in exercise of his powers conferred by Section 368 of the

Mumbai Municipal Corporation Act, 1888, read along with Sections 372

and 373, the Municipal Commissioner of the Brihanmumbai Municipal

Corporation (BMC) hereby notifies the rules for Prohibition of Littering

and Regulation of Segregation, Storage, Delivery and Collection of

Municipal Solid Waste.

The following are the overall objectives of these Rules:

improving solid waste management practices so as to reduce

environmental pollution and improve the quality of life in the city

a clean city with increased public health and hygiene levels

no visible waste in public spaces

segregation of waste into specified types

maximum recycling of waste

maximum local composting of bio-degradable waste

minimising the quantity of waste received at the land-fill

minimising transport and handling costs

preventing choking of drains and flooding of streets caused by

waste



improving public awareness and understanding of the waste

problem

promoting transparency of the processes involved, and sharing of

information publicly

facilitating formal BMC-Civil Society partnerships

encouraging the involvement of Municipal Councillors

strengthening and empowering citizen groups for more effective

and sustainable participation in the enforcement of the Rules.

(1) Title and Commencement:

a. These Rules shall be referred to as the “Municipal Solid

Waste (Prohibition of Littering and Regulation of

Segregation, Storage, Delivery and Collection) Rules

2006”.

b. Save as otherwise provided in these Rules, they shall come

into force from 1st March 2006 .

(2) Application:

These Rules shall apply to every public place within the

limits of the Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation, to every

generator of Municipal Solid Waste and to every premises under the

ownership or occupation of any person within the limits of the

Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation.



(3) Definitions:

In these Rules, unless the context otherwise requires: -

1. “aangan” means the public place in front of or adjacent to any

premises extending to the kerb side and including the drain, footpath

and kerb;

2. “Assistant Commissioner” means the Assistant Commissioner of

the concerned ward of Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation

3. “agency / agent” means any person / entity appointed or authorised

by BMC to act on its behalf, based on an agreement between the

Agent and BMC for discharge of duties or functions such as

sweeping of streets, collection of waste, collection of charges, etc.;

4. "bio-degradable waste" means the waste of plant and animal origin

e.g. kitchen waste, food & flower waste, leaf litter, garden waste,

animal dung, fish/meat waste;

5. “bio-medical waste” means any waste which is generated during

the diagnosis, treatment or immunisation of human beings or animals

or in research activities pertaining thereto or in the production or

testing of biologicals, and including categories mentioned in

Schedule IV;

6. "bio-methanation" means a process which involves the enzymatic

decomposition of organic matter by microbial action to produce

methane-rich biogas;



7. “Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation” means the

Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC) and, where the

context requires, its Agent(s);

8. “bulk generator” means the owner, occupier or any other person

representing owners and occupiers of any housing society or

complex with 200 or more households / units, first and second grade

restaurants; star and non-star hotels; markets, industrial estates and

shopping complexes / malls and includes any government or public

office building, or other users such as clubs, gymkhanas, “marriage

halls”, recreation / entertainment complexes that are specifically

identified and notified by the Assistant Commissioners of the

concerned Ward will also be considered as bulk generators;

9. “Chief Engineer” means the Chief Engineer of the Solid Waste

Management Department of the Brihanmumbai Municipal

Corporation;

10.“Citizens Cleanliness Team (CCT)” means a team of citizens in a

Councillor Ward who have come forward to make regular surveys

and reports about the cleanliness situation and participate in the

organisation of cleanliness drives or awareness campaigns in their

Councillor Ward and who are registered by the Assistant

Commissioner of the concerned ward;

11.“Clean Mumbai Zone” means any specified public road or group

of roads, any other public space or any specified area consisting of

all the public roads and other public spaces and public buildings in

that area, notified by the Municipal Commissioner or the Assistant



Commissioner of a Ward for the purpose of maintenance of a high

standard of cleanliness at all times and “zero-tolerance” of littering

and other public nuisances and “zero-visibility” of garbage;

12."collection" means lifting and removal of Municipal Solid Waste

from fixed collection points or any other location;

13.“collection at source” means the collection of Municipal Solid

Waste by BMC directly from within the premises of any building or

common premises of a group of buildings. This is also referred to as

“house-to-house collection” or “door-step collection”;

14.“community waste storage centre” means any storage facility set

up and maintained collectively by owners and / or occupiers of one

or more premises for storage of Municipal Solid Waste in a

segregated manner in the premises of any one of such owners /

occupiers or in their common premises;

15."composting" means a controlled process involving microbial

decomposition of organic matter; it includes vermi-composting

which is a process of using earthworms for conversion of bio-

degradable waste into compost;

16."construction and demolition waste" (C&D waste) means non-

hazardous waste from building materials, debris and rubble resulting

from construction, remodelling, repair and demolition operations;

17.“Dattak Vasti Yojana (Slum Adoption Scheme)” means the

scheme referred to by this name which is operated by BMC through



Community Based Organisations for achieving cleanliness in slums;

18. “delivery” means handing over any category of solid waste to a

BMC worker or any other person appointed authorised or licensed

by the BMC for taking delivery of such waste or depositing it in any

vehicle provided by the BMC or by any other authorised or licensed

by the BMC to do so;

19.“dry waste” means the category of Municipal Solid Waste referred

to at Rule 5.1(6) of these Rules;

20.“dry waste sorting centre” means any designated land, shed, kiosk,

or structure located or any municipal or Government land or in a

public space which is authorised to receive & sort dry waste;

21.“familiarisation/warning period” means that specific period as

provided in Schedule I, during which there is a relaxation in the

Fines for contravention of these Rules;

22.“bulk garden and horticultural waste” means bulk waste from

parks, gardens, traffic islands, etc. and includes grass clippings,

annual weeds, woody 'brown' carbon-rich material such as prunings,

branches, twigs, wood chippings, straw or dead leaves and tree

trimmings, which cannot be accommodated in the daily collection

system for bio-degradable waste;

23."generator of waste" means any person generating Municipal Solid

Waste within the limits of Municipal Corporation of Brihanmumbai;



24.“ghanta-gadi” means the bell-ringing vehicle provided by BMC for

point-to-point collection of Municipal Solid Waste;

25.“hazardous waste” means waste that can catch fire, react, or

explode under certain circumstances, or that is corrosive or toxic;

26.“house gully” means a passage or strip of land, constructed, set

apart or utilised for the purpose of serving as or carrying a drain or

affording access to the latrine, urinal, cesspool or other receptacle for

waste or other polluted matter by persons employed in the clearing

thereof or in the removal of such matter therefrom;

27.“inert solid waste” means any solid waste or remnant of processing

whose physical, chemical and biological properties make it suitable

for sanitary landfilling;

28.“landfill” means a waste disposal site for the deposit of residual

solid waste in a facility designed with protective measures against

pollution of ground water, surface water and air fugitive dust, wind-

blown litter, bad odour, fire hazard, bird menace, pests or rodents,

greenhouse gas emissions, slope instability and erosion;

29.“litter” includes:

(a) any solid or liquid domestic or commercial refuse, debris or

rubbish and includes any glass, metal, cigarette butts, paper, fabric,

wood, food, abandoned vehicle parts, furniture or furniture parts,

mattresses, construction or demolition material, garden waste and

clippings, soil sand or rocks, pet litter, and (b) any other material,

substance or thing deposited in a public place if its size, shape,



nature or volume makes a nuisance or detrimentally affects the

proper use of that place;

30."littering " means putting litter in such a location that it falls,

descends, blows, is washed, percolates or otherwise escapes or is

likely to fall, descend, blow, be washed, percolate or otherwise

escape into or onto any public place, or causing, permitting or

allowing litter to fall, descend, blow, be washed, percolate or

otherwise escape into or onto any public place;

31.“Local Area Citizen Group” (LACG) means a group of owners

or occupiers of residential or commercial premises or associations

of such owners or occupiers of a particular neighbourhood, that has

been defined by the BMC based on specified criteria, who have

come forward in order to take responsibility for the maintenance of

cleanliness and promotion of waste reduction, segregation and

recycling in that area, provided they are registered with the

Registrar of Co-operative Societies and their stated aims and

objectives include maintenance of cleanliness and promotion of

waste reduction, segregation and recycling in their neighbourhood,

and which has been approved by BMC as the LACG of that

neighbourhood;

32."Municipal Commissioner" means the Municipal Commissioner

or an Additional Commissioner of Brihanmumbai Municipal

Corporation, and where the context requires, any or any officer of

the Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation who is vested or

delegated with the relevant powers of the Municipal



Commissioner under the MMC Act 1888 or any other law;

33.“Municipal Corporation” means the Brihanmumbai Municipal

Corporation and, where the context requires, its Agent(s);

34."Municipal Solid Waste" includes commercial, residential and

other waste generated in the Municipal Corporation of

Brihanmumbai area in either solid or semi-solid form excluding

industrial hazardous waste, but including treated bio-medical

waste;

35.“neighbourhood” means a clearly defined locality, with reference

to its physical layout, character or inhabitants;

36.“new construction” means all buildings constructed after 9th

January 2003, as specified in the BMC (Building Proposals)

circular of the same date regarding the mandatory provision of

vermi-composting units within such premises;

37.“NGO Council” means the Council of Non-Governmental

Organisations of Mumbai that is a representative body of Civil

Society Organisations and the NGO sector in Mumbai, and

comprises a mix of organisations with complementary expertise

covering different concerns. This Council was formed, recognising

that institutionalized partnership between municipal bodies and

non-governmental organizations (NGOs)/ civil society

organizations (CSOs) is critical for promoting good city

governance. BMC has entered into an MoU with the NGO Council



for a formalized collaborative working structure;

38.“nuisance detectors” (NDs) means those employees of BMC who

are appointed by BMC to enforce these Rules by detecting

instances of contraventions of any of these rules and collecting

Fines as specified for contravention of the same;

39."occupier/occupant" includes any person who for the time being

is in occupation of, or otherwise using, any land or building or part

thereof, for any purpose whatsoever;

40."owner" means any person who exercises the rights of an owner of

any building, or land or part thereof;

41."person" means any person or persons and shall include any shop

or establishment or firm or company or association or body of

individuals whether incorporated or not and their Agents;

42.“point-to-point collection” means the system of collection of

Municipal Solid Waste from specific pick-up points as designated

by BMC, up to which the generator must bring the collected and

stored waste for delivery to a ghanta-gadi;

43."premises" includes buildings, tenements in a building, house,

outhouse, stable, shed, hut, and any other structure whether of

masonry, brick, mud, wood, metal or any other material

whatsoever and lands of any tenure whether open or enclosed

whether built upon or not being used for the time being for

purposes of residence, trade, industry, service, business,



government or any other public or private purpose including

weddings, banquets, meetings, exhibitions, organized events, etc.

It also includes any portion of a public road that is permitted by the

Municipal Commissioner to be used for the time being for

parking of vehicles, street vending, storage of materials at a work

site or for any public or private purpose whatsoever other than the

movement of vehicles;

44."processing" means any scientific process by which solid waste is

treated for processing for the purpose of recycling or making it

suitable for landfilling;

45."public place" includes any road, arch road, viaduct, lane,

footway, alley or passage, highway, causeway, bridge, square alley

or passage whether a thoroughfare or not over which the public

have a right of passage, and such places to which the public has

access such as parks, gardens, recreation grounds, playgrounds,

beaches, water bodies, water courses, public plazas and

promenades, government and municipal buildings, public hospitals,

markets, slaughter houses, courts, etc.;

46.“receptacle” means any container, including bins and bags, used

for the storage of any category of municipal waste;

47."recycling" means the process of transforming segregated non-

biodegradable solid waste into raw materials for producing new

products, which may or may not be similar to the original products;



48.“refuse removal charges” means fees or charges notified by BMC

from time-to-time for collection, transport and disposal of

Municipal Solid Waste from different categories of waste

generators. It includes “trade refuse charges” as made applicable

to various categories of licensees;

49."Schedule" means a schedule appended to these Rules;

50."segregation" means to separate Municipal Solid Waste into the

specified groups of bio-degradable, hazardous, bio-medical,

construction and demolition, bulk garden and horticultural, and all

other inert waste;

51.“source” mean the premises in which waste is generated or a

community storage centre used by owners / occupiers of one or

more premises for segregated storage of Municipal Solid Waste;

52.“stabilised biodegradable waste” means the biologically

stabilized (free of pathogens) waste resulting from the mechanical /

biological treatment of biodegradable waste; only when stabilised

can such waste be used with no further restrictions;

53."storage" means the temporary containment of Municipal Solid

Waste in a manner so as to prevent littering, attraction to vectors,

stray animals and excessive foul odour;

54.“Superintendent of Gardens” means the Superintendent of

Gardens of the Brihanmumbai Municipal Corportation;



55."transportation " means conveyance of Municipal Solid Waste

from place to place;

56.“ward” means an administrative ward of BMC unless specified

otherwise;

57.“ward office” means the office of an administrative ward which is

headed by an Assistant Commissioner of BMC;

Words and expressions used in these Rules but not defined shall have the

meanings respectively assigned to them in the Mumbai Municipal

Corporation Act, 1888, or the Municipal Solid Waste (Management and

Handling) Rules 2000, unless the context otherwise requires.

(4) Prohibition of littering, and other nuisances and ensuring “Saaf

Aangan”:

4.1) Littering in any public place: No owner / occupier shall throw,

deposit or cause to be thrown or deposited any waste whether liquid,

semi-solid or solid including sewage and waste water upon or in any

public place, including in any type of water body (natural or man-made)

except in a manner provided for in these Rules, the Environment

(Protection) Act, 1986, the Mumbai Municipal Corporation Act, 1888, or

any other Act or Rules framed under any such Act.



4.2) Creating Public Nuisance: No person shall bathe, spit, urinate,

defecate, feed groups of animals or birds, wash vehicles, utensils or any

other object, in any public place except in such public facilities or

conveniences specifically provided for any of these purposes.

4.3.) “Ensuring Saaf Aangan”: Every person shall ensure that any

public place in front of or adjacent to any premises owned or occupied by

him including the footpath and open drain/gutter and kerb is free of any

waste whether liquid, semi-solid or solid including sewage and waste

water and every such owner / occupier shall provide an adequate number

of litter bins on such premises.

(5) Segregation, storage, delivery and collection of Municipal Solid

Waste

5.1) Segregation of waste into six specified groups: Every generator of

Municipal Solid Waste shall store unmixed in or separate the waste at the

source of waste generation into the following six categories:

1) bio-degradable (“wet”) waste

2) specified household hazardous waste

3) bio-medical waste



4) construction and demolition waste

5) bulk garden and horticultural waste including tree trimmings

6) all other non-bio-degradable (“dry”) waste including

recyclable and

non-recyclable waste

5.2) Delivery of segregated waste: At the co-operative society/multi-

storied building/community level, as well as at the point of collection-at-

source or the point of delivery, waste shall be kept unmixed / segregated

and stored and delivered in the above specified groups. If the waste

delivered is found to be mixed, this will be considered a breach of the

Rules, and a fine will be applied as per the Schedule of Fines. Repeated

breach may also result in other penal measures.

Proviso: The Municipal Commissioner may separately notify from time

to time the mandatory colour coding and other specifications of

receptacles prescribed for storage and delivery of different types of solid

waste to enable safe and easy collection without any manual handling or

spillage of waste, which generators of different types of solid waste shall

have to adhere to.

5.3) Bio-degradable waste: Segregated Biodegradable Municipal Solid

Waste (as per the illustrative list in Schedule II), if not composted by the

generator, shall be stored by generators of such waste within their

premises and its delivery shall be ensured by every such generator to the

ghanta-gadi, or to the biodegradable waste collection vehicle provided for

specified commercial generators of bulk biodegradable waste such as

hotels, restaurants, shopping malls, eating places, clubs, canteens,



markets, etc. or to the designated biodegradable waste storage centres

from where biodegradable waste collection vehicles provided by BMC

shall collect such waste daily at such times as the concerned Assistant

Commissioner may notify from time to time.

5.4) Composting by all generators: With a view towards achieving the

larger objective of reducing the cost of transportation of waste and of

promoting local processing of waste it shall be mandatory for any

generator of waste who receives a Notice from the concerned Assistant

Commissioner to compost the bio-degradable waste at source after a

suitable notice period as specified, or at the sites designated for this

purpose in the Notice. Suitable exemptions / reductions in applicable fees,

if any, will be available to the generators on compliance with a Notice

given under the rule.

5.5) Composting of bio-degradable waste by bulk generators and new

constructions: Notwithstanding any contained in Rule 5.4; within a

period of 6 months from the publication of these Rules, it shall be

mandatory for bulk generators & for owners/ occupiers of new

constructions to compost bio-degradable waste at source. Where it is not

possible to compost at site due to space constraint, alternate arrangements

may be considered and approved by BMC on merit by charging suitable

fees. Biodegradable waste may also be processed using the bio-

methanation technique. Suitable exemptions / reductions in applicable

fees for refuse removal will be available to the bulk generators who

comply with this rule.

5.6) Specified household hazardous waste: [as listed in Schedule III]

shall be stored and delivered by every generator of waste to the collection



vehicle which shall be provided weekly/periodically by BMC or any

other Agency authorised by the Maharashtra Pollution Control Board

(MPCB) for collection of such waste, or to a centre designated for

collection of such waste for disposal in a manner that is mandated by the

Government of Maharashtra or the MPCB.

5.7) Untreated bio-medical waste (as listed in Schedule IV) shall be

stored in specified type of covered receptacles and delivered by every

generator of waste to the collection vehicle which shall be provided

weekly/periodically by BMC or any other Agency authorized by the

MPCB, or to a centre designated for collection of such waste, for disposal

in a manner that is mandated by MPCB in accordance with the Bio-

Medical Waste (Management & Handling) Rules 2000.

5.8) Construction and Demolition waste (C&D waste) shall be stored

and delivered separately as per the Construction & Demolition and De-

silting Waste (Management and Disposal) Rules 2006 of BMC. These

Rules state that that for Category 4 i.e. Small Generators (household

level), it will be the responsibility of the generator to store the segregated

C&D waste at source. The generator must then call a local Help-line of

BMC or the Agent of BMC, who will then send a vehicle to pick up the

segregated C&D waste from the generator, with a specified charge, and

then further transport this waste to a processing centre, details of which

are available in the respective ward offices of BMC. Non-compliance will

attract fines as per the Construction & Demolition & De-silting waste

(Management & Disposal) Rules 2006.

5.9) All other Non-biodegradable (“Dry”) waste – both recyclable

and non-recyclable – referred to at 5.1(6) in these Rules shall be stored





and delivered by every generator of waste to the dry waste collection

vehicle which shall be provided by BMC or its Agents at such spots and

at such times as may be notified by the concerned Assistant

Commissioner from time-to-time for collection of such waste, or to the

licensed dry waste sorting centres set up on municipal / Government /

private lands. Rag pickers' cooperatives, licensed recyclers or scrap

dealers may be appointed as the sole Licensed Agents of BMC for

providing dry waste collection services and /or operating such dry waste

sorting centres in any specified area. (Illustrative list of types of

recyclable waste is given in Schedule II)

5.10) Bulk garden and horticultural waste shall be kept un-mixed and

composted at source. Instructions/guidelines with regard to pruning of

trees and storage and delivery of tree trimmings including collection

schedules, shall be notified by the Superintendent of Gardens or the

concerned Assistant Commissioners. Where it is not possible to

compost at site, BMC will continue to collect and transport segregated

garden and horticultural waste by charging suitable fees as notified by it

from time to time.

5.11) Community waste storage centres: Where any type of Municipal

Solid Waste is collected by a BMC vehicle directly from any community

waste storage centre whether located in an open space or a closed shed

located inside any premises or in a public place, the waste shall be

deposited inside separate receptacles to be provided for different types of

segregated waste, and not around or in the general vicinity of any such

receptacle.



5.12) Burning of waste: Disposal by burning of any type of solid waste

at roadsides, dump sites, or any private or public property is prohibited.

(This does not refer to the facilities set up for close and controlled

incineration of specific types of waste which are authorised by the

MPCB)

5.13) Non-compliance of rules as specified in 5.1 – 5.12 will attract a

fine as specified in the Schedule of Fines.

5.14) Action against Transport Contractors / BMC Employees: BMC

shall take strict and swift action against the Transport Contractor and/or

BMC employees, including levying a penalty, if any worker of the

contractor or any BMC employee mixes segregated waste at any point of

collection; or does not pick up waste as per the specified time schedule.

(6) Obligatory Responsibilities of BMC

6.1) Infrastructure facilities: BMC will provide adequate infrastructure

facilities to assist citizen compliance with these Rules. In addition to

waste collection services, litter bins, conveniently located community

storage centres, dry waste sorting centres, and composting centres will be

set up, wherever possible and essential, in consultation with local

citizens. Adequate community toilet and washing facilities will be

provided in slum localities with the participation of the local community

based organisations or Local Area Citizens Groups to prevent nuisances



such as squatting, washing and bathing on public roads, before imposing

any penalties under the relevant Rules.

6.2) Assistance for reducing and recycling waste: Exemptions and

discounts will be provided on the basis of savings made by BMC on

account of in-situ processing or recycling by generators of waste at

source.

6.3) Citizen Resource Base: The Chief Engineer will prepare and

publish lists of composting experts, licensed scrap dealers, dealers of

recyclables, container / bin manufacturers, agencies with expertise in

recycling, etc. who are registered by the Solid Waste Management

Department of the BMC so as to facilitate and support the citizens in

recycling waste. Lists of ALMs, LACGs, CBOs under Dattak Vasti

Yogana will also be published by the Chief Engineer. The names and

telephone numbers of officials and registered persons / organisations who

can provide training, guidance and assistance in respect of these

processes will be made available through the respective Ward Offices of

BMC and the field staff of the solid waste management department. The

details will also be made available at the website of BMC at

www.mcgm.gov.in. Awareness about the same will also be created

through the media, NGO Council and Local Area Citizen Groups.

6.4) Trade Refuse Charges: BMC will rationalise the Trade Refuse

Charges applicable to hotels, restaurants, and other generators of waste,

so that it is linked to the volume of net waste generated and not to the

licence fee charged against any license issued to such a generator of

waste. Such information will be available at all Ward Offices and on

BMC website.



6.5) Purchase of compost: Generators of waste are urged to compost

their bio-degradable waste and use the compost created for gardening and

greening of their individual premises and surroundings. The

Superintendent of Gardens of the Municipal Corporation will undertake

to purchase any extra compost, if available, from the generator, at a

specified fixed price as notified from time to time by him with the

approval of the Standing Committee of the BMC.

6.6) Local Bio-degradable waste processing units: Wherever possible

BMC will set up small scale processing units (composting or bio-

methanation) in public parks, playgrounds, recreation grounds, gardens,

markets, large vacant lands owned and maintained by BMC or any other

public authority or Government department, or will cause such units to be

set up by adopting agencies / caretakers / contractors / tenants responsible

for the maintenance of public spaces or private owners / occupiers of such

vacant lands. These will also serve as demonstration models for the local

community and will be maintained in such a manner that no nuisance or

inconvenience is caused to the public and no damage is caused to the

environment.

6.7) Bio-degradable puja articles: The Assistant Commissioner of

every ward will himself undertake or will authorise interested

organizations to collect bio-degradable ‘puja’ articles (flowers, leaves,

fruits only) at certain designated sites near water-bodies such as beaches,

lakes, ponds, etc. as notified, in special receptacles or “kalashes”. The

collection from such receptacles will then be composted at a suitable

location, and the receptacles as well as the composting units will be

manned specifically for this purpose.



6.8) Point-to-Point waste collection services: The Chief Engineer will

provide for the collection of the Municipal Solid Waste from specific

pick-up points on a public or private road up to which the generator must

bring the collected and stored waste for delivery to a “ghanta-gadi” (bell-

ringing vehicle) that shall be provided by BMC. The services of the

ghanta-gadi shall be provided by BMC for point-to-point collection of

waste according to the route plans at such times and at spots as may be

notified by the concerned Assistant Commissioners in advance for

specified types of waste for different localities.

6.9) Collection at source: BMC will provide for the collection of

Municipal Solid Waste at source from within the premises of a building

or group of buildings from waste storage receptacles kept on the premises

to which BMC vehicles / workers are provided access at such times as

may be notified by the concerned Assistant Commissioners.

6.10) Data about waste received at landfill: BMC will release publicly,

the monthly data about the quantity of each category of waste going to

the different landfills and waste processing sites. Such information will

be available at the Ward Office and on BMC website.

6.11) Community waste storage centres in public places: In

exceptional cases, where point-to-point collection or collection at source

is not possible or has not been started for the time being, BMC will

provide and maintain community waste storage centres on public roads or

other public spaces wherever essential and possible, as determined by the

Assistant Commissioner, by BMC itself or through an Agent, until it

becomes possible to make arrangements for collection at source or point-

to-point collection by ghanta-gadis at the required frequencies.



Segregated waste shall be delivered by the concerned generators to such

community waste storage centres, and thereafter collected by BMC.

These community waste storage centres will be manned by BMC or its

Agents to ensure compliance of segregation and avoidance of public

nuisance and health hazards. Every community waste storage centre shall

have at least two separate receptacles for bio-degradable and non-bio-

degradable waste. Where possible, composting will also be carried out at

these spots. Details of all such centres including the arrangements and

schedules of waste collection from such centres will be available at the

Ward Office and on BMC website.

6.12) Data about phasing out of community waste storage centres in

public places: The Chief Engineer will publicly release periodic data

about the number and location of the community waste storage centres on

public roads that have been phased out, and the corresponding “at-

source” or point-to-point collection for that area that has been established

prior to the bin being removed.

6.13) Dry waste sorting centres: In order to regulate and facilitate the

sorting of the recyclable and non-recyclable waste the concerned

Assistant Commissioners will provide for as many dry waste sorting

centres as needed & possible, where dry waste is collected and then

sorted. These dry waste sorting centres may be on BMC land or land

belonging to the Government or other bodies, made available especially

for this purpose, or in the form of sheds or kiosks provided at suitable

public places and will be manned/operated by registered cooperative

societies of ragpickers / licensed recyclers or any other Agents authorised

/ appointed by BMC. The non-recyclable waste which remains after

sorting will be further transported from such sorting centres from time-to-



time to waste disposal sites for processing or land-filling. Facilities for

purchase and sale of different types of waste at notified prices at such dry

waste sorting centres will also be considered and authorised by concerned

Assistant Commissioner.

6.14) Time schedule and route of collection: The daily and weekly

time schedules and routes of BMC’s collection of different types of

Municipal Solid Waste such as i) biodegradable, ii) recyclable and non-

recyclable (dry), iii) household hazardous, and iv) bio-medical waste, will

be fixed and notified in advance by the concerned Assistant

Commissioners. Details will be available at all Ward Offices and on the

BMC website. Similarly, the arrangements for the collection of

construction and demolition waste, and garden and horticultural waste, by

BMC or its licensees will be made available to the public as well as to the

bulk generators of waste by the Chief Engineer, the Superintendent of

Gardens, or the concerned Assistant Commissioner as the case may

be.

6.15) Local Area Citizen Group (LACG): Local Area Citizen Groups

who come forward will be will be authorised to collect specified

administrative charges to enable them to keep their area clean on the basis

of a model agreement. Any LACG may also enter into a model agreement

with BMC which will enable them to receive payments from BMC based

on fixed unit rates for sweeping of roads, collection of transportation of

waste, composting, etc., which are approved by the Standing Committee

of the Corporation. Details of registration procedures and model bye-laws

and model agreements for LACGs will be made available at all Ward

Offices and on BMC and on approval of the Standing Committee of

BMC



6.16) Cleanliness Drives: The Assistant Commissioners of the ward

will organise drives for the enforcement of these Rules & for cleanliness

in those areas which he identifies as requiring such special drives and

those areas where Local Councillors / Citizens Cleanliness Teams,

Government or Corporate bodies or Local Area Citizen Groups come

forward to collaborate. The additional resources / support required for

such special drives shall be provided by the Chief Engineer.

6.17) Stakeholder awareness, education and training: The Chief

Engineer along with the NGO Council will identify the educational and

training needs with regard to cleanliness of different stakeholders (e.g.

BMC staff, Agents of BMC, schools, housing societies, slums, shops,

hawkers, office complexes, industrial units, commercial unions, ALMs,

Local Area Citizen Groups, etc.) Thereafter a coordinated plan and

communication strategy will be drawn up and executed to tackle

education, awareness-raising and training of all such stake-holders and

BMC will invite proposals from professional agencies to undertake a city-

wide Awareness and Outreach programme.

6.18) Documentation of successful initiatives: The Chief Engineer

along with the NGO Council will invite documentation of successful

citizen and / or local Citizen–BMC partnership initiatives in cleanliness

and related areas so as to include in the Citizen Resource Base that other

citizens and the staff of BMC can utilise. Recognition, awards and

publicity will be given by BMC for such best practices. Details of such

information will be available at all Ward Offices and on BMC website.

6.19) Info-line and FAQ section: The Chief Engineer along with the

NGO Council shall set-up a special “Info-line” and FAQ section on the



BMC website with all relevant policies, procedures, forms, and other

details. Such information will also be available at all Ward Offices.

6.20) Complaints: The Chief Engineer, in consultation with the NGO

Council will upgrade the existing Online Complaint Management System

(OCMS) or suitably design a new one as part of the proposed Citizens’

Portal to integrate the systems required for the implementation of these

Rules. Statistics of complaints and Action Taken Reports shall be

displayed in the OCMS / Citizens’ Portal.

6.21) Citizens Cleanliness Team (CCT): Concerned citizens may also

form CCTs in each Councillor Ward of the city, as to survey and provide

regular reports for monitoring of cleanliness and to participate in the

organisation of cleanliness drives or awareness campaigns in their

Councillor’s Ward. These reports are filed on the internet, and then

forwarded to the relevant BMC officials, as well as displayed publicly, as

a means to ensure monitoring and receiving feedback about the

cleanliness of that area.

The Assistant Commissioner and the Chief Engineer will set up

mechanisms for receiving and taking cognisance of such reports of the

CCT Report. Suggestions for improvements in the implementation of the

Solid Waste Management programme in the concerned Councillor Ward,

including route planning, suggestions for placement of litter bins,

recommended areas for clean-up service, requests for Nuisance Detectors

at litter-prone spots, suggestions for beautification, as well as the

reporting by the CCT will be taken cognisance of by the concerned

registered Local Area Citizen Group and BMC officers (at Ward and

higher levels). CCT reports may also be publicly displayed by the NGO



Council. There will be periodic meetings of the Cleanliness Reporting

Teams and NGO Council with the concerned Municipal Corporation

officers, to ensure redressal and to facilitate system improvement.

6.22) Expressions of Interest: Expressions of interest will be invited by

the Chief Engineer through public advertisement to initiate any projects

for keeping an area clean, setting up segregation, recycling or waste

processing facilities, composting, vermi-composting, bio-methanation,

etc. which involves leasing of any municipal land or public space or

permission for use of same and / or involves any payment by the BMC.

Details of all such invitations of Expressions of Interest will be available

at all Ward Offices and on the BMC website, and the proposals received

will be reviewed and assessed jointly by BMC and the NGO Council.

6.23) Surprise checks: Assistant Commissioner will organise surprise

checks in various parts of their respective wards in Municipal limits at

any time (day or night), with a view to encourage compliance. Any

contravention will attract a Fine and any litter found during these checks

will be cleared by BMC.

6.24) Enforcement Squads: The Chief Engineer will strengthen the

existing system of Nuisance Detectors (both in numbers and capabilities)

and Enforcement Squads by providing suitable uniforms and vehicles to

Nuisance Detectors and creating a system of incentives for nuisance

detection, and non-revenue targets. “Local Area Citizen Groups”,

Citizens Cleanliness Teams or other volunteers may come forward to

assist BMC’s squad of Nuisance Detectors in the nuisance detection in

their area. Assistant Commissioners will provide prompt and adequate



Nuisance Detectors when required by LACGs and Citizens Cleanliness

Teams.

6.25) Information regarding Fines: Information regarding fines

collected by BMC, it’s Agents or Nuisance Detectors will be shared

publicly by the Chief Engineer. Such information will also be available

at all Ward Offices and on the BMC website.

6.26) Redressal mechanism: Assistant Commissioners will set-up a

redressal mechanism at the Ward level for addressing situations such as

non-redressal of complaints within the stipulated time, cases where fines

have been wrongly levied for reasons such as inadequate provisions of

supporting infrastructure, etc.

6.27) Joint Review with NGO Council: BMC and NGO Council will

jointly review the effective implementation of these Rules, at least twice a

year, and take appropriate steps to ensure course correction such as

evaluation of BMC’s achievements against targets; BMC’s support to

LACGs; citizen response and participation; revision of Fines, evaluation

of incentives, etc. These reviews shall be presented to the Standing

Committee of BMC and shared with the public.

6.28) Specific Annual Targets: Specific Annual Targets shall be set

by BMC as per Schedule V & shall be publicly announced.

6.29) Designated officers and periodic reports: The Chief Engineer

and the Assistant Commissioner will designate officers under their

control who shall be responsible for implementing the obligatory

responsibilities of BMC specified under these Rules in accordance with

the micro-plans and time schedules for implementation during the



financial year. The specific plans and time schedules and achievements

against the same along with reasons for short falls, if any, will also be

shared publicly by the Chief Engineer through the BMC web-site.

6.30) Transparency and Public Accessibility: In order to ensure

greater transparency and public accessibility of BMC, it is necessary to

build alternate mechanisms other than those currently existing within

BMC and hence all such information that BMC is required to or intends

to share publicly, shall also be shared with the NGO Council who may

publicly display the same in www.karmayog.org for which an MoU has

been signed to act as an interface between MCGM and citizens.

6.31) Co-ordination with Government Bodies: BMC shall co-

ordinate with other government agencies and authorities, to ensure

compliance of these Rules within areas under the jurisdiction or control

of such bodies.

(7) Obligatory Responsibilities of BMC and/or generators of waste in

case of some specific categories / situations:

Keeping in mind the particular nature of some situations, the following

responsibilities are specifically mandated:

7.1) Slums

BMC’s responsibility:

(a) Assistant Commissioners will extend the Dattak Vasti Yojana

(Slum Adoption Program) to currently uncovered areas within

their wards for solid waste management, wherever qualified

Community Based Organisations (CBOs) come forward.


http://www.karmayog.org/


(b) Where applicable, BMC’s ghanta-gadi will be provided at

fixed times to a point outside the slum, for the collection of

segregated solid waste.

(c) In exceptional cases, until the services of a ghanta-gadi at required

frequencies can be provided at designated spots on a public road

or any other public space for the time being, manned community

waste storage bins will be maintained by BMC, where segregated

waste will be deposited by the generator, and from where BMC

will collect such waste. The CBO’s participating in the Dattak

Vasti Yojana will be involved in the maintenance of such

community waste storage centres.

(d) Cleanliness drives will be conducted by BMC in association with

local Councillors, Citizens Cleanliness Teams, Local Area Citizen

Groups, Government bodies / Corporates for the cleanliness of

areas inside the slums, from time to time, in association with

CBOs participating in the Dattak Vasti Yojana.

7.2) Poultry, Fish and Slaughter Waste (from all areas other than

designated slaughter houses and markets)

Every owner/occupier of any premises other than designated

slaughter houses and markets, who generates poultry, fish and slaughter

waste as a result of any commercial activity, shall store the same

separately in closed, hygienic conditions and deliver it at a specified time,

on a daily basis to BMC collection vehicle provided for this purpose.

Deposit of such waste in any community waste bin is prohibited and will

attract fines as indicated in the Schedule of Fines.



7.3) Vendors/Hawkers

All vendors/hawkers shall keep their bio-degradable and other

waste unmixed in containers / bins at the site of vending for the collection

of any waste generated by that vending activity. It will be the

responsibility of the generator/vendor to deliver this waste duly

segregated to the ghanta-gadi of BMC or to the nearest designated

community waste storage bin. Failure to do so will attract fines as per the

Schedule of Fines.

7.4) House-gullies:

It will be the responsibility of the owner/occupier of premises with

house-gullies to ensure that no waste is dumped in the house-gully, and to

segregate and deliver any solid waste to the waste collection vehicle

which shall be provided by BMC at such spots and at such times as may

be notified by BMC. Failure to do so will attract a fine as per the

Schedule of Fines.

Where owners/occupiers of such premises wish to avail of the services of

BMC for the cleaning of the house gully, they must apply to the

concerned Ward Office of BMC and pay suitable refuse removal charges

as notified may be by BMC from time to time. It will be the responsibility

of the owners/occupiers to provide access to the house gully for cleaning

purposes.

7.5) Litter by owned/pet animals



It shall be the responsibility of the owner of any pet animal to

promptly scoop/clean up any litter created by pet animals on the street or

any public place, and take adequate steps for the proper disposal of such

waste. Failure to do so will attract fines as per the Schedule of Fines.

7.6) Public Gatherings and Events:

For Public Gatherings and Events, organised in public places for

any reason (including for processions, exhibitions, circuses, fairs,

political rallies, commercial, religious, socio-cultural events, protests and

demonstrations, etc.) where Police and/or BMC permission is required, it

will be the responsibility of the Organiser of the event or gathering to

ensure the cleanliness of that area as well as all appurtenant areas.

A Refundable Cleanliness Deposit, as may be notified by BMC,

will be taken from the Organiser, by the concerned ward office for the

duration of the event. This Deposit will be refunded on the completion of

the event after it is noted that the said public place has been restored back

to a clean state, and any waste generated as a result of the event has been

collected and transported to designated sites. (This deposit will be only

for the cleanliness of the public place and does not cover any damage to

property.) In case the Organisers of the event wishes to avail of the

services of BMC for the cleaning, collection and transport of waste

generated as a result of that event, they must apply to the concerned Ward

Office of BMC and pay the necessary charges as may be fixed for this

purpose by BMC.

(8) Penalties for contravention of these Rules: -



On and after the date of commencement of these Rules, there will

be a familiarisation/warning period as stated below, after which, any

contravention of these Rules shall be punishable with fines as per the

Schedule of Fines

(Schedule I) below for every instance of breach of these Rules and

thereafter, on a daily basis, for repeat offences.

Proviso:

1) For the Rules related to the Prevention of Littering (Rule 4.1),

Nuisance Creation (Rule 4.2), ensuring “Saaf Aangan” (Rule 4.3),

and for the Specific Categories / Situations (Rule 7), the

warning/familiarisation period is one month, during which time the

fine charged will be half the fine specified in the Schedule of Fines.

2) For the Rules related to the Segregation, Storage, Delivery and

Collection of Municipal Solid Waste (Rule 5), the

warning/familiarisation period is two months, during which time

no fine will be charged. This familiarisation period will not be

applicable to those generators of waste to whom collection-at-

source or point-to-point bell ringing waste collection services are

provided or those areas identified and notified as "Clean Mumbai

Zones".

3) For breach of Rules in any notified “Clean Mumbai Zones”, the

Fines applicable will be twice the amount as stated in this Schedule

of Fines.

4) For repeat offenders, the fines charged will be five times the Fine

stated in this Schedule of Fines.



5) There will be an escalation in the fines every year by 5% or Rs.

5/-, whichever is higher, or as deemed appropriate by the

Municipal Commissioner.

Schedule – I (Schedule of Fines)

Sr.

No

.

Rule No. Sub-division / Description of

Rule

Amount of Fine

applicable for

breach of Rule

Rule No. 4: Littering, Creating Nuisance, and Saaf Aangan

1 Rule No.

4.1

Littering Rs. 100

2 Rule No.

4.2

Spitting Rs. 50

3 Bathing Rs. 50

4 Urinating Rs. 50

5 Defecating Rs. 50



Creating

Nuisance

6 Feeding groups of animals/birds

in non-designated areas Rs. 50

7 Washing vehicles Rs. 100

8 Washing utensils /clothes/any

other object Rs. 50

9 Rule no.

4.3

For not maintaining Saaf

Aangan: for

a) for owners / occupiers of

single premises

b) for others

Rs. 100

Rs.1000

Rule No. 5: Segregation, storage, delivery and collection

10 Rule No

5.1 and 5.2

For delivering waste that is not

segregated and stored as

specified in separate bins:

a) individual

b) bulk generator

Rs. 100

Rs. 500

11 Rule No.

5.3

For not delivering bio-

degradable waste in a segregated

manner as specified

Rs.100

12 Rule No.

5.4 and 5.5

For non-composting by bulk

generators or in new

constructions within 6 months

of these Rules, and for others

when applicable

Rs. 100/day

13 Rule No.

5.6

For not delivering specified

household hazardous waste in a

segregated manner as specified

Rs. 500

14 Rule No. For not delivering biomedical Rs. 500



5.7 waste in a segregated manner as

specified

15 Rule No.

5.8

For not delivering Construction

and Demolition waste in a


Rs. 1000

16 Rule

No.5.9

For not delivering “dry” waste

in a segregated manner as

specified

Rs. 100

17 Rule No.

5.10

For not delivering garden waste

and tree trimmings as specified

Rs. 1000

18 Rule No.

5.11

For depositing waste outside

designated community waste

storage bin or in any non-

designated area

Rs. 100

19 Rule No.

5.12

For disposal of waste by burning Rs. 500

Rule No. 7: Specific Categories / Situations

20 Rule No.

7.2

For not delivering (non-

household) fish, poultry and

meat waste in a segregated

manner as specified

Rs. 500

21 Rule No.

7.3

a) For a vendor/hawker without

a container/waste basket

Rs. 100

b) For a vendor/hawker who

does not deliver waste in a


Rs. 100

22 Rule No. a) For not keeping a house gully Rs. 1000



7.4 clean

b) For not delivering solid waste

from a house gully in a


Rs. 500

23 Rule No.

7.5

For littering by pet/owned

animals

Rs. 50

24 Rule No.

7.6

For not cleaning-up after public

gathering/event within 24 hours

Forfeiture of the

Cleanliness Deposit

SCHEDULE – II

Illustrative list of bio-degradable and recyclable waste

Biodegradable Waste Recyclable waste

"biodegradable waste" means

“wet” waste of plant and animal

origin.

“recyclable waste” means “dry”

waste that can be transformed

through a process into raw

materials for producing new

products, which may or may not be

similar to the original products.

· Kitchen Waste including:

tea leaves, egg shells, fruit and

· Newspapers

· Paper, books and



vegetable peels

· Meat and bones

· Garden and leaf litter,

including flowers

· Animal litter

· Soiled paper

· House dust after cleaning

· Coconut shells

· Ashes

magazines

· Glass

· Metal objects and wire

· Plastic

· Cloth Rags

· Leather

· Rexine

· Rubber

· Wood /furniture

· packaging

Schedule III:

Specified household hazardous waste:

Specified Household Hazardous Waste

“hazardous waste” is waste that can catch fire, react, or explode under

certain circumstances, or that is corrosive or toxic

· Aerosol cans

· Batteries from flashlights and button cells

· Bleaches and household kitchen and drain cleaning Agents



· Car batteries, oil filters and car care products and consumables

· Chemicals and solvents and their empty containers

· Cosmetic items, chemical-based Insecticides and their empty

containers

· Light bulbs, tube-lights and compact fluorescent lamps (CFL)

· Medicines, discarded

· Paints, oils, lubricants, glues, thinners, and their empty

containers

· Pesticides and herbicides and their empty containers

· Photographic chemicals

· Styrofoam and soft foam packaging from new equipment

· Thermometers and mercury-containing products

Schedule IV:

List of Bio-medical waste: (Extract from the Bio-Medical Waste (M &

H) Rules, 1998)

Bio-medical waste

“Bio-medical waste” means any waste, which is generated during

the diagnosis, treatment or immunisation of human beings or

animals or in research activities pertaining thereto or in the

production or testing of biologicals.





Category No 4 Waste sharps

(needles, syringes, scalpels, blades, glass, etc. that may cause

puncture and cuts. This includes both used and unused sharps)

Category No 5 Discarded Medicines and Cytotoxic drugs

(waste comprising of outdated, contaminated and discarded

medicines)

Category No 6 Solid Waste

(Items contaminated with blood, and body fluids including cotton,

dressings, soiled plaster casts, lines, beddings, other material

contaminated with blood)

Category No. 7 Solid Waste

(waste generated from disposable items other than the waste sharps

such as tubings, catheters, intravenous sets etc).

Schedule V:

Specific annual targets:

Specific annual targets shall be fixed ward-wise, where applicable, by the

Chief Engineer of the Solid Waste Management Department in

consultation with the Assistant Commissioners of the respective

administrative wards and the Deputy Municipal Commissioners of the

respective Zones, with clear criteria for selection / prioritising where

applicable, for every financial year (1st April – 31st March) and shall

include the following:



1. Reduction in tons / day of the non-inert waste reaching landfills.

2. Number of "Clean Mumbai Zones" zones to be established

including roads, beaches and other important areas to prevent

littering and other nuisances and to ensure complete cleanliness at

all times.

3. Percentage of waste generated to be segregated completely at

source and collected separately.

4. Number of waste bins on public roads to be removed and number

of such bins to be managed with arrangements for segregated

storage of waste.

5. Number of composting units to be set up – (beginning with bulk

waste generators).

6. Percentage of waste lifted throughout the city to be covered for

point to point collection / collected at source.

7. Number of Construction & Debris Waste collection and processing

centres to be set up.

8. Number of slums to be taken up for coverage under Dattak Vasti

Yojana

9. Number of target stakeholders to be covered by awareness and

training programs

10.Number of public and slum community toilets to be upgraded

11.Number of new public and slum community toilets to be set up



CHAPTER 5

PROJECT SCOPE AND PERSPECTIVE

In the previous chapters we studied the various aspects of the

municipal solid waste system existing in B ward. We came across the

collection, properties, classification, management and revenue system of

solid waste of B ward. We even saw the legislation laid forward by the

M.C.G.M authorities in this respect and schedules for collecting and

treating the wastes.

5.1 DRAWBACKS OF PRESENT SYSTEM



There are many areas identified in the process of management of

waste which lack the basic fundamentals of collecting and disposing of

waste which are as follows,

No house to house collection in the ward.

No segregation done at any level from collection to disposing.

No motivation in the staff and negligence towards work and

responsibility.

Lack of coordination between motor loaders provided by M.C.G.M

and private contractors who own the vehicles.

Delay from motor loaders and contractors lead to late shifts causing

difficulties to local people.

No effective compaction takes place in the compactor due to unskilled

labour.

No reporting of vehicles at any stage during the process.

Multiple handling of wastes takes place which increases the hauling

cost.

Absence of facilities and equipments for compaction in the ward

increases the dependence on other wards for the same.

Baskets provided for loading and unloading the waste to tempos and

compactors are not worker friendly.

Rs 545/tones and Rs 516/tones are the hauling charges for the

compactors and tempos operated by private contractors.

Unhygienic conditions at collection spots and waste bins discourages

the public from using them and thus the people throw the waste any

where causing littering.

Illegal encroachments in the house gullies hamper the cleaning

procedure of the gullies.

Majority of conservancy workers working in B ward are staying in



Dahisar, Vasai, Nallasopara and other such faraway suburbs which

causes late arrival and early departure of workers.

5.2 SUGGESTION FOR IMPROVEMENT OF PRESENT SYSTEM

On account of several disadvantages and inefficient system of

collection and disposal of waste, we analyzed it and found out some new,

but very simple and basic collection and sustainable approaches to the

problem which are as follows.

The hauling charges seems to be quiet pinching with no returns from

waste (since only dumping takes place and there is no recycling);

making it unsustainable for long run.

To get rid of this cost permanently we can decentralize the whole

processor specifically the process after collection. Each ward can have

its own recycling unit which recycles all its waste and leads to

minimum dumping.

This otherwise is even necessary because the waste generated in

each ward is characteristically different than then other. This can

this can be attributed to the fact that land the land use is not properly

planned by the planning agencies.

Also in different wards people of specific religion, origin and

lifestyle reside who produce different quantities and qualities of wastes

Thus by decentralizing the whole process of collection and treatment

we can not only save the hauling charges but can also reduce the

pressure on our dumping grounds and by treating them efficiently we

can also earn profits from it.

In B ward itself there are quiet good residential structures which are

organized and house-to-house collection can be initiated from there. In



fact every new permission for residential structure should have a

clause for house-to-house collection.

The problem of coordination between motor loader and private

contractor can be resolved by instructing contractor to bring its own

motor loaders or now since the collection and treatment is

decentralized the ward can have its own trucks and drivers and motor

loaders.

The workers are usually residing in Dahisar and suburb areas due to

which they often arrive late. Therefore accommodation within the

ward should be the top priority. Besides this they should be given

training operating vehicles, loading and loading the basket etc.

With the help modern wi-fi systems and electronic gadgets reporting

of staff, with their arrival and departure time can be checked.

Now since the whole process is decentralized there is hardly any

chance of multiple handling because the waste will be treated within

the ward premises which will be not to far and vehicles once start

from the collection spot will end up directly at treatment unit.

Now since segregation is given top priority in any waste management

system the collection spot should be designed in such a manner so that

the waste not only arrives in segregated form but stays in segregated

form until it reaches treatment unit. Separate bills with colour coding

should be provided so that citizens can throw the waste accordingly.

Offer tax incentives to zero garbage communities to promote source

reduction of waste.

Booths can be set up where dry recyclable waste can be sold that may

even avoid multiple handling and hauling.

Having a pay-as-you-throw scheme in households and commercials

pay charges according to the waste they throw.



Without participation of the citizens every garbage disposal scheme is

incomplete and therefore formation of “ADVANCE LOCALITY

MANAGEMENTS” UNITS involving non governmental

organizations and support councilors for promoting segregation and

introducing zero waste to landfills concept.

Public participation can be increased by wide scale publicity in

schools, colleges, local newspapers, magazines, seminars, etc.

B-ward is categorically is very congested and it is very difficult to

find out some place for treatment. But the spare land of railway yard

at Sandhurst Road can provide that required space. A symbiosis

operation can be achieved in which the profits of the project can be

shared in terms of electricity or monitory returns which can be earned

by:

Selling compost in the market.

Selling refined derived fuel obtained for treatment.

Selling burning gas obtained from biomethanation process.

Selling electricity to sate government or city suburbs.

Earning carbon credits in view of clean development mechanism.

With major changes in revenue system (Transfer Revenue

Charges).

The treatment unit will be designed as per the testing done on the

wastes in the next semester. This treatment unit will be designed as

per the latest EPA norms.

The hauling units like trucks, dumpers and TDP will be changed

and in their place will arrive advance mobile units which will transfer

waste in segregated form.



Collection spots and 240 litre vehicle for collection will be

upgraded and colour coding will help for segregation.

Advanced computer system will be used that will monitor the

whole management process.

Large investments will be required for developing units in each

ward, new and efficient vehicle for hauling segregated waste,

advanced computer system for managing whole operation in each

ward, up gradation of existing collection spots and overall increase in

manpower.

These investments can be catered with the help of municipal bonds

which will help the municipality to raise the funds for all their

infrastructure projects including solid waste management.

CLOSING REMARK

In the previous chapters we saw that the present system of

municipal solid waste is a good, in fact, a best example of a management

disaster. In the next semester with the help of advanced management

techniques and sophisticated treatment facilities, we will prove that

MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE is truly A GOLD MINE OF

OPPURTUNITIES.



REFERENCES www.wikipedia.com

www.google.com

B ward municipal office

Integrated Solid Waste Management by George Tchobanoglous,

Hillary Theisen, Samuel A.Vigil

Environmental Sanitation by Baljeet Kapoor


http://www.google.com/



Documents

Project MSW