Project Report

PLANNING AND DESIGN OF A COMMERCIAL COMPLEX USING GREEN BUILDING CONCEPT

2010

M.H. SABOO SIDDIK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING(Affiliated to University of Mumbai)

8, Saboo Siddik Polytechnic Road, Byculla, Mumbai - 400 008.(Department Of Civil Engineering)

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the following students of Fourth Year of Four Year Degree

Course in Civil Engineering have successfully completed their partial (part A) of project

“ON AESTHETIC AND ARCHITECTURAL PLANNING AND DESIGNING OF COMMERCIAL

BUILDING USING GREEN CONCEPT (EMERALD CITY)” in VII Semester (Aug 2009 to Nov

2009) in a satisfactory manner as per the curriculum laid down by the University of

Mumbai.

FARMAN MANSUR SATARKARAQUEEL KHALIL SHAIKHMOHD REHAN KAPADIA

SAALIM KHANALI M RAZA

_______________________ _______________________ Dr. Moinuddin Ahmed Prof. Zaheer Khan (PRINCIPAL) (HEAD OF DEPARTMENT)

__________________________ _______________________ Prof. ASIF MAZHAR ANSARI

(PROJECT GUIDE) (EXAMINER)

1


2010

INDEX

SR NO TOPIC PAGE NOS.

1. Introduction and Site Selection. 2

2. Principle of Planning and Building Byelaws. 5

3. Green concept and implementation in the bldg. 10

4. Architectural Drawings.

5. Structural Design and Drawings.

6. Rainwater harvesting system and its

implementation.

7. Solar Panel system.

8. The Green Building Rating System.

9. Bamboo Restaurant.

10. Conclusion

2


2010

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTIONAND

SITE SELECTION

3


2010

CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION

The project is a G+2 storey mall cum office building comprising of a terrace

on each floor to enhance the aesthetic view of the structure. The main idea behind

this project is to learn the GREEN CONCEPT of design and architecture which

is the most upcoming field in developing countries like INDIA.

The exceptional plan of the structure and the unique elevation enhances the

aesthetic view of the building an even proves to be distinct amongst the adjacent

structures by displaying exceptional elegance and comfort.

The lifts situated are provided to serve the desired purpose of vertical circulation

inside the building premises. The planning of a complex is done very carefully by

keeping the eco-friendly concept in mind. It is planned in such a way that

maximum benefit from environment is gained for e.g. The position of door

4


2010

and window is planned in such a direction were the wind velocity is more so that

good ventilation is used and we can save the electricity.

According to the green concept, there should be “Maximum use of natural light

during day time” by providing sufficient windows & ventilators.

SITE SELECTION

The site has been selected by considering the following factors:

The primary need for the commercial complex is to serve the recent growth of residents in that locality.

Also there is an airport proposed to be constructed at a 2 kilometer distance from the site.

Because of the airport the mall will prove to be very useful as a recreation centre to passengers.

Since there are various industries nearby the aesthetic view of the mall will surely add to the beauty of the site.

ADDRESS OF SITE

At Post Dahisar,Dist-Thane,Mumbra Panvel Road,Near Ekta Developers,Thane 400612

5


2010

CHAPTER 2

PRINCIPLE OF PLANNING

AND

BUILDING BYELAWS

6


2010

CHAPTER 2PRINCIPLE OF PLANNING AND BUILDING BYELAWS

Design Criteria:

Design criteria are of paramount importance and they should be carefully

considered and checked before finalization of the plan. The following principles

are given due consideration.

Grouping:

(a) Service area: Areas of Shop, Super market, Office at 1st and 2nd floor, bath

room and toilet. Service area that we have provided is 535.8 Sqm per floor. This is

55.23% of the total plan area.

(b) Circulation area: Areas for passage, lobby, corridor etc., has minimum but

well ventilated & lighted.

Circulation area provided is 280 Sqm per floor. This is 29.7% of the total plan area

of ground floor

Circulation area provided is 120 Sqm per floor. This is 12.47% of the total plan

area of 1st and 2nd.

Roominess: -

Roominess is the accomplishment of economy of space. Enough space is

provided in every department such that there is a feeling of comfort for everyone

using the particular structure.

7


2010

Circulation:-

A certain amount of space is required for movement and access to different

rooms, kitchen, etc, known as circulation area. According to our plan circulation is

provide horizontally as well as vertically and is so designed that it will preserve the

privacy of every shop as well as office. Horizontal circulation is provided in forms

of passages and lobbies and vertical circulation is provided in form of lifts and

staircase.

Horizontal circulation:-

Lobby area: - 55.6 Sqm per floor

Vertical circulation:

Escalator:-14.4 Sqm per floor

Lift area:-12.5 Sqm per floor

Privacy:-

External privacy has been provided in terms of providing compound wall

trees, lawn and landscaping.

Internal privacy has been provided by properly aligning the various compartments according to its use.

8


2010

BUILDING BYELAWS CONSIDERED IN THE PLANNING OF STRUCTURE

OPEN SPACES

In commercial plot ad measuring 1000 sqm or more in area, 10% of the total area shall be provided as an amenities open space subjected to maximum of 2500 sqm.

FRONT MARGIN: Minimum space 12m from the road or 37m from the national highwaySIDE AND REAR OPEN SPACE: Side and rear marginal distances to be left open shall not be less then 6m wide

LIGHTING AND VENTILATION

According to the adequacy and manner of provision all parts of any room shall be adequately lighted and ventilated for this purpose every room shall have one or more apertures excluding doors with area not less than 1/6 th of the floor area of the room, with no part of any habitable room being more then 7.5m away from the source of light and ventilation however, staircase shall be deemed to be adequately lighted and ventilated, if it has one or more openings there area taken together measuring not less than 1 sqm per landing on the external wall.

In commercial building all the walls, containing the opening for the light and ventilation fully exposed to an exterior open space either directly should not exceed 12m.

FIRE PROTECTION

The planning , design and construction of any building shall be such as to ensure safety from fire, for this purpose, the approach to the building open spaces on all side upto 6m width and there layout shall confirmed to the requirement of the chief fire officer. They shall be capable of taking the weight of a fire engine weighing upto 18 tonnes these open spaces shall be free of any obstruction and shall be motarable.

9


2010

LIFT

The planning and designing of the lift including their number, type and capacity depending on the occupancy of the building, the population of each floor based the occupant load and the building height shall be in accordance with section 5-installation of lift and escalator, National Building Code of INDIA

FLOOR SPACE INDEX (F.S.I)

According to the DEVELOPMENTCONTROL REGULATION FOR GREATER BOMBAY, 1991, the FSI for the suburb area of Mumbai is 1

IMPLEMENTATION OF BYE LAWS IN THE PROJECT

1. The total open space of 500 sqm Approx is provided in planning of the building with front, rear and side margin of 10m.

2. The total ventilation and lighting area of 248.5 sqm is provided in the project.

3. The total front, rear and side margin of 10m is provided which is sufficient for the movement of fire brigade vehicle.

4. The planning and designing of lift is done on the basis of population on each floor, which will be sufficient for imparting its use.

5. The F.S.I of the suburb region according to the rules and regulation of DEVELOPMENT CONTROL REGULATION OF MUMBAI SUBURBS is taken as 1.

10


2010

CHAPTER 3

GREEN CONCEPT AND

IMPLEMENTATIONIN THE BLDG

11


2010

CHAPTER 3GREEN CONCEPT AND IMPLEMENTATION IN THE BLDG

Green Building, also known as green construction or sustainable building, is the practice of creating structures and using processes that are environmentally responsible and resource-efficient throughout a building's life-cycle

To begin with the green concept the first and foremost thing to know is that the design and the architecture should be such that maximum of the gift of nature is utilized and minimum energy consumption and maintenance is required which is the basic requirement of a particular structure to be economical.

“For every one million sq.ft of constructed green building footprint, the CO 2 reductions around 12,000 tonnes per annum”

NECESSICITY FOR THE GREEN CONCEPT:-

Buildings account for: • 72% of electricity consumption,• 39% of energy use,• 38% of all carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions,• 40% of raw materials use,• 30% of waste output (136 million tons annually), and• 14% of potable water consumption.

12


2010

Hence, because of the above consequences the green building concept has to be used for our future generations to breathe in fresh air and be out of the danger of environmental impacts.

Benefits of Green Building

Environmental benefits:

Enhance and protect ecosystems and biodiversity Improve air and water quality Reduce solid waste Conserve natural resources

Economic benefits:

Reduce operating costs Enhance asset value and profits Improve employee productivity and

satisfaction Optimize life-cycle economic

performance

Health and community benefits:

Improve air, thermal, and acoustic environments

Enhance occupant comfort and health Minimize strain on local infrastructure Contribute to overall quality of life

GOALS OF A GREEN BUILDING

Siting and structure design efficiency:-

The foundation of any construction project is rooted in the concept and design stages. The concept stage, in fact, is one of the major steps in a project life cycle, as it has the largest impact on cost and performance. In designing environmentally optimal buildings, the objective function aims at minimizing the total environmental impact associated with all life-cycle stages of the building

13


2010

project. However, building as a process is not as streamlined as an industrial process, and varies from one building to the other, never repeating itself identically. In addition, buildings are much more complex products, composed of a various materials and components each constituting various designs variables to be decided at the design stage. A variation of every design variable may affect the environment during all the building's relevant life-cycle stages.

Energy efficiency

Green buildings often include measures to reduce energy use. To increase the efficiency of the building envelope, (the barrier between conditioned and unconditioned space), they may use high-efficiency windows and insulation in walls, ceilings, and floors. Another strategy, passive solar building design, is often implemented in low-energy homes. Designers orient windows and walls and place awnings, porches, and trees to shade windows and roofs during the summer while maximizing solar gain in the winter. In addition, effective window placement (day lighting) can provide more natural light and lessen the need for electric lighting during the day. Solar water heating further reduces energy loads.

Onsite generation of renewable energy through solar power, wind power, hydro power, or biomass can significantly reduce the environmental impact of the building. Power generation is generally the most expensive feature to add to a building.

Water efficiency

Reducing water consumption and protecting water quality are key objectives in sustainable building. One critical issue of water consumption is that in many areas of the country, the demands on the supplying aquifer exceed its ability to replenish itself. To the maximum extent feasible, facilities should increase their dependence on water that is collected, used, purified, and reused on-site. The protection and conservation of water throughout the life of a building may be accomplished by designing for dual plumbing that recycles water in toilet flushing. Waste-water may be minimized by utilizing water conserving fixtures such as ultra-low flush toilets and low-flow shower heads. Bidets help eliminate the use of

14


2010

toilet paper, reducing sewer traffic and increasing possibilities of re-using water on-site. Point of use water treatment and heating improves both water quality and energy efficiency while reducing the amount of water in circulation. The use of non-sewage and grey water for on-site use such as site-irrigation will minimize demands on the local aquifer.

Materials efficiency

Building materials typically considered to be 'green' include rapidly renewable plant materials like bamboo (because bamboo grows quickly) and straw, lumber from forests certified to be sustainably managed, ecology blocks, dimension stone, recycled stone, recycled metal, and other products that are non-toxic, reusable, renewable, and/or recyclable (e.g. Trass, Linoleum, sheep wool, panels made from paper flakes, compressed earth block, adobe, baked earth, rammed earth, clay, vermiculite, flax linen, sisal, sea grass, cork, expanded clay grains, coconut, wood fiber plates, calcium sand stone, concrete (high and ultra high performance, roman self-healing concrete) The EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) also suggests using recycled industrial goods, such as coal combustion products, foundry sand, and demolition debris in construction projects Polyurethane heavily reduces carbon emissions as well. Polyurethane blocks are being used instead of CMTs by companies like American Insulock. Polyurethane blocks provide more speed, less cost, and they are environmentally friendly. Building materials should be extracted and manufactured locally to the building site to minimize the energy embedded in their transportation. Where possible, building elements should be manufactured off-site and delivered to site, to maximize benefits of off-site manufacture including minimizing waste, maximizing recycling (because manufacture is in one location), high quality elements, less noise and dust.

Indoor environmental quality enhancement:-

Indoor Air Quality seeks to reduce volatile organic compounds, or VOC's, and other air impurities such as microbial contaminants. Buildings rely on a properly designed HVAC system to provide adequate ventilation and air filtration as well as isolate operations (kitchens, dry cleaners, etc.) from other occupancies.

15


2010

During the design and construction process choosing construction materials and interior finish products with zero or low emissions will improve IAQ. Many building materials and cleaning/maintenance products emit toxic gases, such as VOC's and formaldehyde. These gases can have a detrimental impact on occupants' health and productivity as well. Avoiding these products will increase a building's IEQ.

Personal temperature and airflow control over the HVAC system coupled with a properly designed building envelope will also aid in increasing a building's thermal quality. Creating a high performance luminous environment through the careful integration of natural and artificial light sources will improve on the lighting quality of a structure.

Operations and maintenance optimization:

No matter how sustainable a building may have been in its design and construction, it can only remain so if it is operated responsibly and maintained properly. Ensuring operations and maintenance (O&M) personnel are part of the project's planning and development process will help retain the green criteria designed at the onset of the project. Every aspect of green building is integrated into the O&M phase of a building's life. The addition of new green technologies also falls on the O&M staff. Although the goal of waste reduction may be applied during the design, construction and demolition phases of a building's life-cycle, it is in the O&M phase that green practices such as recycling and air quality enhancement take place.

Waste reduction:

Green architecture also seeks to reduce waste of energy, water and materials used during construction. For example, in California nearly 60% of the state's waste comes from commercial buildings during the construction phase, one goal should be to reduce the amount of material going to landfills. Well-designed buildings also help reduce the amount of waste generated by the occupants as well, by providing on-site solutions such as compost bins to reduce matter going to landfills.

16


2010

To reduce the impact on wells or water treatment plants, several options exist. "Greywater", wastewater from sources such as dishwashing or washing machines, can be used for subsurface irrigation, or if treated, for non-potable purposes, e.g., to flush toilets and wash cars. Rainwater collectors are used for similar purposes.

Centralized wastewater treatment systems can be costly and use a lot of energy. An alternative to this process is converting waste and wastewater into fertilizer, which avoids these costs and shows other benefits. By collecting human waste at the source and running it to a semi-centralized biogas plant with other biological waste, liquid fertilizer can be produced. This concept was demonstrated by a settlement in Lubeck Germany in the late 1990s. Practices like these provide soil with organic nutrients and create carbon sinks that remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, offsetting greenhouse gas emission. Producing artificial fertilizer is also more costly in energy than this process

Cost:

The most criticized issue about constructing environmentally friendly buildings is the price. Photo-voltaic, new appliances and modern technologies tend to cost more money. Most green buildings cost a premium of <2%, but yield 10 times as much over the entire life of the building. The stigma is between the knowledge of up-front cost vs. life-cycle cost. The savings in money come from more efficient use of utilities which result in decreased energy bills. Also, higher worker or student productivity can be factored into savings and cost deductions. Studies have shown over a 20 year life period, some green buildings have yielded $53 to $71 per square foot back on investment It is projected that different sectors could save $130 Billion on energy bills

REQUIREMENTS OF A STRUCTURE USING THE GREEN CONCEPT

1. BIOMETHANATION PLANT

2. RAINWATER HARVESTING

3. SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT

17


2010

CHAPTER 5

STRUCTURAL PLANNING AND

DESIGNING

18


2010

CHAPTER 5STRUCTURAL PLANNING AND DESIGNING

POSITIONING OF COLUMNS

PARTICULARS SPECIFICATION TOTAL NUMBER

EXTERNAL

COLUMNS

C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C11,

C16, C17, C18, C19, C20, C21,

C24, C27, C34, C35, C36, C37,

C38, C39, C40, C61, C62, C63,

C64, C65, C66, C67, C68, C69,

C74, C79, C80, C81, C82, C83,

C84.

38

INTERNAL

COLUMNS

C7, C8, C9, C10, C12, C13,

C14, C15, C22, C23, C25, C26,

C28, C29, C30, C31, C32, C33,

46

19


2010

C41, C42, C43, C44, C45, C46,

C47, C48, C49, C50, C51, C52,

C53, C54, C55, C56, C57, C58,

C59, C60, C70, C71, C72, C73,

C75, C76, C77, C78.

POSITIONING OF BEAMS

PARTICULARS BEAMS GRADE OF CONCRETE

NOS

EXTERNAL BEAMS

B1 M25 16

B3 M25 4

B5 M25 2

B6 M25 4

B7 M25 1

B9 M25 2

B14 M25 2

B40 M25 2

B41 M25 2

B42 M25 2

B43 M25 1

INTERNAL BEAMS

B2 M25 16

B4 M25 12

B8 M25 4

B10 M25 2

20


2010

B11 M25 2

B12 M25 2

B13 M25 1

B15 M25 2

B16 M25 2

B17 M25 2

B18 M25 1

B19 M25 1

B20 M25 2

INTERNAL BEAMS

B21 M25 2

B22 M25 2

B23 M25 2

B24 M25 2

B25 M25 2

B26 M25 2

B27 M25 2

B28 M25 2

B29 M25 2

B30 M25 2

B31 M25 2

B32 M25 2

B33 M25 1

B34 M25 2

B35 M25 2

21


2010

B36 M25 2

B37 M25 2

B38 M25 2

B39 M25 2

SPANNING OF SLABS

This is decided by the positions of the supporting beams or walls. When the

supports are only on opposite sides or only in one direction the slab acts as a one

way supported slab. When this slab is supported in two perpendicular directions it

acts as a two way supported slab. However the two way slab does not only depend

on the manner in which is supported but also on the aspect ratio of the long span

Ly/Lx, the ratio of the reinforcement in the two directions and the boundary

conditions. Therefore the designer is free to decide as to whether the slab he is to

be designed as a one way or as the two ways.

This decision may be taken considering following points:

1. A slab acts as a two way slab when the aspect raito Ly/Lx <2. A slab

with Ly/Lx >2 is designed as a one way slab.

2. A two way slab is generally economical compared to one way slab

because the steel along both the spans acts as main steel transfers the load

to all the four supports. While in one way main steel reinforcement is

provided along the shorts span and the load is transferred to two opposite

supports only the steel along the long span just acts as distribution steel

and he is not designed transferring for the loads.

22


2010

According to our plan following are the details regarding slabs:

SLABS Nos. GRADEOFCONCRETELY/LX

RATIOREMARK

S1 16 M25 1.25 TWO WAY

S2 4 M25 3.77 ONE WAY

S3 2 M25 1.12 TWO WAY

S4 2 M25 1.53 TWO WAY

S5 2 M25 1.39 TWO WAY

S6 4 M25 1.04 TWO WAY

S7 1 M25 1.19 TWO WAY

S8 1 M25 1.31 TWO WAY

S9 2 M25 - TRAPEZOIDAL


S11 1 M25 4.09 ONE WAY

S12 2 M25 3.43 ONE WAY




S16 2 M25 1.48 TWO WAY


S18 2 M25 - TRIANGULAR

S19 1 M25 - TRIANGULAR

There Are Total 8 Two Way Slabs, 3 One Way Slabs, 6 Trapezoidal Slabs and 2

Triangular Slabs on each Floor.

23


2010

DESIGN OF SLAB

Ly/lx=1 hence two way slab

CALCULATION FOR DEPTH: d =leffective/26*m.f

assuming m.f=1.3

d=4200/26*1.3

=124.26mm

Using clear cover 15mm and dia of bar 10mm,

D=124.26+15+5

=144.26mm say 150mm

dx=150-15-5=130mm,

dy=150-15-10-5=120mm,

LOAD CALCULATION:

A) Dead load=0.15*25=3.75 KN/m2

B) Floor finish=1 KN/m2

C) Live load =3 KN/m2

Total load=7.75 KN/m2

For 1m width factored load=11.625 KN/m2

BENDING MOMENT COEFFICIENTS:Along shorter span Along longer span

at mid spanat support

0.0280.037

0.0280.037

24


2010

BENDING MOMENT

B.Ms=kx*wu*lx2 & B.Ml=ky*wu*lx

2

Along shorter span

Along longer span

`At mid spanAt support

5.74 KNm7.587 KNm

5.74 KNm7.587 KNm

MAIN REINFORCEMENT

Astreq=0.5fckbd(1-(1-(4.6*Mu/fckbd2))0.5

Along shorter span Along longer span

At mid spanAt support

124.84 mm2

180.857 mm2

124.84 mm2

180.857 mm2

Astmin=0.12% of bDAstmin=180 mm2

SPACING

Spacing reqd=0.25π*r2*1000/Astreqd

Along shorter span Along longer span

At mid spanAt support

436.33 mm434.26 mm

436.33 mm434.26 mm

Maximum spacing=3d or 300mm (whichever less)

=300 mm

Provide 10 mm dia bar @300 mm in both direction i.e, along shorter and longer direction.

25


2010

Astprovided=261.8 mm2 , pt=0.201%

CHECKS

a) Shear:

vu=0.6×wu×leff❑❑

=29.295 KN

tu=vu/bd

=0.225 N/mm2

For M20 & pt=0.201%

tc=0.32 N/mm2

tuc=ktc , k=1.3,

tuc=0.417 N/mm2 ¿ tu safe in shear

b) Flexure (depth):

dreqd=√Mumax

0.138 fckb

=52.43 mm¿dprovided Safe

c) Deflection:

dmin=leff/26*m.f

fs=0.58fy*(Astreq/Astprovid)

fs≈120 MPa & Pt=0.2%

Therefore m.f=2

dmin=80.769 mm ¿ dprovided safe

d) Development length:

26


2010

Ld=0.87fy∅ /4tbd

=470 mm

1.3 Mu1Vu + l o≥Ld

Xu=6.564mm

Mu1=6.01 KN-m

Vu=0.4wdle + 0.45wile

Vu=20.475 KN

1.3 Mu1Vu + l o =381.58+100 = 481.58 mm ≥Ld (safe)

e) Edge Reinforcement:

Provide 2 bars of 8 mm dia Nominal

f) Torsional reinforcement:

Provide 3 bars of 8mm dia Nominal

27


2010

Layout of Escalator

The type of Escalator and its layout is governed essentially by the available size of

room and position of beams and columns along its boundary.

According to our plan following are guidelines regarding staircase:

PARTICULARS SPECIFICATIONTYPE EscalatorSPAN Simply supported span of 7.2m

PLANNING1)STAIRCASE HALL2)FLOOR TO FLOOR HT3)RISER4)TREAD5)NOS OF RISER6)NOS OF TREAD

7.2m * 4.4m4.8 m

0.20 m0.30 m

2424

28


2010

CHAPTER 6

RAINWATER HARVESTING SYSTEM

IMPLEMENT IN BLDG AND DESIGNING

29


2010

CHAPTER 6RAINWATER HARVESTING SYSTEM

INTRODUCTION

“Rain water harvesting means the optimum use of rain water or the activity of direct collection of rain water which can be recharged into the ground-water to prevent fall of ground-water level or storing in surface or underground water tank..”

BENEFITS OF RAIN WATER HARVESTING

1. Rain water harvesting replenishes the ground water table and enables the dug wells and bore wells to yield in a sustained manner.

2. If ground water is brackish, harvesting will reduce the salinity of water.3. Due to presence of iron salts, water becomes yellow and rain water

harvesting leach out these salts; leaching to clean the water availability in the long run.

4. Flooding of low lying areas and roads can be avoided to a large extent, since rain water that is not harvested both within house as well as outside is responsible for flooding.

30


2010

5. Rain water can be used for conservation and harvesting for irrigation purpose.

6. It promotes conjunctive use of river, rain ground, and sea and sewage water.7. It prevents unsustainable exploitation of the aquifer.8. It ensures efficiency, economy and equity in the water use through co-

operative management of water sheds and command area.9. It regulates the expansion of water market.

UTILITY OF RAIN WATER:

The advantages of utilizing rain water to supply house-hold needs and Quality can easily be maintained; the system is simple to construct; there is no negative environmental impacts; it helps reduce problems such as soil erosion and flood hazards; and reduce reliance on ground water allows replenishment of ground water tables.

DIFFERENT METHODS OF RAIN WATER HARVESTING:

1. Roof Top Water Harvesting.2. Surface Water Harvesting.

Our project aims at the first type:

“Roof Top RainWater Harvesting”

ROOF TOP WATER HARVESTING

Roof top water harvesting can be constructed where ever there are permanent settlements experiencing difficult water supply conditions usually they require roof areas of more than 30 sq. m. , but even in smaller areas can provide partial supply to relieve some of the burden of fetching water. Roof top harvesting is comprised of the roof top as the catchment areas, connected by gutters and pipes to a storage container. The most suitable roof top surfaces are corrugated iron sheet.

31


2010

DESIGN OF RAIN WATER HARVESTING SYSTEM

Fig. 4 (a)

The Potential

The total amount of water that is received in the form of rainfall over an area is

called the rainwater endowment of that area. Out of this, the amount that can be

effectively harvested is called the water harvesting potential. Refer Fig. 4 (a)

INFLUENCING FACTORS

Among the several factors that influence the rainwater harvesting potential

of a site, eco-climatic conditions and the catchment characteristics are considered

to be the most important.

RAINFALL

Quantity

Rainfall is the most unpredictable variable in the calculation and hence, to

determine the potential rainwater supply for a given catchment, reliable rainfall

data are required, preferably for a period of at least10 years. Also, it would be far

better to use rainfall data from the nearest station with comparable conditions.

32


2010

Pattern

The number of annual rainy days also influences the need and design for

rainwater harvesting. The fewer the annual rainy days or longer the dry period, the

more the need for rainwater collection in a region. However, if the dry period is too

long, big storage tanks would be needed to store rainwater. Hence in such regions,

it is more feasible to use rainwater to recharge groundwater aquifers rather than for

storage.

Catchment area characteristics:

Runoff depends upon the area and type of the catchment over which it falls

as well as surface features.

All calculations relating to the performance of rainwater catchment systems

involve the use of runoff coefficient to account for losses due to spillage, leakage,

infiltration, catchment surface wetting and evaporation, which will all contribute to

reducing the amount of runoff. (Runoff coefficient for any catchment is the ratio of

the volume of water that runs off a surface to the volume of rainfall that falls on the

surface).

Runoff coefficients for various catchment surfaces

Type of catchment Coefficient of runoffRoof catchments - tiles 0.8 – 0.9Roof catchments - Corrugated metal sheets

0.7 – 0.9

Concrete paved ground catchment 0.6 – 0.8Brick paved ground catchment 0.5 - 0.6Unpaved ground catchments

a) Soil on slopes less than 10 per cent

0.1 – 0.3

33


2010

b) Rocky natural catchments 0.2 – 0.5Based on the above factors the water harvesting potential of a site could be

estimated using the formula given below.

Water harvesting potential

= Rainfall (mm) x Area of catchment x Runoff coefficient

Design of storage tanks

The volume of the storage tank can be determined by the following factors:

Number of persons in the household: The greater the number of persons, the

greater the storage capacity required to achieve the same efficiency of fewer

people under the same roof area.

Per capita water requirement: This varies from household to household

based on habits and also from season to season. Consumption rate has an

impact on the storage systems design as well as the duration to which stored

rainwater can last.

Average annual rainfall

Period of water scarcity: Apart from the total rainfall, the pattern of rainfall -

whether evenly distributed through the year or concentrated in certain

periods will determine the storage requirement. The more distributed the

pattern, the lesser the size.

Type and size of the catchment: Type of roofing material determines the

selection of the runoff coefficient for designs. Size could be assessed by

measuring the area covered by the catchment i.e., the length and horizontal

width. Larger the catchment, larger the size of the required cistern (tank).

34


2010

Dry season demand versus supply approach

In this approach there are three options for determining the volume of storage:

1. Matching the capacity of the tank to the area of the roof

2. Matching the capacity of the tank to the quantity of water required by its

users

3. Choosing a tank size that is appropriate in terms of costs, resources and

construction methods.

In practice the costs, resources and the construction methods tend to limit

the tanks to smaller capacities than would otherwise be justified by roof areas or

likely needs of consumers. For this reason elaborate calculations aimed at

matching tank capacity to roof area is usually unnecessary. However a simplified

calculation based on the following factors can give a rough idea of the potential for

rainwater collection.

Illustration

Suppose the system has to be designed for meeting drinking water

requirement of a five-member family living in a building with a rooftop area of

100 sq. m. The average annual rainfall in the region is 600 mm (average annual

rainfall in Mumbai is 611 mm). Daily drinking water requirement per person

(drinking and cooking) is 10 litres.

Design procedure:

Following details are available:

Area of the catchment (A) = 965 sq. m

Average annual rainfall (R) = 800 mm (0.8 m)

Runoff coefficient (C) = 0.85 00

35


2010

STEPS:

1) Calculate the maximum amount of rainfall that can be harvested from the

rooftop:

Annual water harvesting potential = 965 x 0.8 x 0.85

= 656.2 cu. m. (650,000 litres)

2) Determine the tank capacity:

As a safety factor, the tank should be built 20 per cent larger than required, i.e.,

780,000 litres. This tank can meet the basic drinking water requirement of a

commercial building for the dry period. A typical size of a rectangular tank

constructed in the basement will be about 15 m x 15 m x 3.5 m.

36


2010

Salient features of this approach:

1. Simplest approach to system design but is relevant only in areas where

distinct dry seasons exist

2. Provides a rough estimate of storage volume requirements

3. This method does not take into account variations between different years,

such as the occurrence of drought years. It also entirely ignores rainfall input

and the capacity of the catchment to deliver the runoff necessary to fill the

storage tank.

4. This technique can be used in the absence of any rainfall data and is easily

understandable to the layperson. These points are especially relevant when

designing systems in the remote areas of developing countries where

obtaining reliable rainfall data can be difficult.

37


2010

CHAPTER 7

SOLAR PANEL SYSTEM

38


2010

CHAPTER 7SOLAR PANEL SYSTEM

Types of Solar Panels

There are two main types of solar panel

1. Solar electric panels2. Solar water heating panels

How PV Panels Work

PV panels collect energy from the sun and convert it into electricity PV systems convert sunlight directly into electricity. “Photo” refers to light and “voltaic” to electricity. A PV cell is made of a semiconductor material, usually crystalline silicon, which absorbs sunlight. You’ve seen PV cells at work in simple mechanisms like watches and calculators. You’ve probably even seen them for signs on the road. More complex PV systems produce solar electricity for houses and the utility grid. The utility grid is the power source available to your local electricity provider.

39


2010

PV cells are typically combined into modules, or panels, containing about 40 cells. Roughly ten modules constitute a PV array, or grouping of panels.

Details on How PV Panels Work

Most PV panels contain a top protective layer, two specially treated layers of silicon with collecting circuitry attached to the top layer, and a polymer backing layer.

The top layer of silicon is treated to make it electrically negative; the back layer is treated it make it electrically positive. When sunlight knocks electrons loose from the silicon, electrons move up from the bottom layer of silicon and crowd the electrons in the top layer. The electrons freed from the top layer are collected by electrical contacts on the surface of the top layer and routed through an external circuit, thus providing power to the electrical system attached to the panels.

New technology, which we’ll get to in a later section, uses different, less expensive materials than silicon in PV panels to capture sunlight more affordably.

Where is PV Panels Installed?

Most PV panels go on solar south-facing roofs parallel to the roof’s slope in the northern hemisphere, and on solar north-facing roofs in the southern hemisphere. Some arrays can be mounted on poles or on the ground, but such placement could be prohibited by local regulations or homeowners’ association rules. An important consideration is how many peak sun hours your system will get. Will your solar panels get year-round unshaded sun exposure from 9 a.m. - 3 p.m. (the ideal)? Is your climate stormy, foggy, and dusty? The power of your system will vary depending on your geographical location. People in the northeastern US, for example, will need more solar panels on their roofs to provide the same amount of solar electricity as someone in Arizona.

40


2010

What Happens at Night and on Cloudy Days?

Because solar electric systems only produce power when the sun is shining, many consumers also connect their solar system to a utility power grid that provides additional electricity when the solar panels are not producing enough. That type of solar system is called a grid-tied system.

Off-Grid vs. Grid-Tied Systems

Costs also vary depending on whether your solar energy system is grid-tied or off-grid. The cost of installing a typical off-grid PV system in a home ranges from $15,000-$20,000 per kilowatt hour. The cost lowers when the solar system is installed as part of the initial house construction, because it is easier and more cost-efficient to incorporate energy-saving design, PV panels and other equipment during construction than to add them after the house is already built.

Off-grid systems require batteries to store electricity and a charge regulator to make sure the batteries are not under- or overcharged. However, with the cost of extending power lines from the utility grid averaging from $20,00-$80,000 per mile, a PV system can be a wise investment for electricity in remote areas.

There are several varieties of off-grid systems:

Small stand-alone solar electricity systems are often used for RV power, lighting, cabins, back-up and portable power systems.

A complete stand-alone solar system provides independence from both fossil fuels and electric utility companies.

A typical complete stand-alone system uses two inverters to make sure power is available for large loads such as air conditioners, and one inverter can supply power when the other may not be working or needs servicing.

Such systems require sizable battery storage capacity so electricity is available when adverse weather diminishes solar power.

Batteries are an expensive component of stand-alone solar systems, initially costing between $80-$200 per kWh for residential use.

41


2010

Hybrid systems combine PV panels with additional power sources such as fossil-fuel generators.

A hybrid system uses fewer solar panels than a typical stand-alone system, because a gasoline, propane or diesel generator produces power when solar panels are not producing enough.

Such systems can be used for cabins, remote homes and to power small medical facilities in third-world countries.

Off Grid advantages:

1. Freedom from electric bills 2. Independence of the public utility grid 3. Cost-effective for remote areas without power lines

Off Grid disadvantages:

1. Higher initial investment than grid-tied systems 2. Expense and maintenance of more system components such as batteries and

charge regulators 3. Possibility of power outage in extended periods of adverse sun conditions

Grid Tied advantages:

1. Backup power if the solar system isn’t producing enough 2. Net metering if the solar system is producing too much power 3. Lower initial investment than for most off-grid systems

Grid Tied disadvantages:

1. Some dependence on the utility grid 2. May not be able to use solar system in the event of a grid power failure 3. Some incentives require that contractors demonstrate proper licensing and

capability in areas specific to grid-tied installation

42


2010

What Happens if a Solar System Produces More Energy Than the Home Needs?

In a grid-tied system, homeowners can get credit when their system produces more solar electricity than the house itself needs. Many utility companies use “net metering” or “net billing” for customers with solar energy systems. The utility credits a homeowner’s account for excess solar electricity, which goes back to the utility grid, then applies the credit to other months when the system produces less electricity.

43


2010

REPORT BY CASAnova

Data sheetGeometry:

Length of north and south facade: 50.0 m Length of west and east facade: 27.3 m Height (without roof): 14.2 m Number of floors: 3 Height of roof: 1.0 Roof ridge: in north-south-direction Deviation from south direction (east positiv): -35.0 °

Ground area: 1365.0 m² Useful area: 3276.0 m² Volume total: 19383.0 m³ Air volume: 16052.4 m³ Facade north resp. south: 710.0 m² Facade east resp. west: 387.7 m² Surface-to-volume value: 0.2 1/m

Insulation:

U values of the walls: north: 0.20 W/(m² K) south: 0.20 W/(m² K) east: 0.20 W/(m² K) west: 0.20 W/(m² K) Roof: Towards: outside air U value: 0.20 W/(m² K) Lower floor: Towards: non-heated cellar (with insulation) U value: 0.20 W/(m² K) Door (north facade): Area: 0.0 m² U value: 1.50 W/(m² K) Wärmebrücken: increase U-values of surrounding planes by 0.10 W/(m² K) (normal construction)

Building:

Interior temperature: 20.0 °C Limit of overheating: 36.0 °C Ventilation: Natural ventilation (infiltration): 0.60 1/h Mechanical ventilation: 0.00 1/h Heat recovery (only mech. ventilation): 0 % Internal gains: 25.0 kWh/(m² a) Kind of indoor walls: medium construction Kind of outdoor walls: medium construction

44


2010

Walls towards another heated area: east, west

Climate:

Climate station: New Delhi (Bharat Ganarajya)

Windows:

North: Windows area: 248.5 m² Fraction of windows area at the facade: 35.0 % Kind of windows: heat protection double glazing (U = 1.4 W/(m² K)) U value glazing: 1.40 W/(m² K) U value frame: 1.50 W/(m² K) g value glazing: 0.58 Fraction of frame: 20.0 % Shading: 20.0 % South: Window area: 248.5 m² Fraction of windows area at the facade: 35.0 % Kind of windows: heat protection double glazing (U = 1.4 W/(m² K)) U value glazing: 1.40 W/(m² K) U value frame: 1.50 W/(m² K) g value glazing: 0.58 Fraction of frame: 20.0 % Shading: 20.0 % East: Window area: 0.0 m² Fraction of windows area at the facade: 50.0 % Kind of windows: heat protection double glazing (U = 1.4 W/(m² K)) U value glazing: 1.40 W/(m² K) U value frame: 1.50 W/(m² K) g value glazing: 0.58 Fraction of frame: 20.0 % Shading: 20.0 % West: Window area: 0.0 m² Fraction of windows area at the facade: 5.0 % Kind of windows: heat protection double glazing (U = 1.4 W/(m² K)) U value glazing: 1.40 W/(m² K) U value frame: 1.50 W/(m² K) g value glazing: 0.58 Fraction of frame: 20.0 % Shading: 20.0 %

Energy:

Heating system: low temperature burner, boiler and distribution inside the thermal zone Heat transfer / system temperature: radiators (outside walls), thermostatic valves (layout temperature: 1K), system temperature: 70/55°C Source of energy: fuel oil

45


2010

CHAPTER 8

THE GREEN BUILDING RATING SYSTEM

46


2010

CHAPTER 8THE GREEN BUILDING RATING SYSTEM

In the rating system the particular structure is given points depending upon how strictly the clauses laid down by the a)LEED B)IGBC C)USGBC etc … are followed and how eco-friendly the structure is or will be.

NEED FOR THE RATING SYSTEM

To demonstrate that building is truly ‘green’ To give building owners the tools to have a measurable impact on their

buildings’ performance.

THE LEED RATING SYSTEM

The LEED System is a point based system. The building projects earn points based on their satisfying Green building criteria. They must satisfy certain requirements and earn credit points based on six different categories. The six categories

Sustainable sites Water efficiency Energy and atmosphere Materials and resources Indoor environmental quality

47


2010

Innovation and design process

Depending on the number of points the building project earns, it is awarded a certification level. There are four LEED certification levels – Certified, Silver Gold and Platinum.

The LEED system is used by designers, architects, engineers, construction managers, government officials among others to make sustainable buildings. Many U.S state and federal agencies are adopting LEED certification. The LEED certification has gained worldwide acceptance as a benchmark for sustainable buildings with LEED certified projects in 41 different countries including Canada, Mexico, Brazil and India.

IGBC (INDIAN GREEN BUILDING COUNCIL)

The guidelines detailed under each credit enable the design and construction of green homes of all sizes and types. IGBC Green Homes addresses green features under the following categories:

Site Selection and Planning Water Efficiency Energy Efficiency Materials Indoor Environmental Quality Innovation & Design Process

Different levels of green building certification are awarded based on the total credits earned. However, every Green Home should meet certain mandatory requirements, which are non-negotiable.

The various levels of rating awarded are: ‘Certified’ to recognize best practices ‘Silver’ to recognize outstanding performance ‘Gold’ to recognize national excellence ‘Platinum’ to recognize global leadership

48


2010

49

RATING PROJECT WITH INTERIORS

PROJECT WITHOUT INTERIORS

CERTIFIED 32-39 30-36SILVER 40-47 37-44GOLD 48-59 44-55PLATINUM 60-80 56-75


2010

CHAPTER 9

BAMBOO RESTAURANT

50


2010

CHAPTER 9BAMBOO RESTAURANT

INTRODUCTION

Bamboo is a naturally occurring composite material which grows abundantly in most of the tropical countries. It is considered a composite material because it consists of cellulose fibers imbedded in a lignin matrix. Cellulose fibers are aligned along the length of the bamboo providing maximum tensile flexural strength and rigidity in that direction. Over 1200 bamboo species have been identified globally. Bamboo has a very long history with human kind. Bamboo chips were used to record history in ancient China. Bamboo is also one of the oldest building materials used by human kind. It has been used widely for household products and extended to industrial applications due to advances in processing technology and increased market demand. In Asian countries, bamboo has been used for household utilities such as containers, chopsticks, woven mats, fishing poles, cricket boxes, handicrafts, chairs, etc. It has also been widely used in building applications, suchAs flooring, ceiling, walls, windows, doors, fences, housing roofs, trusses, rafters and purlins; it is also used in construction as structural materials for bridges, water transportation facilities and skyscraper scaffoldings.

There are several differences between bamboo and wood. In bamboo, there areNo rays or knots, which give bamboo a far more evenly distributed stresses throughout its length.

51


2010

DETAIL SPECIFICATION OF BAMBOO

Bamboo is a hollow tube, sometimes with thin walls, and consequently it is more difficult to join bamboo than pieces of wood. Bamboo does not contain the same chemical extractives as wood, and can therefore be glued very well. Bamboo’s diameter, thickness, and internodal length have a macroscopically graded structure while the fiber distribution exhibits a microscopically graded architecture, which lead to favorable properties of bamboo.Various uses of bamboo

VARIOUS USES OF BAMBOO

USE OF BAMBOO AS PLANT USE OF BAMBOO AS MATERIAL

Ornamental horticulture

EcologyA variety of utensilsStabilize of the soil HousesUses on marginal land

Agro-forestryParquetNatural stands

Local industriesArtisanatFurniture

Wood and paper industriesHedges and screens Strand boardsMinimal land use Medium density fiberboardLaminated lumberPaper and rayon

Nutritional industriesPlantations Young shoots for human consumptionMixed agro-forestry systems Fodder

Chemical industriesBiochemical productsPharmaceutical industry

EnergyCharcoalPyrolysisGasification

52


2010

STRENGHT OF BAMBOO AS CONSTRUCTION MATERAIL

Bamboo has tensile strength superior to mild steel (withstands up to 52,000 Pounds of pressure psi) and a weight-to-strength ratio surpassing that of graphite, bamboo is the strongest growing woody plant on earth with one of the widest ranging habitats of more than 1500 species thriving in diverse terrain from sea level to 12,000 feet on every continent but the poles. It also grows the fastest: clocked shooting skyward at 2 inches an hour. Some species grow one and a half meters a day.

BAMBOO AS A HOUSING MATERAIL

Bamboo related industries already provide income, food, and housing to over 2.2 billion people worldwide. There is a 3-5 year return on investment for a new bamboo plantation versus 8-10 years for rattan. The governments of India and China, with 15 million hectares of bamboo reserves collectively, are poised to focus attention on the economic factors of bamboo and its protection. In Limon, Costa Rica, only bamboo houses from the national Bamboo Project stood after their violent earthquake in 1992. Flexible and lightweight, bamboo enables structures to "dance" in earthquakes.

53


2010

CONCLUSION

54


2010

CONCLUSION

We owe the great pleasure in completing the project work

of BE CIVIL “

”.

As this project is based on environment awareness

program we kindly hope that more and more impetus

should be given to growth of green building concept.

We highly appreciate the help given by our project guide

“PROF ASIF MAZHAR ANSARI” and we all are thankful to

him.

As this project teaches us to co-ordinate with the project

guide, colleagues, this project will be very helpful in our

future.

55

Documents

Project Report