Prologue Notes

7/29/2019 Prologue Notes

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PROLOGUE

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What do all of these civilisations have in common? 5

What are the basic characteristics of acivilisation?

Towns andcities.(Buildingssomewhatpermanent)

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Task: Create your ownsystem of writing.Make sure to give theinterpretation.To be delivered next class.

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Development of the kingdomof the Nile

Menes united twokingdoms in 3200

B.C. and became thefirst pharaoh.

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Pharaohs and dynasties rose andfell from the times of Menesuntil almost 300 B.C.

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Amenhotep IV, also known as

Akhenaton, tried tomake people accept monotheismin 1300s B.C.

An obsessive worship of the Sun (Aton).

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Some conceptsabout theMesopotamiansMesopotamia: the

Tigris-EuphratesValley in SouthwestAsia.

Fertile Crescent: anothername for Mesopotamia,where many historiansbelieve agriculture firstdeveloped.

City-state: includesthe city itself aswell as the lands,fields, and villagesaround it.

Ziggurats:Sumeriantemples.

Cuneiform: form ofwedge-shaped writingcreated by the

Sumerians.

Akkadians: people whoconquered the Sumeriansin about 2330 B.C.,

created a large empirethat extended to theMediterranean Sea.

Hammurabi: a ruler ofBabylon whoconqueredmost of the upper

Tigris-EuphratesValley, created astructure of laws.

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Task: Download, printand paste this image on

your scrapbook. Writeyour name in Cuneiformwriting.

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Location

Government

Economy

Religion

Achievements

Egyptians Mesopotamians

Along the river Nile. Valley between theEuphrates and the Tigris.Monarchy led by aPharaoh.

Organized in city-states.

Polytheist. Polytheist.

Farming, trade. Farming, trade.

Calendar, geometry,pyramids, mummification.

Sumerian cuneiform,ziggurats, Code of

Hammurabi, Hittite iron.15

Them ai ac hievem e ts f

thePho e iia s

Became the greatest traders inthe ancient world.

Developed the base ofthe alphabet.

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TheLydia sFirst people to use coined money.

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TheH ebrewsTheH ebrewsTheH ebrewsTheH ebrews

Monotheism. The Torah. Ethical monotheism.

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Sacred text:Bahavad Gita Many gods

Possibility ofenlightenment.

Four noble truths: Lifeinvolves suffering andsorrow, desire for

pleasure createssorrow, renouncingdesire frees people,desire can berenounced by followingthe eight-fold path.

Eight-fold path.

Belief in

reincarnationDharma andkarma

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Strong centralgovernment

Standardized weights,measures, coins

Uniform writing systemSingle taxation system

Harsh rule based onlegalism

Qin Dynasty Han DynastyStrong central

government Increased tradeExpanded bordersOversaw introduction of

new goods

Less harsh, wiser rule

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The city-states

form, between800s700s B.C.E.

HowtheHowtheHowtheHowthegovernmentofgovernmentofgovernmentofgovernmentof

theGreektheGreektheGreektheGreekcitystatescitystatescitystatescitystates

changedchangedchangedchangedovertime.overtime.overtime.overtime.

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Around 600 B.C.,

landowners and soldiersstruggle for control.

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Tyrants takepower unlawfully,some were harshand unjust.

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In 507 B.C. Cleisthenesoverthrows the

aristocrats and forms adirect democracy inAthens.

Later, Pericles takesGreece to a Goldenage known as theCentury of Pericles.

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Areas which Alexander the Great conquered: Asia Minor,Syria, Egypt, the Persian Empire (Iran), and part of India.

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Alexander the Greatsconquest, as well as the tradethroughout the empire,enabled the Greek culture notonly to be spread, but also toblend with other cultures.

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509 BCE: Rome becomes a republic when Lucius

Tarquinius Superbus, the last Etruscan king isoverthrown.

The republic was established in 509 B.C.and lasted nearly 500 years.

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Period of 200 years, from 27 bC, to180 AD, when the Roman Empire

reached its greatest splendour.

There was peace and prosperitythroughout the empire.

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Civil wars and invasionsled to the fall of theWestern Roman Empirein 476 AD.

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too many poor

loss of patriotism,interest ingovernment, andpolitical honesty

Decline of the Roman Empire

inadequategovernment for sizeof empire

competition forpower

army interferencemade governmentunstable

expense of defendingand maintainingempire

heavy taxes

loss of income

Political/Military Economic Social

dependence onGerman troops

decline of

manufacturing andagriculture

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City states of Eastern Africa

The mostimportant, and

the oldest, wasthe kingdom ofKush, also knownas Nubia.

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Most of Eastern African societies wereorganised in City-States.

Their economical development came from coastaltrade.

They merged African, Arabic and Persianelements.

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In Western Africa, theempires of Ghana, Mali and

Songhai flourished thanks tothe control of the Saharantrade routes.

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Farmers

Writingsystem

Architectsand

engineers

Pyramids The

Mayas

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Prita dpastetheseim ages Prita dpastetheseim ages Prita dpastetheseim ages Prita dpastetheseim ages

yo ursc rapbo o k.W riteyo uryo ursc rapbo o k.W riteyo uryo ursc rapbo o k.W riteyo uryo ursc rapbo o k.W riteyo ur

n am ei aya haractersam ei aya haractersam ei aya haractersam ei aya haracters

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Print andpaste theMayannumbers.

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Humansacrifices

Calendar

Architectsand

engineers

The

AztecsPyramidsand

chinampas

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Irrigationsystems

Use ofthe quipu

to aidthe

memoryArchitectsand

engineers

TheIncas

Fortresseshigh on themountains

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Chapter test 1 Geography activity 1

Extra credit: Make alittle quipu (with a tagexplaining the thing itreminds you).

Remember the images and taskswhich should already be attached toyour scrapbook.

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Documents

Prologue Notes