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Prolungamento della vita lavorativa: salute e problemi
correlati
Giuseppe Costa e Angelo d’ErricoGiuseppe Costa e Angelo d’Errico
Servizio di EpidemiologiaServizio di Epidemiologia
Università di TorinoUniversità di Torino
ASL 5 del PiemonteASL 5 del Piemonte
Labor, 22 novembre 2006
workability
Competences
Knowledge
Abilities
Health
Lifestyles
Working conditions
Material hazards
Psychosocial hazards
Believes
Values
Attitudes
Satisfaction
employability
retirability
Determinants of exit from employment in Turin. Men and women 25-49 at the census of 1991. Odds ratios and confidence intervals (reference category: stable)
Early retirement Unemployment Discouraged
Independent variables
Men
Odds ratios Confidence
intervals
Women
odds ratios confidence intervals
Men
odds ratios confidence intervals
Women
odds ratios confidence intervals
Women (only)
odds ratios confidence intervals
Low education
0,93
0,70-1,25
0,74 0,63-0,87
1,95 1,65-2,31
1,97 1,65-2,33
1,87 1,64-2,14
Born in South
0,69 0,56-0,85
0,71 0,62-0,82
1,05
0,94-1,17
1,02
0,90-1,16
0,79 0,71-0,88
Hospitalisation 1984-1986
1,48 1,12-1,96
1,43 1,19.1,71
1,20 1,02-1,42
0.85
0,70-1,03
1,11
0,96-1,28
Being a mother
-------
0,99
0,85-1,15
-------
0.98
0,84-1,15
1,29 1,15-1,44
workability
Competences
Knowledge
Abilities
Health
Lifestyles
Working conditions
Material hazards
Psychosocial hazards
Believes
Values
Attitudes
Satisfaction
employability
retirability
Social inequalities
Social inequalities
Country Period Rate Ratio Source
Denmark 1981–1990 1.33* National census-linked mortality follow-up
Finland 1981-1990 1.71* National census-linked mortality follow-up;
Ireland 1980–1982 1.38* National cross-sectional studyItaly 1981–1982 1.35* National census-linked mortality follow-upNorway 1980–1990 1.47* National census-linked mortality follow-upPortugal 1980–1982 1.36* National cross-sectional studySpain 1980–1982 1.37* National cross-sectional studySweden 1980–1986 1.59* National census-linked mortality follow-upSwitzerland 1979–1982 1.37* National cross-sectional study
France 1980–1989 2.15*National census-linked mortality follow-up; representative sample
England/Wales 1981–1989 1.61*National census-linked mortality follow-up; representative sample
Rate Ratio: ratio of mortality rate in lower occupational groups as compared to that in higher occupational groups.Asterisk (*) indicates that difference in mortality between socio-economic groups is statistically significant.
Occupational inequalities in mortality in eleven European countries. Men, 45-59 years
Kunst A, et al. Mortality by occupational class among men 30–64 years in 11 European countries. Soc Sci Med 1998.
Mackenbach JP, et al. Widening socio-economic inequalities in mortality in six Western European
countries. Int J Epidemiol 2003.
Mortality Rate Ratios in lower occupational groups as compared to higher occupational groups: men
Mackenbach JP, et al. Widening socio-economic inequalities in mortality in six Western European
countries. Int J Epidemiol 2003.
Mortality Rate Ratios in lower occupational groups as compared to higher occupational groups: men
large relative occupational inequalities
widened during the last two decades
As was the case with mortality, rates of morbidity are usually higher among those with a lower educational level, occupational class or income level (Cavelaars A, et al. Morbidity differences by occupational class among men in seven European countries: an application of the Erikson-Goldthorpe social class scheme. Int J Epidemiol 1998; 27: 222–230).
Substantial inequalities are also found in the prevalence of most specific diseases (including mental illness) and most specific forms of disability (Dalstra JAA, et al. Socio-economic differences in the prevalence of common chronic diseases: an overview of eight European countries. Int J Epidemiol 2005; 34: 316–326; Avendano M, et al. Socioeconomic disparities in physical health in 10 European countries. In: Boersch-Supan A, et al. Health, ageing and retirement in Europe. Mannheim: Mannheim Research Institute for the Economics of Ageing, 2005: 89-94).
Over the past decades, inequalities in morbidity by socio-economic position have been rather stable (Kunst AE, et al. Trends in socio-economic inequalities in self-assessed health in 10 European countries. Int J Epidemiol 2005; 34: 295–305).
Together with inequalities in mortality, inequalities in morbidity contribute to large inequalities in ‘healthy life expectancy’ (number of years lived in good health) (Sihvonen A, et al. Socio-economic inequalities in health expectancy in Finland and Norway in the late 1980s. Soc Sci Med 1998; 47(3): 303–315).
As was the case with mortality, rates of morbidity are usually higher among those with a lower educational level, occupational class or income level (Cavelaars A, et al. Morbidity differences by occupational class among men in seven European countries: an application of the Erikson-Goldthorpe social class scheme. Int J Epidemiol 1998; 27: 222–230).
Substantial inequalities are also found in the prevalence of most specific diseases (including mental illness) and most specific forms of disability (Dalstra JAA, et al. Socio-economic differences in the prevalence of common chronic diseases: an overview of eight European countries. Int J Epidemiol 2005; 34: 316–326; Avendano M, et al. Socioeconomic disparities in physical health in 10 European countries. In: Boersch-Supan A, et al. Health, ageing and retirement in Europe. Mannheim: Mannheim Research Institute for the Economics of Ageing, 2005: 89-94).
Over the past decades, inequalities in morbidity by socio-economic position have been rather stable (Kunst AE, et al. Trends in socio-economic inequalities in self-assessed health in 10 European countries. Int J Epidemiol 2005; 34: 295–305).
Together with inequalities in mortality, inequalities in morbidity contribute to large inequalities in ‘healthy life expectancy’ (number of years lived in good health) (Sihvonen A, et al. Socio-economic inequalities in health expectancy in Finland and Norway in the late 1980s. Soc Sci Med 1998; 47(3): 303–315).
workability
Competences
Knowledge
Abilities
Health
Lifestyles
Working conditions
Material hazards
Psychosocial hazards
Believes
Values
Attitudes
Satisfaction
employability
retirability
Social inequalities
Social inequalities
•downward mobility•Inter-generational•through life-course•in adult age
•(healthy w. effect)
material
morbidity
health care
outcomes
behaviours
support
psychosocial
dem/contr eff/rew
selection income
societal/neighbourhood context
phys/chem/erg hazards
•downward mobility•Inter-generational•through life-course•in adult age
•(healthy w. effect)
material
morbidity
health care
outcomes
behaviours
support
psychosocial
dem/contr eff/rew
selection income
societal/neighbourhood context
phys/chem/erg hazards
health related downward mobility is a mechanism which is in place, its contribution to health inequalities is likely to be small
Cardano M et al. Social Science Medicine, 2004, 58
Impact of poor health on social mobility within the labour market
R2 = .14
Parameter Estimate Pr > t INTERCEPT 42.54 < .0001 AGE .12 < .0001 SOCIAL DESIRABILITY OF
OCCUPATION IN 81 - .64 < .0001
WOMAN - 5.17 < .0001 LOW EDUCATION - 21.75 < .0001 SOUTH - 7.72 < .0001 HOSPITAL FROM 84 TO 86 - 1.53 < .0001
Statistical model: Analysis of variance
Dependent variable: Social Mobility Metrical Index (SMMI)
Cardano M et al.Social Science & Medicine 58 (2004): 1563–1574
•downward mobility•Inter-generational•through life-course•in adult age
•(healthy w. effect)
material
morbidity
health care
outcomes
behaviours
support
psychosocial
dem/contr eff/rew
selection income
societal/neighbourhood context
phys/chem/erg hazards
more controversial the question of the size of the contribution of intergenerational and life-course
selection to the adult pattern of health inequalities
Singh-Manoux A et al. Social Science and Medicine, 2005, 60
•downward mobility•Inter-generational•through life-course•in adult age
•(healthy w. effect)
material
morbidity
health care
outcomes
behaviours
support
psychosocial
dem/contr eff/rew
selection income
societal/neighbourhood context
phys/chem/erg hazards
within a “stable” workforce, physical, chemical, ergonomic, psychosocial risk factors in the workplaces are determinants that may explain a larger part of social inequalities in some specific health risks such as occupational diseases, cardiovascular disease, muscoloskeletal disorders, mental health
Sample of 1479 employees in Torino (797 workers and 682 clerks)
% exposed to Job Strain
•downward mobility•Inter-generational•through life-course•in adult age
•(healthy w. effect)
material
morbidity
health care
outcomes
behaviours
support
psychosocial
dem/contr eff/rew
selection income
societal/neighbourhood context
phys/chem/erg hazardswhile behavioural and other
material circumstances like income
should be involved to explain the rest, but the relative amount and
the independency of each contribution remain controversial
McLeod J et al. J Epidemiol Community Health 2003, 57. Siegrist J et al. Social Science and Medicine, 2004, 58. Lynch J et al. J Epidemiol Community Health 2006, 60
0102030405060708090
100
40-45 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69
borghesia classe media impiegatiziapiccola borghesia classe operaia
%
Smoking by social class– Italian males 2000
•downward mobility•Inter-generational•through life-course•in adult age
•(healthy w. effect)
material
morbidity
health care
outcomes
behaviours
support
psychosocial
dem/contr ff/rew
selection income
societal/neighbourhood context
phys/chem/erg hazards
The amount of inequalities in health outcomes attributable to limitation in access to appropriate and effective health care is related to the model of health care organization which is in place
Mortality in colon cancer
Coronarografy in AMI
Revascularization in AMI
Inappropriate hospital
admissions
HIGH 1 1 1 1
MEDIUM 1.211.21(1.05 - 1.40)
0.930.93(0.86 – 1.02)
0.930.93(0.85 – 1.02)
1.121.12(1.03-1.22)
LOW 1.331.33(1.16 - 1.51)
0.830.83(0.76 – 0.90)
0.830.83(0.76 – 0.91)
1.191.19
(1.10-1.29)
Inequalities in different health care indicators by educational level in Turin
less educated individuals may be more vulnerable to inappropriate hospitalization
Piedmont Region. Health Report 2006
Mortality in colon cancer
Coronarografy in AMI
Re-vascularization in AMI
Inappropriate hospital
admissions
HIGH 1 1 1 1
MEDIUM 1.211.21(1.05 - 1.40)
0.930.93(0.86 – 1.02)
0.930.93(0.85 – 1.02)
1.121.12(1.03-1.22)
LOW 1.331.33(1.16 - 1.51)
0.830.83(0.76 – 0.90)
0.830.83(0.76 – 0.91)
1.191.19
(1.10-1.29)
Inequalities in different health care indicators by educational level in Turin
less educated patients with myocardial infarction may confront more limitations in accessing effective and appropriate care such as coronarography and re-vascularization
Piedmont Region. Health Report 2006
Mortality in colon cancer
Coronarografy in AMI
Re-vascularization in AMI
Inappropriate hospital
admissions
HIGH 1 1 1 1
MEDIUM 1.211.21(1.05 - 1.40)
0.930.93(0.86 – 1.02)
0.930.93(0.85 – 1.02)
1.121.12(1.03-1.22)
LOW 1.331.33(1.16 - 1.51)
0.830.83(0.76 – 0.90)
0.830.83(0.76 – 0.91)
1.191.19
(1.10-1.29)
Inequalities in different health care indicators by educational level in Turin
less educated patients with colon cancer may experience more unfavourable outcomes
Piedmont Region. Health Report 2006
•downward mobility•Inter-generational•through life-course•in adult age
•(healthy w. effect)
material
morbidity
health care
outcomes
behaviours
support
psychosocial
dem/contr ff/rew
selection income
societal/neighbourhood context
phys/chem/erg hazards
contextual determinants may make the difference in buffering the effect of each of the determinants of health inequalities by providing supporting environments
1.08
1.29
1.21
1.12 1.11
1.46
1.05
1.211.19
1.14
1.22
1.41
1.02
1.10
1.14
1.081.10
1.28
1.00
1.50
2.00
USA Netherlands London Helsinki Turin Madrid
II vs. I quartile
III vs. I quartile
Most unempl. vs. I quartile
1,50
Effect of neighbourhood unemployment on mortality Males aged 15-75
2,00
1,00
Aging (and cohort?)
? ? ? ?
workability
Competences
Knowledge
Abilities
Health
Lifestyles
Working conditions
Material hazards
Psychosocial hazards
Believes
Values
Attitudes
Satisfaction
employability
retirability
?
Aging (and cohort?)
? ? ? ?
workability
Competences
Knowledge
Abilities
Health
Lifestyles
Working conditions
Material hazards
Psychosocial hazards
Believes
Values
Attitudes
Satisfaction
employability
retirability
?
Context/regulation:
Preferences
Constraints
Opportunities
Aging (and cohort?)
? ? ? ?
workability
Competences
Knowledge
Abilities
Health
Lifestyles
Working conditions
Material hazards
Psychosocial hazards
Believes
Values
Attitudes
Satisfaction
employability
retirability
?
% variation in 1991-2005 mortality among adults
(30-59 yrs) that have improved their education btw 1981 and 1991
Education at 1981
none primaryseconda
ryHigh sc.
males -24.5 -8.6 -15.6 -10.6
females -33.4 -0.6 -3.4 +19.0
SLT, unpublished data, 2006
Aging (and cohort?)
? ? ? ?
workability
Competences
Knowledge
Abilities
Health
Lifestyles
Working conditions
Material hazards
Psychosocial hazards
Believes
Values
Attitudes
Satisfaction
employability
retirability
?
Aging and health
Diseases and aging Vulnerability to severity Functional vulnerability of the target
organ/tissue Vulnerability in mechanisms repairing
damages Age correlated (latency) Long term diseases
Injuries Incidence? Vulnerability to severity
Aging and functional abilities
Physical Coordination, mobility, flexibility,
strenght, sensorial… Cardiorespiratory Muscoloskeletal Obesity
Mental and social Psicomotricity, cognitive,
metacognitive, motivational Relational and role
MALATTIE MUSCOLO-SCHELETRICHE (MSDs) (I)
• infiammazioni osteo-tendinee e articolari (tenosinovite, epicondilite, borsite)
• disturbi da compressione nervosa (sindrome del tunnel carpale, lombosciatalgia)
• osteoartrosi
• mialgia, dolore lombare e sindromi dolorose regionali non attribuibili a patologie conosciute
ampio spettro di patologie infiammatorie e degenerative a carico di muscoli, tendini, legamenti, articolazioni, nervi periferici, e strutture vascolari che includono:
regioni più comunemente colpite:
• tratto lombo-sacrale del rachide
• collo
• spalla
• avambraccio
• mano
MALATTIE MUSCOLO-SCHELETRICHE (MSDs) (II)
• rappresentano il 67% di tutte le malattie da lavoro negli U.S.A. (BLS, 2001), il 71% in Svezia e il 39% in Danimarca (Westgaard & Winkel, 1997)
• negli U.S.A., Canada, Finlandia, Svezia e U.K. causano più assenteismo e più invalidità di qualsiasi altro gruppo di malattie da lavoro (Badley et al., 1994; Feeney et al., 1998; Leijon et al., 1998)
• dal 1990 al 2000 incremento di posture scomode o dolorose, movimentazione carichi e lavoro ad alta rapidita’ di esecuzione riferiti dai lavoratori europei (Paoli & Merlliè, 2001)
• Nel 2000 costituivano più del 50% delle malattie preofessionali riconosciute dall’INAIL (Colombini et al., 2003)
• Circa il 50% dei soggetti con disturbi muscolo-scheletrici all’arto superiore non ha segni obiettivi (Punnett, 1998, 2000)
• “Nella maggior parte dei casi, i disturbi muscolo-scheletrici a carico dell’arto superiore non possono essere classificati in specifiche categorie diagnostiche” (Sluiter, 2000)
MALATTIE MUSCOLO-SCHELETRICHE (MSDs) –
Fattori di rischio (da studi epidemiologici e sperimentali):
• elevato ritmo di lavoro e movimenti ripetuti
• tempo di recupero insufficiente
• sollevamento di pesi e intensi sforzi manuali
• posture del corpo non-neutrali (statiche o dinamiche)
• elevata pressione meccanica concentrata su una piccola superficie
• vibrazioni segmentali o diffuse
• esposizione locale o diffusa al freddo
• fattori psicosociali, come alte richieste psicologiche (high demand) e basso grado di controllo sul proprio lavoro (low control)
MALATTIE MUSCOLO-SCHELETRICHE (MSDs) –
Frazione attribuibile all’esposizione a rischi fisici sul lavoro
Patologie del rachide
National Research Council and Institute of Medicine, 2001
MALATTIE MUSCOLO-SCHELETRICHE (MSDs) –
Frazione attribuibile all’esposizione a rischi fisici sul lavoro
Patologie dell’arto superiore
National Research Council and Institute of Medicine, 2001
MALATTIE MUSCOLO-SCHELETRICHE (MSDs) –
Diffusione dell’esposizione – Sollevare pesi eccessivi (CGIL, 1999)
Settore produttivo %
Sanità 71.4
Prodotti a base di amianto, cemento amianto e altri minerali non metalliferi
70.0
Poste 69.2
Industrie alimentari, bevande, tabacco 64.9
Pubblica amministrazione, organizzazioni internazionali 63.6
Legno, paglia, vimini 62.5
Produzione e distribuzione di gas 61.7
Concia 60.9
Carta 60.4
Laterizi, cemento, ceramica, vetro 59.4
Produzione di elettrodomestici e di materiale elettrico e elettronico 59.1
Tessile 58.1
Energia elettrica 55.8
Igiene pubblica e cimiteri, raccolta, depurazione e distribuzione acqua 54.9
Stampa, editoria, laboratori fotografici, registrazione dischi e video 54.5
Pneumatici e articoli in gomma 54.1
Prodotti in plastica 50.0
MALATTIE MUSCOLO-SCHELETRICHE (MSDs) –
Stima del numero di casi attribuibili all’esposizione a fattori ergonomici in Piemonte - Patologie del rachide
Assumendo una prevalenza del 15% alla popolazione occupata e i valori della AF al limite inferiore del range:
• 27.000 casi prevalenti dovuti alla movimentazione di materiale
• 47.000 a frequente flessione e torsione del busto
• 77.000 a sforzi molto intensi
• 35.000 a posture incongrue
• 45.000 a vibrazioni trasmesse al rachide
Assumendo un’incidenza del 4.5% alla popolazione occupata e i valori della AF al limite inferiore del range:
• 8.000 nuovi casi all’anno dovuti alla movimentazione di materiale
• 14.000 a frequente flessione e torsione del busto
• 23.000 a sforzi molto intensi
• 10.000 a posture incongrue
• 13.000 a vibrazioni trasmesse al rachide
MALATTIE MUSCOLO-SCHELETRICHE (MSDs) –
Stima del numero di casi attribuibili all’esposizione a fattori ergonomici in Piemonte - Patologie dell’arto superiore
Assumendo una prevalenza del 15% alla popolazione occupata e i valori della AF al limite inferiore del range:
• 132.000 casi prevalenti dovuti a movimenti ripetuti
• 195.000 a sforzi molto intensi
• 110.000 a vibrazioni trasmesse all’arto superiore
Assumendo un’incidenza del 6% alla popolazione occupata e i valori della AF al limite inferiore del range:
• 53.000 nuovi casi all’anno a movimenti ripetuti
• 78.000 a sforzi molto intensi
• 44.000 a vibrazioni trasmesse all’arto superiore
MALATTIE MUSCOLO-SCHELETRICHE (MSDs) – Prevenibilità
Conclusioni dello studio del National Academy of Science (National Research Council & Institute of Medicine, 2001)
• la prevenzione di queste malattie mediante la riduzione delle esposizioni e’ possibile
• produce significativi risparmi per i datori di lavoro
• riduce l’esperienza di disabilita’ dei lavoratori
Maggiori possibilità di ridurre il rischio di MSDs per mezzo di interventi multipli, che comprendano (Silverstein & Clark, 2004; Karsh et al., 2001; Amell & Kumar, 2002; Westgaard & Winkel, 1997):
• riprogettazione di postazioni di lavoro
• cambiamenti dell’organizzazione
• interventi di promozione della salute
Documento di consenso ISPESL-EPM su MSDs arto superiore (Colombini et al., 2003):
• Lista di lavorazioni a rischio
• Indicatori per lo screening dell’esposizione a ripetitività, forza, posture incongrue e impatti ripetuti
• Indicazioni per la sorveglianza sanitaria
Assegnazione di punteggi da 0 a 3 ad una serie di caratteristiche del rischio all’interno di ogni settore produttivo: frequenza e gravità delle patologie considerate nella popolazione generale, forza dell’associazione tra esposizione professionale e occorrenza delle patologie, diffusione e livello dell’esposizione nei diversi settori, proporzione di addetti impiegati in ogni comparto sul totale degli occupati sul territorio regionale, prevenibilità dell’esposizione, fattibilità dell’effettuazione di interventi preventivi nel settore.
Scelta di priorità
Punteggi totali per fattore di rischio
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
Rischi
Pu
nte
gg
io
punteggio 2307 3314 5213 6632 8681 9717 10041 13134 19766 22478
Esiti Riproduttivi
Asma Polveri UE-MSD Stress Rumore Cancerogeni MSD Back MSD Infortuni
Tabella 11 – Ranghi di priorità dei più rappresentati settori produttivi, totali e per patologia
workability
Competences
Knowledge
Abilities
Health
Lifestyles
Working conditions
Material hazards
Psychosocial hazards
Believes
Values
Attitudes
Satisfaction
employability
retirabilityCommitment to adapt working
Commitment to adapt working
conditions to aging?
conditions to aging?
Low physical exercise by social class - Italian males 2000
0102030405060708090
100
40-45 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69
borghesia classe media impiegatiziapiccola borghesia classe operaia
%
Tabella 1. Differenze in prevalenza (%) di fattori di modificazione della capacità lavorativa tra lavoratori anziani e lavoratori giovani (sopra o sotto i 45 anni) in Italia nel 1996 (Kauppinen 1998)
Potenziale modificatore della capacità lavorativa
Differenza in prevalenza tra lavoratori anziani e lavoratori
giovani Uomini
Differenza in prevalenza tra lavoratori anziani e lavoratori
giovani Donne
Formazione (almeno 5 giorni anno) pagata da impresa per migliorare abilità professionali
-2.55 +1.28
Almeno un episodio di discriminazione per età nell’anno
-0.11 -0.56
Esposizione a vibrazioni * -5.13 +3.65 Esposizione a rumore * -1.27 +2.49 Esposizione a basse temperature* -2.34 Esposizione ad alte temperature * +0.75 +1.49 Esposizione a inquinanti aria * +2.74 Posture dolorose o stancanti * +3.00 +1.90 Movimentazione pesi* +4.13 -1.40 Lavoro ripetitivo -3.03 +6.08 Lavoro con computer* -2.45 instabile Ritmi troppo stretti* -1.96 -6.31 Compiti complessi +1.89 -6.50 Imparare cose nuove -3.03 -16.53 Possibilità di prendersi una pausa +2.48 -1.33 Possibilità di modificare l’ordine dei compiti
+3.68 -2.51
Possibilità di modificare il metodo di lavoro
+5.16 -6.50
Possibilità di modificare la velocità di esecuzione del lavoro
+4.61 -2.69
Adeguatezza percepita tra abilità e richieste lavorative
+4.30 +5.36
Possibilità di discutere problemi di lavoro con il capo
-3.63 +4.95
Orario di lavoro superiore a 40 ore +2.25 1.16 Orario a turni -4.37 Orario irregolare inclusivo di fine settimana
+12.67
workability
Competences
Knowledge
Abilities
Health
Lifestyles
Working conditions
Material hazards
Psychosocial hazards
Believes
Values
Attitudes
Satisfaction
employability
retirability
Aging (and cohort?)
? ? ? ?
workability
Competences
Knowledge
Abilities
Health
Lifestyles
Working conditions
Material hazards
Psychosocial hazards
Believes
Values
Attitudes
Satisfaction
employability
retirability
?
Tabella 1: Professioni con indicatori di salute in eccesso statisticamente significativi. Uomini
Professione
Speranza di vita a 35 anni (rango per differenza negativa)*
Speranza di vita a 35 anni libera da tumore (rango per differenza negativa)*
Speranza di vita a 35 anni libera da diabete (rango per differenza negativa)*
Speranza di vita a 35 anni libera da ricoveri per malattie croniche (rango per differenza negativa)*
Giudizio negativo su stato salute (Odds ratio di prevalenza)
Almeno due malattie croniche riferite (PRR di prevalenza)
Almeno una disabilità (Odds ratio di prevalenza)
Fumatori (PRR di prevalenza)
Infortuni: indice di gravità (Ridit medio)** 30-49 anni)
Infortuni mortali (Odds ratio) (30-49 anni)
Infortuni con inabilità permanente (Odds ratio) (30-49 anni)
Infortuni ripetuti (Rischio relativo) (25-55 anni)
Stress (Rischio relativo) (<45 anni)
Addetti a pulizie e raccolta rifiuti
1 1 4 1 1.73 1.50
Portalettere, fattorini 2 6 2 0.67 15.78 1.37
Facchini, scaricatori 3 5 3 5 1.20 1.37
Lavoratori alimentare 4 2 9 1.71 0.52
Carpentieri del legno 5 8 1.23
Custodi, guardiani 6 4 5 8 1.46 1.07 1.36 0.55 2.16 1.30
Muratori, conduttori macchine edili
7 9 9 2 1.75 1.25 0.55 1.93 1.58
Spedizionieri, imballatori
8 6 3
Gasisti, termoidraulici 9 7 4 1.13 0.52
Verniciatori, galvanoplastieri
10 3 7 1.7
Infermieri 10 1.69
Healthy life expectancy by occupation, males
anni 35 55 35 55 35 55 35 55
Dirigenti imprenditori legislatori amministratori
37,2 18,1 35,7 16,8 19,4 7,9 33,7 17,9
Addetti alle macchine utensili, meccanici, assemblatori
36,2 17,5 32,7 14,4 18,7 6,1 34,7 16,6
Muratori, conduttori di macchine edili
35,5 17,4 31,4 14,6 16,8 5,9 35,6 16,3
Finitori edili 35,8 17,5 32,2 14,1 15,7 4,5 34,7 16,6Conduttori di mezzi di trasporto
36,1 17,6 33,2 15,3 16,7 5,1 35,4 16,9
Esercenti e addetti di servizi alla persona e alle imprese
36,5 17,5 33,9 15,5 19,5 7,0 35,6 16,9
Addetti a pulizie e raccolta-trattamento rifiuti
34,4 16,7 32,5 15,1 17,9 7 37,3 15,2
totalein buona
salute
libera da malattie croniche
libera da disabilità
Healthy life expectancy by occupation, females
anni 35 55 35 55 35 55 35 55
Insegnanti 38,5 19,2 36,3 17,5 17,1 6,4 37,5 18,3
Lavoratori dell'abbigliamento e dell'arredamento tessile
38,2 18,9 35,5 17,2 14,7 4,1 36,9 17,8
Esercenti e addetti di servizi alla persona e alle imprese
38,0 18,8 35,2 16,4 16,3 5,3 36,9 17,9
Custodi, guardiani, bidelli, domestici
38,3 19,0 33,7 15,3 14,4 4,2 36,7 17,6
libera da disabilità
totalein buona
salute
libera da malattie croniche
Differences in life expectancy at 35 yrs by social class, Turin males 2000 - 2005
Differences in life expectancy at 35 yrs by social class, Turin males 2000 - 2005
Anticipating retirement age?
Anticipating retirement age?
Mortality 1991-99 by social class among healthy retired 1981-91
High class Clerks Self employed
Working class
males 1,14 1,14 1,38 1,13
females 0,95 1,54 1,08 1,34
RRs age adjusted ; reference : still employed
Differences in life expectancy at 35 yrs by income deciles, Turin males 2000 - 2005
Differences in life expectancy at 35 yrs by income deciles, Turin males 2000 - 2005
Adjusting benefits according
Adjusting benefits according
to life expectancy?
to life expectancy?
•downward mobility•Inter-generational•through life-course•in adult age
•(healthy w. effect)
material
morbidity
health care
outcomes
behaviours
support
psychosocial
dem/contr ff/rew
selection income
societal/neighbourhood context
DIRECT RESPONS
DIRECT RESPONSIIBILITYBILITY
phys/chem/erg hazards
•downward mobility•Inter-generational•through life-course•in adult age
•(healthy w. effect)
material
morbidity
health care
outcomes
behaviours
support
psychosocial
dem/contr ff/rew
selection income
societal/neighbourhood context
CONTRIBUTING RESPONSIBILITY
CONTRIBUTING RESPONSIBILITYphys/chem/erg hazards
•downward mobility•Inter-generational•through life-course•in adult age
•(healthy w. effect)
material
morbidity
health care
outcomes
behaviours
support
psychosocial
dem/contr ff/rew
selection income
societal/neighbourhood context
INDIRECT RESPONSIBILITY
INDIRECT RESPONSIBILITY
phys/chem/erg hazards
•downward mobility•Inter-generational•through life-course•in adult age
•(healthy w. effect)
material
morbidity
health care
outcomes
behaviours
support
psychosocial
dem/contr ff/rew
selection income
societal/neighbourhood context
EQUITY AUDITEQUITY AUDIT
phys/chem/erg hazards
•downward mobility•Inter-generational•through life-course•in adult age
•(healthy w. effect)
material
morbidity
health care
outcomes
behaviours
support
psychosocial
dem/contr ff/rew
selection income
societal/neighbourhood context
ADVOCACYADVOCACY
phys/chem/erg hazards
•downward mobility•Inter-generational•through life-course•in adult age
•(healthy w. effect)
material
morbidity
health care
outcomes
behaviours
support
psychosocial
dem/contr ff/rew
selection income
societal/neighbourhood context
SUPPORT SUPPORT
IN SOCIETYIN SOCIETYphys/chem/erg hazards
Turin Longitudinal Study
Municipality population registry
1971-05Life status
migrationReproductive history
...
Demographical events
Census 1971
Census 1981
Census 1991
Socio-economic status
Census 2001
Causes of death cod. A.S.L. 1981-2003cod. Istat 1970-1991
Drug prescriptions1997-2005
Hospital discharges1995-2005
Ambulatory services and emergency care
2002-2003
Cancer Incidence1985-2001
Drug addiction treatments1979-1994
Occupational injuries, dyalisis treatments, diabete diagnoses…
social-health events/status
Social assistance1987-1995 (2005)
incomedeprivation
…
Area indices
Census tracts and their aggregations
Population registry identification key
Master data file
Population registry identification key
TLS population: cohorts
1971census
20011991census
1981census
emigration
death emigration
death emigrationdeath
birthimmigration
birthimmigration
birthimmigration
Causes of death Cancer incidence
Hospitalization
DiabetesDrugprescriptions
Census n. records linked with pop. registry
% no linked
1971 1.209.009 1.023.957 15,3 1981 1.116.386 1.091.288 2,2 1991 962.507 930.072 3,4 2001 864.676 787.750 8,9*
* Population registry uncomplete update
TLS census-population registry linkage
787.750
626.361
524.834
356.664
0 100.000 200.000 300.000 400.000 500.000 600.000 700.000 800.000
2001
1991 ∩ 2001
1981 ∩ 1991 ∩ 2001
1971 ∩ 1981 ∩ 1991 ∩ 2001
TLS longitudinal dimension