Promoting Domestic Reforms through Regionalism

8/3/2019 Promoting Domestic Reforms through Regionalism

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EDJC ]nz`chm Rerkz _kzcks

Rznantchm Dnakstco Zkgnzastfzn{mf Zkmcnheicsa

Rfcicrre Dkk ehd



E A H f

Tfk ]nz`chm Rerkz skzcks cs e onhtch{etcnh ng tfk gnzakzi heakd Dcso{sscnh Rerkz skzcks0tfk h{ajkzchm ng tfk rerkzs onhtch{kd }ctfn{t chtkzz{rtcnh nz ofehmk( EDJC–s }nz`chmrerkzs zkgikot chctcei cdkes nh e tnrco ehd ezk rnstkd nhichk gnz dcso{sscnh( EDJC khon{zemks

zkedkzs tn rnst tfkcz onaakhts nh tfk aech remk gnz keof }nz`chm rerkz &mcwkh ch tfkoctetcnh jkin}#( _nak }nz`chm rerkzs ae dkwkinr chtn ntfkz gnzas ng r{jicoetcnh(

_{mmkstkd octetcnh<

Dkk) R() ehd E( AoHe{mftnh( :255( Rznantchm Dnakstco Zkgnzas tfzn{mf Zkmcnheicsa(EDJC ]nz`chm Rerkz Hn( ?5:( Tn`n< Esceh Dkwkinrakht Jeh` Chstct{tk( Eweciejik<fttr<..}}}(edjc(nzm.}nz`chm!rerkz.:255.52.5?.4=?:(rznantchm(dnakstco(zkgnzas(zkmcnheicsa.

Rfcicrre Dkk cs edl{hot essnocetk rzngkssnz et tfk Oze}gnzd _ofnni ng Konhnacos ehd

Mnwkzhakht) E{stzeiceh Hetcnhei [hcwkzsct) Oehjkzze) E{stzeice( Ehhk AoHe{mftnh csikot{zkz et tfk Geo{it ng Ie}) E{stzeiceh Hetcnhei [hcwkzsct) Oehjkzze) E{stzeice(

Eh kezickz wkzscnh ng tfcs rerkz }es rzkskhtkd et tfk Esceh Dkwkinrakht Jeh` Chstct{tkEhh{ei Onhgkzkhok :252( Tfk Rnictcoei Konhna ng Esceh Zkmcnheicsa) EDJC) Tn`n) ?Dkokajkz :252(

Tfk wck}s kvrzksskd ch tfcs rerkz ezk tfk wck}s ng tfk e{tfnzs ehd dn hnt hkokssezcizkgikot tfk wck}s nz rnicocks ng EDJC) tfk Esceh Dkwkinrakht Jeh` &EDJ#) cts Jnezd ngDczkotnzs) nz tfk mnwkzhakhts tfk zkrzkskht( EDJC dnks hnt m{ezehtkk tfk eoo{zeo ngtfk dete choi{dkd ch tfcs rerkz ehd eookrts hn zksrnhscjcict gnz eh onhsku{khoks ngtfkcz {sk( Tkzachninm {skd ae hnt hkokssezci jk onhscstkht }ctf EDJ nggcocei tkzas(



EDJC ]nz`chm Rerkz ?5: Dkk ehd AoHe{mftnh

Ejstzeot

Tfkzk cs e stznhm rzks{artcnh eanhm konhnacsts tfet dnakstco zkgnzas ezk rznantkd jzkmcnheicsa( Skt stznhm karczcoei kwcdkhok gnz tfcs rznrnsctcnh cs ieo`chm( Tfcs rerkzkveachks jntf tfk tfknzktcoei ezm{akhts ehd karczcoei kwcdkhok nh tfcs css{k) dze}chm nhtfk zkikweht konhnaco) rnictcoei) ehd ikmei ictkzet{zk( Tfk e{tfnzs ezm{k tfet ch mkhkzei) tfkoesk gnz zkocrznoct ch dnakstco zkgnzas cs }ke`( Ch tfk nhk oesk }fkzk e zkmcnheiemzkkakht errkezs tn fewk rznantkd dnakstco zkgnza—tfk K{znrkeh [hcnh &K[#—tfkkhgnzokakht akofehcsas {skd j tfk K{znrkeh On{zt ng L{stcok riekd e scmhcgcoeht znik(J{t tfnsk akofehcsas ezk hnt {hcu{k( Chstked) tfk e{tfnzs ezm{k tfet tfk K[–s s{ookss }es

jkoe{sk dnakstco onhstct{khts }kzk karn}kzkd tn te`k eotcnh emechst {honarktctcwkzkm{ietcnh( Tf{s tfk K[ rznantkd konhnaco zkgnza ch skhsctcwk) jkfchd!tfk!jnzdkz ezkesjkoe{sk ct nwkzoeak tfk rznjika ng inss ng snwkzkcmht j chtkzheic|chm tfk rnictcoei jettik tndnakstco chtkzksts) ehd kt stcii rznwcdkd e hnh!rnictcoei gzeak ng zkgkzkhok gnz tfk dkjetk(

LKI Oiesscgcoetcnh< D2:) D24) D=6) G5?) G5;) G;?) G;;




Onhtkhts

5( Chtznd{otcnh (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( ?

:( Tfknzktcoei Ezm{akhts ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 4

:(5 Rnictcoei konhna ezm{akhts ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 4:(: Konhnaco ezm{akhts ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 7

?( Karczcoei Kwcdkhok (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 6

?(5 Oesk st{dcks (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 6?(: Jzned!jz{sf konhnaktzco kwcdkhok (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 3?(? Kwcdkhok gzna kveachchm RTEs ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 5:

4( ]f fes Zkgnza jkkh [hcietkzei N{tscdk tfk K[> (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( :2

;(

]fet cs _rkocei Ejn{t tfk K[>

(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( :5

7( Fn} tn _ferk Zkmcnhei Chstct{tcnhs tn Rznantk Dnakstco Zkgnza> ((((((((((((((((((((((((( :7

Zkgkzkhoks ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( :3

Errkhdcv ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( ?4




5( CHTZND[OTCNH

’Tfcs rzks{artcnh Ptfet chtkzhetcnhei tzedk cs tfk aech wkfcoik gnz tzehsacttchm zkgnzas ehd chozkeschm konhnaco gzkkdnaQ cs sn chmzechkd) gnz konhnacsts ch reztco{iez) tfet ct cs fezd tn `hn} cts rzkocsk fcstnzcoei nzcmch(‑ &Messkjhkz) Mestnh) ehd Ieaie :226< 5#’Tn detk) tfk eweciejik) icactkd) kwcdkhok s{mmksts tfet) }ctf tfk kvokrtcnh ng tfk K{znrkeh [hcnh)anst skzwcoks rnico zkgnza fes jkkh {hcietkzei(‑ &Gzehoncs ehd Fnkàeh :252< 7=6#

Es tfk gczst u{ntetcnh ejnwk cii{stzetks) tfkzk cs e stznhm rzks{artcnh eanhm konhnacsts tfet tzedkehd konhnaco zkgnza ezk ich`kd( Nhk reztco{iez onzniiez cs tfet dnakstco zkgnzas ezk rznantkd jzkmcnheicsa) jkoe{sk zkmcnheicsa rznantks tzedk( Skt tfk skonhd u{ntetcnh ejnwk s{mmksts tfetstznhm karczcoei kwcdkhok gnz tfk skonhd rznrnsctcnh cs ieo`chm( Tfcs rerkz kveachks jntf tfktfknzktcoei ezm{akhts ehd karczcoei kwcdkhok nh tfcs css{k) dze}chm nh tfk zkikweht konhnaco)rnictcoei) ehd ikmei ictkzet{zk( Ct onhoi{dks }ctf snak rznrnseis nh fn} tn {sk zkmcnhei chstct{tcnhstn jkttkz s{rrnzt dnakstco zkgnza kggnzts(

Tfk rznrnsctcnh tfet dnakstco zkgnza acmft jk rznantkd tfzn{mf zkmcnheicsa oeh jk kctfkz e

te{tninm nz eh carnsscjcict) dkrkhdchm nh fn} tfk tkzas ezk dkgchkd( Tfcs rerkz te`ks e jzneddkgchctcnh ng dnakstco zkgnza) nhk tfet cs chdkrkhdkht ng snak hntcnhs ng aez`kt chtkmzetcnh(Dnakstco zkgnza) dkgchkd es jkfchd!tfk!jnzdkz zkgnza) onarzcsks t}n `k kikakhts<

onhtkstejcict—}fkzk aez`kt onarktctcnh dktkzachks konhnaco n{tonaks ch eiioczo{astehoks }fkzk onarktctcnh cs errznrzcetk0 ehd

errznrzcetk zkm{ietcnh—}fkzk }kii!dkscmhkd zkm{ietcnh m{cdks aez`kt n{tonaks ch tfnskoesks }fkzk aez`kt gnzoks einhk oehhnt jk m{ezehtkkd tn dkicwkz tfk jkst n{tonaks(

Errznrzcetk zkm{ietcnh cs zku{czkd ch oesks ng aez`kt geci{zk) }fkzk ’het{zei‑ anhnrni)esaaktzco chgnzaetcnh) ehd.nz kvtkzheictcks rzkwkht aez`kts gzna dkicwkzchm kggcockht n{tonaks(Errznrzcetk zkm{ietcnh ae eisn jk zku{czkd }fkzk mnwkzhakhts fewk eddctcnhei njlkotcwksjkscdks kggcockho) s{of es ku{ct) segkt) ehd dcwkzsct(




chtkzeotcnh( Tfkzk cs eh eirfe!h{akzco sn{r ng chstct{tcnhei ezzehmkakhts—choi{dchm tfkEssnocetcnh ng _n{tfkest Esceh Hetcnhs &E_KEH#) E_KEH?) E_KEH7)5

_n tfk u{kstcnh caricoct ch tfk tctik ng tfcs rerkz fes t}n rnsscjik chtkzrzktetcnhs( Tfk gczst cs}fktfkz aez`kt!ikd zkmcnheicsa ozketks s{ggcockht dheacos tn rznantk dnakstco zkgnza) }ctfn{ttfk esscstehok ng zkmcnhei chstct{tcnhs( Fn}kwkz) ch wkz nrkh konhnacks ct ae jk dcggco{it chrzeotcok tn dcstchm{csf {hcietkzei zkgnza tfet fes jkkh sr{zzkd j aez`kt!ikd zkmcnheicsa gzna tfetsr{zzkd j ntfkz geotnzs &s{of es r{zki dnakstco onarktctcwk geotnzs#( _n tfcs chtkzrzktetcnh ng tfku{kstcnh jnzdkzs nh tfk te{tninmcoei( Tfk skonhd chtkzrzktetcnh cs }fktfkz eh ng tfk o{zzkht zegt

ng zkmcnhei chstct{tcnhs oeh g{ztfkz rznantk dnakstco zkgnza( Tfcs rerkz onhokhtzetks nh tfkskonhd chtkzrzktetcnh—}fktfkz dnakstco zkgnza cs jkttkz rznantkd j zkmcnhei chstct{tcnhs) zetfkztfeh {hcietkzeii j aez`kt geotnzs &choi{dchm aez`kt!ikd zkmcnheicsa#(

tfk Kest Esceh _{aact&KE_#) tfk E_KEH Zkmcnhei Gnz{a &EZG#) ehd Esce!Reocgco Konhnaco Onnrkzetcnh &ERKO#—tfet

ezk dkscmhkd tn rznantk oinskz chtkzeotcnh) hnt l{st gnz konhnaco j{t eisn gnz rnictcoei ehd sko{zctr{zrnsks(

Tfk hkvt skotcnh kveachks tfk tfknzktcoei ezm{akhts nh }f gnzaei zkmcnhei emzkkakhts acmft{skg{ii rznantk zkgnza( Tfk ezm{akhts ezk jntf rnictcoei ehd konhnaco( Eii fewk jkkh {skd etwezcn{s tcaks tn ezm{k tfet gnzaei zkmcnhei emzkkakhts fkir tn rznantk tzedk zkgnza et tfkjnzdkz( _nak ng tfksk ezm{akhts kvtkhd tn zkgnzas jkfchd tfk jnzdkz(

Tfk gniin}chm skotcnh kveachks tfk karczcoei kwcdkhok) choi{dchm oesk st{dcks ehd konhnaktzcokwcdkhok gzna tfk konhnaco) rnictcoei) ehd ikmei ictkzet{zk( _nak kwcdkhok cs oczo{astehtcei—inn`chm et }fet fes ferrkhkd ch on{htzcks tfet fewk khtkzkd zkmcnhei ezzehmkakhts—ehd snakcs anzk dczkot—inn`chm ch dkteci et tfk onaactakhts aedk ch zkmcnhei emzkkakhts( Tfk karczcoeikwcdkhok tkhds tn s{rrnzt tfk gchdchm ch tfk skonhd u{ntetcnh ejnwk—tfet gk} zkmcnheiezzehmkakhts ntfkz tfeh tfk K{znrkeh [hcnh &K[# fewk s{ookssg{ii rznantkd dnakstco zkgnza(

Tfk rerkz hkvt kveachks tfk zkesnhs gnz tfksk gchdchms( Wezcn{s }zctkzs fewk nggkzkd e zehmk ngzkesnhs }f hnh!K[ tzedk emzkkakhts fewk hnt rznantkd dnakstco zkgnza( Tfcs rerkz eisnkveachks tfk rnictcoei ehd ikmei ictkzet{zk gnz tfk g{hdeakhtei zkesnhs }f tfk K[ fess{ookkdkd( Onhtzez tn snak rnr{iez onhokrtcnhs) tfk `k cs hnt) nz hnt sniki) tfk kvcstkhok ng es{rzehetcnhei chstct{tcnhei gzeak}nz`( Tfcs cs gnzt{hetk) schok cs ct }cdki emzkkd tfet tfk Escehzkmcnh fes hn testk gnz s{of e gzeak}nz`( J{t ntfkz kikakhts ng tfk zkocrk gnz s{ookss ezktzehsgkzzejik Tfk gchei skotcnh ng tfcs rerkz tfkzkgnzk ae`ks s{mmkstcnhs gnz fn} Esceh zkmcnhei




zkstzcot tfkcz rn}kzs ch tfk r{jico chtkzkst( Tfcs kvriechs }f mnwkzhakhts emzkk) gnz kvearik) tndkikmetk anhktez rnico tn chdkrkhdkht okhtzei jeh`s(

Ct cs eisn }f mnwkzhakhts ae hnt zki nh {hcietkzei eotcnh tn eofckwk kctfkz tzedk zkgnza nzjkfchd!tfk!jnzdkz zkgnza) j{t zetfkz jchd tfkaskiwks ch e gnzaei tzket }ctf tzedchm rezthkzs( Tfcszetcnheik cs zkonmhc|kd ch tfk ikmei ictkzet{zk &gnz kvearik) Re{}kih :22;# es }kii es ch tfkkonhnaco ehd rnictcoei konhna ictkzet{zk &gnz kvearik) Aeztch :225#( Ikmei sofniezs tkhd tnstzkss tfet s{of ezzehmkakhts eisn rzntkot tfk onaactakhts gzna tfk ’chstejcict‑ ng’zkrzkskhtetcwk dkanozeo‑—ch ntfkz }nzds) tfk rznjika ng stzetkmco jkfewcnz cs hnt l{st erznjika ng wkstkd chtkzkst mzn{rs) j{t e rznjika ng dkanozeo anzk jznedi( Tf{s) gnz kvearik)Teiijkzm &:22:# {sks tfk tcak chonhscstkho rznjika tn kvriech }f tfk K[ akajkz stetks fewkofnskh tn dkikmetk e{tfnzct tn s{rzehetcnhei chstct{tcnhs jknhd dczkot dkanozetco onhtzni(

Eh chtkzkstchm wezceht ng tfk onaactakht ezm{akht cs tfet zkgnza oeh noo{z }ctfch e zkmcnhei tzedkezzehmkakht es e rzko{zsnz tn tfk ’aech kwkht‑—tfet cs) ]nzid Tzedk Nzmehc|etcnh &]TN#akajkzsfcr( Ktfckz &53360 53330 :225# fes gnzaeic|kd wezcehts ng tfcs ezm{akht( Fcs andkis ezkkvricoct ettkarts tn oert{zk snak ng tfk seickht gket{zks ng ’tfczd!}ewk‑ nz ’hk} emk‑ rzkgkzkhtceitzedk emzkkakhts &RTEs#( Tfksk emzkkakhts gczst kakzmkd ch tfk 5332s ehd }kzk hnt nhi ejn{takzofehdcsk tzedk) j{t eisn choi{dkd ezkes s{of es skzwcoks) chwkstakht) onarktctcnh rnico)mnwkzhakht rzno{zkakht) k!onaakzok) iejnz) ehd khwcznhakhtei stehdezds(

Ktfckz njskzwks tfet aeh hk} emk emzkkakhts ezk jkt}kkh saeii ’n{tscdk‑ on{htzcks tfet ezkhnt kt akajkzs ng tfk }nzid tzedchm sstka):

Eh n{tscdk on{htz–s sni{tcnh cs tn scmh e RTE }ctf eh chscdk on{htz chwniwchm khn{mf tzedchmonhoksscnhs tn tfk chscdk on{htz sn tfet ct }cii ch t{zh fewk eh chokhtcwk tn eot es eh khgnzokz ehdzkteicetk cg tfk n{tscdk on{htz dkwcetks gzna cts zkgnza onaactakht( Tfk eca cs hnt hkokssezci tnzkokcwk khnzan{s onhoksscnhs gzna tfk chscdk on{htz ch zkt{zh( Eii tfet cs zku{czkd cs e saeiitzedk onhoksscnh) sn tfet a{itchetcnheis fewk eh chokhtcwk tn inoetk ch tfk n{tscdk on{htz( Ktfckz&:225# eisn kveachks tfk chokhtcwks ng tfk iezmk chscdk on{htz tn eookdk tn s{of ehezzehmkakht kwkh ch rzkgkzkhok tn r{zs{chm g{ztfkz a{itcietkzei zkgnza

ehd iezmkz ’chscdk‑ on{htzcks tfet ezk( Tfk saeiin{tscdk on{htzcks }eht tn zkgnza tfkcz chtkzhei konhnacks sn tfet tfk oeh jk eookrtkd esakajkzs ng tfk minjei tzedchm sstka( Ktfckz esskzts tfet tfk scmh ng s{ookssg{i zkgnza cs }fktfkztfksk on{htzcks ettzeot gnzkcmh dczkot chwkstakht &GDC#( Tfkcz rznjika cs fn} tn scmhei e ozkdcjikonaactakht tn zkgnza ch edwehok(




carnzt!onarktchm chd{stzcks( Reztcocretcnh ch zkmcnhei ezzehmkakhts ae fkir tn j{cid s{rrnzt gnzicjkzeic|etcnh) jkoe{sk kvrnztkzs }fn }n{id mech gzna mzketkz eookss tn nwkzskes aez`kts oehon{htkz tfk rzkss{zk gzna tfnsk ch carnzt!onarktchm chd{stzcks) }fn }n{id insk gzna in}kz carnzt

rzntkotcnh et fnak( Tfcs ezm{akht cs gn{hd ch ]nzid Jeh` &:222# ehd ch Fnkàeh ehd Aettnn&:255#) gnz kvearik(

E tfczd zetcnheik) oinski zkietkd tn tfk onaactakht ezm{akht) cs tfk ’s`fnn`‑ ezm{akht(Mnwkzhakhts ae jk ferr tn te`k dkocscnhs ch tfk r{jico chtkzkst tfet {rskt reztco{iez wkstkdchtkzksts) j{t gchd ct onhwkhckht tn jieak tfczd reztcks sn es tn ksoerk kikotnzei r{hcsfakht &gnzkvearik) Teiijkzm :22:#( Tfk tfczd reztcks ae jk tzedchm rezthkz mnwkzhakhts &ch RTEs# nzs{rzehetcnhei chstct{tcnhs &ch tfk K[ #(

E gchei ichk ng ezm{akht cs nhk tfet stzkssks tfk edachcstzetcwk kggcockho ng te`chm dktecikd zkgnzarznrnseis n{t ng tfk rnictcoei srfkzk( Rnictcocehs &es rzchocreis# esscmh tfk dktecikd z{ik!ae`chm tnemkhts) }fn tfkh dkwkinr ehd erri tfkcz rnico!zkikweht kvrkztcsk) sewchm rnictcocehs– tcak gnzanzk mkhkzei rnico dkocscnhs( Tfcs ezm{akht fes jkkh {skd tn kvriech tfk dkikmetcnh ng rn}kzstn s{rzehetcnhei chstct{tcnhs ch tfk K[ &Teiijkzm :22:#) ehd tfk dkikmetcnh ng tzedk hkmntcetcnh ehdz{ik!ae`chm tn tzedk nggcoceis ch Mkhkwe &Re{}kih :22;#( Ch tfk onhtkvt ng dnakstco zkgnza) ctjkms tfk u{kstcnh ng }f dkikmetcnh tn eh kvtkzhei emkht cs rzkgkzejik tn dkikmetcnh tn e dnakstcoj{zke{ozeo tfet cs) ch et ikest snak rnictcoei sstkas) s{rrnskd tn jk ernictcoei(

Tfkzk cs et ikest nhk rnictcoei konhna ezm{akht gnz }f e a{itcietkzei nz ri{zcietkzei gnz{a aejk chcacoei tn dnakstco zkgnza( Cg tfk zkgnza te`ks rieok a{itcietkzeii) tfk rnsscjcict ngkvofehmchm onhoksscnhs eoznss skotnzs ch tfk g{t{zk ae chd{ok on{htzcks tn }ctffnid zkgnzastnde( Fezas) Aettnn) ehd _of{`hkoft &:22?# oieca tfet tfcs kvriechs tfk in} ikwki ng ]TNonaactakhts j snak on{htzcks ch gchehocei skzwcoks) jkoe{sk tfk gchehocei skzwcoks emzkkakht}es onhoi{dkd ch e skrezetk schmik!skotnz hkmntcetcnh egtkz tfk [z{m{e Zn{hd) ehd reztcocrehtsa{st fewk fed e zkesnhejik kvrkotetcnh ng g{t{zk a{itc!skotnzei hkmntcetcnhs( Tfk eisn hntk tfettfkzk cs e mkhkzei chokhtcwk tn zktech hkmntcetcnh onch) ehd gnzmn tfk jkhkgcts ng {hcietkzeiicjkzeic|etcnh) j on{htzcks tfet geok fcmf khtz jezzckzs &choi{dchm jkfchd!tfk!jnzdkz jezzckzs# chtn

tfkcz nwkzskes kvrnzt aez`kts ehd fewk s{ggcockht jezmechchm rn}kz tn kvtzeot onhoksscnhs gznatfkcz tzedchm rezthkzs(

:(: Konhnaco ezm{akhts




chwniwkd ch tfk tzedk ng o{stnac|kd chr{ts &gnz kvearik) rznd{okz skzwcoks#) ehd tfk nrrnzt{hctgnz rnst!onhtzeot{ei nrrnzt{hcsa tfet tfcs rznwcdks( Cg gczas oehhnt ozkdcji onaact tn e rzcok chedwehok) tfk wni{ak ng tzedk }cii jk tnn in} gzna tfk rkzsrkotcwk ng chtkzhetcnhei kggcockho }fkh

mnwkzhakhts skt tzedk rnico {hcietkzeii( J kvrehdchm tfk wni{ak ng tzedk ch tfk o{stnac|kdchr{t) tzedk emzkkakhts oeh rntkhtceii anwk on{htzcks tn}ezd tfk chtkzhetcnhei kggcockho gznhtckz(J{t tfcs jkhkgcocei n{tonak nhi onaks ejn{t cg mnwkzhakhts fewk hn rnictcoei konhna&dcstzcj{tcnhei# antcwks) j{t ezk nhi onhokzhkd }ctf aevcac|chm zkei hetcnhei chonak &kggcockho#(?

Ct cs rnsscjik tn gchd ezm{akhts gnz }f tzedk ae jk chcacoei tn dnakstco zkgnza( Messkjhkz)Mestnh) ehd Ieaie &:226# ezm{k chstked tfet gzkkz tzedk ae zkchgnzok e stet{s u{n jces chdnakstco rnicocks( Gzkkz tzedk }cii jkhkgct tfk srkocgco geotnz ch tfk kvrnztchm skotnz( J{t dcwkzsct ngkonhnaco chstct{tcnhs &dnakstco zkgnza ch nhk on{htz) ieo` ng zkgnza ch tfk ntfkz# ae jk tfk

sn{zok ng tfk mechs gzna tzedk( Cg tfk srkocgco geotnz ch tfk kvrnztchm skotnz cs rnictcoeii chgi{khtcei)tfk ae injj gnz tzedk zkgnza j{t emechst dnakstco zkgnza) kwkh cg tfk t}n tnmktfkz }n{idmkhkzetk e fcmfkz jkhkgct tn tfk konhna es e }fnik( Tfk octk Chdce es e rnsscjik kvearik ngtfcs rfkhnakhnh( Tfcs ezm{akht }n{id eisn kvriech }f aeh ng tfk zkmcnhei tzedk emzkkakhtsjkt}kkh dkwkinrchm on{htzcks ch tfk Kest Esceh zkmcnh ezk fkew nh akzofehdcsk tzedk zkgnzaj{t &tfk tctiks ng ofertkzs ch tfk tzedk emzkkakhts hnt}ctfstehdchm# icmft nh ntfkz trks ng zkgnza&Nofcec) Dkk) ehd Gchdie :252#(

E dcggkzkht `chd ng konhnaco ezm{akht cs e ’srciinwkzs‑ ezm{akht eztco{ietkd j @e}ec ehd

]cmhezele &:255# ehd O|eme &:224#) eanhm ntfkzs( @e}ec ehd ]cmhezele &:255# ezm{k tfet KestEsce–s aez`kt!ikd chtkmzetcnh ehd cts dkwkinrakht ng rznd{otcnh hkt}nz`s ehd zkmcnh!}cdk s{rriofechs fes jkm{h tn zku{czk hnt l{st g{ztfkz icjkzeic|etcnh ng tzedk ehd GDC) j{t eisn tfkfezanhc|etcnh ng rnicocks) z{iks) ehd stehdezds mnwkzhchm tzedk ehd chwkstakht) es }kii es tfkrzntkotcnh ng chwkstakht ehd chtkiikot{ei rznrkzt zcmfts( Tf{s icjkzeic|etcnh et tfk jnzdkz fesjkm{h tn ozketk rzkss{zk gnz fezanhc|etcnh jkfchd tfk jnzdkz( Tfk ezm{k tfet Escehrnicoae`kzs wck} RTEs es wkfcoiks tn s{rrnzt tfcs fezanhc|etcnh kggnzt( Tfk ezk tf{s rezt ng tfkrnico gzeak}nz` tn dkkrkh rznd{otcnh hkt}nz`s ehd s{rri ofechs gnzakd j minjeia{itchetcnheis ehd kakzmchm Esceh gczas( Lereh–s s{rrnzt gnz tfk dkwkinrakht ng eh E_KEHKonhnaco Onaa{hct tfzn{mf cts g{hdchm ng tfk Konhnaco Zkskezof Chstct{tk gnz E_KEH ehd KestEsce cs onhscstkht }ctf tfcs cdke(

@e}ec ehd ]cmhezele &:255# eisn hntk tfet tfk zkmcnh–s zksrnhsk tn tfk Esceh gchehocei ozcscs fes




?( KARCZCOEI KWCDKHOK

Mcwkh tfk wezckt ng tfknzktcoei ezm{akhts }f zkmcnhei chstct{tcnhs ae rznantk dnakstco zkgnza)nhk }n{id kvrkot tfk karczcoei kwcdkhok tn jkez tfka n{t( Tfk r{zrnsk ng tfcs skotcnh cs tnoehwes tfk karczcoei ictkzet{zk(

?(5 Oesk st{dcks

Chdcwcd{ei oesk st{dcks kstejicsf tfet zkmcnheicsa cs hkctfkz hkokssez hnz s{ggcockht gnz dnakstcozkgnza( _kwkzei kveariks oeh jk octkd tn sfn} tfet gnzaei zkmcnhei emzkkakhts ezk hnthkokssez(

Aeztch &:225# sfn}s tfet }fcik Kest Esceh zkgnzakzs fewk s{ookssg{ii aedk aeh ng tfk zkgnzastn dnakstco ehd tzedk rnicocks zku{czkd tn sko{zk kvrnzt ehd chonak mzn}tf) tfkzk fes jkkh hnschmik errzneof tn eofckwchm tfcs( Tfk RZO–s zkgnza rznokss gno{skd aechi nh {hcietkzei zkgnzaehd ]TN eooksscnh( Aeztch ezm{ks tfet skwkzei Kest Esceh tzehsctcnh konhnacks &Oeajndce) IenRDZ) Aehaez) ehd Wckt Hea# {skd eooksscnh tn tfk E_KEH Gzkk Tzedk Emzkkakhts &EGTE# esrezt ng tfkcz zkgnza stzetkm) tfn{mf fk hntks tfet snak ng tfk kvokrtcnhs eiin}kd {hdkz tfknzcmchei icjkzeic|etcnh onaactakhts }kzk kvoksscwk( Fk hntks tfet Wckt Hea–s ehd Ien RDZ–sjcietkzei emzkkakhts }ctf tfk [_ zku{czkd anzk kvtkhscwk zkgnzas( J{t es hntkd ejnwk) tfksk

}kzk ksskhtceii dzkss zkfkezseis gnz ]TN eooksscnh( ]TN eooksscnh fes eisn jkkh e `k dzcwkzng {hcietkzei zkgnza ch Oeajndce(

Gzehoncs &:22;# ezm{ks tfet K[ eooksscnh }n{id hnt kvkzt a{of rzkss{zk nh T{z`k tnzkstz{ot{zk cts tzehsrnzt) jkoe{sk T{z`k fes tn e iezmk kvtkht {hdkzte`kh tfk zku{czkd zkgnzasehd r{t ch rieok tfk zku{czkd zkm{ietnz gzeak}nz`s {hcietkzeii(

]fcik tfksk kveariks sfn} RTE akajkzsfcr nz eooksscnh cs hnt hkokssez gnz dnakstco zkgnza)tfk kvrkzckhoks ng Oehede ehd Akvcon sfn} tfet ct cs hnt s{ggcockht(

Jezcofkiin &:224# ezm{ks tfet tfk kggkot ng tfk Hnztf Eakzcoeh Gzkk Tzedk Emzkkakht &HEGTE# nzcts rzkdkokssnz) tfk Oehede‟[_ Tzedk Emzkkakht &O[_TE#) nh dnakstco emzco{it{zei rnicozkgnza ch Oehede fes jkkh achcaei( Fk hntks tfet tfk hkmntcetcnhs }kzk onhd{otkd srkocgcoeii tnewncd skhsctcwk hnhtezcgg jezzckzs( Ch nhk chstehok O[_TE eot{eii ikd tn eh chozkesk ch rzntkotcnh




tfk rksn ozcscs—e dktkzcnzetcnh ch onhtzeot khgnzokejcict ehd eh chozkesk ch hnhrkzgnzachminehs(4

]fcik RTEs ae jk hkctfkz hkokssez hnz s{ggcockht gnz dnakstco zkgnza) }fet cs tfkrzkrnhdkzehok ng karczcoei kwcdkhok> Ct onaks ch t}n trks—jzned!jz{sf konhnaktzcokvkzocsks) ehd anzk dktecikd onarezcsnhs ng RTE onaactakhts }ctf dnakstco rnicocks(

?(: Jzned!jz{sf konhnaktzco kwcdkhok

?(:(5 Kwcdkhok gzna konhnaco rerkzs

Tfk karczcoei gchdchms ng Messkjhkz) Mestnh) ehd Ieaie &:226# ezk ch ichk }ctf tfkcz tfknzktcoei

ezm{akhts( [schm e rehki ng 544 on{htzcks nwkz 533;‟:227) tfk gchd tfet karczcoeii) konhnacozkgnzas ezk hnt dzcwkh j mzketkz tzedk nrkhhkss( Tfk eisn gchd tfet zkgnzas ezk hnt fejct!gnzachm—chstked tfkzk cs e stet{s u{n jces( J{t tfk dcd gchd kwcdkhok ng tfk carnztehok ngzkgnzas ch ntfkz on{htzcks( Tfk carnzteht akofehcsa cs hnt chtkzhetcnhei tzedk) j{t mknmzerfcoeiehd o{it{zei rznvcact( On{htzcks tfet ezk anzk chtkmzetkd ch tfk rznokss ng tfk minjei kvofehmk ngchgnzaetcnh eisn tkhd tn jk anzk zkgnza!achdkd( Gcheii) tfk gchd tfet K[ akajkzsfcr eisn fkirs(

Fezas) Aettnn) ehd _of{`hkoft &:22?# kveachk karczcoeii }fet dzcwks &tfk ieo` ng# icjkzeic|etcnhonaactakhts ch gchehocei skzwcoks tzedk &eh kvearik ng e jkfchd!tfk!jnzdkz onaactakht aedktfzn{mf e tzedk emzkkakht#( Tfk gchd karczcoei kwcdkhok tn s{rrnzt tfk cdke tfet akajkzs ngchtkzhetcnhei tzedk oneictcnhs ch emzco{it{zk ehd tkvtciks fkid jeo` gchehocei skzwcoks onaactakhts)rnsscji tn {sk tfka es jezmechchm ofcrs ch g{t{zk hkmntcetcnhs(

?(:(: Kwcdkhok gzna ikmei ehd rnictcoei rerkzs

Tfk K[ cs s{rrnskdi tfk ezofktrcoei kvearik ng e gnzaei zkmcnhei emzkkakht tfet fesmkhkzetkd dnakstco zkgnza( ]fet dnks tfk K[!gno{skd ictkzet{zk se> Gnz karczcoei kwcdkhok nhtfcs sonzk) }k hkkd tn t{zh tn tfk ikmei zetfkz tfeh tfk konhnaco ictkzet{zk) gnz tfk gniin}chmzkesnh(

Tfk K[ Tzket cs e hkmetcwk icst emzkkakht—kwkztfchm cs icjkzeic|kd {hikss ntfkz}csk stetkd(Tfcs cs ch onhtzest tn rnsctcwk icst emzkkakhts) s{of es tfk srkocgco onaactakhts ng tfk MkhkzeiEmzkkakht nh Tzedk ch _kzwcoks &MET_# {hdkz tfk ]TN) }fkzk hntfchm cs icjkzeic|kd {hikss




r{jico fkeitf &scaciez tn tfk Eztcoik VV kvokrtcnhs ng tfk Mkhkzei Emzkkakht nh Tezcggs ehd Tzedk&METT#) tfn{mf ch tfk K[ Tzket tfk dktecis wez dkrkhdchm nh tfk ezke onwkzkd#(

Tfkzkgnzk) nhk akes{zk ng eot{ei zkgnza ch tfk K[ cs rznwcdkd j tfk khgnzokakht ng tfksknzcmchei jzned onaactakhts tfzn{mf dcsr{tk zksni{tcnh) zetfkz tfeh j tfk mzed{ei eoo{a{ietcnh nganzk eajctcn{s onaactakhts( Ehd ch tfk kezi kezs) dksrctk tfkcz njicmetcnhs {hdkz tfk Tzketcks)akajkz stetks }kzk hnt dcsaehtichm tzedk jezzckzs) kctfkz et nz jkfchd tfkcz jnzdkzs &AoHe{mftnh:255#) sn dcsr{tk zksni{tcnh }es tfk `k akofehcsa j }fcof eot{ei zkgnza tnn` rieok( _kacheikarczcoei }nz` ch tfcs ezke cs j _tnhk _}kkt ehd Jz{hkii &5336#(

Tfk onhokcwk ng K{znrkeh chtkmzetcnh es e zksrnhsk tn tfk dkaehds ng tfnsk chdcwcd{eis ehdonarehcks }fn hkkd K{znrkeh z{iks &tfet cs) e anzk zkgnzakd zkmcak#) ehd tfnsk }fn ezkedwehtemkd j K{znrkeh ie} ehd rzeotcoks onarezkd }ctf hetcnhei ie} ehd rzeotcoks( Tf{s gznae ikmei rkzsrkotcwk) tfk ezm{k tfet chtkmzetcnh dkrkhds nh tfk dkwkinrakht ng anzk icjkzei z{ikstn mnwkzh tzehshetcnhei eotcwctcks) tfk oereoct ng s{rzehetcnhei nzmehc|etcnhs tn zksrnhd tn tfnskdkaehds) ehd e stejik ehd kggkotcwk akehs ng zksniwchm ikmei dcsr{tks(

G{ztfkzanzk) tfk ezm{k tfet tn tfk kvtkht tfet tfk ikmei sstka eot{eii zkanwkd hetcnhei jezzckzstn kvofehmk }ctfch tfk K[ &e rznokss `hn}h ch ikmei oczoiks es hkmetcwk chtkmzetcnh ) ehd ch tzedkoczoiks zn{mfi ku{cweikht tn tfk ednrtcnh ng hkmetcwk icst icjkzeic|etcnh onaactakhts tfetcaakdcetki zku{czk tfk kicachetcnh ng eii hnh!onhgnzachm akes{zks#) ct r{t rzkss{zk nhmnwkzhakhts tn ednrt K[ aez`kt zkm{ietcnhs &`hn}h ch ikmei oczoiks es rnsctcwk chtkmzetcnh ) ehd chtzedk oczoiks zn{mfi ku{cweikht tn tfk dkwkinrakht ng K[ dczkotcwks ehd ntfkz skonhdezikmcsietcnh tn rznwcdk e zkgnzakd jkfchd!tfk!jnzdkz zkm{ietnz stz{ot{zk) s{of es tfzn{mffezanhc|etcnh) tn khs{zk tfet tfk jkhkgcts ng icjkzeic|etcnh }kzk zkeic|kd#(7

Tn tkst tfcs rznrnsctcnh) _tnhk _}kkt ehd Jz{hkii &5336# {hdkzte`k zkmzksscnh eheiscs nwkz tfkrkzcnd 5375 tn 533: tn tkst }fktfkz tfk kvtkht ng tzehshetcnhei dcsr{tk skttikakht &akes{zkd jtfk ehh{ei h{ajkz ng sn!oeiikd Eztcoik 5== zkgkzkhoks) }fnsk scmhcgcoehok cs kvriechkd ch e ietkzskotcnh# cs chgi{khokd j tfk ikwki ng tzehshetcnhei eotcwct &akes{zkd j ehh{ei ikwkis ng chtze!K[tzedk# ehd tfk h{ajkz ng K{znrkeh z{iks &akes{zkd j tfk ehh{ei h{ajkz ng dczkotcwks ehdzkm{ietcnhs rzna{imetkd j tfk K{znrkeh Onaacsscnh#( Hntk tfet eoonzdchm tn tfk nzcmchei K[Tzket) eii hetcnhei akes{zks zkstzcotchm tzedk }kzk zku{czkd tn jk ejnicsfkd j tfk khd ng 5373)ehd j wczt{k ng tfk dnotzchk ng dczkot kggkot chctcetkd ch 537? &tfk scmhcgcoehok ng }fcof cs eisndcso{sskd ietkz# tzedkzs on{id tfkh es` hetcnhei l{dmks hnt tn erri s{of akes{zks Mcwkh tfk




onhokzhkd l{st t}n skotnzs—tfk gzkk anwkakht ng mnnds ehd emzco{it{zk( Gzna 5335 tn 533;)tfksk t}n ezkes eoon{htkd gnz nhi :=+ ng tntei zkgkzkhoks) }fcik ezkes s{of es kstejicsfakht&tfet cs) onaakzocei rzkskhok#) tzehsrnzt) onarktctcnh) snocei rznwcscnhs) snocei sko{zct) tevks)

ehd tfk khwcznhakht fed mzn}h ch zkietcwk carnztehok(]fet tfk gchdchm dnks s{mmkst cs tfet ct }es tfk eotcnhs ng chdcwcd{eis chwniwkd ch tzedk tfet dznwktfk icjkzeic|etcnh( Tfk eotcwct ng tfk K{znrkeh Onaacsscnh ch mkhkzetchm eddctcnhei dczkotcwks ehdzkm{ietcnhs }es a{of ikss carnzteht &tfn{mf stcii stetcstcoeii scmhcgcoeht#( Ch geot) tfk {sk ngdczkotcwks zkeofkd cts rke` jkt}kkh 5367 ehd 533:) ehd tfkzkegtkz tfk Onaacsscnh gn{hd ctchozkeschmi dcggco{it tn rznantk chtkmzetcnh tfzn{mf dczkot ikmcsietcnh &AoHe{mftnh ehd G{zinhm:226#(

Rcteze`cs ehd Tzcdcaes &:22?# {hdkzte`k a{of anzk oezkg{i konhnaktzco eheiscs) rechmreztco{iez ettkhtcnh tn dczkotcnhs ng oe{seict &ehd fkhok tfk khdnmkhkct ng chtze!K[ tzedk#( Tfkonhgcza tfet ikmei ofeiikhmks tn chstehoks ng chonaretcjcict jkt}kkh K[ ie} ehd hetcnhei ie} &erznokss tfk oeii ikmei chtkmzetcnh# fes scmhcgcoehti jnnstkd K[ tzedk( Chtkzkstchmi) Oezz{jje ehdA{zzef &:22;# eisn gchd tfet r{jico s{rrnzt gnz K[ chtkmzetcnh ehd r{jico rnictcoei e}ezkhkss eisnjnnst tfk {sk ng tfk ikmei sstka tn s{rrnzt konhnaco chtkmzetcnh(

Hnt nhi fes tfk s{jlkot aettkz ng ofeiikhmks tn hetcnhei ikmcsietcnh jkonak jznedkz nwkz tcak) sntnn fes tfk ikmei chtkzrzktetcnh ng }fet onhstct{tks e zkm{ietnz carkdcakht tn konhnacochtkmzetcnh( Jkoe{sk tfk Tzket njicmetcnhs ezk jeskd nh tfk rzchocrik ng hkmetcwk chtkmzetcnh)&tfet cs) tfk zkanwei ng jezzckzs tn tzedk# ehd ezk jzned!jz{sf) ct fes jkkh tfzn{mf l{dcoceichtkzrzktetcnh ehd tfk eoozktcnh ng oesk ie} tfet zkm{ietnz jezzckzs fewk jkkh dkgchkd( Jezhezd&:252# dno{akhts fn} e mzed{ei }cdkhchm ng chtkzrzktetcnh fes noo{zzkd eoznss eii tfk `k rciiezsng K[ chtkmzetcnh—gzkk anwkakht ng mnnds) gzkk anwkakht ng skzwcoks) gzkk anwkakht ngrkzsnhs &jntf het{zei ehd ikmei) }fkzk tfk anwkakht ng tfk iettkz noo{zs tfzn{mf kstejicsfakht#)ehd gzkk anwkakht ng oerctei( Chtkzrzktetcnhs chctceii gno{skd nh ’hnh!dcsozcachetcnh‑) j{t tfk oeskie} tfkh }cdkhkd tn choi{dk jezzckzs tn ’aez`kt eookss‑—zkm{ietnz akes{zks tfet ae hntkvricocti dcsozcachetk emechst gnzkcmh sn{zoks ng mnnds) skzwcoks) rknrik nz oerctei) j{t }fcof

hkwkztfkikss carkdk tfkcz eookss( Anst zkokhti) tfk onhokrt fes }cdkhkd kwkh g{ztfkz tn ehakes{zk tfet cs e ’zkstzcotcnh nh‑ nz ’njsteoik tn‑ gzkk anwkakht(

Ch tfk ezke ng mnnds) {hdkz tfk sn!oeiikd Dessnhwciik gnza{ie) gnz kvearik) ’eii tzedchm z{iks‑ tfetezk ’oerejik ng fchdkzchm dczkoti nz chdczkoti eot{eii nz rntkhtceii‑ chtze!K[ tzedk ezk




anwkakhts }kzk gcheii icjkzeic|kd) ehd hnt {htci 533; tfet jezzckzs }kzk eiin}kd tn jk tfk s{jlkotng tzehshetcnhei dcsr{tk skttikakht eotcnhs &ehd tf{s s{jlkot tn l{dcocei chtkzrzktetcnh# ch tfk seak}e es jezzckzs tn mnnds) rknrik nz skzwcoks( J{t tfk l{zcsrz{dkhok fes dkwkinrkd einhm scaciez

ichks tn tfet gnz skzwcoks( Tfk gzkk anwkakht ng oerctei }es e onhdctcnh ng khtz chtn tfk gczst stemkng anhktez {hcnh(

?(? Kwcdkhok gzna kveachchm RTEs

Tfk ejnwk konhnaktzco kwcdkhok cs zkietcwki jzned!jz{sf—ct tksts gnz ich`s jkt}kkh tzedk ehddnakstco zkgnza) }ctfn{t inn`chm sstkaetcoeii et tfk chgi{khok ng zkmcnhei tzedk emzkkakhts( Emzket dkei ng ictkzet{zk kveachks tfk kggkots ng fewchm e RTE ch rieok( E zkietcwki saeii j{t

mzn}chm ictkzet{zk inn`s jknhd tfk kvcstkhok ng RTEs) tn kveachk tfk kggkots ng tfkcz dktecikdrznwcscnhs( ]k hn} onhscdkz keof trk ng kwcdkhok(

?(?(5 Konhnaktzco kwcdkhok gzna inn`chm et tfk kvcstkhok ng RTEs

E iezmk ean{ht ng ictkzet{zk kveachks karczcoeii tfk ich` jkt}kkh tfk kvcstkhok &nz a{of anzkzezki) tfk onhtkht# ng RTEs ehd akes{zks ng konhnaco rkzgnzaehok( Tfk anst }kii!`hn}hgzeak}nz` cs tfk mzewct andki) }fcof kvriechs jcietkzei gin}s ng akzofehdcsk tzedk) ehd cs ngtkh{skd tn tkst gnz tfk chgi{khok ng fewchm e RTE ch rieok( J{t tn tfk kvtkht tfet akzofehdcsk tzedkgin}s ezk eggkotkd j tfk rzkskhok ng RTEs) tfk ezk ic`ki tn jk dzcwkh ch tfk gczst chstehok jonaactakhts nh jnzdkz tzedk akes{zks s{of es tezcggs) es a{of es j eh onaactakhts nhjkfchd!tfk!jnzdkz zkgnzas( _n tfcs ictkzet{zk cs hnt tfk jkst sn{zok ng kwcdkhok nh tfk kvcstkhok ngjkfchd!tfk!jnzdkz zkgnza onaactakhts ch RTEs(

Tfk mzewct andki gzeak}nz` ehd cts s{ookssnzs fewk eisn jkkh {skd tn kvriech jcietkzei GDC(Tfcs kwcdkhok cs anzk ic`ki tn chdcoetk tfk rzkskhok ehd kggkotcwkhkss ng jkfchd!tfk!jnzdkzzkgnzas) jkoe{sk et ikest snak ng tfk `k jezzckzs tn GDC) jntf rzk! ehd rnst!kstejicsfakht)nrkzetk jkfchd tfk jnzdkz( [hgnzt{hetki) tfkzk cs icttik onarezejik kwcdkhok nh jcietkzei skzwcokstzedk) }fcof cs mnwkzhkd j e zegt ng jkfchd!tfk!jnzdkz zkm{ietcnh) jkoe{sk tfkzk cs icttik jcietkzeidete eweciejik nh skzwcoks tzedk gin}s(

Tfk st{d ng GDC tfet rznjeji onaks oinskst tn kstejicsfchm e ich` jkt}kkh RTEs ehd dnakstcozkgnza cs Rez` ehd Rez` &:226#( Tfk ezm{k tfet }fcik RTE akajkzsfcr oeh jk eh carnzteht




tfczd on{htzcks( Tfcs cs jkoe{sk tfk chwkstakht tfet tfk sn{zoks ae`k ch tfczd on{htzcks oeh jk emkhkzei ku{cicjzc{a onarikakht tn jcietkzei chwkstakht }ctfch tfk nwkzeii Esceh hkt}nz`( _n RTEsezk skkh es jkchm hkctfkz e tfzket hnz e rznacsk tn GDC ch tfk zkmcnh(

Aeh anzk s{of st{dcks ng tfk kggkots ng RTE akajkzsfcr nh tzedk ehd chwkstakht gin}s oeh jkoctkd( J{t anst nhi inn` et tfk kvcstkhok ng RTE akajkzsfcr) ehd dn hnt dcstchm{csf tfk jkfchd!tfk!jnzdkz gket{zks) es Dkk &:226# dnks( Et jkst) tfk kwcdkhok tfksk st{dcks rznwcdk cs nhioczo{astehtcei(

?(?(: Kwcdkhok gzna inn`chm et tfk dktecikd rznwcscnhs ng RTEs

Ct cs hnt rnsscjik tn tkii }fktfkz RTEs fewk rznantkd dnakstco zkgnzas) scari j inn`chm et tfkRTE onaactakhts tfkaskiwks( Tfcs cs jkoe{sk<

RTE onaactakhts ae scari zkrznd{ok onaactakhts aedk ch tfk ]TN0 ehd

kwkh }fkh tfk mn jknhd ]TN onaactakhts) tfk ae stcii iem eot{ei rzeotcok(

Ct cs chozkdcji tcak!onhs{achm gnz ’n{tscdkzs‑ &tfet cs) tfnsk n{tscdk tfk tzedk hkmntcetcnhgzetkzhct# tn onarezk RTE onaactakhts }ctf ]TN onaactakhts( Ct cs hnt s{ggcockht tn inn` etofertkz tctiks) hnz kwkh tfk jzned onhtkht ng tfk ofertkzs ch keof emzkkakht) jkoe{sk tfk ’dkwci csch tfk dkteci‑—reztco{iezi ch tfk dktecikd ehhkvks ng zkskzwetcnhs ehd kvokrtcnhs) es }kii es ch tfkrznd{ot oiesscgcoetcnhs {skd tn dksozcjk tfk mnnds ehd skzwcoks gnz }fcof onaactakhts ezk jkchm

aedk( G{ztfkz) ch snak ofertkzs) s{of es tfnsk nh chtkiikot{ei rznrkzt) tfk iehm{emk cs fcmfitkofhcoei ehd ikmeicstco) ehd dcggco{it gnz hnhsrkoceicsts tn {hdkzstehd( Ch ntfkz ofertkzs) tfkonaactakhts jkchm aedk ezk ’sngt‑ &gnz kvearik) nh e ’jkst khdkewnzs‑ jescs#) sn ct cs hnt et eiioikez tfet tfk sfn{id jk on{htkd es s{jstehtcei onaactakhts( Nhk onarzkfkhscwk onarezcsnhng e schmik RTE) tfk E{stzeice![_ Gzkk Tzedk Emzkkakht) }ctf tfk ]TN onaactakhts ng cts t}nrezthkz on{htzcks onhgczas tfet e mzket dkei ng tfk RTE }es eizked onaacttkd ch tfk ]TN &Dkk:22;#( E anzk skikotcwk onarezcsnh) icactkd tn skzwcoks onaactakhts) aedk gnz e h{ajkz ng KestEsceh gzkk tzedk emzkkakhts onaks tn e scaciez onhoi{scnh) reztco{iezi gnz tfk ikss dkwkinrkd

akajkzs &Gch` ehd Anich{kwn :22=#(Ct cs kwkh anzk tcak onhs{achm tn onarezk RTE onaactakhts }ctf eot{ei rzeotcok( Tfk tezcggsofkd{iks ng anst on{htzcks ezk r{jicoi eweciejik) sn ct cs zkesnheji stzecmftgnz}ezd tn onarezkRTE tezcgg onaactakhts }ctf eot{ei rzeotcok J{t gnz wczt{eii eii jkfchd!tfk!jnzdkz ezkes eot{ei




chgnzaetcnh chgzestz{ot{zk) }fcik tfnsk ch ezkes s{of es onarktctcnh rnico) onhs{akz rzntkotcnh)ehd chtkiikot{ei rznrkzt zcmfts ezk }ke`kz ehd.nz nh e jkst khdkewnzs jescs( @e}ec ehd]cmhezele &:255# stzkss tfk carnztehok ch tfk Kest Esceh zkmcnh gnz fezanhc|chm tfk rnicocks)

z{iks ehd stehdezds mnwkzhchm tzedk ehd chwkstakht( J{t fezanhc|etcnh cs eh emkhde tfet kwkhtfk K[ fes hnt eofckwkd) fewchm anwkd chstked tn tfk }ke`kz ehd anzk dkokhtzeic|kd rzchocrik nga{t{ei zkonmhctcnh(

?(?(:(5 Onarezchm RTE onaactakhts }ctf ]TN onaactakhts6

Zn) Aezofkttc) ehd Ica &:227# onarezk tfk onaactakhts {hdkzte`kh j :3 ]TN akajkzs&on{htchm tfk KO es nhk# gnz oznss!jnzdkz s{rri ehd onaakzocei rzkskhok ch skzwcoks ch :6RTEs hkmntcetkd schok :222) ehd onarezk tfksk }ctf jntf tfk rzkwecichm MET_ onaactakhts ehd

tfk Dnfe Zn{hd nggkzs et tfk tcak ng tfnsk on{htzcks(Tfk e{tfnzs gchd tfet RTEs errkez tn nggkz icactkd wei{k eddkd nwkz MET_ dcsocrichks ch tfk ezkesng z{iks mnwkzhchm segkm{ezd akofehcsas) s{jscdcks) dnakstco zkm{ietcnh) ehd tfk ic`k( Tfkczaech onhtzcj{tcnh errkezs tn jk ch tfkcz ikwki ng onaactakhts(

Nh onaactakhts) tfk e{tfnzs gchd tfet RTEs tkhd tn mn scmhcgcoehti jknhd MET_ nggkzs ch tkzasng carznwkd ehd hk} jchdchms( G{ztfkz) tfk rznrnztcnh ng hk} nz carznwkd onaactakhts csmkhkzeii a{of mzketkz ch RTEs &onarezkd tn MET_ nggkzs# tfeh ch MET_ nggkzs &}fkh onarezkdtn kvcstchm MET_ onaactakhts#( _nak on{htzcks ezk dksozcjkd es sfn}chm carzksscwk

carznwkakhts ch tfkcz RTE onaactakhts( Eanhm tfka ezk on{htzcks tfet fewk scmhkd e RTE }ctftfk [hctkd _tetks &ehd fkhok aedk skzwcoks onaactakhts nh e hkmetcwk icst jescs#( Nh ewkzemk)tfksk on{htzcks hn} fewk onaactakhts nh oznss!jnzdkz tzedk ehd onaakzocei rzkskhok ch anzktfeh 62+ ng skzwcoks– s{jskotnzs) onarezkd tn onaactakhts ch ikss tfeh feig ng skzwcoks–s{jskotnzs ch tfkcz MET_ sofkd{iks nz nggkzs(

Ch anst oesks }fkzk RTE onaactakhts carznwk nh ]TN onaactakhts) ct cs rzcaezci tfzn{mfhk} jchdchms zetfkz tfeh tfzn{mf carznwkakhts nh kvcstchm jchdchms( Ezm{eji) tfn{mf) tfkonaactakhts ezk anzk ic`ki tn cari zkei icjkzeic|etcnh ch tfk iettkz oesk tfeh ch tfk gnzakz(

Kvokrtcnhs tn tfk mkhkzei tzkhd choi{dk tfk RZO ehd Chdce) }fnsk RTE onaactakhts &RZO–s }ctfFnhm @nhm) Ofche ehd Aeoen) Ofche0 Chdce–s }ctf _chmernzk# tkhd tn te`k tfk gnza ngcarznwkakhts tn skotnzs eizked onaacttkd {hdkz MET_ sofkd{iks.nggkzs zetfkz tfeh hk}jchdchms ehd ezk ansti icactkd tn onaakzocei rzkskhok




J{t Edi{hm ehd Anzzcsnh &:252# inn`kd et kwcdkhok ng }fkzk tfk skzwcoks rznwcscnhs ch RTEs geiisfnzt ng tfk seak on{htzcks– MET_ onaactakhts( Tfk gchd tfet chstehoks ng s{of ’hkmetcwkrzkgkzkhoks‑ oeh jk gn{hd ch anst zkokht emzkkakhts) choi{dchm tfnsk chwniwchm snak ng tfk

iezmkst ]TN akajkzs( Ng tfk ;7 RTEs }fnsk onhtkhts &choi{dchm skotnzei oiesscgcoetcnh# ezkonarezkd }ctf MET_ onaactakhts) 47 &nz 62+# onhtech snak gnza ng MET_!ach{s onaactakhtsch kctfkz tfkcz fnzc|nhtei nz skotnzei skotcnhs( Tfk e{tfnzs eisn dno{akht snak ng tfk MET_!ach{s onarnhkhts ch tfzkk reztco{iez emzkkakhts—tfk Konhnaco Rezthkzsfcr Emzkkakhtjkt}kkh tfk K[ ehd tfk Oezcjjkeh Gnz{a ng Egzcoeh) Oezcjjkeh) ehd Reocgco &

?(?(:(: Onarezchm RTE onaactakhts }ctf eot{ei rzeotcok

OEZCGNZ[A#_tetks) tfk emzkkakht jkt}kkh E{stzeice ehd tfk [hctkd _tetks &E[_GTE#) ehd tfk RZO‟E_KEHEmzkkakht( Tfk onhlkot{zkd tfet s{of MET_!ach{s onaactakhts ezk a{t{eii onhokdkd ch’skhsctcwk‑ skotnzs nz teocti eookrtkd ch wck} ng ’scdk!reakhts‑ ch }fet tfk oeii hnh!]TNo{zzkho &choi{dchm dkwkinrakht gchehok#(

Nhk zkokht onarezcsnh ng RTE onaactakhts }ctf eot{ei rzeotcok fes oercteic|kd nh e rzk!kvcstchmdetejesk ng eot{ei zkm{ietnz rzeotcok tfet }es onarcikd gnz e dcggkzkht r{zrnsk( Jeztf kt ei(&:227# ae`k {sk ng e detejesk nh eot{ei zkm{ietnz rzeotcok ch jeh`chm es ct stnnd ezn{hd :222)es zkrnztkd ch zksrnhsks tn e dktecikd ]nzid Jeh` s{zwk( Tfk detejesk fed jkkh {skdrzkwcn{si tn esskss tfk careot ng tfet zkm{ietcnh nh jeh`chm rkzgnzaehok &gnz kvearik) Jeztf)Oerzcn) ehd Ikwchk :224#( Ch e anzk zkokht kvkzocsk) Jeztf kt ei( &:227# onarezkd zkm{ietnz

rzeotcok }ctf eot{ei ]TN onaactakhts ch tfk gchehocei skotnz gnz 5:? ]TN Akajkzs(

Tfk e{tfnzs gchd scmhcgcoeht dcggkzkhoks jkt}kkh onaactakhts ehd eot{ei rzeotcok( _nak ng tfkczkveariks ezk es gniin}s(

Anzk tfeh ?2 ]TN akajkzs tfet rznfcjct gnzkcmh gczas gzna khtkzchm tfzn{mf eou{csctcnhs)s{jscdcezcks) nz jzehofks ch tfkcz ]TN sofkd{iks eiin} s{of khtz ch rzeotcok(

_cv ]TN akajkzs dn hnt eiin} gnzkcmh khtz tfzn{mf s{jscdcezcks nz jzehofks kwkh tfn{mf chtfkcz sofkd{iks tfk chdcoetk tfk dn( Tfcs ehnaei ae zkgikot tfk ’rz{dkhtcei oezwkn{t‑ ch tfk

MET_) }fkzkj akajkzs ezk hnt zku{czkd tn sofkd{ik icactetcnhs aechtechkd gnz rz{dkhtceir{zrnsks( Fn}kwkz) ct cs fcmfi u{kstcnhejik }fktfkz jehs nh gnzkcmh khtz on{id jk dkgkhdkd esr{zki rz{dkhtcei akes{zks(




dcwkzmkhok jkt}kkh tfk chdcoks gnz onaactakhts ehd eot{ei rzeotcok( On{htzcks }ctf mzketkzgnzkcmh n}hkzsfcr eisn tkhd tn dcsrie ikss eot{ei dcsozcachetcnh emechst gnzkcmh jeh`s) j{t tkhd tndcsrie anzk dcsozcachetcnh jeskd nh onaactakhts( Iesti) dkwkinrkd on{htzcks tfet aedk

onaactakhts kezickz ch tcak tkhd tn dcsrie ikss dcsozcachetcnh) }fcik tfk nrrnsctk cs tfk oesk gnzdkwkinrchm on{htzcks(

Ch mkhkzei) tfkzkgnzk) tfk e{tfnzs gchd aeh chstehoks }fkzk ]TN onaactakhts ezk scmhcgcoehtiikss icjkzei tfeh eot{ei rzeotcok( Tfk eisn gchd chstehoks }fkzk ]TN onaactakhts ezk anzkicjkzei tfeh eot{ei rzeotcok) reztco{iezi ch dkwkinrkd on{htzcks(

Es kwcdkhok ejn{t }fktfkz RTEs rznantk zkei icjkzeic|etcnh) tfk gchdchms ezk akzkioczo{astehtcei( Fn}kwkz) cg ]TN onaactakhts iem eot{ei rzeotcok j e scmhcgcoeht aezmch) tfkhkwkh cg RTEs carznwk scmhcgcoehti nh ]TN onaactakhts) tfk ae stcii tfkaskiwks iem eot{ei

rzeotcok(

G{ztfkzanzk) cg eot{ei rzeotcok iems ]TN onaactakhts) es ct errkezs tn ch e gk} oesks) tfkh tfkzkcs oikezi eh khgnzokakht rznjika tfet ae eisn oezz nwkz tn RTE onaactakhts( Nhk zkesnh gnztfk khgnzokakht rznjika ch e ]TN onhtkvt ae jk tfet tzedk rezthkz on{htzcks ezk hnt ku{crrkdtn ofko` tfk onaricehok ng eii ntfkz ]TN akajkzs( _{of e anhctnzchm rznjika ae jk ikssskwkzk ch e RTE onhtkvt( J{t ehntfkz zkesnh gnz eh khgnzokakht rznjika ae jk tfet tzedkonaactakhts ezk aedk j tzedk hkmntcetnzs }fn ezk dcwnzokd gzna }fet cs zkeii mnchm nh ch tfkczn}h on{htzcks( Tfcs rznjika ae }kii oezz nwkz tn RTEs) ksrkoceii ch on{htzcks }fkzk rznjikas

ng onnzdchetcnh eanhm dcggkzkht mnwkzhakht achcstzcks ezk khdkaco(

_nak zkokht) anzk onarzkfkhscwk kwcdkhok einhm scaciez ichks cs octkd j Fnkàeh ehd Aettnn&:255#( Tfk zkrnzt nh zkskezof j Jnzofkzt) Mnntcc|) ehd Aettnn &:252# tfet oniikotkd chgnzaetcnhnh eot{ei rnicocks ch tfk aelnz skzwcoks skotnzs ng 52: on{htzcks—=6 dkwkinrchm on{htzcks ehd :4NKOD on{htzcks( Tfcs chgnzaetcnh fes jkkh onarezkd }ctf MET_ onaactakhts gnz tfk 3? ]TNakajkzs ch tfk searik( Tfk onarezcsnh sfn}s tfet tfkzk cs e wkz scmhcgcoeht mer jkt}kkherrickd ehd ’jn{hd‑ rnicocks &tfk onaactakhts# jkoe{sk anst skzwcoks– icjkzeic|etcnh ezn{hd tfk}nzid fes jkkh {hdkzte`kh {hcietkzeii( Tfk [z{m{e onaactakhts ezk nh ewkzemk :(? tcaks

anzk zkstzcotcwk tfeh o{zzkhti errickd rnicocks( Jnzofkzt) Mnntcc|) ehd Aettnn &:252# eisn inn` ettfk Dnfe Zn{hd nggkzs aedk j 7: ]TN akajkzs( Tfk gchd tfet tfk jkst nggkzs s{jacttkd sn gezcarznwk nh o{zzkht MET_ onaactakhts j ejn{t 52+) j{t zkaech nh ewkzemk t}cok es zkstzcotcwkes eot{ei rnicocks




gzna :226 tn :252 cs sfn}h ch tfk Errkhdcv( Tfk Errkhdcv sfn}s tfet tfkzk fes jkkh et ikestsnak rznmzkss ch eii gn{z skotnzs(

Hnt s{zrzcschmi) snak ng tfk zkokht rnico ofehmks ch jeh`chm ehd chs{zehok skzwcoks chwniwkd etcmftkhchm ng rz{dkhtcei zkm{ietcnh ch zksrnhsk tn tfk minjei gchehocei ozcscs( Rz{dkhtcei zkm{ietcnhfes e ikmctcaetk r{zrnsk ng khs{zchm sstkaco stejcict( Ct cs mkhkzeii hnt zkmezdkd es e jezzckz tntzedk ch gchehocei skzwcoks) ehd gnz tfcs zkesnh ct cs oezwkd n{t ng tfk MET_( Hkwkztfkikss) WcktHea errkezs tn fewk chstct{tkd stzcotkz icokhschm zku{czkakhts gnz jeh`s tn eh kvtkht tfet mnksjknhd r{zki rz{dkhtcei nwkzscmft( ]ctfch E_KEH) tfcs cs eh csnietkd kvearik ng rnsscjiknwkzzkeotcnh tn tfk minjei gchehocei ozcscs( Ch eddctcnh) jntf Jz{hkc Dez{sseiea ehd Wckt Hea fewkzku{czkd &nz oiezcgckd# tfet gnzkcmh jeh` jzehofks a{st ikhd emechst tfkcz inoei oerctei zetfkz tfehtfkcz rezkht oerctei( Tfcs cs e ’mze ezke‑ akes{zk—}fcik ct g{ztfkz onhstzechs tfk eotcwctcks ng

gnzkcmh jeh` jzehofks) ct eisn mcwks tfk inoei rz{dkhtcei e{tfnzctcks snak onhtzni nwkz tfk oercteizkskzwk zku{czkakhts ng gnzkcmh jzehofks) zetfkz tfeh fewchm tn zki nh tfk rz{dkhtcei nwkzscmft ngtfk e{tfnzctcks ch tfk jzehofks– fnak on{htzcks(

Tfk Tejik eisn sfn}s tfk kvtkht tn }fcof on{htzcks ch tfk zkmcnh fewk chstct{tkd mkh{chk tzedkzkgnzas ch zksrnhsk tn onaactakhts aedk {hdkz EGE_ nz tfk MET_( Ch jeh`chm) jntf Tfeciehdehd Wckt Hea fewk chstct{tkd a{itcietkzei zkgnzas ch ichk }ctf onaactakhts {hdkz tfk MET_) }fcikTfeciehd fes eisn zkievkd zkstzcotcnhs nh fczchm gnzkcmh rkzsnhhki nh e rzkgkzkhtcei jescs {hdkz ctsEGE_ onaactakhts( Ch chs{zehok) Wckt Hea kvrkots tn carikakht e reoèmk ng zkgnzas ch tfk

hkez g{t{zk ch ichk }ctf cts ]TN onaactakhts( Ch fkeitf skzwcoks) Chdnhksce fes zkievkd tfkachca{a jkd sc|k gnz gnzkcmh!chwkstkd fnsrcteis nh e rzkgkzkhtcei jescs( Ch akdcoei rzngksscnheiskzwcoks) Oeajndce fes carikakhtkd e a{t{ei zkonmhctcnh emzkkakht }ctf cts E_KEH hkcmfjnzs(Ch eii ntfkz zksrkots) tfk zkgnzas zkonzdkd ch tfk Tejik ezk {hcietkzei ehd hnh!rzkgkzkhtcei) nz cgtfk fewk e zkmcnhei dcakhscnh) ct cs jkoe{sk ng mknmzerfcoei onhstzechts zetfkz tfeh rzkgkzkhtceionaactakhts(

_nak ng tfk anzk hntejik {hcietkzei zkgnza kggnzts ezk tfk zkievetcnh ng chtkzkst zetk onhtznis chOeajndce ehd Wckt Hea( Aeiesce eisn e}ects e hk} Gchehocei Aestkz Rieh tfet }cii g{ztfkz

icjkzeic|k tfk jeh`chm ehd sko{zctcks aez`kts ch tfk hkez g{t{zk( Ien RDZ fes carikakhtkd ereoèmk ng zkgnzas ch tfk chs{zehok skotnz) eitfn{mf et tfk seak tcak) tfk mnwkzhakht dnks hnt}eht tn css{k eh hk} icokhsks( ]fcik tfcs anzetnzc{a cs kvriechkd jkoe{sk ng tfk saeii aez`ktsc|k) ct eisn fes tfk rntkhtcei tn nggkz rzntkotcnh tn tfk kvcstchm mnwkzhakht‟gnzkcmh lncht wkht{zks(




E g{ztfkz `k u{kstcnh cs }fktfkz tfk zkokht zkgnzas fewk aedk e scmhcgcoeht dcggkzkhok( Tfcs cschdcoetkd ch Gcm{zks 5 ehd :) gnz dnakstco ehd gnzkcmh akdcoei skzwcoks rznwcdkzs zksrkotcwki(Tfk gcm{zks onarezk tfk nwkzeii rzkweikhok ng zkstzcotcnhs ch :226 ehd :252( Tfk dcggkzkhoks

zkgikot tfk zkgnzas s{aaezc|kd ch tfk Tejik( Tfk zkgnzas fewk aedk nhi e sicmft dcggkzkhok tntfk nwkzeii rzkweikhok ng zkstzcotcnhs nh gnzkcmh s{rrickzs) ehd hn dcggkzkhok tn tfk rzkweikhok ngzkstzcotcnhs nh dnakstco s{rrickzs(

Gcm{zk 5< Ofehmks ch Zkstzcotcnhs nh Dnakstco Akdcoei _kzwcoks nwkz Tcak

&Rzkweikhok ch +#

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;

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z { h k c D e z { s s e i e a

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A e i e s c e

A e h a e z

R f c i c r r c h k s

_ c h m e r n z k

T f e c i e h d

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:226

:252

Hntk< Ien RDZ 1 Ien Rknrik–s Dkanozetco Zkr{jico

_n{zok< Dkk &:255#




Gcm{zk :< Ofehmks ch Zkstzcotcnhs nh Gnzkcmh Akdcoei _kzwcoks nwkz Tcak

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J z { h k c D e z { s s e i e a

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Hntk< Ien RDZ 1 Ien Rknrik–s Dkanozetco Zkr{jico

_n{zok< Dkk &:255#(

Onarezejik gcm{zks gnz tfk ntfkz tfzkk skotnzs ezk hnt zkrznd{okd fkzk) j{t tkii e scaciez stnz( Chfkeitf skzwcoks) zkokht zkgnzas fewk zkanwkd tfk iest zkstzcotcnhs geochm dnakstco s{rrickzs( J{ttfk rzkweikhok ng zkstzcotcnhs emechst gnzkcmh fkeitf skzwcoks rznwcdkzs cs stcii u{ctk fcmf) ehd tfk

zkokht zkgnzas schok :226 fewk aedk nhi sicmft chzneds chtn tfnsk tzedk jezzckzs( Ch jeh`chmeisn) tfk zkgnzas fewk aedk nhi e sicmft dcggkzkhok tn tfk nwkzeii rzkweikhok ng zkstzcotcnhs( Chsnak on{htzcks) s{of es Wckt Hea) jeh`chm zkgnzas ch snak dcakhscnhs &s{of es keschm ngchtkzkst zetk onhtznis# fewk jkkh nggskt j e tcmftkhchm ch ntfkzs &anzk stzchmkht hnh!rz{dkhtcei




s{aaezc|kd ejnwk tfet Gzehoncs ehd Fnkàeh &:252# dze} tfkcz onhoi{scnh—kvokrt ch tfk K[)skzwcoks tzedk zkgnza fes jkkh rzcaezci {hcietkzei(

4( ]FS FE_ ZKGNZA JKKH [HCIETKZEI N[T_CDK TFK K[>

Cg RTEs fewk hnt s{ookkdkd ch rznantchm zkm{ietnz zkgnza ch skzwcoks n{tscdk tfk K[) ct cs hntjkoe{sk tfk zkgnzas dn hnt mkhkzetk konhnaco jkhkgcts( Gzehoncs ehd Fnkàeh &:252# s{zwkzkokht konhnaktzco kwcdkhok sfn}chm tfet nrkhhkss ch e zehmk ng rznd{okz nz chtkzakdcetkskzwcoks skotnzs cs ich`kd tn rznd{otcwct carznwkakhts ehd chozkeskd kvrnzt rkzgnzaehok chaeh{geot{zchm( Tfk eisn s{zwk zkokht st{dcks tfet fewk sfn}h ich`s jkt}kkh skzwcoks skotnzicjkzeic|etcnh ehd konhnaco mzn}tf( Rznsrkotcwk st{dcks fewk eisn fcmficmftkd tfk rntkhtcei mechs

gzna g{t{zk skzwcoks tzedk zkgnza( Es hntkd j Gzehoncs ehd Fnkàeh &:252#) tfksk st{dcks tkhdtn sfn} tfet skzwcoks icjkzeic|etcnh oeh mkhkzetk a{of iezmkz }kigezk mechs tfeh mnndsicjkzeic|etcnh( Nhk zkesnh gnz tfcs gchdchm cs tfet zkm{ietnz jezzckzs ch skzwcoks oeh ozketkdked}kcmft onsts) hnt l{st eiinoetcwk chkggcockhocks ng tfk snzt mkhkzetkd j tezcggs( Eoonzdchmi)skzwcoks icjkzeic|etcnh oeh mkhkzetk iezmkz }kigezk mechs tfeh tezcgg zkgnza(

E zkokht kvearik ng s{of rznsrkotcwk st{dcks cs tfk st{d j tfk ERKO Rnico _{rrnzt [hct&:255# chtn tfk careots ehd jkhkgcts ng stz{ot{zei zkgnzas ch tfk tzehsrnzt) khkzm) ehdtkikonaa{hcoetcnhs skotnzs ch ERKO akajkz konhnacks( Ct gn{hd tfet [_$5=; jciicnh e kez ch

eddctcnhei zkei chonak &ch :224 dniiezs# on{id jk mkhkzetkd gzna g{ztfkz zkgnzas ch tfk ERKOzkmcnh( ERKO!}cdk) tfk rznlkotkd mechs gzna tfksk stz{ot{zei zkgnzas ezk eianst t}cok es jcm estfk mechs gzna g{ztfkz icjkzeic|etcnh ng akzofehdcsk tzedk( Skt tfk skotnzs }fkzk tfk stz{ot{zeizkgnzas noo{z ezk ikss tfeh e u{eztkz ng tfk sc|k ng tfnsk khmemkd ch akzofehdcsk tzedk( ]fkhstz{ot{zei zkgnzas iked tn in}kz zkei rznd{otcnh onsts) kwkh j feig es a{of es tfk zkrnztkstcaetks) tfk ozketk e zkt{zh tn zkgnza kggnzt tfet cs a{of mzketkz tfeh tfet gzna jnzdkz tzedkzkgnzas(

_n }f fewk tzedk emzkkakhts &ntfkz tfeh tfk K[# gecikd tn dkicwkz skzwcoks zkgnza &ehd j

caricoetcnh# ntfkz trks ng stz{ot{zei zkgnza> Fnkàeh) Aettnn) ehd _ercz &:22=# srko{ietk nh tfkzkesnhs) snak ng }fcof ezk zkikweht tn dnakstco zkgnza anzk jznedi( Tfk hntk tfet dksrctkscmhcgcoeht {hcietkzei zkgnza) jezzckzs tn tzedk ehd GDC stcii zkaech( Nhk kvriehetcnh cs tfk stehdezdrnictcoei konhna rznjikas ng zkscstehok j wkstkd chtkzksts J{t tfk e{tfnzs hntk tfet ch tfk oesk




]fcik tfksk e{tfnzs rncht n{t nhk ng tfk `k icacts ng zkocrznoct ch dkeichm }ctf tfk rnictcoeikonhna zkscstehok tn zkgnza) wezcn{s e{tfnzs fewk rnchtkd n{t tfk icacts ng zkocrznoct ch dkeichm}ctf tfk konhnaco kvtkzheictcks essnocetkd }ctf zkgnza( Tfk ezm{akhts j Ehtzâs ehd _tecmkz

&:22=# ehd Dkk ehd _cdnzkh`n &:227# fewk eizked jkkh s{aaezc|kd ejnwk( Ch e scaciez wkch)Fnkàeh ehd Aettnn &:255# hntk tfet }fkh zkgnzas zkd{ok dked}kcmft onsts) tfk jkhkgcts ngzkgnza ezk g{ii chtkzheic|kd ehd tfk rzkss{zk gnz zkgnza }cii jk {hcietkzei( Jiehofezd &:22=# hntkstfet }fkh gczas oeh dkicwkz skzwcoks wce GDC) mnwkzhakhts fewk ikss chokhtcwk tn aehcr{ietk tfktkzas ng tzedk nh oznss!jnzdkz tzedk) sn nhok emech) zkocrznoct cs hnt hkkdkd(

Skt tfkzk cs emzkkakht tfet tfk K[ einhk fes mkhkzetkd scmhcgcoeht rnico zkgnzas( J{t ct cs s{c mkhkzcs —nhk ng e `chd( _n }fet cs ct ejn{t tfk K[ emzkkakht tfet fes onhtzcj{tkd tn cts s{ookss>Ehd }fet ikssnhs cg eh oeh jkkh dze}h ejn{t tfk geotnzs tfet oeh geocictetk dnakstco zkgnzas

kisk}fkzk>

;( ]FET C_ _RKOCEI EJN[T TFK K[>

Es hntkd ejnwk) tfk nzcmchei K[ Tzket onhtechkd jzned onaactakhts tn tfk gn{z gzkkdnas—tfkgzkk anwkakht ng mnnds) rkzsnhs &jntf het{zei ehd ikmei#) skzwcoks) ehd oerctei( Tfk zkeiicjkzeic|etcnh oeak ch tfk khgnzokakht ng tfnsk jzned onaactakhts) e rznokss tfet eisn ikd tnchozkeschmi jzned dkgchctcnhs ng }fet }es akeht j e wcnietcnh(3

Ct cs carnzteht tn {hdkzstehd tfk rznokss j }fcof tfcs oeak ejn{t( Tfk ikmei ictkzet{zk rnchts tnt}n `k dkocscnhs ng tfk K{znrkeh On{zt ng L{stcok( Tfk gczst }es tfk skachei dkocscnh ch WehMkhd kh Inns &Oesk :7.7:) Weh Mkhd kh Inns w( Hkdkziehdsk Edachcstzetck dkz Jkiestchmkh)537? K(O(Z(# ch }fcof tfk K{znrkeh On{zt ng L{stcok &tfk On{zt# dkwkinrkd tfk dnotzchk ng ’dczkotkggkot‑( Tfk ntfkz `k dkocscnh }es tfet ch Onste w( KHKI &Oesk 7.74) Onste w( KHKI) 5373K(O(Z( ;6;# ch }fcof tfk On{zt dkwkinrkd tfk dnotzchk ng ’s{rzkaeo‑(

[hdkz tfk dnotzchk ng dczkot kggkot) okztech rznwcscnhs ng tfk K[ Tzket fewk dczkot ikmei kggkot s{of

tfet chdcwcd{eis ehd khtkzrzcsks oeh oieca Tzket!jeskd zcmfts ch akajkz stetk on{zts) rzkwecichmnwkz onhtzez hetcnhei z{iks( Tfcs dnotzchk akeht tfet chdcwcd{eis ehd khtkzrzcsks dcd hnt fewk tn}ect gnz tfk K{znrkeh Onaacsscnh tn ofeiikhmk onhtzez stetk z{iks—tfk on{id te`k eotcnhtfkaskiwks ch tfkcz n}h hetcnhei on{zts(




’fnzc|nhtei‑ dczkot kggkot) akehchm tfet eh chdcwcd{ei nz khtkzrzcsk oeh errkei tn K[ ie} ch e oeskemechst ehntfkz chdcwcd{ei nz khtkzrzcsk) hnt l{st emechst e akajkz mnwkzhakht( Tzket rznwcscnhsch tfcs oetkmnz choi{dk Eztcoiks 525 ehd 52: nh onarktctcnh ie}) ehd Eztcoik 5;= nh tfk zcmft ng

ku{ei re gnz ku{ei }nz` jkt}kkh akh ehd }nakh(Tfk dnotzchk ng dczkot kggkot fes eiin}kd chdcwcd{eis ehd khtkzrzcsks tn ofeiikhmk e }cdk wezckt nghetcnhei akes{zks ch tfkcz n}h on{zts nz ch tfk on{zts ng ntfkz akajkz stetks( Es hntkd ejnwk) chtzedk aettkzs tfksk dcsr{tk skttikakht rznokkdchms tkhdkd tn jk ecakd chctceii et z{iks tfetdcsozcachetkd nh tfk jescs ng hetcnheict( Nwkz tcak) tfk On{zt–s chtkzrzktetcnhs ng }fet onhstct{tkde Tzket wcnietcnh }cdkhkd tn choi{dk e zehmk ng z{iks tfet on{id hnt jk njlkotcwki l{stcgckd nhmzn{hds ng onarkiichm stetk chtkzksts &Rkzse{d ehd Mnkjki 533=#(52

Tfk zkesnh tfet }k `hn} sn a{of ejn{t tfk rn}kz ng tfcs errkei akofehcsa cs tfet hetcnhei

l{dmks oeh skhd u{kstcnhs—rzkicachez zkgkzkhoks—tn tfk K{znrkeh On{zt ng L{stcok sn es tnnjtech eh chtkzrzktetcnh ng K[ ie} }fkh tfcs cs zkikweht tn tfk zksni{tcnh ng e dcsr{tk ch tfkhetcnhei on{zt(

55

Ch }fet }e dnks tfcs akofehcsa dcggkz gzna tfk stehdezd dcsr{tk skttikakht akofehcsaskajndckd ch tzedk emzkkakhts &kctfkz zkmcnhei nz tfzn{mf tfk ]TN#> _tnhk _}kkt) nhk ng tfkrzk!kachkht ikmei sofniezs ch tfk gckid) mcwks e ikmei rkzsrkotcwk nh tfcs css{k &_tnhk _}kkt :2520

_tnhk _}kkt ehd Jz{hkii :255#(

Tfk K{znrkeh On{zt ng L{stcok zksrnhds }ctf e rzkicachez z{ichm tfet tfkhetcnhei l{dmk cs kvrkotkd tn erri tn zksniwk tfk oesk( Tfk west aelnzct ng rzkicachezzkgkzkhoks chwniwk eh eiikmetcnh nh tfk rezt ng eh chdcwcd{ei nz khtkzrzcsk tfet e srkocgco hetcnheiie} nz rzeotcok ch tfk seak on{htz cs chonaretcjik }ctf K[ ie} &AoHe{mftnh :2550 _tnhk _}kktehd Jz{hkii :255#( _n kwkh cg dcsr{tk skttikakht te`ks rieok ch e dkokhtzeic|kd aehhkz ch hetcnheion{zts) ct ikewks e sfedn} et tfk Onaa{hct ikwki ch tfk gnza ng rzkicachez zkgkzkhoks) ehd

okhtzeic|kd dete nh tfksk ezk eweciejik( Tfk dete sfn} tfet tfk h{ajkz ng s{of oesks fes mzn}hstkedci) gzna 54= jkt}kkh 5375 ehd 53=2) tn 5)264 gzna 5335 tn 533; &_tnhk _}kkt ehd Jz{hkii5336#( Tfk s{jlkot aettkz ng tfksk oesks fes eisn jznedkhkd) es }es hntkd kezickz( G{ztfkzanzk)tfk rzkicachez z{ichm akofehcsa fes jkkh tfk `k akofehcsas tfzn{mf }fcof tfk chtkzrzktetcnhng }fet onhstct{tks e Tzket wcnietcnh fes kwniwkd nwkz tcak(

Fk ezm{ks tfet tfk K{znrkeh On{zt ng L{stcok ehd tfk ]TN Errkiietk Jnd ezk ch geot scaciez) chtfet jntf ezk anzk tfeh akzk emkhts ng tfk onhtzeotchm stetks ch e rzchocrei!emkht zkietcnhsfcr(Tfk ezk }fet fk oeiis Tz{stkk On{zts ng tfkcz zksrkotcwk tzket sstkas Fk dkgchks e Tz{stkk




e{tfnzct nh tfk K{znrkeh On{zt ng L{stcok ’ch nzdkz tn fkir tfka nwkzonak eo{tk onaactakhtrznjikas essnocetkd }ctf aez`kt ehd rnictcoei chtkmzetcnh‑ &_tnhk _}kkt ehd Jz{hkii :255) r( 4#(

]fcik _tnhk _}kkt ehd Jz{hkii &:255# oieca tfet tfk ]TN Errkiietk Jnd fes scaciez rn}kzs)

Re{}kih &:22;# ezm{ks tfet tfkzk ezk hntejik ofko`s ehd jeiehoks nh cts jkfewcnz( Tfk Dcsr{tk_kttikakht [hdkzstehdchm kvricocti m{ezds emechst l{dcocei eotcwcsa) j rznfcjctchm rehkis ehd tfkErrkiietk Jnd gzna eddchm tn nz dcachcsfchm tfk zcmfts ehd njicmetcnhs ng ]TN Akajkzs(Re{}kih &:22;# eisn ezm{ks tfet tfk Dcsr{tk _kttikakht Jnd kvkzocsks rnictcoei onhtzni nwkzdcsr{tk skttikakht< ’Es tfk {ajcicoei onzd jkt}kkh tfk rnictcoei ehd l{dcocei jzehof) ct cs e oz{oceichtkzgeok ehd gnz{a ng onhtkstetcnh nz wncok tn }fcof jntf rehkis ehd tfk Errkiietk Jnd ezk anstzkokrtcwk‑( &Re{}kih :22;) r( 43#(

Weh dkh Jznk` &:223# eisn hntks tfet o{zzkht ]TN dcsr{tk zkakdcks ezk ikss tfeh cdkei(

Onarkhsetcnh cs ngtkh {hzkeicstco jkoe{sk tfk dkgkhdeht ]TN akajkz fes tn emzkk tn ct(Zkteicetcnh &zecschm ikwkis ng rzntkotcnh emechst carnzts gzna tfk dkgkhdeht ]TN akajkz#chwniwks sfnntchm nhkskig ch tfk gnnt( Fk ezm{ks tfet tfksk esrkots ng ]TN dcsr{tk skttikakhtrkheic|k tfk ikest dkwkinrkd ]TN akajkzs ch reztco{iez) e onhlkot{zk jnzhk n{t j stetcstcos nh}fn {sks tfk ]TN dcsr{tk skttikakht rznokss(5:

_tnhk _}kkt ehd Jz{hkii &:255# onhscdkz fn} tfk K{znrkeh On{zt ng L{stcok fes dkeit }ctf tfkcss{k ng ikmctcaeo tfet cts Tz{stkk stet{s ozketks( Tfk ezm{k tfet nhk stzetkm ct {sks tnkstejicsf ehd aechtech ikmctcaeo cs ’aelnzct eotcwcsa‑—tfk On{zt–s z{ichms tkhd tn ichk {r }ctf tfk

eot{ei rzeotcok gn{hd ch tfk aelnzct ng akajkz stetks( Tfk On{zt eisn fes e oikez aehdetk—tnonhstz{ot ehd onhsnicdetk e tzehshetcnhei) K{znrkeh cdkhtct) ch rezt ch nrrnsctcnh tn hetcnheicsa(Cts aelnzct eotcwcsa oikezi skzwks tfet r{zrnsk( Tfk e{tfnzs ezm{k tfet jkoe{sk tfk ]TN fes hnonarezejik cdkhtct onhstz{otcnh aehdetk) ct fes hnt dkwkinrkd e wezceht ng aelnzct eotcwcsa es e}e ng sko{zchm cts ikmctcaeo) tfn{mf tfk ezm{k tfet rkzfers ct sfn{id(

Tfk carzksscnh tfet nhk mkts gzna zkedchm tfcs ikmei ictkzet{zk cs tfet tfk dcggkzkhoks jkt}kkh tfkK{znrkeh On{zt ng L{stcok ehd tfk ]TN Errkiietk Jnd ezk dcggkzkhoks ng dkmzkk zetfkz tfeh`chd( Tn tfk kvtkht tfet tfkzk ezk eheitcoeii cdkhtcgcejik dcggkzkhoks) tfk tkhd tn s{rrnzt tfk

anzk rnr{iez hntcnh tfet anzk fes jkkh rnsscjik ch tfk K[ jkoe{sk tfk {itcaetk mnei fes jkkhhnt l{st tfk g{ztfkzchm ng rznsrkzct) j{t tfk rzkwkhtcnh ng }nzid }ezs( Re{}kih &:22;# eisn hntksdcggkzkhoks ch tfk dkmzkk ng l{dcocei eotcwcsa( J{t fkzk ct cs carnzteht tn zkoeii tfk dcstchotcnhjkt}kkh e hkmetcwk icst emzkkakht &s{of es tfk K[ Tzket# ehd e rnsctcwk icst emzkkakht &s{of es




Et eh konhnaco ikwki) tfcs ezm{akht gecis tn zkonmhc|k tfet kvrnzts ezk hnt rkz sk ’mnnd‑ ch ehkonhnaco skhsk &tfk akzoehtcicst geiieo#—ct dkrkhds nh tfk rzcok et }fcof tfk oeh jk snid( 5? Ete rnictcoei ikwki) tfcs ezm{akht gecis tn zkonmhc|k tfet tfkzk oeh jk rn}kzg{i dnakstco j{schkss

chtkzksts tfet eicmh }ctf tfnsk ng onhs{akzs—carnztkzs }fn skii dczkoti tn onhs{akzs)j{schkssks tfet {sk carnzts es chtkzakdcetk chr{ts ehd ezk ku{eii f{zt j carnzt rzntkotcnh) nzkvrnztkzs }fn ezk f{zt chdczkoti j tfk zkei o{zzkho errzkocetcnh tfet carnzt rzntkotcnh tkhds tnmkhkzetk(54

Tfk dnotzchk ng dczkot kggkot karn}kzkd et ikest snak ng tfnsk dnakstco rzn!zkgnza j{schksschtkzksts( Tfk scmhcgcoehok oeh jk cii{stzetkd ch tfk onhtkvt ng tfk kvearik dkwkinrkd j @z{maeh&533=< 556#<

]fkh tfk [hctkd _tetks zkokhti carnskd {ttkzi chdkgkhscjik zkstzcotcnhs nh Akvcoeh

tnaetn kvrnzts) eh Edachcstzetcnh nggcocei zkaez`kd ngg tfk zkonzd tfet Ginzcde fes e int ngkikotnzei wntks }fcik Akvcon fes hnhk( Tfk konhnacoeii onzzkot zkj{ttei tn tfcs snzt ngtfchm cs tn rncht n{t tfet tfk ntfkz 43 stetks onhtech e int ng rc||e inwkzs< tfk rnictcoeiikggkotcwk ehs}kz cs tn s{jlkot [(_(‟Akvcoeh tzedk tn e skt ng z{iks ehd ezjctzetcnhrznokd{zks ch }fcof tfk Akvcoehs dn tnn fewk e wntk(

]fet tfk dnotzchk ng dczkot kggkot dnks cs mcwk tfk rc||e inwkzs ch tfk ntfkz 43 stetks e wncok jrznv) j karn}kzchm tnaetn carnztkzs) }fn ae`k anhk j skiichm tn rc||e sfnrs) tn onariechejn{t tfk eotcnhs ng tfk edachcstzetcnh nggcoceis( _n tfk rnictcos ng gcmftchm rzntkotcnh cs chtkzheic|kd)

ehd hn inhmkz s{jlkot tn onhokzhs ejn{t inss ng snwkzkcmht(

J{zik ehd Aettic &533?# hntk tfet tfcs karn}kzakht ch t{zh onhtzcj{tkd tn tfk ikmctcaeo ng tfkK{znrkeh On{zt ng L{stcok( Tfk On{zt }es skkh es scdchm }ctf tfk ’icttik m{‑ emechst stetkj{zke{ozeocks) tfk ’rknrik‑ emechst tfk ’rn}kz kictks‑( Ehd tfcs }es e rn}kzg{i ehtcdntk tnofezmks ng ehtcdkanozetco eotcwcsa(

J{zik ehd Aettic &533?# eisn rncht n{t tfk anzk mkhkzei jkhkgcts ng dkrnictcoc|chm e zkgnza dkjetkj gzeachm ct eoonzdchm tn hnh!rnictcoei ozctkzce( Ch tfk oesk ng tfk K[) }ctf tfk gnz{a jkchm tfk

K{znrkeh On{zt ng L{stcok) tfk kvtkzhei gzeak ng zkgkzkhok gnz dkjetk }es ngtkh tfk z{ik ng ie}( Chntfkz gnz{as &snak ng }fcof }cii jk dcso{sskd sfnzti#) tfk kvtkzhei gzeak ng zkgkzkhok ae jkkonhnaco mzn}tf ehd kggcockho( Kwkh }fkh tfk rnictcos ng zkgnza cs khtczki chtkzhei) ct cs {skg{i tnfewk e gnz{a tfet oeh rznwcdk ehd segkm{ezd s{of e hnh!rnictcoei gzeak ng zkgkzkhok( J{zik ehd




stz{ot{zei zkgnza ch tfet zkmcnh( ]fkh ct onaks tn stz{ot{zei zkgnza) tfk wkstkd chtkzksts }ctf tfkstznhmkst ste`ks ch tfk n{tonaks ezk rzcaezci dnakstco—wkz ngtkh tfk chtkzksts ng cho{ajkhtrznd{okzs emechst rntkhtcei hk} khtzehts &dnakstco es }kii es gnzkcmh#) onhs{akzs) ehd {rstzkea

ehd dn}hstzkea chd{stzcks( Tfk `k tn rznantchm zkgnza cs tn anjcic|k dnakstco rzn!zkgnzaofearcnhs tn eot es e on{htkzwecichm gnzok emechst wkstkd chtkzksts( Nhk }e tn dn tfcs cs tnrznwcdk eh chdkrkhdkht) hnh!rnictcoei gnz{a ehd e gzeak ng zkgkzkhok tfet stzkssks konhna!}cdkjkhkgcts( E g{ztfkz ofezeotkzcstco stzksskd j Dkk &:252# cs tfet tfk gnz{a sfn{id jk tzehsrezkht)ch tfk skhsk ng ae`chm r{jico tfk ezm{akhts ng tfk zksrkotcwk chtkzksts) ehd eisn ae`chm r{jicoeh zkonaakhdetcnhs tn mnwkzhakht( Ch tfcs }e) tfk srkocei rikedchm ng wkstkd chtkzksts oeh jkzkwkeikd gnz }fet ct cs( Ku{eii carnztehti) tfk rzn!zkgnza ofearcnhs oeh eisn skig!skikot nh ehreztco{iez css{k(5;

Kveariks ng chstct{tcnhs tfet fewk rznantkd zkgnzas ch tfcs }e choi{dk tfk Rznd{otcwctOnaacsscnh ehd cts rzkdkokssnzs ch E{stzeice &Jeh`s ehd ]nhdkz :252# ehd tfk On{hoci nhKonhnaco ehd Gcsoei Rnico ch Lereh &Fnskh :252#( AoHe{mftnh &:255# sfn}s) gnz kvearik) tfettfk onhokzhs tfet tfk K[ _kzwcoks Dczkotcwk ezk chtkhdkd tn eddzkss ezk jkchm dkeit }ctfdnakstcoeii ch E{stzeice j tfk On{hoci ng E{stzeiceh Mnwkzhakhts ehd tfk zkskezof ehdzkonaakhdetcnhs ng tfk Rznd{otcwct Onaacsscnh( Chstct{tcnhei kveariks gzna tfk Rfcicrrchks&Iiehtn :252# ehd Chdnhksce &_nksestzn) Es}coefnhn) ehd Hezln`n :252# cii{stzetk fn} {skg{i}nz` tn s{rrnzt stz{ot{zei zkgnza on{id rntkhtceii te`k rieok }ctfch e akdc{a!tkza konhnacoriehhchm gzeak}nz`( Nid!gesfcnhkd konhnaco riehhchm cs ngtkh skkh es n{tandkd ch eh kze ng

nrkh aez`kts ehd n{t}ezd!nzckhtkd mzn}tf stzetkmcks) j{t e akdc{a!tkza riehhchm rznokss oeheisn rznwcdk e {skg{i gnz{a gnz dktecikd kv ehtk zkwck}s ng rnico nrtcnhs) rznwcdchm e iked ch tfkrnico dkwkinrakht rznokss( _{of e akdc{a!tkza gno{s oeh tfkh jchd s{ooksscwk mnwkzhakhtsehd m{ezd emechst kvoksscwk ’sfnzt!tkzacsa‑ ch rnico dkwkinrakht(

Aeh Kest Esceh konhnacks eisn fewk chgi{khtcei tfch` teh`s tfet onhd{ot careztcei rnico zkwck}sehd eheiscs) ehd tfkzkgnzk rznwcdk eh nrkh) chdkrkhdkht gnz{a ch }fcof tfk wck}s ng wkstkdchtkzksts ezk s{jlkot tn soz{tch {schm eh konhna!}cdk gzeak ng zkgkzkhok( Zkmcnhei kveariksezk tfk Rfcicrrchks Chstct{tk ng Dkwkinrakht _t{dcks) tfk Okhtzk gnz _tzetkmco ehd Chdkrkhdkht

_t{dcks ch Chdnhksce) tfk Tfec Dkwkinrakht Zkskezof Chstct{tk) tfk Gcsoei Rnico ZkskezofChstct{tk ch Tfeciehd) tfk Aeiesceh Chstct{tk ng Konhnaco Zkskezof) tfk Okhtzei Chstct{tk gnzKonhnaco Aehemkakht ch Wckt Hea) ehd tfk Ofchksk Eoedka ng _nocei _ockhoks( Tfksknzmehc|etcnhs wez ch tfk kvtkht tn }fcof tfk sct chscdk nz n{tscdk gnzaei mnwkzhakht stz{ot{zks




cdkes fewk chgi{khok j sferchm dkjetks) ehd tzehsrezkht rznokssks fewk chgi{khok jaezsfeiichm tfk }chhkzs es }kii es tfk inskzs gzna zkgnza(

7( FN] TN _FERK ZKMCNHEI CH_TCT[TCNH_ TN RZNANTKDNAK_TCO ZKGNZA>

Tfk rzkrnhdkzehok ng kwcdkhok cs tfet scmhchm anzk RTEs }cii hnt rznantk dnakstco zkgnza( Tfkofertkzs ae jk }zcttkh ehd tfk emzkkakhts scmhkd) j{t tfk onhtkht }cii onhtch{k tn jk zkietcwkikart sn inhm es mnwkzhakhts gkki tfet s{of emzkkakhts carchmk {hd{i nh tfkcz snwkzkcmht ehdtfkcz zcmft tn zkm{ietk( Nhk `k zkesnh tfet mnwkzhakhts }cii onhtch{k tn gkki tfcs }e cs tfet tfkzkcs wkz icttik ch RTEs tn fkir mnwkzhakhts dkei }ctf tfk dnakstco rnictcos ng zkgnza(

Hnz oeh mzket fnrk jk rieokd ch o{zzkht ]TN rznokssks( Re{}kih &:22;< ;6# mcwks e oezkg{ikveachetcnh ng tfk ic`kicfnnd ng nhmnchm ]TN s{ookss) reztco{iezi mcwkh cts kwkz jznedkz emkhde(Fk onhoi{dks tfet<

Tfk sn!oeiikd jcooik oi{j ng tzedk a{st jk dcsjehdkd( Ct te`ks kvrnztkzs ehd rznd{okzs estfk onzk onhstct{kho ng tfk sstka ehd ess{aks tfet) tn `kkr tfkcz s{rrnzt) tfk }nzidtzedk sstka zku{czks kwkz anzk icjkzeic|etcnh0 ntfkz}csk) tfk jcooik }cii geii nwkz( Tns{zwcwk es e ikmctcaetk nzmehc|etcnh) tfk ]TN a{st kvtkhd cts jesk tn choi{dk onhs{akzs

ehd octc|khs( Ct a{st) ch ntfkz }nzds) rie n{t cts stznhmkst oezd< tfet mkh{chk gzkk tzedkjkhkgcts tfk aessks) hnt tfk gk}( ‧ Tfk rznv ng kvrnztkzs.rznd{okzs eiikmkdizkrzkskhtchm aelnzct chtkzksts cs hn inhmkz hkkdkd ehd oeh) ch eh kwkht) hn inhmkzs{ggcok(

Ct cs chstz{otcwk tn inn` et zkokht rznrnseis gnz fn} tn zkstz{ot{zk ehd zkwcteic|k tfk ]TN( Tfkcaakdcetk css{ks choi{dk }fktfkz tn jzke` e}e gzna e ’schmik {hdkzte`chm‑ &tfk dkocscnh!ae`chmz{ik tfet hntfchm cs emzkkd {htci kwkztfchm cs emzkkd#) tfk onhskhs{s z{ik) nz tn eiin} anzkri{zcietkzei zetfkz tfeh a{itcietkzei emzkkakhts(57

Tfk rznrnseis eisn choi{dk tfk cdke tfet ]TN akajkzs sfn{id mzeht dczkot kggkot tn ]TN tzketnjicmetcnhs) sn tfet chdcwcd{eis ehd khtkzrzcsks oeh te`k eotcnh ch hetcnhei on{zts ch tfk kwkht ng

ic j ]TN j N tf g g ct tfc i ` ic` c c c tf

Kveariks ng tfksk `chds ng rznrnseis ezk gn{hd

ch tfk _{tfkziehd Zkrnzt &:224# ehd tfk ]ez}co` Onaacsscnh &:22=#(




chtkzksts }ctfch tfka# tn khs{zk tfk ineit zku{czkd gnz akajkzs tn r{t {r }ctf tfk anzk ikmeicstcosstka tfet tfk ]TN fes jkonak( Tfcs cs ch onhtzest tn tfk K[) }fkzk rznmzkss }es sin} ehdchozkakhtei) j{t }fkzk ineit }es anzk nz ikss aechtechkd &skk eisn tfk skachei eheiscs ng tfk

K[ j ]kcikz 5335#(5=

Re{}kih &:22;# zkwck}s tfk ntfkz aelnz rznrnseis tfet fewk jkkh r{t gnz}ezd tn zkgnza tfk]TN) hnt l{st ch tkzas ng tfk onaricehok ct eofckwks) j{t anzk jznedi( Cg e ieo` ng dkanozetcoreztcocretcnh cs tfk rznjika et tfk anakht) tfkh tfk sni{tcnh cs hnt tn dcwnzok tzedk hkmntcetcnhskwkh anzk gzna tfk ’zn{mf ehd t{ajik‑ ng zkrzkskhtetcwk dkanozeo &gnz kvearik) ]kcikz :2250Jfeie :225#) hnz cs ct tn dcsrkhsk }ctf tfk o{zzkht onhskhs{s z{ik &gnz kvearik) _{tfkziehd Zkrnzt:224#( J{t hnz dnks fk tfch` tfet tfk o{zzkht dcsr{tk skttikakht rznokss sfn{id jk }ke`khkd &gnz

kvearik) Jezgckid :225#( Es e ikmei sofniez ehd gnzakz ikmei nggcokz }ctf tfk ]TN _kozktezcet) tfkikssnh fk dze}s gzna tfk fcstnz ng tfk ]TN cs tfet tn jk kggkotcwk) ct hkkdkd eh chdkrkhdkht ehde{tnaetco khgnzokakht akofehcsa—reztco{iezi nhok ct steztkd dkeichm }ctf hnhtezcgg jezzckzs ehdjkfchd!tfk!jnzdkz akes{zks(

Mcwchm dczkot kggkot tn ]TN njicmetcnhs }n{id jk e acste`k) jkoe{sk ct}n{id eofckwk kggcockho }ctfn{t ineit(

Es hntkd ejnwk) Re{}kih &:22;# ezm{ks tfet tfk rznjika ng tfk ]TN cs tfet ct zkaechs gno{skdrzcaezci nh hnh!dcsozcachetcnh chstked ng konhnaco kggcockho) ehd nh tfk chtkzksts ng rznd{okzschstked ng tfk chtkzksts ng onhs{akzs( Es s{of) ct fes jkkh zcrk gnz kvrinctetcnh j srkoceichtkzksts( Kveariks octkd j Re{}kih ezk tfk rzntkotcnhcst emzkkakhts nh emzco{it{zk)

ehtcd{archm ehd tfk gnzakz emzkkakht nh tkvtciks) ehd }ch!insk emzkkakhts &}fcof jkhkgct snakon{htzcks et tfk kvrkhsk ng ntfkzs# s{of es tfet nh tzedk!zkietkd chtkiikot{ei rznrkzt zcmfts&TZCR_#(

_n Re{}kih–s sni{tcnh cs tn rznrnsk anzk rnictcos ehd reztcocretcnh ch tfk ]TN) hnt ikss( Ehd fkmcwks e h{ajkz ng onhozktk ]TN!srkocgco rznrnseis tn rznwcdk anzk oerctei oct chr{t chtn Mkhkwerznokssks) ehd tn mcwk e jznedkz zehmk ng eotnzs e wncok ch ]TN css{ks) cg hnt e sket et tfk tejik(Weh dkh Jznk` &:223# eisn {zmks e mzketkz znik gnz hnh!stetk eotnzs ch jzchmchm rzkss{zk gnz ]TNonaricehok wce tfk ’anjcic|etcnh ng sfeak‑( Re{}kih eisn rznrnsks e sicmft }ke`khchm ng

dcsocrichk &ehd anzk nrtcnhs gnz kvct# j dcsrkhschm }ctf tfk schmik {hdkzte`chm ehd j hntzku{czchm e onhskhs{s ng eii ]TN akajkzs tfet e hk} ri{zcietkzei emzkkakht oeh jk eddkd tn tfk]TN sstka(

Cg tfk o{zzkht onhgcm{zetcnh ng kvrnztkz ehd carnzt!onarktchm rznd{okz chtkzksts oeh hn inhmkz




Tfk ejnwk konhnaco ezm{akhts s{mmkst tfet e zkocrznoct akofehcsa cs }ke` nz chkggkotcwk cheofckwchm jkfchd!tfk!jnzdkz zkgnza( _n ct dnks hnt fkir tn fewk ehntfkz mnwkzhakht et tfkhkmntcetchm tejik) ksrkoceii }fkh tfcs zecsks onhokzhs ejn{t inss ng snwkzkcmht) tn onarn{hd

tfk rznjika ng ieo` ng dkanozetco ikmctcaeo( J{t tfcs dnks hnt akeh tfet zkmcnhei chstct{tcnhs) nzkwkh tfk ]TN gnz tfet aettkz) oehhnt esscst dnakstco mnwkzhakhts tn r{sf e dnakstco zkgnzaemkhde(

Tfcs fes jkkh zkonmhc|kd zkokhti j Fnkàeh ehd Aettnn &:255# ch tfk onhtkvt ng skzwcokstzedk icjkzeic|etcnh( Tfk ezm{k tfet e onhokztkd) chtkzhetcnhei kggnzt tn r{zs{k zkm{ietnzonnrkzetcnh on{id fkir tn r{sf tfk zkgnza rznokss einhm jntf {hcietkzeii ehd ch aez`kt eooksshkmntcetcnhs( Tfk ezm{k tfet t}n trks ng onnrkzetcnh ezk hkkdkd( Tfk gczst cs chtkzhetcnheiesscstehok }ctf dcemhnschm rzkwecichm rnicocks &nz tfk ieo` ng tfka# ehd {schm tfcs eheiscs tn

dkwcsk stzetkmcks gnz zkgnza( Tfcs rznokss on{id fkir tn cdkhtcg e akh{ ng zkm{ietnz nrtcnhs gnzon{htzcks tn onhscdkz( Ecd gnz tzedk chctcetcwks on{id eisn fkir }ctf tfk carikakhtetcnh( E skonhdtrk ng onnrkzetcnh cs jkt}kkh zkm{ietnzs) kvricocti gno{skd nh eddzksschm zkm{ietnz kvtkzheictckstfet carkdk tzedk( Eh kvearik }n{id jk chctcetcwks tn carznwk tfk chtkzhetcnhei anjcict ng}nz`kzs) es chtkzhetcnhei kvrkzckhok s{mmksts tfet tfcs zku{czks tfk zkm{ietnz onnrkzetcnh ng jntftfk fnak ehd fnst on{htzcks(

Dkk ehd Gchdie &:226# rznrnskd e scaciez emkhde) j{t eisn hntkd tfet g{ztfkz rznmzkss }n{id jkhkkdkd nh dnakstco zkgnza jkgnzk rznmzkss on{id jk kvrkotkd ch aez`kt eookss hkmntcetcnhs(

Tfcs }n{id jk tfk nhi }e tn nwkzonak tfk u{ctk ikmctcaetk onhokzhs ng dkwkinrchm on{htzcks tfettfk }kzk hnt kt zked gnz skzwcoks tzedk icjkzeic|etcnh(

Dzsdeik &:252# eddzkssks anzk dczkoti tfk `chds ng zkmcnhei chstct{tcnhs ehd akofehcsas tfeton{id jkst s{rrnzt e dnakstco zkgnza emkhde( Fk stzkssks tfk carnztehok ng n}hkzsfcr ng tfkzkgnza emkhde) snaktfchm tfet cs hnt fkirkd cg tfk zkgnzas ezk skkh tn jk dcotetkd j n{tscdknzmehc|etcnhs nz j tzedchm rezthkz mnwkzhakhts( Fk rznrnsks zkmcnhei s{rrnzt gnz tfnsk fnak!mzn}h chstct{tcnhei akofehcsas &s{of es tfnsk octkd ejnwk# tfet fkir tn mkhkzetk s{ookssg{idnakstco zkgnzas( Tfk `k kikakhts ng zkmcnhei s{rrnzt ezk oereoct j{cidchm ehd rznwcdchm

gnz{as gnz kvrkzckhok sfezchm( Tfk eotcwctcks hkkdchm s{of s{rrnzt ezk dnakstco kggnzts tndcemhnsk o{zzkht rnicocks ehd dkwkinr rnico eitkzhetcwks) ch tzehsrezkht dnakstco gnz{as tfeteiin} tfk wck}s ng wkstkd chtkzksts tn jk akt ehd ofeiikhmkd j dnakstco rzn!zkgnza ofearcnhs(Tfk kwcdkhok ejnwk s{mmksts tfet ct }es tfcs esrkot ng tfk K[ tfet eoon{hts gnz cts s{ookss ch




ZKGKZKHOK_Edi{hm) Z( ehd R( Anzzcsnh( :252( Ikss tfeh tfk MET_< ‖Hkmetcwk Rzkgkzkhoks– ch Zkmcnhei

_kzwcoks Emzkkakhts( Ln{zhei ng Chtkzhetcnhei Konhnaco Ie}( 5?&4#< 552?‟554?(

Ehtzâs) R( ehd Z( _tecmkz( :22=( Nggsfnzchm ehd tfk Wei{k ng Tzedk Emzkkakhts( Okhtzk gnzKonhnaco Rnico Zkskezof Dcso{sscnh Rerkz 7377( Inhdnh< Okhtzk gnz Konhnaco RnicoZkskezof(

ERKO Rnico _{rrnzt [hct( :255( Tfk Careots ehd Jkhkgcts ng _tz{ot{zei Zkgnzas ch Tzehsrnzt)

Khkzm ehd Tkikonaa{hcoetcnhs _kotnzs( ERKO/:55!_K!25(5( _chmernzk< ERKO Rnico_{rrnzt [hct(

Jem}kii) @( ehd Z( _tecmkz( 5333( Eh Konhnaco Tfknz ng tfk METT( Eakzcoeh Konhnaco Zkwck}( 63&5#< :5;‟:46(

Jeid}ch) Z( :227( Aehemchm tfk Hnndik Jn}i< Tfk Gzemcict ng Kest Esceh Zkmcnheicsa( OKRZDcso{sscnh Rerkz Hn( ;;75( Inhdnh< Okhtzk gnz Konhnaco Rnico Zkskezof(

Jeh`s) M( ehd J( ]nhdkz( :252( Tfk Rnico Dktkzachehts ng _tz{ot{zei Zkgnza ch E{stzeice( Ch R(

Dkk) kd( Chstct{tcnhs gnz Konhnaco Zkgnza ch Esce( Inhdnh ehd Hk} Snz`< Zn{tikdmk(Jezgckid) O( :225( Gzkk Tzedk) _nwkzkcmht) Dkanozeo< Tfk G{t{zk ng tfk ]nzid Tzedk

Nzmehc|etcnh ( ]esfchmtnh DO< Tfk Eakzcoeh Khtkzrzcsk Chstct{tk Rzkss(

Jezcofkiin) Z( :224( HEGTE ehd Dnakstco Emzco{it{zei Rnico Zkgnza< Njskzwetcnhs gzna Oehede(]nz`chm Rerkz Hn( :224!26( Wehon{wkz) Oehede< Gnnd ehd Zksn{zok Konhnacos)[hcwkzsct ng Jzctcsf Oni{ajce(

Jezhezd) O( :252( Tfk _{jstehtcwk Ie} ng tfk K[< Gn{z Gzkkdnas ( Tfczd Kdctcnh( Nvgnzd) [@<

Nvgnzd [hcwkzsct Rzkss(Jeztf) L() M( Oerzcn) ehd Z( Ikwchk :224( Jeh` Zkm{ietcnh ehd _{rkzwcscnh< ]fet ]nz`s Jkst>

Ln{zhei ng Gchehocei Chtkzakdcetcnh( 5?< :2;!46(




O|eme) R( :224( Zkm{ietnz Zkgnza ehd Aez`kt Nrkhhkss< [hdkzstehdchm tfk Ich`s tn KhfehokKonhnaco Rkzgnzaehok( NKOD Tzedk Rnico ]nz`chm Rerkzs Hn( 3( Rezcs< NKODR{jicsfchm(

Dkk) R( :22;( Tfk E{stzeice![_ Gzkk Tzedk Emzkkakht< Eh Esskssakht( Reocgco KonhnacoRerkzs Hn( ?4;( Oehjkzze< E{stzeice!Lereh Zkskezof Okhtzk) E{stzeiceh Hetcnhei[hcwkzsct(

^^^^^^^^( :226( A{itchetcnhei Onzrnzetcnhs ehd Reocgco Zkmcnheicsa( Ch L( Reieocns) kd(A{itchetcnhei Onzrnzetcnhs ehd tfk Kakzmchm Hkt}nz` Konhna ch Esce ehd tfk Reocgco (Inhdnh ehd Hk} Snz`< Zn{tikdmk(

^^^^^^^^( :223( _kzwcoks Icjkzeicsetcnh Tn}ezd tfk E_KEH Konhnaco Onaa{hct( Ch L( Onzjktt

ehd _( [ak|e`c) kds( Dkkrkhchm Kest Esceh Konhnaco Chtkmzetcnh ( KZCE ZkskezofRznlkot Zkrnzt Hn( 5( Leèzte< Konhnaco Zkskezof Chstct{tk gnz E_KEH ehd Kest Esce(

^^^^^^^( kd( :252( Chstct{tcnhs gnz Konhnaco Zkgnza ch Esce ( Inhdnh ehd Hk} Snz`< Zn{tikdmk(

^^^^^^^( :255( Tn}ezd e Onarktctcwk E_KEH _chmik Aez`kt< _kotnzei Eheiscs( Acakn( Leèzte<Konhnaco Zkskezof Chstct{tk gnz E_KEH ehd Kest Esce(

Dkk) R( ehd O( Gchdie( :226( _kzwcoks< E ‖Dkei!Ae`kz– ch tfk Dnfe Zn{hd> Ch J( Jinhcmkh) kd(Anhctnzchm Chtkzhetcnhei Tzedk Rnico< E Hk} Emkhde gnz Zkwcwchm tfk Dnfe Zn{hd (

Inhdnh< Okhtzk gnz Konhnaco Rnico Zkskezof ehd @cki< @cki Chstct{tk gnz tfk ]nzidKonhna(

^^^^^^^^^^( :223( _kzwcoks ch RTEs—Dnh{ts nz Fniks> Ch _( Lees{zce) D( AeoIezkh) ehd M(Aemkk) kds( Hkmntcetchm e Rzkgkzkhtcei Tzedchm Emzkkakht< Css{ks) Onhstzechts ehd Rzeotcoei Nrtcnhs ( Ofkitkhfea) [@< Kd}ezd Kimez(

Dkk) R( ehd E( _cdnzkh`n( :227( Tfk Zcsk ng _kzwcoks Tzedk< Zkmcnhei Chctcetcwks ehd Ofeiikhmksgnz tfk ]TN( Ch O( Gchdie ehd F( _nksestzn) kds( Zksferchm tfk Esce Reocgco Konhnaco Nzdkz ( Inhdnh ehd Hk} Snz`< Zn{tikdmk(

Dzsdeik) R( :252( Chtznd{otcnh( Ch R( Dkk) kd( Chstct{tcnhs gnz Konhnaco Zkgnza ch Esce( Inhdnhehd Hk} Snz`< Zn{tikdmk(

Ktfckz ] 5336 Zkmcnheicsa ch e A{itcietkzei ]nzid Ln{zhei ng Rnictcoei Konhna 527&7#< 5:54‟




^^^^^^^( :22;( Eooksscnh ng T{z`k tn tfk K{znrkeh [hcnh< Aez`kt Eookss ehd Zkm{ietnzCss{ks( Ch J( Fnkàeh ehd _( Tnmeh) kds( T{z`k< Konhnaco Zkgnza ehd Eooksscnh tn tfk K{znrkeh [hcnh ( ]esfchmtnh DO< ]nzid Jeh` ehd Okhtzk gnz Konhnaco Rnico

Zkskezof(Gzehoncs) L( ehd J( Fnkàeh( :252(_kzwcoks Tzedk ehd Rnico( Ln{zhei ng Konhnaco Ictkzet{zk(

46&?#< 74:‟73:(

Messkjhkz) A() H( Mestnh) ehd A( Ieaie( :226( Tfk Chwkzsk Dnachn Kggkot< Ezk KonhnacoZkgnzas Onhtemcn{s> @NG ]nz`chm Rerkz Hn( 56=( \{zcof< @NG _}css Konhnaco Chstct{tk(

Mzefea) K( ehd K( ]ede( :222( Dnakstco Zkgnza) Tzedk ehd Chwkstakht Icjkzeicsetcnh) GchehoceiOzcscs) ehd Gnzkcmh Dczkot Chwkstakht ch Akvcon( Tfk ]nzid Konhna( :?&7#< ===‟=3=(

Fezas) R() E( Aettnn) ehd I( _of{`hkoft( :22?( Kvriechchm Icjkzeic|etcnh Onaactakhts chGchehocei _kzwcoks Tzedk( Rnico Zkskezof ]nz`chm Rerkz Hn( :333( ]esfchmtnh DO<]nzid Jeh`(

Fnkàeh) J( ehd E( Aettnn( :255( _kzwcoks Tzedk Icjkzeic|etcnh ehd Zkm{ietnz Zkgnza< Zk!chwcmnzetchm Chtkzhetcnhei Onnrkzetcnh( Rnico Zkskezof ]nz`chm Rerkz ;;5=( ]esfchmtnhDO< ]nzid Jeh`(

Fnkàeh) J() E( Aettnn) ehd E( _ercz( :22=( Tfk Rnictcoei Konhna ng _kzwcoks Tzedk

Icjkzeicsetcnh< E Oesk gnz Chtkzhetcnhei Zkm{ietnz Onnrkzetcnh) Nvgnzd Zkwck} ng Konhnaco Rnico( :?&?#< ?7=‟35(

Fnskh) A( :252( Eookikzetchm Konhnaco Zkgnza ch Lereh< Tfk Znik ng tfk On{hoci nh Konhnacoehd Gcsoei Rnico( Ch R( Dkk) kd( Chstct{tcnhs gnz Konhnaco Zkgnza ch Esce( Inhdnh ehdHk} Snz`< Zn{tikdmk(

@e}ec) A( ehd M( ]cmhezele :255( Esceh GTEs< Tzkhds) Rznsrkots ehd Ofeiikhmks( Ln{zhei ng Esceh Konhnacos( ::< 5‟::(

@z{maeh) R( 533=( ]fet _fn{id Tzedk Hkmntcetnzs Hkmntcetk Ejn{t> Ln{zhei ng Konhnaco Ictkzet{zk( ?;< 55?‟5:2(

@diehd) G( ehd K( Rzksontt( 53==( Z{iks Zetfkz Tfeh Dcsozktcnh< Tfk Chonhscstkho ng NrtcaeiRiehs Ln{zhei ng Rnictcoei Konhna 6;&?#< 4=?‟43:




Rez`) C( ehd _( Rez`( :226( Zkgnza Ozketchm Zkmcnhei Tzedk Emzkkakhts ehd Gnzkcmh DczkotChwkstakht< Erricoetcnhs gnz Kest Esce( Reocgco Konhnaco Zkwck} 5?&;#< ;;2‟;77(

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?4

ERRKHDCV

Rznmzkss ch Zkgnzachm Fkeitfoezk ehd Gchehocei _kzwcoks ch E_KEH) :226‟:252

Jz{hkc Dez{sseiea Oeajndce Chdnhksce

Ien Rknrik-s Dkanozetco

Zkr{jico Aeiesce

JEH@CHM

Zkokht _chok tfk Achcstz ng

Gchehok css{kd

oiezcgcoetcnh nh ikhdchm

ch :223) gnzkcmh jeh`s

oeh nhi ikhd emechst

inoei oerctei(

Eh eakhdakht }es

aedk ch _krtkajkz

:223 tn icjkzeic|k

chtkzkst zetk skttchm(

Hnhk Hnhk Ch Hnw :252) tfk okhtzei

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eddzkss tfk zcschm

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stet{tnz jnd tnzkm{ietk tfk jeh`chm)

gchehok ehd chs{zehok

skotnz) chdkrkhdkht ng

tfk Achcstz ng Gchehok(

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jeh`chm ehd sko{zctcksaez`kts(




?;

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zkrnhsk tn tfk minjei

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rz{dkhtcei akes{zks(

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CH_[ZEHOK

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Rznantcnh :223 akehs

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ng tfk aez`kt(

Hnhk

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kvrkotkd tn jk eakhdkd

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kvtkhdkd(

Hnhk




?7

Hntks Hnhk Hnhk Tfk nhi ofehmk ch

chs{zehok zkm{ietcnh

d{zchm :226!:252

onhokzhkd rz{dkhtcei

akes{zks(

Hnhk Hnhk

AKDCOEI RZNGK__CNH_

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emzkkakht scmhkd }ctf

E_KEH on{htzcks ch

:223(

Ie} hn( 44.:223 onwkzs

akdcoei rzngksscnheis gnz

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karin gnzkcmh akdcoei

rzngksscnheis) j{t tfk

karinakht a{st jk gnz

tfk r{zrnsk ng

`hn}ikdmk ehd

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nh 4 Leh{ez :255 ses

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tfk zkst ng Chdnhksce(

Hnhk Hnhk




?=

Rznsrkotcwk Hnhk Hnhk Hnhk Hnhk Tfk Aeiesceh Hetcnhei

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sstka# ae gcheii jk

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mnwkzhakht cs `kkh tnr{sf tkikakdcoch-) ehd fes

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rznantchm tfk zkoz{ctakht

ng gnzkcmh dnotnzs ehd

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hk} akdcoei oniikmks ehd

t}chhchm rznmzeas tn zecsk

tfk zetcn ng dnotnzs rkz

fked ng rnr{ietcnh(




?6

FKEITF _KZWCOK_

Zkokht Hnhk Hnhk Ie} hn( ?7.:223 nh

fkeitf zku{czks eii gnzkcmh

fkeitfoezk geocictcks tn

njtech nrkzetchm icokhsk(

Ie} hn 44.:223 nh

fnsrcteis zkm{ietks tfkcz

kstejicsfakht ehd

aehemkakht ehd

chtznd{oks aehdetnz

eoozkdctetcnh kwkz ?

kezs( Gnzkcmh ku{ct

icacts gnz fnsrcteis ehd

akdcoei iejnzetnzcks fewk

jkkh zecskd gzna 7;+ tn

7=+( Tfk achca{a sc|k

ng gnzkcmh fnsrcteis fes

jkkh in}kzkd gzna ?22tn :22 jkds gnz E_KEH

chwkstnzs) tfn{mf tfk

fnsrcteis stcii fewk tn jk

srkoceicst( Gnzkcmh

akdcoei rzngksscnheis oeh

jk karinkd ch fnsrcteis

ehd akdcoei iejnzetnzcks)

j{t tfcs a{st jk gnz tfk

r{zrnsk ng `hn}ikdmk

ehd tkofhninm tzehsgkz)

hn} z{ichm n{t gnzkcmhkzs

ch {hs`ciikd rnsctcnhs(

[hcwkzsei skzwcoksnjicmetcnhs fewk jkkh

srkit n{t ch ie}(

Hnhk Hnhk

Rznsrkotcwk Hnhk Hnhk Hnhk Hnhk Hnhk




?3

FNZC\NHTEI

Zkokht Hnhk Hnhk Hnhk Hnhk Hnhk


JEH@CHM

Zkokht Hnhk Hnhk Hnhk Tfk Jeh` ng Tfeciehd

fes rkzacttkd

onaakzocei jeh`s tn

karin rkzsnhhki ng

E_KEH hetcnheict }ctf

{hicactkd h{ajkzs ch

eh rnsctcnh) j{t gnzkcmh

chstct{tcnhs geok

onhscdkzetcnh nh e oesk!

j!oesk jescs( Tfcs

rnico ofehmk

carikakhtsonaactakhts {hdkz

EGE_( E gnzkcmh jeh`

}ctf jzehofks ch

Tfeciehd cs eiin}kd tn

kstejicsf {r tn t}n

eddctcnhei jzehofks

}ctf tfk errznwei ng

tfk Jeh` ng Tfeciehd(

Tfcs carikakhts

onaactakhts {hdkz tfk

MET_(

Ch acd :252) tfk

mnwkzhakht zkanwkd

tfk onhtzni nwkz tfk

ikhdchm chtkzkst zetk

&onaakzocei jeh`s

on{id ezzehmk tfk

ikhdchm chtkzkst zetk

}ctf o{stnakzs#) j{t

tfk _tetk Jeh` {skd

snak edachcstzetcwk

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ch tfk Wckt Hea Jeh`chm

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onaacttkd#( Oczo{iez 23

skts n{t stzcotkz

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sfezkfnidkzs) ksrkoceii

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}fn }csf tn kstejicsf e

lncht stno` onaakzoceijeh`) ehd hk} inhmkz

tcakgzeaks ng tfk

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icokhsk( Rzcnz tn :252)

gnzkcmh jeh` jzehofks

on{id ikhd emechst tfk

rezkht oerctei j{t gzna

:252) jzehofks fewk tn

ikhd emechst tfkcz n}h

ofeztkzkd oerctei) hnt




42

tfkcz rezkht oerctei(

Rznsrkotcwk Hnhk Hnhk Hnhk Hnhk [hdkz tfk Ie} nh Ozkdct

Chstct{tcnhs }fcof }cii

te`k kggkot nh 5 Leh{ez

:255) tfk rzcak chtkzkst

zetk stz{ot{zk csejnicsfkd( Tfk rzcak

zetk }es kicachetkd es

{hzkgikotcwk ng tfk

s{rri!dkaehd

zkietcnhsfcr nh tfk

aez`kt ehd }es wck}kd

es chtkzwkhtcnhcst j

gchehocei aez`kts(

Hntks Hnhk Hnhk Hnhk Hnhk Okztech rz{dkhtcei

zku{czkakhts fewk jkkh

zecskd) choi{dchm tfk

achca{a oerctei

edku{eo zetcn(

CH_[ZEHOK

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oeh s{rri chs{zehok

skzwcoks choi{dchm

u{esc!akdcoei

chs{zehok gnz

kvretzcetks mnchm

ejzned( Ch :226

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chs{zehok dcd hnt

kvcst(

Hnhk Hnhk Hnhk Hnhk

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ehd s{rrikakht tn tfk

Ie} nh Chs{zehok

J{schkss }cii zkonmhc|k

tfk oznss!jnzdkz

rznwcscnh ng chs{zehok

skzwcoks j gnzkcmh

chs{zehok nzmehc|etcnhs




45

ehd chdcwcd{eis( Ct }cii

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tn skt {r jzehofks ng

gnzkcmh hnh!icgk

chs{zehok khtkzrzcsks ch

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eoonzdehok }ctf Wckt

Hea–s ]TN

onaactakhts( Ct }n{id

kvrehd tfk zehmk ng

zkonmhc|kd chs{zehok

rznd{ots ehd chs{zehok

khtkzrzcsks(

Hntks Hnhk Hnhk Hnhk Hnhk Hnhk

AKDCOEI RZNGK__CNH_

Zkokht _eak es gnz fkeitf

skzwcoks(

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ng rznmzkss ch

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gzna tfk

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icactkd tn Gcicrchn

octc|khs(

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4:

FKEITF _KZWCOK_

Zkokht _nak keschm ng oznss!

jnzdkz tzedk( _nak

lncht wkht{zk

fnsrcteis fewk jkkhkstejicsfkd schok

:226(

E aelnz rnico

ofehmk cs tfk

s{srkhscnh gnz nhk

kez ng tfk hkkd tnnjtech e Okztcgcoetk ng

Hkkd) tfk nhi

zkstzcotcnh nh hk}

khtz ng rzcwetk

fnsrcteis( Tfk DNF

Edachcstzetcwk Nzdkz

Hn( :22=!22:=

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gnz oichcoei

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zkhdkzkd tfk DNF!

JFG_ Oczo{iez Hn( ?

_kzcks ng :22? tfet

s{srkhds css{ehok ng

rkzacts tn hk} khtz

ng iejnzetnzcks)

njsniktk( Tfk rznokss

gnz css{chm

karinakht rkzacts

tn gnzkcmh hetcnheisfes jkkh kvtkhdkd

gzna 5 tn ? }nz`chm

des( Ch :223) tfk

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kstejicsfkd tn

nzmehc|k chd{stz ehd

mnwkzhakht

Hnhk Hnhk Tfk Fkeitf Chs{zehok

Ie} tnn` kggkot nh 5

L{i :223) ecachm tn

kesk tfk ined nhrznwchocei ehd okhtzei

fnsrcteis) ehd kvrehd

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tn choi{dk dz{m eddcots

ehd rknrik }ctf

onhmkhctei dkgkots }fn

}kzk rzkwcn{si

kvoi{dkd(




4?

ste`kfnidkzs chwniwkd

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zktczkakht(

Rznsrkotcwk Hnhk Tfkzk ezk kakzmchm

dkaehds gnz tfk

eakhdakht ng tfk

Zkr{jico Eot 4::7 nz

tfk Fnsrctei

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kvrehd tfk onwkzemk

ng tfk ie} tn choi{dk

fkeitf geocictcks ntfkz

tfeh fnsrcteis(

Hnhk Hnhk Hnhk

FNZC\NHTEI

Zkokht Hnhk Hnhk Hnhk Nhk dcstchotcwk ofehmk

cs tfk zkrieokakht ng

tfk ]nz`chm ng Eickh Eot

53=6 j tfk hk} eot)

]nz`chm ng Eickh Eot

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weicdct rkzcnd ng tfk

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kvokkdchm nhk kez tn

hnt kvokkdchm t}n

kezs( Fn}kwkz) hnh!caacmzehts wcses ezk

hnzaeii mzehtkd gnz

nhk kez(

Hnhk


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