Proofreading, Editing & Revising

Customized & Workplace TrainingAAI/Portland Community College

Facilitated by George Knox

Proofreading

Purpose: Locate and mark errors and needed changes in a document.

Approach w/ “fresh eyes” Know why you are proofreading Proof for the audience Mark problems; don’t fix them Look for needed changes only Read both silently and aloud Proofread in “chunks” Proof multiple times

Proofreading for Revision

Purpose: Check content and order for clarification or restatement

Read for overview Determine purpose of the document Find the main point or thesis Find the evidence or details Check paragraph order and “weight” Proof paragraphs for relevance and flow Repeat as necessary

Proofreading for Editing

Purpose: Find sentence-level problems and mechanical errors

Proofread at least twice Check your problem areas first Find topic sentences before supports Ensure 1 topic sentence per paragraph Check spelling separate from grammar Use but don’t trust writing assistants

Proofreading Tips

Accept that most drafts are not perfect Plan/schedule for proofreading Proof electronically AND hard copy Proofread multiple times Read your document aloud Have someone else proofread Practice proofreading

AND …

Proofreading Tips (Cont.)

Organize your proofreading:– Proof in sections. Complete a section before

moving on.– Proof for revision first. Make revisions. Then

proof for editing.– Proof general to specific (Paragraph –

Sentence – Word – Punctuation)– Read backwards (especially for editing)

Proofreading for Grammar (Sentence Level)

When proofing and editing, focus on meaning and clarity Know your grammatical weaknesses, and check those first Read a sentence aloud to confirm “verbal grammar” Look for shifts in voice, person and tense Identify subject, predicate, clauses and phrases within a

sentence Quickly cover the basics:

– Complete sentences (and ideas)– Agreement between elements– Clear and appropriate modifying phrases– Correct punctuation

Use the writing assistants to find likely errors (but check again for yourself)

Keep a good grammar guide handy

Revising Strategies

Focus– Clarify introduction of main “thesis”– Check for competing ideas– Delete unnecessary text

Content– Emphasize main ideas– Add facts, details, examples, definitions– Rethink central argument/insight

Point of View– Maintain consistency– Change POV?

Revising Strategies (Cont.)

Organization– Add/sharpen topic sentences– Move blocks of text– Re-paragraph

Audience Appeal– Use appropriate tone/language– Let the readers know why they are reading– Motivate the readers to read on

The “Rule of Ones”

Editing Strategies: Movement

Check paragraphs– Topic sentence followed by support sentences– Transitional sentences/phrases

Arrange paragraphs appropriately– Time (chronological, narrative, process)– Space (descriptive, setting)– Dramatic (build to climax, back load)– Logic (argument, essay)

Link ideas

Paragraph Structure

Topic sentence with support sentences (details and examples)

Usually topic sentence comes first Start a paragraph when you introduce a

new topic sentence Front load vs. back load Tip: When proofing, mark all topic

sentences to check paragraphing

Editing Strategies: Linking Ideas Use key words

– Repetition– Variety

Maintain parallel structures– Similar info presented in similar ways– “Visual” balance

Check for consistent style– Between paragraphs/chapters/sections– Subject identity– Perspective

Editing Strategies: Transitions

Use “roadmap” sentences/paragraphs Choose appropriate phrases

– Addition (and, also, further, in addition to, moreover, next, too)

– Compare (also, in the same manner, in this way, like, likewise, similarly)

– Contrast (although, but, even though, however, in contrast, nevertheless, still)

– Summary (In conclusion, in other words, in short, therefore, to sum up)

– Relation [time, order, place] (after, as, during, finally, later, when, first, second, next, last, above, beyond, farther on, near, opposite)

– Logic (as a result, consequently, if, since, so, therefore, thus)

Editing Strategies: Sentence Level

Correct grammar– Sentence fragments– Run-on sentence (fused, comma splice)– Subject-Verb agreement– Pronoun references and agreement– Misused modifiers– Active vs. passive voice

Correct spelling and punctuation

Specific Problems to Consider

Diction Paragraph Structure Document Design Style Liability

Also Think About …

Utilizing a peer review Testing documents on sample audiences Requesting feedback from target

audience(s) Developing measurements of effectiveness Rotating assignments to assess strengths

and weaknesses of writing staff Group writing for projects