Properties of Properties of MatterMatter

Part 1: Part 1: Classifying MatterClassifying Matter

The Nature of MatterThe Nature of Matter

You can observe matter easily with your You can observe matter easily with your sensessenses . . . rocks, trees, bicycles, air . . . . . . rocks, trees, bicycles, air . . . Basically everything and anything!Basically everything and anything!

MatterMatter is anything that takes up space and has is anything that takes up space and has mass.mass.

ExamplesExamples ofof MatterMatter::

The word matter comes from the Latin word The word matter comes from the Latin word materiamateria, , meaning “material” or “stuff”meaning “material” or “stuff”

The only thing that wouldn’t be matter The only thing that wouldn’t be matter would be energy (sunlight, heat, would be energy (sunlight, heat, electricity).electricity).

- no - no massmass or or volumevolume so they can’t be so they can’t be matter!matter!

Elements, Molecules, and Elements, Molecules, and CompoundsCompoundsElementsElements and and compoundscompounds make up all the different make up all the different kinds of matter in the universe.kinds of matter in the universe.

Elements are the Elements are the simplestsimplest form of form of mattermatter Cannot be broken down into simpler Cannot be broken down into simpler

substances.substances.

Each element is made of atoms of the same Each element is made of atoms of the same type.type.

Each has a unique set of physical and Each has a unique set of physical and chemical chemical properties.properties.

117 known elements in the universe.117 known elements in the universe.

Approximately 92 are found naturally on Approximately 92 are found naturally on Earth.Earth.

Examples of Examples of ElementsElements::

goldgold

silversilver

oxygenoxygen

hydrogenhydrogen

aluminumaluminum

nitrogennitrogen

tintin

calciumcalcium

SixSix elements make up 99% of all living elements make up 99% of all living matter!matter!

• SulfurSulfur

• PotassiumPotassium

• OxygenOxygen

• NitrogenNitrogen

• CarbonCarbon

• HydrogenHydrogen

CompoundsCompounds are two or more are two or more elements elements combined chemically together.combined chemically together.

Properties are different from the properties of Properties are different from the properties of the the elements that make them up.elements that make them up.

Elements in a compound have a Elements in a compound have a fixedfixed ratio. ratio.

ExampleExample::

Na

(Sodium)

Soft metal

explodes in H20

+ Cl (chlorine)

Poisonous greenish gas

= SaltMost matter in the universe is in Most matter in the universe is in the form of compounds!the form of compounds!

Compounds, Molecules, and ElementsCompounds, Molecules, and Elements

H(hydrogen

)

Explosive gas

+ O2

(oxygen)

Explosive gas

= Water

Molecules, Elements, and Compounds

When two or more atoms combine, they When two or more atoms combine, they form a form a moleculemolecule..

Most molecules are made of two or more Most molecules are made of two or more atomsatoms

A molecule is the A molecule is the smallestsmallest particle of a particle of a substancesubstance

with the same with the same propertiesproperties of the of thesubstance.substance.

NOTENOTE:: Compounds are Compounds are differentdifferent than molecules because than molecules because compound is used to compound is used to describe the substance in describe the substance in

general general, while molecule , while molecule describes describes the smallest the smallest particle of the substance particle of the substance..

Mixtures, Solutions, and SuspensionsMixtures, Solutions, and Suspensions

A A mixturemixture is a combination of two or more is a combination of two or more substances substances NOTNOT combined chemically. combined chemically.

May be a mixture May be a mixture of both of both elementselements and and compoundscompounds

Substances keep Substances keep their unique their unique properties and can be properties and can be separatedseparated by physical by physical means.means.

There are two types of mixtures . . . There are two types of mixtures . . .

HomogeneousHomogeneous – the parts – the parts (substances) are evenly (substances) are evenly distributed. It is difficult to tell one distributed. It is difficult to tell one substance from another.substance from another.

HeterogeneousHeterogeneous – the parts of – the parts of the mixture are noticeably the mixture are noticeably different from one another.different from one another.

Mixtures, Solutions, and SuspensionsMixtures, Solutions, and Suspensions

A A solutionsolution is a mixture that looks like a is a mixture that looks like a single substance and has the same single substance and has the same properties throughout.properties throughout.

SoluteSolute ~ ~ The substance that The substance that

dissolves in a solution.dissolves in a solution.

SolventSolvent ~ ~ The substance into which The substance into which the the

solute dissolves. solute dissolves.

Solutions, and Suspensions and ColloidsSolutions, and Suspensions and Colloids

Solutions, and Suspensions and ColloidsSolutions, and Suspensions and ColloidsA A colloidcolloid is a mixture that contains both small is a mixture that contains both small particles in solution and larger particles in particles in solution and larger particles in suspension.suspension.

• Colloids Colloids dodo notnot separate into separate into layers.layers.

• Colloids, like Colloids, like suspensions suspensions scatterscatter lightlight..

Milk is an example of a colloid.

In a In a ssuspensionuspension components are components are dispersed, but large enough to see dispersed, but large enough to see and settle out.and settle out.

Properties of Properties of MatterMatter

Part 2: Physical PropertiesPart 2: Physical Properties

PhysicalPhysical propertyproperty is a property that can be is a property that can be observed without changing the identity observed without changing the identity of the substance. of the substance.

Physical PropertiesPhysical Properties

ExamplesExamples:: viscosityviscosity conductivityconductivity malleabilitymalleability hardnesshardness magnetismmagnetism

melting pointmelting point boiling pointboiling point densitydensity colorcolor

Examples of Physical PropertiesExamples of Physical Properties

ViscosityViscosity of a substance is of a substance is its resistance to flow.its resistance to flow.

Examples: water = low Examples: water = low viscosityviscosity

honey = high honey = high viscosityviscosity

ConductivityConductivity is a material’s is a material’s ability to allow heat to flow.ability to allow heat to flow.

Examples: metal = high Examples: metal = high conductivityconductivity

wood = poor wood = poor conductivityconductivity

Examples of Physical PropertiesExamples of Physical Properties

MalleabilityMalleability of a substance is of a substance is its ability to be hammered its ability to be hammered into a thin sheetinto a thin sheet

Melting and Boiling pointsMelting and Boiling points are the are the temperatures at which a solid temperatures at which a solid becomes a liquid and a liquid becomes a liquid and a liquid becomes a gas.becomes a gas.

DensityDensity of a substance is the of a substance is the ratio of its mass compared to ratio of its mass compared to its volume.its volume.

Physical Properties to separate Physical Properties to separate mixturesmixturesTwo common separation methods:Two common separation methods:

FiltrationFiltration – process that – process that separates materials separates materials based on the size of based on the size of their particles.their particles.

DistillationDistillation – process – process that separates the that separates the substances in a solution substances in a solution based on their boiling based on their boiling points.points.

Physical ChangePhysical ChangeA change in the appearance, without A change in the appearance, without changing the composition of the changing the composition of the material.material.

• Can be Can be reversiblereversible, or , or irreversibleirreversible• Substance may seem different, but Substance may seem different, but

the way the atoms link up is the the way the atoms link up is the same.same.

It is a physical change if . . . It is a physical change if . . . It changes shape or sizeIt changes shape or size Or the substance changes phase.Or the substance changes phase. It dissolves.It dissolves.

Properties of Properties of MatterMatter

Part 3: Chemical PropertiesPart 3: Chemical Properties

ChemicalChemical propertyproperty is any ability to is any ability to produce a change in the composition of produce a change in the composition of matter.matter.

Chemical PropertiesChemical Properties

flammabilitflammabilityy

reactivityreactivityMaterial’s ability to burn in the presence of oxygen.

How readily a substance combines chemically with other substances.

Examples of chemical properties . . . Examples of chemical properties . . .

Chemical ChangesChemical ChangesChemicalChemical changeschanges occur when a occur when a

substance reacts and forms one or substance reacts and forms one or more new substances.more new substances.

Formation of a precipitate.

A change in color.

Production of a gas.

You know a chemical change has occurred when . . .

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What kind of change is it?What kind of change is it?

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What kind of change is it?What kind of change is it?

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What kind of change is it?What kind of change is it?

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What kind of change is it?What kind of change is it?

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What kind of change is it?What kind of change is it?

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What kind of change is it?What kind of change is it?