Propiedades Geofísicas de Los Suelos - j. Bowel

8/16/2019 Propiedades Geofísicas de Los Suelos - j. Bowel

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l

PHYSICAL

ND

GEOTECHNICAL

PROPERTIES

OF SOILS

Seco

nd Edi

tion

Joseph E Bowles

onsulcing Engineerf

otware

onsultane

Engineering omputer Software

INTERNATIONAL STUDENT EDITION

McGRAW HILL BOOK M

P NY

Auckland Bogota Guatemala Hamburg Johannesburg Lisbon

London Madrid Mexico New Delhi Panama Paris

San Juan Sao Paulo Singapore Sydney Tokyo


2/10

CO

T

TS

Preface

xi

Cha er l

Introduction to Geotechnics, Statistics,

and SI

1 1

Generai Introduction

1-2

The

Stud

y

or

Soil Mechanics

2

1-3

Text Objectives

4

1-4

Some

Typical Soil

Pr oblems

4

1-5

Historical

De

velopment or So l Mechanics

5

1-6 Soil Failures

9

1-7 Sources

or In

ro

rmat

io

n for

Geotechnical

Engineers

13

1-8

El

ements

of Statistics and Probability

16

1 9

SI Units

23

Chapter Soil

Pr

operties- P hysical and Index

26

2-1

Introduction

26

2-2

Soil

Composition

and

Term

s

26

2-3

Basic Defini

ti

ons and

Mass Volu me

Relationships

27

2-4

Noncohesive

and

Cohesive Soils 39

2-5 Atterberg or Consistency) Limits

_4

2-6 Soil Moisture

41

2-7

Indices of Soil

Consistenc

y

42

2-8 Specific Surface

A3

2-9

Specific

Gra

vity

44

2-10 Soil T

exture

46

2-

11

Soil Phases

46

2-12 Grain Size

48

2-13

Un

i

Weight

of Soils Dry, Wet,

and

Submerged)

50

2- 14

Effective

or Intergranular

Pressures

52

2-

15

Intergranular Pressures in Partially Saturated Soils

59

2-16

Summary

60

v


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.

vi

CONTE-; TS

COI'TEI'TS

vii

Cbapter

3

Geologie Propertie:;,

Formations

of

6-4

Determining Subsurface Conditions

174

Natura

Soil Deposits, and

Groundwater

64

6-5

Location, Spacing. and Depth

of

Borings

177

3-1 Introduction

64 6-6

Sampling

179

3-2

The Earth

65 6-7

Water Table

184

3-3

Physìcal Properties of Minerals

66

6-

8

Samp

le Quality

and

Engineering Practice

184

3-4

The

Rock and Soil Cycle

9

67 6-9

The Standard Penetration Test (SPT) . . .___--

185

3-5

Igneous Rocks 70 6-10

SPT Correlations

186

3-6 Sedìmentar y Rocks

74

6-11

Boring Logs

188

3-7 Metamorphic Rocks

79 6-

12

Cone Penetration Test (C

PT

)

189

3-8 Crustal Movements 80

6-13

Rock Drilling

192

3-9 Rock Weatheringand Soil Formation

85 6-14

Seismic Exploration

194

3-10

Generai Considerations in Rock Weathering

92 6-15

Resistivity Exploration

199

3-1 1

Soil Formations Produced by Weatheri

ng,...t-

92 6-16

The Total Stress Cell and Dilatometer

200

,3-12

R

unning Water and Alluvial Deposits

96

6-1 7

Summary

202

_

3-13

Glacial

Dep

osits

100

Compaction and

Soil Stabilization

3-14

Wind

Depo

sits

106

Chapter

7

204

3-15

Gravity Deposits

109

7-1

Generai Concept

of

Soil Stabilization _

\\_

204

3-16

Subsurface W a t e r

109

7-2

Soil

as

a Construction

Materia ---------------

205

3-17 Sources of Geologie Information

116

7-3

Soil Stabi1ization

o .._

205

3

-1

8

Summary

117

7-4

Soil Compaction

207

08

7-5

Tbe ory of

Compaction

Cbapter

Soil Classification Tests and

7-6

Compaction of Cobesionless Soils

212

Common

S

ys

tems

119

7-7

Structure and Properties of Compacted

4-1 Generai

119

Cohesive Soils

213

4-2 Soil Tests for Classificat

ion.L..,

121

7-8

Stabilizationof Expansive Clays · -

. 215

4-3

The Unified Soil Classification System

v

128

7-9

O t h e r C o m m e n t s o n S o i l C o m p a c t i o ~ 2 6

4-4

The AASHTO

Soil Classificati

on

System 135

7-1 0

Excavation

and

Compaction Equipment

217

4-5 Generai Description

of AASHTO

Soil

7-11

Compac

ti

on

Specifications

223

Classification Subgroups

137 7-12

F

ie

d Contro of Compaction

225

4-6 The AASHTO Group

Ind

ex

138

7-13

Statistica Field Unit Weight Contro

230

4

-7

Field Identification Tests

14

0 7-14

Deep Compaction of In Si

tu

Soils

232

4-8

Sum

mar

y

141

7-15

Static Stabilization

234

7-16

Fabric Stabilization

234

h ~ p t e r 5

Soil Structure

and

Clay Minerals

g 145

7-1 7

Soil-Cement and Lime-Fly-Ash Soil Stabil ization

236

5-1 Soils

and

Soil

Formation . .

145

7-1 8

Special Problems in Soil Compaction

238

5-2 Soìl Structure and Fabric

146

7-

19

Summary

239

5-3 Soìl Cohesion

and

Friction 146

5-4 Granular

Soil Structure

147

Chapter 8

Soil Hydraulics, Permeability,

5-5

Other Considerations of Granular Soil Structure;

Capillarity, and Shrinkage

241

Relative Density

149

8-1

Water

in Soil

241

5-6

Structure of Cohesive Soìls

q

154

8-2

Permeabilìty

242

5-7

Clay and Clay Minerai'

158

8-3

Soil Water Flow and the Bernoulli Energy Equatìon

245

5-8

Generai Clay Minerai Properties

163

8-4

Determination of the Coefficient of Permeability <

249

5-9 Summary

167

8-5

Lìmitations and Other Considerations in Determìning

252

Chapter 6

Soil Exploration and Sampling

170

8-6

Effective Coefficient of Permeabilìty

of 4.

Stratified Soils

254

6-1 Introduction

170

8-7

Capìllarity and Capillary Effects in So

ìl

257

6-2 Site Investigation

171

8-8

Seepage Forces and Quick Conditions

267

6-3

Site Geology

172

8-9

Summary

274


4/10

.

COl'TEl 'TS ix

viii COKTE:-:TS

Preconsolidation and Estimat ion of the1 -5

Seepage and Flow Ne t Theory

277

Preconsolidation Pressure

365

hapter 9

9-1

Introduction

277

11-6

The

Compression Parameters

367

9-2

Seepage

Fl

ow through Soil-

The

LaPlace Equation

278

11-7 Compression Parameters fo r Arithmetic Plots

369

9-3

Flow Nets

280

11-8 Empirica Approximations for C, and

370

9-4

Fio

w ets for Sheet-Pile Cut-Oif Walls

282

11-9

Soil Structure and Consoliaation

<

372

9-5 Flow Nets fo r Earth Dams

286

11-

10

Settlement Computations

373

9-6

Methods for Obtaining the Ph reatic Line l -

li Secondary Compression (Creep) Senlemems

374

for

Earth Dam

s

289

ll -

12

Illustrative Examples

376

9-7

Flow

Net

Construction

293

ll

-13 Controlling Consolidation Settlements

382

9-8.

Direct Computation of Seepage Quantity

296

11-14 Reliability

of

Consolidation Settlement

Computations

382

11-15 Summary

383

-9

The Flow Net When kx k

297

9-10

Contro) ofSeepage through

Da

ms

299

Rate of Consolidation

387

-11

Sudden

Drawd

own

and

Seepage Forces

301

Chapter

l2

9-12

Pip ing and Contro of Piping

302

12-l

The Coefficient of Consolidation

387

9-13

Other Method

s

fo

r Seepage Quantities 304 12-2 Percent Consolidati

on

391

9-14

Elements of Weli Hydrau lics

305

12

-3 Methods of Obtaining the Time of

-

15

Summary

307

Intere

st

for

Computing

c .

393

12-4

Rate of Consolidation Based on Strain

396

Chapter

10

Stresses Strains, and Rheological Concepts

310

12-5 Illustrative Examples

402

310

12-6 Consol idation Ra tes fo r Layered Med ia

410

O-l

Generai Considerations

Three-Dimensional Consolidation

411

0-2

Generai Stresses and Strains

at

a Point

312 12-7

411

0-3

Theory

of

Elasticity Concepts Used in

12-8 Summary

Soil Mechanics Problems

313

-<

0-4

Octahedral Stresses

314

Chapter 3 Shear

Strength of Soils

414

10-5

Stress

-Str

ain

Modulu

s

and

Hooke's Law

320

13

-1

In

tr

oduction 414

10-6

Anisotro pie Soil

325

13-2

Shear Strength Parameters

c

and P 41 6

10-7

Two-Dimensional Stresses a t a Poi m


5/10

.

X CONTENTS

14-4

Factors

Affecting the Stress-Strain

Modu

lus

and

Approximations

482

14-5

Resilient Modulus

482

14-6 Dynamic So

il

Stress-Strain Modulus

483

14-7 Cyclic Modulus of Deformation

and

Li

que

faction

486

14

-8 Summary 496

Chapter 5

Latera Pressures, Bearing Capacit

y

and Settlement

498

15-1 Introduction

498

15-2

Soil Stresses

at

a Point-K. Conditions 498

15-3 Active and Passive Earth Pressures

501

15-4 Pressur

es

against Wa lls 506

15-5 Inclined Cohesionless Ground

507

15-6

Latera Ear th Pressure for Cohesive Soils 510

15-7

The

Triai Wedge Solution 513

15-8 Logarithmic Spirai and -Circle Methods for

Passive Pressure in Cohesionless Soil 514

15-9 B

ear

ing

Capacity

Theoretical

517

15-10 Bearing Capacity by Empirica Methods

522

15-11 Other B

ea

ring Capacity Problems

524

15-12 Deep Fountlations

525

15-13

Immediate Settlement Computations

529

15-14 Summary

533

Chapter 6

Stability of Slopes

536

16-1 Generai Considerations in Stability

of

Slopes 536

16-2 Infinite

Sl

opes 537

16-3 Stabil ity

of In

fin

ite Cohesive Slopes 539

16-4

Circular Are Analysis 540

16-5

The -Circle Method

542

16-6 S1ope Stability Charts

544

16-7 Slope Ana1ysis by Me

th

od of Slices

551

16-8 Wedge Block Analysis

16-9 Validity of S1ope Stability Analyses 558

16-10 Summary 559

Bibliography

563

Ind

exes

571

Name

In dex

Subject l ndex


6/10

BIBLIOGRAPHY

The following abbrevi

at

ions are used to simplify the reference list:

HRB

HRR

ASCE

JGE

D

JSMFD

PSC

ASTM

S

TP

CGJ

Highway Research Board [presently Transportat ion Research

Board (TRB), Washington, D.C.]. Publications available from

TRB if in print

Highway Research Record. Publications available from TRB if in

print

America n Society

of

Civ

l

Engineers

Journal

of

Geotechnical Engineering Division, ASCE

1974-

Journal of Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division ASCE

(1956-1973)

Pr

oceedings ASCE Specialty Conferences

1st

PSC

ShearStrength

of

Cohesive Soils (1960)

3d PSC: Placement and Improvement

of

Soil to Suppor Struc

tures (1968)

th

PSC

Performance

of

Earth and Earth Supported Structures

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6th PSC: In

Si

tu Measurement

of

Soil Properties (1975)

American Society for Te

st

ing and Materials, Philadelphia, Pa.

Special Technical Publication published by ASTM.

Canadian

Geotechnical Journal, Ottawa, Canada.

56


7/10

564

PHYSIC"AL

Al'

.

0 GEOTEC H'IICAL PROPERTIES OF SOILS

I

CSMFE

ISSS

on

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r

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of

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_

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E

( 9

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l

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o .

dated

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· (

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)· .. From Theory

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k and A W Skempton · Ncw York.

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566

PHYSICAL

ANO

GEOTECH:-JICA L

PR

OPE RTIES

OF

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17

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· G

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Documents

Propiedades Geofísicas de Los Suelos - j. Bowel