Proposed Draft Regulations for Examination Syllabus for issue of

Draft Regulations for Examination Syllabus for issue

Of Aeroplane & Helicopter Pilot License (October, 2010)

Rev 1 Dated- October, 2010

INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK


GOVERNMENT OF INDIA

OFFICE OF THE DIRECTOR GENERAL OF CIVIL AVIATION TECHNICAL CENTER, OPPOSITE SAFDARJUNG AIRPORT, NEW DELHI

CIVIL AVIATION REQUIREMENT SECTION 7- FLIGHT CREW STANDARDS TRAINING AND LICENSING SERIES ‘B’ PART IX 1st October 2010 EFFECTIVE: 1st October ,2010 Subject: TRAINING AND EXAMINATION SYLLABUS FOR ISSUE OF AEROPLANE & HELICOPTER PILO LICENCES 1. INTRODUCTION

Sections B, F, J, K, ,M, N, O and P of Schedule II of the Aircraft Rules, 1937 stipulate, amongst other requirements, that for issuance of Student Pilot’s License (SPL), Private Pilot’s License (PPL), Commercial Pilot’s License (CPL), Airline Transport Pilot’s License (ATPL) and Instrument Rating (IR) for Aeroplanes and Helicopters, the applicant shall have to pass an oral and/or written examination as per the syllabus prescribed by the DGCA. This CAR lays down the main topics of the syllabus for ground training and examination for issuance of the licenses for helicopters, as required under clause 1 of sections B, F, J, K, ,M, N, O and P of Schedule II. The provisions of this CAR must be read in conjunction with schedule II of the aircraft Rules 1937. This CAR is issued under rule 133A.

2. GROUND TRAINING/ EXAMINATION OF AEROPLANE PILOT LICENCES 2.1 Schedule and Syllabus for examination for issue of Student Pilot’s License

for Aeroplanes [SPL] is given in Section 1 at page 3. 2.2. Schedule and Syllabus for examination for issue of Private Pilot’s License for

Aeroplanes [PPL] is given in Section 1 from page 4-16. 2.3. Schedule and Syllabus for examination for issue of Commercial Pilot’s License for Aeroplanes [CPL] is given in Section 1 from page 17-40.


CIVIL AVIATION REQUIREMENTS SECTION 7 SERIES ‘B’ PART IX 1st October, 2010 2.4 Schedule and Syllabus for examination for issue of Airline Transport

Pilot’s License for Aeroplanes [ATPL] is given in Section 1 from 41-72. 2.5 Schedule and Syllabus for examination for issue of Instrument rating

(IR) for Aeroplanes is given in Section 1 from page 73-88. 3. GROUND TRAINING/ EXAMINATION OF HELICOPTER PILOT LICENCES

3.1. Syllabus for examination for issue of Student Pilot’s License for

Helicopter [SPL(H)] is given in Section 2 from page 93 . 3.2. Schedule and Syllabus for examination for issue of Private Pilot’s

License for Helicopters [PPL (H)] is given in Section 2 from page 94-104.

3.3. Schedule and Syllabus for examination for issue of Commercial Pilot’s

License [CPL (H)] for Helicopters is Section 2 from page 105-129. 3.4. Schedule and Syllabus for examination for issue of Airline Transport

Pilot’s License for Helicopters [ATPL (H)] is given in Section 2 from page 131-157.

3.5 Schedule and Syllabus for examination for issue of Instrument rating (IR)

for Helicopters is given in Section 2 from 159-172 . 4. An summary of Papers, Subjects and duration for theoretical knowledge examination in respect of ATPL, CPL & IR for Aeroplanes is given in section1 at page 89. 5 An summary of Papers, Subjects and duration for theoretical knowledge examination in respect of ATPL, CPL & IR for Helicopters is given in section 2 at page 173. 6. The examination shall be of multiple choice type and pass percentage for each subject shall be 70%.

Director General of Civil Aviation


1

Syllabus for Pilot License Examination (Aeroplanes)

SECTION: 1 - Theoretical Knowledge examination for Aeroplane Pilot License Examination Examination

Topics Pages

SPL

Air Regulations, Air Navigation, Aviation Meteorology & Aircraft and Engines

3

PPL

Paper-I

Paper-II

Paper-III

Paper-IV

1) Air Law 2) Human Performance and Limitations 1) Meteorology 1) Flight Performance and Planning 2) Navigation 3) Communications 1) Principles of Flight 2) Operational Procedures 3) Aircraft General Knowledge

4

5-7

8-9

10-12

13-16

CPL

Paper-I

Paper-II

Paper-III

Paper-IV

Paper-V

1) Air Law 2) Human Performance and Limitations 1) Meteorology

1) Flight Performance and Planning

1) Navigation 2) Operational Procedures 3) Communications

1) Principles of Flight 2) Aircraft General Knowledge

17

19-22

23-24

25-27

28-31

32-40

ATPL

Paper-I

Paper-II


41

43-47

48-50

2

Paper-III

Paper-IV

Paper-V

1) Flight Performance and Planning 5) Navigation 6) Operational Procedures 7) Communications 8) Principles of Flight 9) Aircraft General Knowledge

51-55

56-61

62-72

IR

Paper-I

Paper-II

Paper-III

Paper-IV

1) Air Law 2) Human Performance and Limitations 1) Meteorology 1) Flight Performance and Planning 2) Navigation 1) Aircraft General Knowledge 2) Communications

73

75-79

80-82

83-85

86-88

CPL/ ATPL/IR Schedule

Over all subjects/sections and duration of examination

89

3

Syllabus for Oral Examination for Issue of Student Pilot’s Licence- Aeroplanes (SPL) 1. AIR REGULATIONS - Knowledge of terms used in Aviation such as aircraft, aeroplane, aerodrome, balloon, co-pilot, Director General, flight time, solo flight time, dual flight time, log book, flight crew member, helicopter, prohibited area, take-off, landing, Air Traffic Control, Mayday, PAN, etc. - The different categories of pilots’ licences. - Student Pilot Licence, requirements for issue, renewal, validity and privileges. - Visual Flight Rules. - Ground markings, visual and light signals with specific reference to visual flights and circuit flying. 2. AIR NAVIGATION - Basic knowledge of form of earth and the method of representing sphere (Earth) on a flat surface for mapping. - Basic knowledge of various units of measure such as

- nautical miles, kilometer, statute mile - Fahrenhit and Celsius, millibars

(hectopascal) - lbs, kilogram, US and Imperial gallons, litres,

and conversion from one to other. - Elementary knowledge of some navigational instruments such as Magnetic Compass. Air Speed Indicator, Altimeter and basic knowledge of magnetism. - Use of Radio Telephony, VHF etc. Elementary understanding of Radio Navigational Aids such as NDB, VOR, and their uses in aviation (appreciation only). 3. AVIATION METEOROLOGY - Elementary knowledge of atmosphere and its properties. - Basic knowledge of temperature, pressure and density and their relationship. - I) Elementary knowledge of relationship between pressure and wind. II) Elementary knowledge of a) variation of wind with height. b) sea breeze and land breeze. - Elementary knowledge of different types of clouds and precipitation. Basic understanding of hazards associated with certain types of clouds. - Elementary knowledge of the terms -- Visibility, Fog, Mist and Haze.

- Elementary knowledge of variation of pressure with height, and the Q codes--QNH, QFE and QNE, etc. - Basic understanding of METAR, SPECI and aerodrome warnings and thei importance in aviation. - Elementary knowledge of the uses of Anemometer, Aneroid Barometer, Win Sock etc. 4. AIRCRAFT AND ENGINES - Elementary knowledge of -- density, pressure, temperature, humidity and the relation-ship between them. - Understanding of the terms – thrust, drag, lift, weight, aerofoil. angle of attack, centre of lift, stalling, range endurance etc. - Elementary knowledge of the forces acting on an aerofoil in level flight understanding of Bernoulli’s Theorem. - Elementary knowledge of the primary controls, understanding of the uses of aileron, rudder, elevator, stabiliser, trimming devices, flaps, landing gear etc. - General knowledge of the principle of operation of a piston engine an associated systems. - Elementary knowledge of the principle of a fixed pitch propeller. - Elementary knowledge of weight and balance. - Basic knowledge of first-aid , the use of generally available first-aid-kits. - Elementary knowledge of (i) Certificate of Airworthiness (ii) Certificate of Registration (iii) Certificate of Release to Service (iv) Airworthiness Review Certificate - Basic knowledge of the following systems of the type of aircraft. (a) flying controls and flaps (b) landing gear (c) electrical system (d) heating and ventilating system (e) flight instruments (f) types of propellers - Adequate knowledge of the instrumentation and radio navigation aids pertaining to the aircraft. - Basic handling and care of aircraft.

4

Theoretical knowledge examination for Private Pilot’s License for Aeroplanes {PPL(A)} There shall be four examinations which will include nine subjects as indicated below. There shall be 100-120 questions for every paper with duration of each as shown below:

Paper No

Subject

No of Questions

Time

I

1) Air Law 2) Human Performance and

limitations

50 20

60 mins 30 mins

II

1) Meteorology

50

60mins

III

1) Flight Performance and Planning 2) Navigation 3) Communications

50 50 20

60 mins 60 mins 30 mins

IV

1) Principle of flights 2) Operational Procedures 3) Aircraft General Knowledge

40 40 40


5

Syllabus for Private Pilot License examination- Aeroplanes Paper-I 1.1 AIR LAW 1.1.1. Legislation - The Convention on International Civil Aviation - The International Civil Aviation Organisation Articles of the Convention - Sovereignty - Territory - Flight over territory of Contracting States - Landing at customs airports - Applicability of air regulations - Rules of the air - Entry and clearance regulations of Contracting States - Search of aircraft - Facilitation of formalities - Customs and immigration procedures - Customs duty - Documents to be carried in aircraft - Use of aircraft radio equipment - Certificate of airworthiness - Licences of personnel - Recognition of certificates and licences - Journey log books -- Cargo restrictions - Restrictions on use of photographic equipment - Adoption of international standards and procedures - Endorsement of certificates and licences - Validity of endorsed certificates and licences Annexes to the Convention (‘ICAO Annexes’) Annex 7 Aircraft nationality and registration marks – definitions – aircraft registration marks – certificate of registration – identification plate Annex 8 Airworthiness of aircraft – definitions – certificate of airworthiness – continuing airworthiness – validity of certificate of airworthiness – instruments and equipment – aircraft limitations and information

1.1.2 Rules of the air Annex 2 Rules of the air – definitions – applicability – general rules – visual flight rules – signals (Appendix 1) – interception of civil aircraft (Appendix 2) 1.1.3 Air traffic regulations and air traffic Services Annex 11 Air traffic regulations and air traffic services – definitions – objectives of air traffic services – classification of airspace – flight information regions, control areas and control zones – air traffic control services – flight information services – alerting service – visual meteorological conditions – instrument meteorological conditions – in-flight contingencies Annex 14 Aerodrome data – definitions – conditions of the movement area and related facilities – Visual aids for navigation – indicators and signalling devices – markings – lights – signs – markers – signal area – Visual aids for denoting obstacles – marking of objects – lighting of objects – Visual aids for denoting restricted use of areas – Emergency and other services – fire and rescue service – apron management service – Aerodrome ground lights and surface marking colours – colours for aeronautical ground lights – colours for surface markings ICAO Document 4444 – Rules of the air and air traffic services General provisions – definitions – ATS operating practices – flight plan clearance and information – control of air traffic flow – altimeter setting procedures

6

– wake turbulence information – meteorological information – air reports (AIREP) Area control service – separation of controlled traffic in the various classes of airspace – pilots, responsibility to maintain separation in VMC – emergency and communications failure procedures by the pilot – interception of civil aircraft Approach control service – departing and arriving aircraft procedures in VMC Aerodrome control service – function of aerodrome control towers – VFR operations – traffic and circuit procedures – information to aircraft – control of aerodrome traffic Flight information and alerting service – air traffic advisory service – objectives and basic principles 1.1.4 Aircraft rules and Civil Aviation Requirements – Validity of licences and ratings – Medical fitness – Decrease in medical fitness – Crediting of flight time – State of Licence issue – Requirements – Minimum Age – Privileges and conditions – Ratings for special purposes – Experience and Crediting – Training course – Theoretical knowledge examination – Skill test – Circumstances in which an instrument rating is required – Type and Class Ratings – Division of Class Ratings – Circumstances in which type or class ratings are required – Validity, revalidation and renewal – Instructor ratings – Instruction – general 1.2 HUMAN PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONS 1.2.1 Basic physiology Concepts – composition of the atmosphere – the gas laws – respiration and blood circulation Effects of partial pressure

– effect of increasing altitude – gas transfer – hypoxia – symptoms – prevention – cabin pressurisation – effects of rapid decompression – time of useful consciousness – the use of oxygen masks and rapid descent – hyperventilation – symptoms – avoidance – effects of accelerations Vision – physiology of vision – limitations of the visual system – vision defects – optical illusions – spatial disorientation – avoidance of disorientation Hearing – physiology of hearing – inner ear sensations – effects of altitude change – noise and hearing loss – protection of hearing – spatial disorientation – conflicts between ears and eyes – prevention of disorientation Motion sickness – causes – symptoms – prevention Flying and health – medical requirements – effect of common ailments and cures – colds – stomach upsets – drugs, medicines, and side effects – alcohol – fatigue – personal fitness – passenger care – scuba diving – precautions before flying Toxic hazards – dangerous goods – carbon monoxide from heaters 1.2.2 Basic psychology The information process – concepts of sensation – cognitive perception – expectancy – anticipation – habits

7

The central decision channel – mental workload, limitations – information sources – stimuli and attention – verbal communication – memory and its limitations – causes of misinterpretation Stress – causes and effects – concepts of arousal – effects on performance – identifying and reducing stress Judgment and decision making – concepts of pilots’ judgment – psychological attitudes – behavioural aspects – risk assessment – development of situational awareness

8

PAPER-II 2. METEOROLOGY 2.1 The atmosphere – composition and structure – vertical divisions Pressure, density and temperature – barometric pressure, isobars – changes of pressure, density and temperature with altitude – altimetry terminology – solar and terrestrial energy radiation, temperature – diurnal variation of temperature – adiabatic process – temperature lapse rate – stability and instability – effects of radiation, advection subsidence and convergence 2.2 Humidity and precipitation – water vapour in the atmosphere – vapour pressure – dew point and relative humidity – condensation and vaporisation – precipitation 2.3 Pressure and wind – high and low pressure areas – motion of the atmosphere, pressure gradient – vertical and horizontal motion, convergence, divergence – surface and geostrophic wind – effect of wind gradient and windshear on take-off and landing – relationship between isobars and wind, Buys Ballot’s law – turbulence and gustiness – local winds, föhn, land and sea breezes 2.4 Cloud formation – cooling by advection, radiation and adiabatic expansion – cloud types – convection clouds – orographic clouds – stratiform and cumulus clouds – flying conditions in each cloud type 2.5 Fog, mist and haze – radiation, advection, frontal, freezing fog – formation and dispersal – reduction of visibility due to mist, snow, smoke, dust and sand – assessment of probability of reduced visibility – hazards in flight due to low visibility, horizontal and vertical

2.6 Airmasses – description of and factors affecting the properties of airmasses – classification of airmasses, region of origin – modification of airmasses during their movement – development of low and high pressure systems – weather associated with pressure systems 2.7 Frontology – formation of cold and warm fronts – boundaries between airmasses – development of a warm front – associated clouds and weather – weather in the warm sector – development of a cold front – associated clouds and weather – occlusions – associated clouds and weather – stationary fronts – associated clouds and weather 2.8 Ice accretion – conditions conducive to ice formation – effects of hoar frost, rime ice, clear ice – effects of icing on aeroplane performance – precautions and avoidance of icing conditions – powerplant icing – precautions, prevention and clearance of induction and carburettor icing 2.9 Thunderstorms – formation – airmass, frontal, orographic – conditions required – development process – recognition of favourable conditions for formation – hazards for aeroplanes – effects of lightning and severe turbulence – avoidance of flight in the vicinity of thunderstorms 2.10 Flight over mountainous areas – hazards – influence of terrain on atmospheric processes – mountain waves, windshear, turbulence, vertical movement, rotor effects, valley winds 2.11 Climatology – general seasonal circulation in the troposphere over Europe – local seasonal weather and winds 2.12 Altimetry – operational aspects of pressure settings – pressure altitude, density altitude – height, altitude, flight level – ICAO standard atmosphere – QNH, QFE, standard setting – transition altitude, layer and level

9

2.13 The meteorological organisation – aerodrome meteorological offices – aeronautical meteorological stations – forecasting service – meteorological services at aerodromes – availability of periodic weather forecasts 2.14 Weather analysis and forecasting – weather charts, symbols, signs – significant weather charts – prognostic charts for general aviation 2.15 Weather information for flight planning – reports and forecasts for departure, en-route, destination and alternate(s) – interpretation of coded information METAR, TAF, GAFOR – availability of ground reports for surface wind, windshear, visibility 2.16 Meteorological broadcasts for aviation – VOLMET, ATIS, SIGMET

****

10

PAPER-III 3.1 FLIGHT PERFORMANCE AND PLANNING 3.1.1 Mass and balance Mass and balance – limitations on maximum mass – forward and aft limitations of centre of gravity, normal and utility operation – mass and centre of gravity calculations –

aeroplane manual and balance sheet 3.1.2 Performance Take-off – take-off run and distance available – take-off and initial climb – effects of mass, wind and density altitude – effects of ground surface and gradient – use of flaps Landing – effects of mass, wind, density altitude and

approach speed – use of flaps – ground surface and gradient In flight – relationship between power required and power available – performance diagram – maximum rate and maximum angle of climb – range and endurance – effects of configuration, mass, temperature and altitude – reduction of performance during climbing turns – gliding – adverse effects – icing, rain – condition of the airframe – effect of flap 3.2 NAVIGATION General Navigation 3.2.1 Form of the earth – axis, poles – meridians of longitude – parallels of latitude – great circles, small circles, rhumb lines – hemispheres, north/south, east/west 3.2.2 Mapping – aeronautical maps and charts (topographical) – projections and their properties – conformality

– equivalence – scale – great circles and rhumb lines Conformal orthomorphic projection (ICAO 1.500,000 chart) – main properties – construction – convergence of meridians – presentation of meridians, parallels, great circles and rhumb lines – scale, standard parallels – depiction of height Direction – true north – earth’s magnetic field, variation – annual change – magnetic north – vertical and horizontal components – isogonals, agonic lines Aeroplane magnetism – magnetic influences within the aeroplane – compass deviation – turning, acceleration errors – avoiding magnetic interference with the compass Distances – units – measurement of distance in relation to map projection Charts in practical navigation – plotting positions – latitude and longitude – bearing and distance – use of navigation protractor – measurement of tracks and distances Chart reference material/map reading – map analysis – topography – relief – cultural features – permanent features (e.g. line features, spot features, unique or special features) – features subject to change (e.g. water) – preparation – folding the map for use – methods of map reading – map orientation – checkpoint features – anticipation of checkpoints – with continuous visual contact – without continuous visual contact – when uncertain of position – aeronautical symbols – aeronautical information – conversion of units

11

3.2.3 Principles of navigation – IAS, CAS and TAS – track, true and magnetic – wind velocity, heading and groundspeed – triangle of velocities – calculation of heading and groundspeed – drift, wind correction angle – ETA – dead reckoning, position, fix 3.2.4 The navigation computer – use of the circular slide rule to determine – TAS, time and distance – conversion of units – fuel required – pressure, density and true altitude – time en-route and ETA – use of the computer to solve triangle of velocities – application of TAS and wind velocity to track – determination of heading and ground speed – drift and wind correction angle 3.2.5 Time – relationship between universal co-ordinated (standard) (UTC) time and local mean time (LMT) – definition of sunrise and sunset times 3.2.6 Flight planning – selection of charts – route and aerodrome weather forecasts and reports – assessing the weather situation – plotting the route – considerations of controlled/regulated airspace, airspace restrictions, danger areas, etc. – use of AIP and NOTAMS – ATC liaison procedures in controlled/regulated airspace – fuel considerations – en-route safety altitude(s) – alternate aerodromes – communications and radio/navaid frequencies – compilation of flight log – compilation of ATC flight plan – selection of check points, time and distance marks – mass and balance calculations – mass and performance calculations 3.2.7 Practical navigation – compass headings, use of deviation card – organisation of in-flight workload – departure procedure, log entries, altimeter setting and establishing IAS – maintenance of heading and altitude – use of visual observations – establishing position, checkpoints – revisions to heading and ETA – arrival procedures, ATC liaison

– completion of flight log and aeroplane log entries Radio navigation 3.2.8 Ground D/F – application – principles – presentation and interpretation – coverage – errors and accuracy – factors affecting range and accuracy 3.2.9 ADF, including associated beacons (NDBs) and use of the RMI – application – principles – presentation and interpretation – coverage – errors and accuracy – factors affecting range and accuracy 3.2.10 VOR/DME – application – principles – presentation and interpretation – coverage – errors and accuracy – factors affecting range and accuracy 3.2.11GPS – application – principles – presentation and interpretation – coverage – errors and accuracy – factors affecting reliability and accuracy 3.2.12 Ground radar – application – principles – presentation and interpretation – coverage – errors and accuracy – factors affecting reliability and accuracy 3.2.13 Secondary surveillance radar – principles (transponders) – application – presentation and interpretation – modes and codes 3.3 COMMUNICATIONS 3.3.1 Radio telephony and communications – use of AIP and frequency selection – microphone technique – phonetic alphabet – station/aeroplane callsigns/abbreviations – transmission technique – use of standard words and phrases

12

– listening out – required ‘readback’ instructions 3.3.2 Departure procedures – radio checks – taxi instructions – holding on ground – departure clearance 3.3.3 En-route procedures – frequency changing – position, altitude/flight level reporting – flight information service – weather information – weather reporting – procedures to obtain bearings, headings, position – procedural phraseology – height/range coverage 3.3.4 Arrival and traffic pattern procedures – arrival clearance – calls and ATC instructions during the: – circuit – approach and landing – vacating runway 3.3.5 Communications failure – Action to be taken – alternate frequency – serviceability check, including microphone and headphones – in-flight procedures according to type of airspace 3.3.6 Distress and urgency procedures – distress (Mayday), definition and when to use – frequencies to use – contents of Mayday message – urgency (Pan), definition and when to use – frequencies to use – relay of messages – maintenance of silence when distress/urgency calls heard – cancellation of distress/urgency General flight safety 3.3.7 Aeroplane – seat adjustment and security – harnesses and seat belts – emergency equipment and its use – fire extinguisher – engine/cabin fires – de-icing systems – survival equipment, life jackets, life rafts – carbon monoxide poisoning – refuelling precautions – flammable goods/pressurised containers 3.3.8 Operational – wake turbulence

– aquaplaning – windshear, take-off, approach and landing – passenger briefings – emergency exits – evacuation from the aeroplane – forced landings – gear-up landing – ditching

13

PAPER-IV 4.1 PRINCIPLES OF FLIGHT 4.1.1 The atmosphere – composition and structure – ICAO standard atmosphere – atmospheric pressure 4.1.2 Airflow around a body, sub-sonic – air resistance and air density – boundary layer – friction forces – laminar and turbulent flow – Bernoulli’s principle – venturi effect 4.1.3. Airflow about a two dimensional aerofoil – airflow around a flat plate – airflow around a curved plate (aerofoil) – description of aerofoil cross section – lift and drag – Cl and Cd and their relationship to angle of attack 4.1.4 Three dimensional flow about an aerofoil – aerofoil shapes and wing planforms – induced drag – downwash angle, vortex drag, ground effect – aspect ratio – parasite (profile) drag – form, skin friction and interference drag – lift/drag ratio Distribution of the four forces – balance and couples – lift and mass – thrust and drag – methods of achieving balance 4.1.5 Flying controls – the three planes – pitching about the lateral axis – rolling about the longitudinal axis – yawing about the normal axis – effects of the elevators (stabilators), ailerons and rudder – control in pitch, roll and yaw – cross coupling, roll and yaw – mass and aerodynamic balance of control surfaces 4.1.6 Trimming controls – basic trim tab, balance tab and anti-balance tab – purpose and function – method of operation 4.1.7 Flaps and slats – simple, split, slotted and Fowler flaps – purpose and function – operational use – slats, leading edge – purpose and function

– normal/automatic operation 4.1.8 The stall – stalling angle of attack – disruption of smooth airflow – reduction of lift, increase of drag – movement of centre of pressure – symptoms of development – aeroplane characteristics at the stall – factors affecting stall speed and aeroplane behaviour at the stall – stalling from level, climbing, descending and turning flight – inherent and artificial stall warnings – recovery from the stall 4.1.9 Avoidance of spins – wing tip stall – the development of roll – recognition at the incipient stage – immediate and positive stall recovery 4.1.10 Stability – definitions of static and dynamic stability – longitudinal stability – centre of gravity effect on control in pitch – lateral and directional stability – interrelationship, lateral and directional stability 4.1.11 Load factor and manoeuvres – structural considerations – manoeuvring and gust envelope – limiting load factors, with and without flaps – changes in load factor in turns and pull-ups – manoeuvring speed limitations – in-flight precautions 4.1.12 Stress loads on the ground – side loads on the landing gear – landing – taxying, precautions during turns 4.2 OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES 4.2.1 ICAO Annex 6, Part II – Operation of aircraft – foreword – definitions – general statement – flight preparation and in-flight procedures – performance and operating limitations – instruments and equipment – communications and navigation equipment – maintenance – flight crew – lights to be displayed 4.2.2 ICAO Annex 12 – Search and rescue

14

– definitions – alerting phases – procedures for pilot-in-command (para 5.8 and 5.9) – search and rescue signals (para 5.9 and Appendix A) 4.2.3 ICAO Annex 13 – Aircraft accident investigation – definitions – national procedures 4.2.4 Noise abatement – general procedures – application to take-off and landing 4.2.5 Contravention of aviation regulations – offences – penalties

4.3 AIRCRAFT GENERAL KNOWLEDGE Airframe 4.3.1 Airframe Strucrure – components – fuselage, wings, tailplane, fin – primary flying controls – trim and flap/slat systems – landing gear – nose wheel, including steering – tyres, condition – braking systems and precautions in use – retraction systems 4.3.2 Airframe loads – static strength – safety factor – control locks and use – ground/flight precautions Powerplant 4.3.2 Engines – general – principles of the four stroke internal combustion engine – basic construction – causes of pre-ignition and detonation – power output as a function of RPM 4.3.3 Engine cooling – air cooling – cowling design and cylinder baffles – design and use of cowl flaps – cylinder head temperature gauge 4.3.4 Engine lubrication

– function and methods of lubrication – lubrication systems – methods of oil circulation – oil pump and filter requirements – qualities and grades of oil – oil temperature and pressure control – oil cooling methods – recognition of oil system malfunctions 4.3.5 Ignition systems – principles of magneto ignition – construction and function – purpose and principle of impulse coupling – serviceability checks, recognition of malfunctions – operational procedures to avoid spark plug fouling 4.3.6 Carburation – principles of float type carburettor – construction and function – methods to maintain correct mixture ratio – operation of metering jets and accelerator pump – effect of altitude – manual mixture control – maintenance of correct mixture ratio – limitation on use at high power – avoidance of detonation – idle cut-off valve – operation and use of primary controls – air induction system – alternate induction systems – carburettor icing, use of hot air – injection systems, principles and operation 4.3.7 Aero engine fuel – classification of fuels – grades and identification by colour – quality requirements – inspection for contamination – use of fuel strainers and drains 4.3.8 Fuel systems – fuel tanks and supply lines – venting system – mechanical and electrical pumps – gravity feed – tank selection – system management 4.3.9 Propellers – propeller nomenclature – conversion of engine power to thrust – design and construction of fixed pitch propeller – forces acting on propeller blade – variation of RPM with change of airspeed

15

– thrust efficiency with change of speed – design and construction of variable pitch propeller – constant speed unit operation – effect of blade pitch changes – windmilling effect 4.3.10 Engine handling – starting procedures and precautions – recognition of malfunctions – warming up, power and system checks – oil temperature and pressure limitations – cylinder head temperature limitations – ignition and other system checks – power limitations – avoidance of rapid power changes – use of mixture control Systems 4.3.11 Electrical system – installation and operation of alternators/generators – direct current supply – batteries, capacity and charging – voltmeters and ammeters – circuit breakers and fuses – electrically operated services and instruments – recognition of malfunctions – procedure in the event of malfunctions 4.3.12 Vacuum system – components – pumps – regulator and gauge – filter system – recognition of malfunction – procedures in the event of malfunctions Instruments 4.3.13 Pitot/static system – pitot tube, function – pitot tube, principles and construction – static source – alternate static source – position error – system drains – heating element – errors caused by blockage or leakage 4.3.14 Airspeed indicator – principles of operation and construction – relationship between pitot and static pressure – definitions of indicated, calibrated and true airspeed – instrument errors

– airspeed indications, colour coding – pilot’s serviceability checks 4.3.15 Altimeter – principles of operation and construction – function of the sub-scale – effects of atmospheric density – pressure altitude – true altitude – international standard atmosphere – flight level – presentation (three needle) – instrument errors – pilot’s service ability checks 4.3.16 Vertical speed indicator – principles of operation and construction – function – inherent lag – instantaneous VSI – presentation – pilot’s serviceability checks 4.3.17 Gyroscopes – principles – rigidity – precession 4.3.18 Turn indicator – rate gyro – purpose and function – effect of speed – presentation – turn co-ordinator – limited rate of turn indications – power source – balance indicator – principle – presentation – pilot’s serviceability checks 4.3.19 Attitude indicator – earth gyro – purpose and function – presentations – interpretation – operating limitations – power source – pilot’s serviceability checks 4.3.20 Heading indicator – directional gyro – purpose and function – presentation – use with magnetic compass – setting mechanism – apparent drift

16

– operating limitations – power source – pilot’s serviceability checks 4.3.21 Magnetic compass – construction and function – earth’s magnetic field – variation and deviation – turning, acceleration errors – precautions when carrying magnetic items – pilot’s service ability checks 4.3.22 Engine instruments – principles, presentation and operational use of: – oil temperature gauge – oil pressure gauge – cylinder head temperature gauge – exhaust gas meter – manifold pressure gauge – fuel pressure gauge – fuel flow gauge – fuel quantity gauge(s) – tachometer 4.3.23 Other instruments – principles, presentation and operational use of: – vacuum gauge – voltmeter and ammeter – warning indicators – others relevant to aeroplane type Airworthiness 4.3.24 Airworthiness – certificate to be in force – compliance with requirements – periodic maintenance inspections – compliance with flight manual (or equivalent), instructions, limitations, placards – flight manual supplements – provision and maintenance of documents – aeroplane, engine and propeller log books – recording of defects – permitted maintenance by pilots

Theoretical knowledge examination for Commercial Pilot’s License for Aeroplanes {CPL (A)}

There shall be five examinations which will include nine subjects as indicated below with time duration each.

Paper No.

Subject

Duration of

Examination

I

1) Air Law

2) Human Performance and limitations

1.00 hrs

0.30 hrs

II

1) Meteorology

1.00 hrs

III


3.30 hrs

IV

1) Navigation

2) Operational Procedure

3) Communications

1.30 hrs

1.00 hrs

0.30 hrs

V

1) Principles of Flight

2) Aircraft General Knowledge

1.00 hrs

2.00 hrs

17


18

19

Syllabus for Commercial Pilot License-Aeroplanes

PAPER –I

1. Air Law 1.1.1 INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS AND

ORGANISATIONS a) The Convention of Chicago b) Air Navigation

– general principles and application: sovereignty, territory – flight over territory of Contracting States: right of

Non-scheduled flight, scheduled air services, cabotage, landing at customs airports, applicability of air regulations, rules of the air, search of aircraft

– measures to facilitate air navigation: customs duty, conditions to be fulfilled with respect to aircraft: certificates of airworthiness, licences of personnel, recognition of certificates and licences, cargo restrictions, photographic apparatus: documents to be carried in aircraft

– international standards and recommended practices: adoption of international standards and procedures, endorsement of certificates and licences, validity of endorsed certificates and licences: departure from international standards and procedures (notification of differences)

c) The International Civil Aviation Organisation

– Objectives and composition – Regional structure and offices

d) Other International agreements

– The International Air Transport Agreement – the five freedoms

– The Convention of Tokyo, La Haye, Montreal – jurisdiction – authority of the pilot-in-command of the aircraft

–Indian organisations name, composition, objectives and relevant documents

– Indian Civil Aviation Conference, – including Civil t Aviation Requirements

–Warsaw Convention

e) PIC authority and responsibility regarding safety and Security f) Operators and pilots liabilities towards persons and goods on the ground, in case of damage and injury caused by the operation of the aircraft.

g) Commercial practices and associated rules (leasing

– Dry lease – Wet lease

1.1.2 ANNEX 8 – AIRWORTHINESS OF AIRCRAFT

-Applicability

1.1.3 ANNEX 7 – AIRCRAFT NATIONALITY AND

REGISTRATION

MARKS

Applicability

1.1.4 ANNEX 1 – PERSONNEL LICENSING

Applicability -relation between ANNEX 1 and CARs

1.1.5 RULES OF THE AIR (based on ANNEX 2) - Annex 2

– essential definitions, applicability of the rules of the air, general rules (except water operations), visual flight rules, instrument flight rules, signals, interception of civil aircraft, table of cruising levels

1.1.6 PROCEDURES FOR AIR NAVIGATION – AIRCRAFT OPERATIONS Doc. 8168-OPS/611, VOLUME 1

a) Altimeter setting procedures (including ICAO Doc. 7030 – regional supplementary procedures)

– basic requirements (except tables), proc

b) Secondary surveillance radar transponder operating procedures (including ICAO Doc. 7030 – regional supplementary procedures)

– operation of transponders – operation of ACAS equipment

– phraseology

1.1.7 AIR TRAFFIC SERVICES (based on ANNEX 11 and Doc. 4444) a) Air Traffic Services – Annex 11

– definitions (see general statements)

b) General – objectives of ATS, divisions of ATS, designation of the

portions of the airspace and controlled aerodromes where ATS will be provided, classification of airspaces (appendix 4 of annex 11), required navigation performance (RNP), establishment and designation of the units providing ATS, specifications for flight information regions, control areas and control zones, minimum flight altitudes, priority in the event of an aircraft in emergency, in-flight contingencies, time in ATS

c) Air Traffic Control

– application – provision of air traffic control service, operation of air

traffic control service, separation minima, contents of clearances, co-ordination of clearances, control of persons and vehicles at aerodromes

d) Flight Information Service – application – scope of flight information service – operational flight information service broadcasts

e) Alerting Service

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– application, notification of rescue co-ordination centres (only INCERFA, ALERFA, DETRESFA), information to aircraft operating in the vicinity of an aircraft in a state of emergency.

f) Principles governing the identification of RNP types and the identification of ATS routes other than standard departure and arrival routes (Appendix 1) g) Rules of the air and air traffic services (ICAO Doc. 4444 – RAC/501/11 and ICAO Doc. 7030 – Regional Supplementary procedures)

– definitions (see general statements) –relationship to other document

h) General provisions – general air traffic services operating practices: submission of a flight plan, change from IFR to VFR flight, clearances and information, control of air traffic flow, altimeter setting procedures, indication of heavy wake turbulence category and MLS capacity, position reporting, air traffic incident report, procedures in regard to aircraft equipped with airborne collision avoidance systems (ACAS)

– Appendix 1

i) Area Control Service

– general provisions for the separation of controlled traffic – vertical separation: vertical separation application, vertical separation minimum, minimum cruising level, assignment of cruising level, vertical separation during ascent or descent – horizontal separation: lateral separation application, lateral separation application, longitudinal separation application (except between supersonic aircraft) – reduction in separation minima – air traffic control clearances: contents, description of air traffic control clearances, clearance to fly maintaining own separations while in visual meteorological conditions, essential traffic information, clearance of a requested change in flight plan – emergency and communication failure: emergency procedures (only general priority, emergency descent, action by pilot-in-command), air-ground communication failure (only concerning the actions by pilot-in-command), interception of civil aircraft

j) Approach Control Service

– departing aircraft: general procedures for departing aircraft, clearances for departing aircraft to climb maintaining own separation while in visual meteorological conditions, information for departing aircraft – arriving aircraft: general procedures for arriving aircraft, clearance to descend subject to maintaining own separation in visual meteorological conditions, visual approach, instrument approach, holding, approach sequence, expected approach time, information for arriving aircraft

k) Aerodrome Control Service

– functions of aerodrome control towers: general, alerting

service provided by aerodrome control towers, suspension of VFR operations by aerodrome control towers – traffic and taxi circuits: selection of runway-in-use – information to aircraft by aerodrome control towers: information related to the operation of the aircraft, information on aerodrome conditions – control of aerodrome traffic: order of priority for arriving and departing aircraft, control of departing and arriving aircraft, wake turbulence categorisation of aircraft and increased longitudinal separation minima, authorisation of special VFR flights

l) Flight Information Service and Alerting Service

– flight information service – alerting service

1.1.8 AERONAUTICAL INFORMATION SERVICE (Based on ANNEX 15) - Annex 15

– essential definitions – applicability

1.1.9 AERODROMES (based on ANNEX 14, VOL 1 & 2) a) Annex 14

– definitions --Aerodrome data

– conditions of the movement area and related facilities

b) Visual aids for navigation – indicators and signalling devices – markings – lights – signs

– markers c) Visual aids for denoting obstacles

– marking of objects – lighting of objects

d) Visual aids for denoting restricted use of areas e) Emergency and other services

– rescue and fire fighting – apron management service – ground servicing of aircraft

f) Attachment A to Annex 14

– calculation of declared distances – radio altimeter operating areas – approach lighting systems

1.1.10 FACILITATION (based on ANNEX 9

– definitions -- Entry and departure of aircraft

– description, purpose and use of aircraft documents general declaration

- Entry and departure of persons and their baggage – entry requirement and procedures crew and other operator’s personnel

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1.1.11 SEARCH AND RESCUE (based on ANNEX 12)

a) Annex 12

– definitions

b) Organisation – establishment and provision of SAR service – establishment of SAR regions – establishment and designation of SAR services units

c) Co-operation x – co-operation between States – co-operation with other services

d) Operating procedures – procedures for pilots-in-command at the scene of an accident – procedures for pilots-in-command intercepting a distress transmission – search and rescue signals

e) Search and rescue signals – signals with surface craft – ground/air visual signal code – air/ground signals

1.1.12 SECURITY (based on ANNEX 17)

- Annex 17

- General – aims and objectives

- Organisation – co-operation and co-ordination

- Operators: operators security programme

1.1.13 AIRCRAFT ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION (based on ANNEX 13)

-Annex 13 – definitions – applicability

1.1.14 CARs 1.1.15 NATIONAL LAW

- National law and differences to relevant ICAO Annexes and CARs

2. HUMAN PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONS 1.2.1 Human Factors: basic concepts a) Human Factors in aviation

-Competence and limitations - Becoming a competent pilot

– the traditional approach towards 'proficiency' – the human factors approach towards 'professionalism'

b) Accident statistics c) Flight safety concepts 1.2.2 Basic aviation physiology and health maintenance a) Basics of flight physiology

- The atmospherex

– composition – gas Laws – oxygen requirement of tissues

- Respiratory and circulatory systems – functional anatomy – hypobaric environment – pressurisation, decompression – rapid decompression – entrapped gases, barotrauma – counter measures, hypoxia – symptoms – time of useful consciousness – hyperventilation – accelerations

b) Man and Environment: the sensory system

- Central and peripheral nervous system – sensory threshold, sensitivity, adaptation – habituation – reflexes and biological control systems

- Vision – functional anatomy – visual field, foveal and peripheral vision – binocular and monocular vision – monocular vision cues – night vision Motion sickness

-Hearing – functional anatomy – flight related hazards to hearing

- Equilibrium – functional anatomy – motion, acceleration, verticality – motion sickness

- Integration of sensory inputs – spatial disorientation – illusions – physical origin – physiological origin – psychological origin – approach and landing problems

c) Health and hygiene -Personal hygiene - Common minor ailments

– cold – influenza – gastro-intestinal upset

- Problem areas for pilots – hearing loss – defective vision – hypotension, hypertension, coronaric disease – obesity – nutrition hygiene – tropical climates

– epidemic diseases - Intoxication

– tobacco – alcohol – drugs and self-medication – various toxic materials

- Incapacitation – symptoms and causes – recognition – operating coping procedures

1.2.3 BASIC AVIATION PSYCHOLOGY

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a) Human information processing

- Attention and vigilance – selectivity of attention – divided attention

-Perception – perceptual illusions – subjectivity of perception – ‘bottom-up’/‘top-down’ processing

- Memory – sensory memory – working memory – long term memory – motor memory (skills)

- Response selection

– learning principles and techniques – drives – motivation and performance

b) Human error and reliability

- Reliability of human behaviour -Hypotheses on reality

– similarity, frequency – completion causality

- Theory and model of human error - Error generation

– internal factors (cognitive styles) – external factors

– ergonomics – economics – social environment (group, organisation)

c) Decision making

- Decision-making concepts – structure (phases) – limits – risk assessment – practical application

d) Avoiding and managing errors: cockpit management

- Safety awareness – risk area awareness – identification of error proneness (oneself) – identification of error sources (others) – situational awarenessStress

- Communication – communication model(s) – verbal and non-verbal communication – communication barriers – conflict management

e) Personality

- Personality and attitudes – development – environmental influences

- Individual differences in personality – self-concepts (e.g., action vs. state-orientation)

f) Human overload and underload

-Arousal

- Stress – definition(s), concept(s), model(s) – anxiety and stress – effects of stress

- Fatigue – types, causes, symptoms – effects of fatigue

- Body rhythm and sleep – rhythm disturbances – symptoms, effects, management

- Fatigue and stress management – coping strategies – management techniques – health and fitness programmes – relaxation techniques – religious practices – counselling techniques

g) Advanced cockpit automation - Advantages and disadvantages (criticalities) -Automation complacency

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PAPER-II 1. METEOROLOGY 2.1.1 The Atmosphere a) Composition, extent, vertical division

– Composition, extent, vertical division

b) Temperature - Vertical distribution of temperature - Transfer of heat

– solar and terrestrial radiation – conduction – convection – advection and turbulence

- Lapse rate, stability and instability - Development of inversions, types of inversions -Temperature near the earth’s surface, surface effects, diurnal

Variation,effect of clouds, effect of wind c) Atmospheric pressure

- Barometric pressure, isobars - - Pressure variation with height, contours (isohypses)- -Reduction of pressure to mean sea level, QFF - Surface low/upper-air low, surface high/upper-air high–

precipitation d) Atmospheric density

- Interrelationship of pressure, temperature and density

e) International Standard Atmosphere (ISA)

- International Standard Atmosphere f) Altimetry

- Pressure altitude, true altitude -Height, altitude, flight level - Altimeter settings: QNH, QFE, 1013.25 hPa - Effect of accelerated airflow due to topography

2.1.2 Wind

a) Definition and measurement

- Definition and measurement

b) Primary cause of wind

-Primary cause of wind, pressure gradient, coriolis force, gradient wind -Relationship between isobars and wind

c) General circulation

-General circulation around the globe

d) Turbulence

-Turbulence and gustiness, types of turbulence -Origin and location of turbulence

e) Variation of wind with height

-Variation of wind in the friction layer f) Local winds

- Anabatic and catabatic winds, land and sea breezes, venture effects

g) Standing waves

--Origin of standing waves

2.1.3 THERMODYNAMICS - Humidity

-Water vapour in the atmosphere -Temperature/dewpoint, mixing ratio, relative humidity

2.1.4 CLOUDS AND FOG a) Cloud formation and description

- Cloud types, cloud classification - Influence of inversions on cloud development

b) Fog, mist, haze

- Radiation fog - Advection fog

- Steaming fog - Frontal fog - Orographic fog 2.1.5 PRECIPITATION - Development of precipitation

- Development of precipitation - Types of precipitation - Types of precipitation, relationship with cloud types

2.1.6 AIRMASSES AND FRONTS a) Types of airmasses

-Description, factors affecting the properties of an airmass -Classification of airmasses, modifications of airmasses, areasof origin

b) Fronts

- Boundaries between airmasses (fronts), general situation, geographic differentiation - Warm front, associated clouds and weather - Cold front, associated clouds and weather - Warm sector, associated clouds and weather - Weather behind the cold front - Occlusions, associated clouds and weather - Stationary front, associated clouds and weather - Movement of fronts and pressure systems, life cycle

2.1.7 PRESSURE SYSTEMS

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a) Location of the principal pressure areas

- Location of the principal pressure areas

b) Anticyclone

- Anticyclones, types, general properties, cold and warm anticyclones, ridges and wedges, subsidence

c) Non frontal depressions

- Thermal-, orographic– and secondary depressions, cold air pools, troughs

2.1.8 CLIMATOLOGY

a) Typical weather situations in mid-latitudes

- Westerly waves - High pressure area - Uniform pressure pattern - Cold pool

b) Local seasonal weather and wind

-Local seasonal weather and wind – Foehn, Mistral, Bora, Scirocco – Khamsin, Harmattan, Ghibbli and Pampero

2.1.9 Flight Hazards a) Icing

-Weather conditions for ice accretion, topographical effects

b) Turbulence

- Effects on flight, avoidance

c) Windshear

- Definition of windshear -Weather conditions for windshear - Effects on flight

d) Thunderstorms

- Structure of thunderstorms, squall lines, life history, Storm cells, electricity in the atmosphere, static charges - Conditions for and process of development, forecast, location, type specification - Thunderstorm avoidance, ground/airborne radar, stormscope - Development and effect of downbursts - Development of lightning discharges and effect of lightning strike on aircraft and flight execution

e) Low and high level inversions

- Influence on aircraft performance

f) Hazards in mountainous areas

- Influence of terrain on clouds and precipitation, frontal passage

- Vertical movements, mountain waves, windshear,

turbulence, ice accretion - Development and effect of valley inversions

g) Visibility reducing phenomena

- Reduction of visibility caused by mist, smoke, dust, sand and precipitation - Reduction of visibility caused by low drifting and blowing snow x

2.1.10 METEOROLOGICAL INFORMATION

a) Observation - On the ground – surface wind, visibility and runway visual range, transmissometers; Clouds – type, amount, height of base and tops, movement; Weather – including all types of precipitation, air temperature, relative humidity, dewpoint, atmospheric pressure - Aircraft observations and reporting, data link systems,

PIREPS b) Weather charts

- Significant weather charts - Surface charts - Upper air charts - Symbols and signs on analysed and prognostic charts

c) Information for flight planning - Aeronautical codes: METAR, TAF, SPECI, SIGMET, SNOWTAM, runway report -Meteorological broadcasts for aviation: VOLMET, ATIS, HFVOLMET, ACARS - Content and use of pre-flight meteorological documents - Meteorological briefing and advice - Measuring and warning systems for low level windshear, inversion - Special meteorological warnings

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PAPER-III

1. FLIGHT PERFORMANCE AND PLANNING

3.1.1 MASS AND BALANCE – Aeroplanes a) INTRODUCTION TO MASS AND BALANCE

- Centre of gravity (cg) - Definition -Importance in regard to aircraft stability (Aeroplane); Importance in regard to helicopter stability (cyclic stick – travel/limitations) (Helicopter) -Mass and balance -Consult aeroplane/helicopter flight manual for:

– cg limits for take-off, landing, cruise configurations

- Maximum floor load - Maximum ramp and taxi mass (Aeroplane); Maximum taxi mass (Helicopter) - Factors determining maximum permissible mass

– structural limitations – performance limitations such as: runway available for take-off and landing – weather conditions (temperature, pressure, wind, precipitation); rate-of-climb and altitude requirements for obstacle clearance; engine- out performance requirements

- Factors determining cg limits – aircraft stability, helicopter stability; ability of Flight controls and surfaces to overcome mass and lift pitching moments under all flight conditions – changes in cg location during flight due to consumption of fuel, raising and lowering of undercarriage, and intentional relocation of passengers or cargo, transfer of fuel – movement of centre of lift because of changes in position of wing flaps (Aeroplane); Influence of hoist and external load operation (Helicopter)

b) LOADING

-Terminology

-Empty mass -Dry Operating Mass (empty mass + crew + operating items + unusable fuel ) - Zero Fuel Mass - Standard mass – crew, passengers and baggage – fuel, oil, water (volume/mass conversion factors) – carry-on luggage -Useful load (traffic load + usable fuel)

-Aircraft mass checks -Procedure (in general terms, details not

necessary) - Requirements for re-weighing of aircraft - Equipment lists

- Procedures for determining aeroplane mass and balance documentation; Procedures for determining helicopter mass and balance documentation

- Determine Dry Operating Mass (crew, equipment, etc.) - - Add mass of passengers and cargo (including passengers baggage) (standard mass) - Add mass of fuel - Check that applicable maximum gross mass limits are not exceeded (mass within legal limits)

-Effects of overloading

- Higher take-off and safety speeds - Longer take-off and landing distances

- Lower rate-of-climb - Influence on range and endurance (Aeroplane);

Decreased range and endurance (Helicopter) - Decreased engine-out performance x x x x - Possible structural damage in extreme cases

c) CENTRE OF GRAVITY (cg)

-Basis of cg calculations (load and balance documentation)

- Datum

– explanation of term – location – use in cg calculation

- Moment arm

– explanation of term – determination of algebraic signs – use

- Moment – explanation – moment = mass x moment arm

- Expression in percentage of mean aerodynamic chord (%MAC)

-Calculation of cg (Aeroplane); Calculation of cg longitudinal and lateral (including computer calculations) (Helicopter)

-Cg at empty mass – determined when aircraft is weighed; determined when helicopter is weighed – recorded in aircraft documentation cg at Dry Operating Mass (Aeroplane); recorded in helicopter documentationcg at Dry Operating Mass

-Movement of cg with addition of fuel, load and Ballast -Practical methods of calculation

– computation method using either mathematical computations or specially designed slide rule – graph method

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– table method

-Securing of load - Importance of adequate tie-down

– equipments for cargo compartment and cargo aircraft – container • • – pallet

- Effect of loadshift – movement of cg, possible out of limits – possible damage due to inertia of a moving load – effect of acceleration of the aircraft load

-Area Load, Running Load, Supporting

3.1.2 Performance a) .PERFORMANCE OF SINGLE-ENGINE AEROPLANES NOT CERTIFIED– PERFORMANCE CLASS B

-Definitions of terms and speeds used -Take-off and landing performance

-Effect of aeroplane mass, wind, density, altitude, runway slope, runway conditions -Use of aeroplane flight manual data

-Climb and cruise performance - Use of aeroplane flight data - Effect of density altitude and aeroplane mass - Endurance and the effects of the different recommended power settings - Still air range with various power settings

b) PERFORMANCE OF MULTI-ENGINE AEROPLANES NOT CERTIFIED– PERFORMANCE CLASS B

-Definitions of terms and speeds - Any new terms used for multi-engine aeroplane performance

-Importance of performance calculations -Determination of performance under normal conditions -Consideration of effects of pressure altitude, temperature, wind, aeroplane mass, runway slope, and runway conditions

-Elements of performance -Take-off and landing distances

– obstacle clearance at Take-off - Rate of climb and descent

– effects of selected power settings, speeds, and aircraft configuration

- Cruise altitudes and altitude ceilingx – en-route requirements

-Payload/range trade-offs - Speed/economy trade-offs

-Use of performance graphs and tabulated data - Performance section of flight manual

3.1.3 Flight Planning and Flight Monitoring-A a) Flight Plans for Cross Country Flights

-Navigation plan - Selection of routes, speeds, heights (altitudes) and alternate airfield/landing sites

– terrain and obstacle clearance – cruising levels appropriate for direction of flight – navigation check points, visual or radio

- Measurement of tracks and distances - Obtaining wind velocity forecast for each leg - Computations of headings, ground speeds, and time en-route from tracks, true airspeed and wind velocities - Completion of pre-flight portion of navigation flight log

-Fuel plan -Computation of planned fuel usage for each leg and total fuel usage for the flight

– flight manual figures for fuel flow during climb , en-route and during descent – navigation plan for times en-route

- Fuel for holding and diversion to alternate airfield - Reserves - Total fuel requirements for flight - Completion of pre-flight portion of fuel log

-Flight monitoring and in-flight replanning

-In-flight fuel computations – recording of fuel quantities remaining at navigational checkpoints

- Calculation of actual consumption rate – comparison of actual and planned fuel consumption and fuel state

- Revision of fuel reserve estimates - In-flight replanning in case of problems

– selection of cruise altitude and power settings for new destination – time to new destination – fuel state, fuel requirements, fuel Reserves

-Radio communication and navigation aids - Communication frequencies and call signs for appropriate control agencies and in-flight service facilities such as weather stations - Radio navigation and approach aids, if appropriate – type – frequencies – identification

b) ICAO ATC FLIGHT PLAN -Types of flight plan

-ICAO flight plan– format – information included in completed plan – repetitive flight plan

-Completing the flight plan - Information for flight plan obtained from

– navigation flight plan – fuel plan – operator’s records for basic aircraft information – mass and balance records

-Filing the flight plan - Procedures for filing - Agency responsible for processing the flight plan - Requirements of the State concerning when a flight plan must be filed

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-Closing the flight plan - Responsibilities and procedures - Processing agency -Checking slot time

-Adherence to flight plan -Tolerances allowed by the State for various types of flight plans - In-flight amendment of flight plan

– conditions under which a flight plan must be amended – pilot’s responsibilities and procedures for filing an amendment – agency to which amendments are submitted

c) PRACTICAL FLIGHT PLANNING

-Chart preparation - Plot tracks and measure directions and distances

-Navigation plans -Completing the navigation plan using:

– tracks and distances from prepared charts – wind velocities as provided – true airspeeds as appropriate

- Simple fuel plans - Preparation of fuel logs showing planned values for:

– fuel used on each leg – fuel remaining at end of each leg – endurance, based on fuel remaining and planned consumption rate, at end of each leg

-Radio planning practice - Communications

– frequencies and call signs of air traffic control agencies and facilities and for in-flight services such as weather information

d) PRACTICAL COMPLETION OF A ‘FLIGHT PLAN’ (flight plan, flight log, nav log ATC plan, etc.)

-Extraction of data - Extraction of navigational data - Extraction of meteorological data - Extraction of performance data - Completion of navigation flight plan - Completion of fuel plan

– time and fuel to top-of-climb – cruise sector times and fuel used – total time and fuel required to destination – fuel required for missed approach, climb en-route altitude, and cruise alternate – reserve fuel

-Completion of air traffic flight plan

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PAPER IV

1) NAVIGATION

4.1.1 GENERAL NAVIGATION a) BASICS OF NAVIGATION

-The solar system – seasonal and apparent movements of the sun

- The earth – great circle, small circle, rhumb line – convergency, conversion angle – latitude, difference of latitude – longitude, difference of longitude – use of latitude and longitude co-ordinates to locate any specific position

- Time and time conversions – apparent time – UTC – LMT – standard times – dateline – determination of sunrise, sunset and civil twilight

-Directions – terrestrial magnetism: declination, deviation and compass variations – magnetic poles, isogonals, relationship between true and magnetic – gridlines, isogrives

- Distance – units of distance and height used in navigation:

nautical miles, statute miles, kilometres, metres, yards and feet

– conversion from one unit to another – relationship between nautical miles and minutes of latitude

b) MAGNETISM AND COMPASSES

-General principles – terrestrial magnetism – resolution of the earth’s total magnetic force into vertical and horizontal components – the effects of change of latitude on these components – directive force – magnetic dip – variation

-Aircraft magnetism – hard iron and vertical soft iron – the resulting magnetic fields – the variation in directive force

– change of deviation with change of latitude and with change in the aircraft’s heading

– turning and acceleration errors – keeping magnetic materials clear of the compass

- Knowledge of the principles, standby and landing or main compasses and remote reading compasses

– detailed knowledge of the use of these compasses – serviceability tests – advantages and disadvantages of the remote indicating compass – adjustment and compensation of direct reading magnetic compass

c) CHARTS

-General properties of miscellaneous types of projections – Mercator – Lambert conformal conic – polar stereographic – transverse mercator – oblique Mercator

-The representation of meridians, parallels, great circles and rhumb lines

– direct Mercator – Lambert conformal conic – polar stereographic

-The use of current aeronautical charts – plotting positions – methods of indicating scale and relief – conventional signs – measuring tracks and distances – plotting bearings

d) DEAD RECKONING NAVIGATION (DR)

-Basics of dead reckoning – track – heading (compass, magnetic, true, grid) – wind velocity – airspeed ( IAS, CAS, TAS, Machnumber) – groundspeed – ETA – drift, wind correction angle – DR-position, fix

-Use of the navigational computer – speed – time – distance – fuel consumption – conversions – heading – airspeed – wind velocity

-The triangle of velocities, methods of solution for the determination of

– heading – ground speed – wind velocity – track and drift angle, track error – time and distance problems

-Determination of DR position – need for DR – confirmation of flight progress (mental DR)

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– lost procedures – heading and TAS vector since last confirmed position – application of wind velocity vector – last known track and ground speed vector – assessment of accuracy of DR position

-Measurement of DR elements – calculation of altitude, adjustments, corrections, errors – determination of temperature – determination of appropriate speed – determination of mach number

-Resolution of current DR problems by means of

– Mercator charts – Lambert charts – polar stereographic projections

-Measurements of – maximum range – radius of action – point-of-safe-return and point-of-equal-time

-Miscellaneous DR uncertainties and practical means of Correction e) IN-FLIGHT NAVIGATION

-Use of visual observations and application to in-flight navigation– magnetic influences within the helicopter

-Navigation in climb and descent

– average airspeed – average wind velocity

–ground speed/distance covered during climb or Descent

-Navigation in cruising flight, use of fixes to revise navigation data as

– ground speed revision – off-track corrections – calculation of wind speed and direction

– ETA revisions

-Flight log (including navigation records)

4.1.2 RADIO NAVIGATION a) RADIO AIDS

-Ground D/F (including classification of bearings) – principles – presentation and interpretation – coverage – range – errors and accuracy

– factors affecting range and accuracy

-ADF (including associated beacons and use of the radio magnetic indicator)

– principles – presentation and interpretation – coverage – range

– errors and accuracy – factors affecting range and accuracy

-VOR and Doppler-VOR (including the use of the radio magnetic indicator)

– principles – presentation and interpretation – coverage – range – errors and accuracy – factors affecting range and accuracy

-DME (distance measuring equipment)


b) BASIC RADAR PRINCIPLES

-SSR secondary surveillance radar and transponder – principles – presentation and interpretation – modes and codes, including mode S

c) SELF-CONTAINED AND EXTERNAL-REFERENCED NAVIGATION SYSTEMS

- Satellite assisted navigation : GPS/GLONASS/DGPS – principle of operation – advantages and disadvantages

2.) OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES

4.2.1 OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES – SPECIAL AND EMERGENCY PROCEDURES General a) ICAO Annex 6, Parts I, II and III (as applicable

– definitions – applicability – general framework and contents

b) CAR–OPS – Requirements

- General requirements about – quality system – additional crew members – method of carriage of persons – admission to flight deck – unauthorised carriage – portable electronic devices – endangering safety – additional informations and forms to be carried – informations retained on ground – power to inspect

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– production of documentation and records – preservation of documentation – leasing

-Operator certification and supervision requirements – general rules for Air Operator Certification – issue – variation and continued validity of an AOC – administrative requirements

-Operational procedures requirements – operational control and supervision – use of Air Traffic Services – instrument departure and approach procedures – carriage of person with reduced mobility – carriage of inadmissible passengers, deportees or persons in custody – stowage of baggages and cargo – passengers seating – securing of passenger cabin and galley(s) – smoking on board – take-off conditions

– application of take-off minimas -All weather operations requirements: low visibility

– Aerodrome Operating Minimas – General – Terminology – Low visibility operations – General operating rules – Low visibility operations – Aerodrome considerations – Low visibility operations – Training and qualifications – Low visibility operations – Operating procedures – Low visibility operations – Minimum equipment

-Instrument and safety equipment requirements – general introduction – circuit protection devices – windshield wipers

– airborne weather radar equipment – flight crew interphone system – public address system – internal doors and curtains – first aid kits – emergency medical kit – first aid oxygen – supplemental oxygen – pressurised aeroplanes – supplemental oxygen – non-pressurised aeroplanes – crew protective breathing equipment – hand fire extinguishers – crash axes and crowbars – marking of break-in points – means for emergency evacuation – megaphones – emergency lightings – automatic emergency locator transmitter – life jackets – life rafts and survival ELTs for extended overwater flights – survival equipment

- Communication and navigation equipment requirements – radio equipment VFR

– communication and navigation IFR and VFR -Aircraft maintenance

– terminology – application for and approval of the operator’s maintenance system – maintenance management – quality system – operator’s maintenance management exposition – operator’s aircraft maintenance program – continued validity of the Air Operator’s certificate in respect of maintenance system – equivalent safety case

-Flight crew - Flight and Duty Time limitations and rest requirements (Reserved) - Cabin crew

c) SPECIAL OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES AND HAZARDS (GENERAL ASPECTS)

-Minimum equipment list – AFM

-Ground de-icing – icing conditions – definition and recognition, on ground/in flight – de-icing, anti-icing, types of de-icing fluids – performance deterioration, on ground/in flight

-Bird strike risk and avoidance -Noise abatement

-influence of the flight procedure (departure, cruise, approach) – influence by the pilot (power setting, low drag, Low power))

-Fire/smoke -carburettor fire – engine fire – fire in the cabin, cockpit, freight compartment (choice ofappropriate fire extinguishing agents according to fire classification and use of the extinguishers) – actions in case of overheated brakes after aborted takeoff and landing – smoke in the cockpit and cabin (effects and actions taken)

-Decompression of pressurised cabin

– slow decompression – rapid or explosive decompression

– dangers and action taken -Windshear, microburst

– definition and description – effects and recognition during departure and approach – actions to avoid and actions taken during Encounter

-Wake turbulence – cause – influence of speed and mass, wind – actions taken when crossing traffic, during take- off and landing

-Security – unlawful events

-Emergency and precautionary landings Operations in various terrain – water (i.e. slopes, mountains, jungle, offshore)

– definition – cause – factors to be considered (wind, terrain, preparation, flight tactics, landing in various terrain and water) – passenger information – evacuation – action after landing

-Fuel jettisoning – safety aspects – legal aspects

- Transport of dangerous goods – Annex 18

31

– practical aspects - Contaminated runways

– kinds of contamination – braking action, brake coefficient – performance corrections and calculations

3.) Communications

4.3.1 VFR COMMUNICATIONS

a) DEFINITIONS

-Meanings and significance of associated terms -Air Traffic Services abbreviations x x x x - Q-code groups commonly used in RTF air- ground communications - Categories of messages

b) GENERAL OPERATING PROCEDURES

-Transmission of letters - Transmission of numbers (including level information) - Transmission of time - Transmission technique - Standard words and phrases (relevant RTF phraseology included) - Radiotelephony call signs for aeronautical stations including use of abbreviated call signs - Radiotelephony call signs for aircraft including use of abbreviated call signs - Transfer of communication - Test procedures including readability scale - Read back and acknowledgement requirements - Radar procedural phraseology

c) RELEVANT WEATHER INFORMATION TERMS (VFR)

- Aerodrome weather - Weather broadcast

d) ACTION REQUIRED TO BE TAKEN IN CASE OF COMMUNICATION FAILURE

e) DISTRESS AND URGENCY PROCEDURES

- Distress (definition – frequencies – watch of distress frequencies – distress signal – distress message) - Urgency (definition – frequencies – urgency signal – urgency message)

f) MORSE CODE

32

PAPER-V

1. PRINCIPLES OF FLIGHT 5.1.1 SUBSONIC AERODYNAMICS

a) Basics laws and definitions

-Laws and definitions – units – laws of Newton – ideal gas equation – equation of impulse – equation of continuity – Bernoulli’s theorem – static pressure – dynamic pressure – viscosity – density – IAS, CAS, EAS, TAS

- Basics about airflow

– stationary airflow – not stationary airflow – streamline – streamtube – two-dimensional airflow – three-dimensional airflow

-Aerodynamic forces on surfacesx

– resulting airforce – lift – drag – angle of attack – forces and equilibrium of forces during climb, level, descent and turn

-Shape of an aerofoil – thickness to chord ratio – chordline – camberline – nose radius – camber – angle of attack – angle of incidence

- The wing shape – aspect ratio – root chord – tip chord – tapered wings – shape of wing surface – mean aerodynamic chord (MAC)

b) The two-dimensional airflow about an aerofoil

-Streamline pattern - Stagnation point - Pressure distribution

- Centre of pressure/Cma.c. - Lift and downwash - Drag and wake (loss of impulse) - Influence of angle of attack - Flow separation at high angles of attack - The Lift – ! graph

c) The coefficients

-The lift coefficient C – the lift formula – Cl – ! graph – Clmax and ! – Normal Values of Clmax, !crit, !stall, and the slope of The Cl/A.o.A curve

-The drag coefficient Cd – the drag formula: – zero lift drag – lift induced drag – Cd – ! graph – Cl– Cd graph, profile polar – Cl – Cd ratio – normal values of the Cl – Cd ratio

d) The three-dimensional airflow about an aeroplane

-Streamline pattern – span-wise flow and causes – tip vortices and local ! – tip vortices and angle of attack – up-wash and down-wash die to tip vortices – span-wise lift distribution – wake turbulence behind an aircraft (causes, distribution, duration of the phenomenon)

-Induced drag – influence of tip vortices on the angle of attack – the induced local ! – influence of induced angle of attack on the direction of the lift vector – induced drag and angle of attack – induced drag and speed – induced drag and wing aspect ratio – induced drag and wing planform – induced drag coefficient – induced drag coefficient and angle of attack – influence of the induced drag on the CL -! graph – influence of the induced drag on the CL – CD graph, airplane polar, lift drag ratio – parabolic airplane polar in a graph and as a formula – influence of plan of section – winglets – tip-tanks – wing span loading – influence of wing twist

e) The total drag

– influence of change of cambe - The parasite drag – profile drag – interference drag

– friction drag -The profile drag and speed - The induced drag and speed - The total drag - The total drag and speed - Minimum drag -The drag – speed graph

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f) The ground effect - Effect on CDi - Effect on !crit

- Effect on CL - Effect on take-off and landing characteristics of an Aircraft

g) The relation between the lift coefficient and the speed for Constant lift

- As a formula - In a graph h) The stall -Flow separation at increasing angles of attackx – the boundary layer:

– laminar layer – turbulent layer – transition

– separation point – influence of angle of attack – influence on:

– pressure distribution – location of centre of pressure – CL

– CD

– pitch moments – down-wash at horizontal stabiliser

– buffet – use of controls

- The stall speed – in the lift formula – 1g stall speed – FAA stall speed – influence of:

– the centre of gravity – power setting – altitude (IAS) – wing loading, W/S – load factor n:

– definition – turns – forces

-The initial stall in span-wise direction – influence of plan form – aerodynamic twist (wash out) – geometric twist – use of ailerons – influence of fences, vortilons, saw teeth and vortex Generators

-Special phenomena of stall – the power-on stall – climbing and descending turns – swept back wings – super- or deep-stall, stick pusher – canards – T-tailed aircraft – avoidance of spins:

– spin development – spin recognition – spin recovery

– ice (in stagnation point and on surface): – absence of stall warning – abnormal behaviour of the stall

– stabiliser stall -Stall warning

– importance of stall warning – speed margin

– buffet – stall strip – flapper switch – AOA vane – AOA probe – stick shaker – recovery from stall i) CLmax augmentation

- Trailing edge flaps and the reasons for use in take-off and Landing

– different types of flaps: – split flap – plain flap – slotted flap – fowler flap

– their influence on the CL – ! graph – their influence on the CL – CD graph – flap asymmetry

– influence on pitch movement -Leading edge devices and the reasons for use in take-off and landing

– different types: – krueger flaps – variable camber flaps – slats

– their influence on the CL – ! graph – their influence on the CL – CD graph – slat asymmetry – normal/automatic operation

-Vortex generators – aerodynamic principles – advantages – disadvantages

j) Means to decrease the CL – CD ratio, increasing drag

-Spoilers and the reasons for use in the different phases of flight

– different functions: – flight spoilers (speedbrakes) – ground spoilers (lift dumpers) – roll spoilers – spoiler-mixer

– their influence on the CL – ! graph – their influence on the CL – CD graph and ratio

-Speedbrakes as a means of increasing drag and the reasons for use in the different phases of flight

– the influence on the CL – CD graph and ratio

k) The boundary layer

-Different types – laminar – turbulent

- Their advantages and disadvantages on pressure drag and friction drag l) Special circumstances

-Ice and other contamination – ice in stagnation point – ice on the surface (frost, snow, clear ice) – rain – contamination of the leading edge

34

– effects on stall – effects on loss of controllability – effects on control surface moment – influence on high lift devices during take-off, Landing and low speeds

– affect on lift/drag ratio - Deformation and modification of airframe, ageing aircraft 5.1.2 STABILITY a) Condition of equilibrium in stable horizontal flight

-Precondition for static stability - Sum of moments

– lift and weight – drag and thrust

- Sum of forces – in horizontal plane – in vertical plane

b) Methods of achieving balance

-Wing and empennage (tail and canard) - Control surfaces x x - Ballast or weight trim

c) Longitudinal stability

-Basics and definitions – static stability, positive, neutral and negative – precondition for dynamic stability – dynamic stability, positive, neutral and negative – damping:

– phugoid – short period

– effect of high altitude on dynamic stability - Static stability - Neutral point/location of neutral point x x

– definition - Contribution of :

– aircraft geometry – down-wash:

– a.c. of the wing - Location of centre of gravity

– aft limit, minimum stability margin – forward position – effects on static and dynamic stability

-The CM – ! graph - Contribution of :

– location of centre of gravity – control deflection – major aircraft parts (wings, fuselage, tail) – configuration: – flap deflection – gear extension

- The elevator position – speed graph (IAS) x x - Contribution of ;

– location of centre of gravity – trim (trim tab) – trim (stabiliser trim)

- The stick force speed graph (IAS) -Contribution of :

– location of centre of gravity – trim (trim tab) – trim (stabiliser trim) – Mach number/Mach trim • – friction in the system – downspring – Bob Weight

- The manoeuvring/stick force per g -Contribution of :

– location of centre of gravity – trim

– spring – Bob Weight

- Stick force per g and the limit load factor – category of certification

- Special circumstances – ice:

– effects of flap extension – effects of stabiliser ice

– rain – deformation of airframe d) Static directional stability -Slip angle ß - Yaw moment coefficient CN - CN – ß graph - Contribution of

– location of centre of gravity – angle of sweep of the wing – fuselage at high angles of attack – strakes – dorsal fin and angle of sweep of fin – major aircraft parts

e) Static lateral stability -Bank angle ø - The roll moment coefficient Cl - Contribution of angle of slip ß - The Cl – ß graph - Contribution of

– angle of sweep of wing – ventral fin – location of the wing – dihedral/anhedral

- Effective lateral stability f) Dynamic lateral stability -Effects of asymmetric propeller slipstream - Tendency to spiral dive - Dutch roll

– causes – Mach • – yaw damper

- Effects of altitude on dynamic stability 5.1.3 CONTROL a) General - Basics, the Three Planes and Three Axis - Camber change - Angle of attack change b) Pitch control - Elevator - Down-wash effects - Ice on tail - Location of centre of gravity c) Yaw control - Pedal/Rudder ratio changer - Moments due to engine thrust

35

– direct – induced

- Engine failure (n – 1) – rudder limitations at asymmetric thrust

– meaning of VMCA, VMCG

d) Roll control - Ailerons

– inboard ailerons – outboard ailerons – function in different phases of flight

- Spoilers - Adverse yaw - Means to avoid adverse yaw

– frise ailerons – differential aileron deflection – coupling ailerons to rudder by spring – roll spoilers – effects of asymmetric propeller slip stream

e) Interaction in different planes (yaw/roll)

- Limitations of asymmetric power

f) Means to reduce control forces - Aerodynamic balance

– nose balance – hornbalances – internal balances – balance tab, antibalance tab – servo tab – spring tab

- Artificial -power assisted controls – fully powered controls – artificial feel:

– inputs: – dynamic pressure q – stabiliser setting

g) Mass balance - Reasons to balance

– means h) Trimming

- Reasons to trim - Trim tabs - Stabiliser trim/Trim rate versus IAS

– position of Centre of Gravity influence on trim/stabiliser setting for take-off

5.1.4 LIMITATIONS a) Operating limitations

– flutter – aileron reversal – gear/flap operating

-VMO, VNO, VNE x x - MMO

b) Manoeuvring envelope - Manoeuvring load diagram

– load factor – accelerated stall speed – VA, VC, VD. – manoeuvring limit load factor/certification category

- Contribution of :

– mass – altitude – Mach number

c) Gust envelope - Gust load diagram

– vertical gust speeds – accelerated stall speed – VB, VC, VD

– gust limit load factor – VRA

- Contribution of : – mass – altitude – Mach number

5.1.5 PROPELLERS a) Conversion of engine torque to thrust

- Meaning of pitch - Blade twist - Fixed pitch and variable pitch/constant speed - Propeller efficiency versus speed - Effects of ice on propeller

b) Engine failure or engine stop - Windmilling drag

– influence on yaw moment when asymmetric power - Feathering

– influence on glide performance – influence on yaw moment when asymmetric power

c) Design feature for power absorption - Aspect ratio of blade - Diameter of propeller - Number of blades - Propeller noise d) Moments and couples due to propeller operation -Torque reaction - Gyroscopic precession - Asymmetric slipstream effect - Asymmetric blade effect 5.1.6 FLIGHT MECHANICS a) Forces acting on an airplane - Straight horizontal steady flight - Straight steady climb - Straight steady descent -. Straight steady glide - Steady coordinated turn

– bank angle – load factor – turn radius – angular velocity – rate one turn

b) Asymmetric thrust - Moments about the vertical axis - Forces on vertical fin - Influence of bank anglex

– overbanking – finstall

- Influence of aircraft weight - Influence of use of aileronsx

36

- Influence of special propeller effects on roll moments – propeller torque – propeller wash on flaps

- Influence of slipangle on roll moments - VMCA - VMCL - VMCG - Influence of altitude c) Emergency descent - Influence of configuration - Influence of chosen mach number and IAS - Typical points on polar curve d) Windshear

2. Aircraft General Knowledge

5.2.1 AIRFRAME AND SYSTEMS- Aeroplanes a) Fuselage

– types of construction – structural components and materials – stress

b) Cockpit and cabin windows – construction (laminate

c) Wings – types of construction – structural components and materials – stress relief of engines, etc. • – stress

d) Stabilising surfaces

– vertical, horizontal and V-tail surfaces – construction materials – efforts – 'flutter' – compensation system – mach trim

e)Landing Gear – types – construction – locking devices and emergency extension systems – accidental retraction prevention devices – position, movement lights and indicators – nose wheel steering – wheels and tyres (construction, limitations) – braking systems

– construction – parking brake – mode of operation of anti-skid system – mode of operations of auto brake system

– operation, indications and warning systems

f) Flight Controls (construction and operation)

-Primary controls: – elevator, aileron and rudder – trim – mode of actuation (mechanical, hydraulic, electrical, flyby-wire) – operation, indicators, warning devices and controls – efforts to transmit

-Secondary controls: – leading and trailing edge lift augmentation devices – lift dumping and speed brakes – variable elevator – mode of actuation (mechanical, hydraulic, electrical, flyby- wire) – operation, indicators, warning devices – danger situations and potential failures

g) Hydraulics -Basic principles of hydromechanics

– hydraulic fluids – schematic construction and functioning of Hydraulic systems

- Hydraulic systems – main, standby and emergency systems – operation, indicators, warning systems

– ancillary systems h) Air driven systems (piston engines only)

-Air conditioning system – heating and cooling – construction, functioning and controls

- Pressurisation – cabin altitude, maximum cabin altitude, differential pressure – pressurised zones in the aircraft – operation and indicators – safety devices and warning systems – rapid decompression, cabin altitude warning – emergency procedures

- De-ice systems – pneumatic leading edge de-icing of wings and Control surfaces – schematic construction – operational limitations – initiation/timing of de-icing system usage

i) Air Driven Systems (Turbopropeller and Jet aircraft)

-Pneumatic system – power sources – schematic construction – potential failures, warning devices – operation, indicators, warning systems – pneumatic operated systems

- Air conditioning systemx – construction, functioning, operation, indicators and warning devices – heating and cooling – temperature regulation – automatic and manual – ram air ventilation – schematic construction

- Anti-ice systems – aerofoil (Aeroplane), aerofoil/rotors (Helicopter) And control surfaces, powerplant, air intakes, windshield – schematic construction, operating limitations and initiation, timing of de-icing system usage – ice warning system

j) Pressurisation – cabin altitude, maximum cabin altitude, differential pressure – pressurised zones in the aircraft – operation and indicators – safety devices and warning systems – rapid decompression, cabin altitude warning – emergency procedures

37

k) Non-pneumatic operated de-ice and anti-ice systems -Schematic construction, functioning and operation of:

– air intake – propeller (Aeroplane); propeller/rotors (Helicopter) – pitot, static pressure sensor and stall warning devices – windshield – weeping wing system – rain repellent system

l) Fuel system -Fuel tanks

– structural components and types – location of tanks on single-and multi-engine aircraft – sequence and types of refuelling – unusable fuel

- Fuel feed – gravity and pressure feed – crossfeed – schematic construction

- Fuel dumping system m) Fuel system monitoring

– operation, indicators, warning systems – fuel management (sequencing of fuel tank switching) – dip stick

5.2.2 ELECTRICS

a) Direct Current (DC) (ATPL and CPL); Direct/Alternating Current (DC/AC) (IR)

-General – electric circuits – voltage, current, resistance – Ohm's law – resistive circuits – resistance as a function of temperature – electrical power, electrical work – fuses (function, type and operation) – the electrical field

– the capacitor (function) system, shock absorbers)

-Batteries

– types, characteristics – capacity – uses

– hazards -Magnetism

– permanent magnetism – electromagnetism:

– relay, circuit breaker, solenoid valve (principle, function and applications)

– electromagnetic power – electromagnetic induction

-Generators – alternator:

– principle, function and applications – monitoring devices – regulation, control and protection – modes of excitation

– starter generator -Distribution

– current distribution (buses) – monitoring of electrical flight instruments/systems:

– ammeter, voltmeter

– annunciators – electrical consumers – DC power distribution:

– construction, operation and system monitoring

– elementary switching circuits -Inverter (applications) -The aircraft structure as an electrical conductor

b) Alternating Current (AC)

-General

– single and multi-phase AC – frequency – phase shift -AC components

-Generators – 3-phase generator – brushless generator (construction and operation) – generator drive:

– constant speed drive – integrated drive

-AC power distribution – construction, operation and monitoring – protection circuits, paralleling of AC-generators

- Transformers – function – types and applications

- Synchronous and asynchronous motors – operation – application

- Transformer/rectifier units

c) Semiconductors

– principles of semiconductors – semiconductor resistors (properties and application) – rectifier (function and applications) – transistor (function and applications) – diode (function and applications)

d) Basic knowledge of computers

- Logic circuits - Logical symbols - Switching circuits and logical symbols

e) Basic radio propagation theory

- Basic principles – electromagnetic waves – wave length, amplitude, phase angle, frequency – frequency bands, sideband, single sideband – pulse characteristics – carrier, modulation, demodulation – kinds of modulation (amplitude, frequency, pulse, multiplex) – oscillation circuits

-Antennas – characteristics – polarisation – types of antennas

-Wave propagation – ground waves – space waves – propagation with the frequency bands

38

– frequency prognosis (MUF) – fading – factors affecting propagation (reflection, absorption, interference, twilight, shoreline, mountain, static)

5.2.3 POWERPLANT

a) Piston engine

-General – design types – principles of the 4-stroke internal combustion engine – mechanical components

- Lubrication system – function – schematic construction – monitoring instruments and indicators – lubricants

- Air cooling – system monitoring – cylinder head temperature

– cowl flaps -Ignition

– schematic construction and function – types of ignition – magneto check

- Engine fuel supply – carburettor (construction and mode of operation, carburettor icing) – fuel injection (construction and mode of operation) – alternate air

- Engine performance – pressure/density altitude – performance as a function of pressure and temperature

- Power augmentation devices – turbocharger, supercharger (construction and effect on engine performance)

-Fuel – types, grades – detonation characteristics, octane rating – colour coding – additives – water content, ice formation – fuel density – alternate fuels, differences in specifications, Limitations

-Mixture – rich and lean mixture – maximum power and fuel economy mixture Setting

-Propellerx – fixed pitch and constant speed propeller – principles and operation of propellers on single And multi-engine aircraft – propeller check – propeller efficiency as a function of airspeed – aircraft and engine protection (propeller operation: ground/air, coarse/fine pitch limitations)

-Engine handling and manipulation – power setting, power range – mixture setting – operational limitations

-Operational criteria – maximum and minimum RPM – (induced) engine vibration and critical RPM – remedial action by abnormal engine start, run-up and inflight

b) Turbine engine

-Principles of operation - Types of construction

– turboprop – turbojet

– turbofan -Engine construction

-Air inlet – function

-Compressor – function – construction and mode of operation – effects of damage – compressor stall and surge (cause and avoidance)

– compressor characteristics -Diffusor

– function - Combustion chamber

– function, types and working principles – mixing ratios – fuel injectors – thermal load

- Turbine – function, construction and working principles – thermal and mechanical stress – effects of damage – monitoring of exhaust gas temperature

-Jet pipe – function – different types – noise silencing devices

-Pressure, temperature and airflow in a turbine engine -Reverse thrust

– function, types and principles of operation – degree of efficiency

– use and monitoring -Performance and thrust augmentation

– water injection, principles of operation – use and system monitoring

-Bleed air

– effect of use of bleed air on thrust, exhaust temperature, RPM and pressure ratio

-Auxiliary gearbo – function

c) Engine systems

-Ignition – function, types, components, operation, safety aspects

- Starter – function, type, construction and mode of operation – control and monitoring

– self sustaining and idle speeds

39

-Engine start malfunctions – cause and avoidance

- Fuel system – construction, components – operation and monitoring – malfunctions

- Lubrication – construction, components – operation and monitoring – malfunctions

- Fuel – effects of temperature – impurities – additives

-Thrust – thrust formula – flat rated engine – thrust as a function of airspeed, air density, pressure, temperature and RPM

- Powerplant operation and monitoring

i. Auxiliary Power Unit (APU)

-General – function, types – location – operation and monitoring

-Ram air turbine – function

5.2.4 EMERGENCY EQUIPMENT - Doors and emergency exits

-evacuation slides, general usage or as life rafts or flotation devices

- Smoke detection

– location, indicators, function test

-Fire detection

– location, warning mode, function test

-Fire fighting equipment

– location, operation, contents, gauge, function test

-Aircraft oxygen equipment

– drill, use of equipment in case of rapid decompression – oxygen generators

-Hydraulic systems

– components, fluids – operation, indication, warning systems – auxiliary systems

-Emergency equipment

– portable, hand-held fire extinguisher – smoke mask, smoke protection hood – portable oxygen system – emergency locator beacon, transmitter

– life jacket, life raft – pocket lamp, emergency lighting – megaphone – crash axe – fireproof gloves – emergency flotation system

5.2.5 INSTRUMENTATION – Aeroplanes

a) FLIGHT INSTRUMENTS

- Air data instruments

-Pitot and static system – pitot tube, construction and principles of operation – static source – malfunction – heating – alternate static source

- Altimeter – construction and principles of operation – display and setting – errors – correction tables – tolerances

- Airspeed indicator – construction and principles of operation – speed indications (IAS) – meaning of coloured sectors – maximum speed indicator, Vmo/Mmo pointer – errors

-Airspeed indicator

– construction and principles of operation – speed indications (IAS) – meaning of coloured sectors – maximum speed indicator, Vmo/Mmo pointer – errors

-Vertical Speed Indicator (VSI) – aneroid and instantaneous VSI (IVSI) – construction and principles of operation – display

b) Gyroscopic instruments

-Gyro fundamentals – theory of gyroscopic forces (stability, precession) – types, construction and principles of operation:

– vertical gyro – directional gyro – rate gyro – rate integrating gyro

– single degree-of-freedom gyro – ring laser gyro

– apparent drift – random drift – mountings – drive types, monitoring

-Directional gyro – construction and principles of operation

- Slaved gyro compass – construction and principles of operation – components

40

– mounting and modes of operation – turn and acceleration errors – application, uses of output data

- Attitude indicator (vertical gyro) – construction and principles of operation – display types – turn and acceleration errors – application, uses of output data

- Turn and bank indicator (rate gyro) – construction and principles of operation – display types – application errors – application, uses of output data

– turn co-ordinator

- d) Magnetic compass

– construction and principles of operation – errors (deviation, effect of inclination)

e) Radio Altimeter

– components – frequency band – principle of operation – display – errors

f) Electronic Flight Instrument System (EFIS)

– information display types – data input – control panel, display unit

– example of a typical aircraft installation

g) Flight Management System (FMS)

– general principles – inputs and outputs of data

5.2.6 AUTOMATIC FLIGHT CONTROL SYSTEMS

a) Flight Director

– function and application – block diagram, components – mode of operation – operation set-up for various flight phases – command modes (bars) – mode indicator – system monitoring

– limitations, operational restrictions

b) Autopilot

– autoland, sequence of operation – system concepts for autoland, go around, take-off, fail passive, fail operational (redundant)

c) Yaw Damper / Stability augmentation system

– function – block diagram, components

– signal interfacing to vertical stabiliser

d) WARNING AND RECORDING EQUIPMENT

- Warnings general

– classification of warning – display, indicator systems

5.2.7 POWERPLANT AND SYSTEM MONITORING INSTRUMENTS

- Pressure gauge

– sensors – pressure indicators – meaning of coloured sectors

- Temperature gauge

– ram rise, recovery factor

- RPM indicator

– interfacing of signal pick-up to RPM gauge – RPM indicators, piston and turbine engines – meaning of coloured sectors

- Consumption gauge

– high pressure line fuel flowmeter (function, indications, failure warnings)

- Fuel gauge

– measurement of volume/mass, units – measuring sensors – content, quantity indicators – reasons for incorrect indications

- Torque meter

– indicators, units – meaning of coloured sectors

- Flight hour meter

– drive source -Indicators

–Vibration monitoring – indicators, units – interfacing to bypass turbofan engines – warning system indicators

- Remote (signal) transmission system

– mechanical

- Electronic Displays

– EFIS – EICAS – ECAM

41

Theoretical knowledge examination for Airline Transport Pilot’s License for Helicopters {ATPL (A)}


Paper No. Subject Duration of Examination

I

1) Air Law


1.40 hrs

1.00 hrs

II

1) Meteorology

2.30 hrs

III


5.00 hrs

IV

1) Navigation


3) Communications

2.00 hrs

1.00 hrs

0.30 hrs

V



1.00 hrs

3.30 hrs

41


42

43

Syllabus for Air Transport Pilot License examination - Aeroplanes

PAPER –I


ORGANISATIONS a) The Convention of Chicago Air Navigation





b) The International Civil Aviation Organisation

– Objectives and composition – Regional structure and offices – Duties in relation to

– annexes to the convention – standards and recommended practices – procedures for air navigation services – regional supplementary procedures – regional air navigation – manuals and circulars

c) Other International agreements

– The International Air Transport Agreement

– the five freedoms – The Convention of Tokyo, La Haye, Montreal

– jurisdiction – authority of the pilot-in-command of the aircraft




d) PIC authority and responsibility regarding safety and Security

e) Operators and pilots liabilities towards persons and goods on the ground, in case of damage and injury caused by the operation of the aircraft.

f) Commercial practices and associated rules (leasing



- Applicability

1.1.3 ANNEX 7 – AIRCRAFT NATIONALITY AND REGISTRATION MARKS

- Applicability

1.1.4 ANNEX 1 – PERSONNEL LICENSING - Applicability

-relation between ANNEX 1 and CARs




a) Foreword

– introduction

b) Definitions and abbreviations (see general statements)

c) Departure procedures

– general criteria – standard instrument departures – omnidirectional departures – published information – simultaneous operations on parallel or near-parallel instrument runways – area navigation (RNAV) departure procedures based on VOR/DME – use of FMS/RNAV equipment to follow conventional departure procedures

d) Approach procedures – general criteria (except tables) – approach procedure design: instrument approach areas, accuracy of fixes (only intersection fix

tolerance factors,other fix tolerance factors, accuracy of facility providing track, approach area splays, descent gradient) – arrival and approach segments: general, standard

44

instrument arrival, initial approach segment (only general), intermediate approach segment, final approach segment (except tables), missed approach segment (only general) – visual manoeuvring (circling) in the vicinity of the aerodrome: general, the visual manoeuvring (circling) area (except table), visual manoeuvring (circling) area not considered for obstacle clearance (except table), minimum descent altitude/height, visual flight manoeuvre, missed approach whilst circling – simultaneous ILS operations on parallel or near- Parallel runways

– area navigation (RNAV) approach procedures based on

VOR/DME – use of FMS/RNAV equipment to follow conventional nonprecision approach procedures

e) Holding procedures

– in flight procedures (except table), entry, holding – obstacle clearance (except table)

f) Altimeter setting procedures (including ICAO Doc. 7030 – regional supplementary procedures)


g) Secondary surveillance radar transponder operating procedures (including ICAO Doc. 7030 – regional supplementary procedures)


– phraseology








d) Flight Information Service – application

– scope of flight information service – operational flight information service broadcasts

e) Alerting Service

– application, notification of rescue co-ordination centres

(only INCERFA, ALERFA, DETRESFA), information to

aircraft operating in the vicinity of an aircraft in a state

of emergency.




– Appendix 1




– departing aircraft: general procedures for departing aircraft, clearances for departing aircraft to climb maintaining own separation while in visual meteorological conditions, information for departing aircraft

45

– arriving aircraft: general procedures for arriving aircraft, clearance to descend subject to maintaining own separation in visual meteorological conditions, visual approach, instrument approach, holding, approach sequence, expected approach time, information for arriving aircraft


– functions of aerodrome control towers: general, alerting service provided by aerodrome control towers, suspension of VFR operations by aerodrome control towers – traffic and taxi circuits: selection of runway-in-use – information to aircraft by aerodrome control towers: information related to the operation of the aircraft, information on aerodrome conditions – control of aerodrome traffic: order of priority for arriving and departing aircraft, control of departing and arriving aircraft, wake turbulence categorisation of aircraft and increased longitudinal separation minima, authorisation of special VFR flights



m) Use of radar in Air Traffic Services

– general provisions: limitations in the use of radar, identification procedures (only establishment of radar identity), position information, radar vectoring – use of radar in the air traffic control service



1.1.9 (based on ANNEX 14, VOL 1 & 2) a) Annex 14



b) Visual aids for navigation

– indicators and signalling devices – markings – lights – signs







1.1.10 FACILITATION (based on ANNEX 9)





a) Annex 12 – definitions






a) Annex 17





a) Annex 13 – definitions – applicability

1.1.14 CARs

46

1.1.15 NATIONAL LAW - National law and differences to relevant ICAO Annexes and CARs





- The atmospherex – composition – gas Laws – oxygen requirement of tissues


- High altitude environment – ozone – radiation – humidity






- Integration of sensory inputs

– spatial disorientation – illusions – physical origin – physiological origin – psychological origin – approach and landing problems







1.2.3 BASIC AVIATION PSYCHOLOGY a) Human information processing










– internal factors (cognitive styles)

47

– external factors – ergonomics – economics – social environment (group, organisation)

c) Decision making




-Co-ordination (multi-crew concepts) - Co-operation

– small group dynamics – leadership, management styles

– duty and role


e) Personality



- Identification of hazardous attitudes (error proneness)

f) Human overload and under load

-Arousal




- Fatigue and stress management – coping strategies – management techniques – health and fitness programmes – relaxation techniques – religious practices

– counselling techniques

g) Advanced cockpit automation

- Advantages and disadvantages (criticalities) -Automation complacency -Working concepts

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PAPER-II 1. METEOROLOGY 2.1.1 The Atmosphere a) Composition, extent, vertical division











- Pressure altitude, true altitude -Height, altitude, flight level - Altimeter settings: QNH, QFE, 1013.25 hPa -Calculation of terrain clearance, lowest usable flight level, rule of thumb for temperature and pressure influences - Effect of accelerated airflow due to topography

2.1.2 Wind




-Primary cause of wind, pressure gradient, coriolis force, gradient wind -Relationship between isobars and wind -Effects of convergence and divergence



d) Turbulence



-Variation of wind in the friction layer -Variation of the wind caused by fronts

f) Local winds


g) Jet streams

- Origin of jet streams - Description and location of jet streams - Names, heights and seasonal occurrence of jet streams - Jet stream recognition x x - CAT: cause, location and forecasting

h) Standing waves


2.1.3 THERMODYNAMICS a) Humidity


b) Change of state of aggregation

-Condensation, evaporation, sublimation, freezing and melting, latent heat

c) Adiabatic processes- -Adiabatic processes


-Cooling by adiabatic expansion and by advection - Cloud types, cloud classification - Influence of inversions on cloud development -Flying conditions in each cloud type

b) Fog, mist, haze


- Steaming fog - Frontal fog - Orographic fog 2.1.5 PRECIPITATION

49

a) Development of precipitation




b) Fronts


2.1.7 PRESSURE SYSTEMS a) Location of the principal pressure areas


b) Anticyclone




d) Tropical revolving storms

- Development of tropical revolving storms - Origin and local names, location and period of occurrence

2.1.8 CLIMATOLOGY a) Climatic zones

- General seasonal circulation in the troposphere and lower stratosphere -Tropical rain climate, dry climate, mid-latitude climate, subarctical climate with cold winter, snowclimate

b) Tropical climatology

- Cause and development of tropical showers: humidity, temperature, tropopause - Seasonal variations of weather and wind, typical synoptic situations - Intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ), weather in the

ITCZ, general seasonal movement - Climatic elements relative to the area (monsoon, tradewinds, sandstorms, cold air outbreaks) - Easterly waves

c) Typical weather situations in mid-latitudes


d) Local seasonal weather and wind



-Weather conditions for ice accretion, topographical effects - Types of ice accretion -Hazards of ice accretion, avoidance

b) Turbulence

- Effects on flight, avoidance - CAT: effects on flight

c) Windshear


d) Thunderstorms


e) Tornadoes

- Occurrence

f) Low and high level inversions


g) Stratospheric conditions

- Tropopause influence on aircraft performance - Effect of ozone, radioactivity

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h) Hazards in mountainous areas


- Vertical movements, mountain waves, windshear, turbulence, ice accretion - Development and effect of valley inversions

i) Visibility reducing phenomena

- Reduction of visibility caused by mist, smoke, dust, sand and precipitation - Reduction of visibility caused by low drifting and blowing snow


a) Observation - On the ground – surface wind, visibility and runway visual range, transmissometers; Clouds – type, amount, height of base and tops, movement; Weather – including all types of precipitation, air temperature, relative humidity, dewpoint, atmospheric pressure - Upper air observations x x x x x - Satellite observations, interpretation x x x x x - Weather radar observations ground and airborne,

interpretation - Aircraft observations and reporting, data link systems,



c) Information for flight planning - Aeronautical codes: METAR, TAF, SPECI, SIGMET, SNOWTAM, runway report -Meteorological broadcasts for aviation: VOLMET, ATIS, HFVOLMET, ACARS - Content and use of pre-flight meteorological documents - Meteorological briefing and advice - Measuring and warning systems for low level windshear, inversion - Special meteorological warnings - Information for computer flight planning

51

PAPER-III


3.1.1 MASS AND BALANCE – Aeroplanes a). INTRODUCTION TO MASS AND BALANCE






b) LOADING

-Terminology

-Empty mass -Dry Operating Mass (empty mass + crew + operating items + unusable fuel ) - Zero Fuel Mass - Standard mass – crew, passengers and baggage – fuel, oil, water (volume/mass conversion factors) – carry-on luggage

-Useful load (traffic load + usable fuel)

-Aircraft mass checks -Procedure (in general terms, details not necessary) - Requirements for re-weighing of aircraft - Equipment lists









- Datum


- Moment arm



- Expression in percentage of mean aerodynamic chord (%MAC)


-Cg at empty mass – determined when aircraft is weighed; determined when helicopter is weighed

52

– recorded in aircraft documentation cg at Dry Operating Mass (Aeroplane); recorded in helicopter documentationcg at Dry Operating Mass


– computation method using either mathematical computations or specially designed slide rule – graph method – table method





3.1.2 Performance a) .PERFORMANCE OF SINGLE-ENGINE AEROPLANES NOT CERTIFIED– PERFORMANCE CLASS B

-Definitions of terms and speeds used -Take-off and landing performance

-Effect of aeroplane mass, wind, density, altitude, runway slope, runway conditions -Use of aeroplane flight manual data

-Climb and cruise performance - Use of aeroplane flight data - Effect of density altitude and aeroplane mass - Endurance and the effects of the different recommended power settings - Still air range with various power settings

b) PERFORMANCE OF MULTI-ENGINE AEROPLANES NOT CERTIFIED– PERFORMANCE CLASS B

-Definitions of terms and speeds - Any new terms used for multi-engine

aeroplane performance

-Importance of performance calculations -Determination of performance under normal conditions -Consideration of effects of pressure altitude, temperature, wind, aeroplane mass, runway slope, and runway conditions

-Elements of performance -Take-off and landing distances

– obstacle clearance at Take-off

- Rate of climb and descent – effects of selected power settings, speeds, and aircraft configuration

- Cruise altitudes and altitude ceilingx – en-route requirements

-Payload/range trade-offs - Speed/economy trade-offs

-Use of performance graphs and tabulated data - Performance section of flight manual

c) PERFORMANCE OF AEROPLANES CERTIFIED – PERFORMANCE CLASS A c) Take-off

-Definitions of terms and speeds used – appropriate speed definitions associated with take-off performance, with emphasis on:

– V1: decision speed in event of engine failure on take-off

– VR: rotation speed – V2: take-off safety speed

– appropriate distance definitions associated with take-off: – balanced field length – take-off run available (TORA) – take-off distance available (TODA) – accelerate stop distance available (ASDA) – clearways, stopways – mass/altitude/temperature limits

– other appropriate speeds: – VMCG – VMCA – VMU – VLOF – VMBE

- Runway variables – length, slope, surface – strength of runway (load classification number,

single isolated wheel loading)

-Aeroplane variables – mass – flap angle – reduced power settings – increased V2 – use of anti-ice and de-ice – use of bleed air (ECS)

- Meteorological variables – pressure altitude and temperature (density

altitude), wind gust factor, surface conditions (standing water, snow, ice etc.)

- Take-off speeds – computation of V1, VR and V2; initial climb speed, landing gear and flap retraction speeds

-Take-off distance – computations of take-off distance – include consideration of aeroplane, runway, and meteorological variables when computing take-off distance and take-off speed – effects of early or late rotation on take-off distance;

possibility of ground stall with early rotation d) Accelerate-stop distance

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-Concept of balanced field length

– review of definitions (032 03 00 00) – relationship between balanced/unbalanced field length and V1

- Use of flight manual charts – computing accelerate-stop distances

– decision time and deceleration procedure assumptions: – time-to-decide allowance – use of brakes – use of reverse thrust

– brake energy absorption limits: – delayed temperature rise

– tyre limitations e) Initial climb -Climb segments

– undercarriage and flap retraction – take-off mass limitation with regard to climb requirements

- All engines operating x – climb speed – rate of climb – noise abatement procedure

- Engine inoperative operation – best angle-of-climb speed – best rate-of-climb speed – rates of climb: – effect of density altitude on climb performance

- Obstacle clearance requirementsx – climb to clear obstacles – turning to avoid obstacles: – effect turns have on climb performance

f) Climb -Use of flight manual performance chartsx

– effect of aeroplane mass – effect of density altitude change – time-to-climb calculations for reaching cruise

altitude - Significant airspeeds for climb

– flap retraction speeds – normal (all engines operating) climb speeds:

– best angle-of-climb – best rate-of-climb

- One engine inoperative climb – climb airspeeds:

– best rate-of-climb – best angle-of-climb

– maximum cruise height

g) Cruise -Use of cruise charts

– determination of cruise heights – maximum attainable cruise height – increase of maximum cruise speeds and power settings

- Cruise control – maximum range: power settings, speeds, fuel consumption – maximum endurance: power settings, speeds, fuel

consumption – speed/range trade-offs, for cruise power settings – maximum cruise power settings: resultant speeds,

fuel consumption

- En-route One Engine Inoperative – engine inoperative charts – range and endurance – One-engine Out Service Ceiling: – maximum continuous power settings – ETOPS operations

-Obstacle clearance en-route – net flight path – vertical and horizontal – overhead mass limitations – drift-down procedures

- Enroute – Aeroplanes with Three or More Engines, two engines inoperative

– requirements and limitations

h) Descent and landing -Use of descent charts

– time to start descent – fuel consumption in descent – limiting speed, e.g.

– normal operating airspeed – maximum operating airspeed – speed for max glide ratio – maximum rate of descent speed (cabin Pressure rate of descent)

- Maximum permitted landing mass x – structural limit specified by aircraft

manufacturer And the State airworthiness authorities

-Approach and Landing data calculationsx – suitability of selected landing runway:

– landing distance available – computation of maximum landing mass for the given runway conditions – computation of minimum runway length for the given – other factors: runway slope, surface conditions, wind temperature, density altitude

– computation of expected actual landing mass – computations of approach and landing speeds – computations should be completed for alternate aerodromes as well – definitions of terms and speed used:

– VTH, Threshold speed – Discontinued Approach Climb – Landing climb – Landing distance, Dry, Wet and

Contaminated runways – Landing Distance required

– Destination airport – Alternate airport

– Landing – Landing configuration (all engine) – Approach configuration (one engine out)

i) Practical application of an airplane performance manual

54

-Use of typical turbojet or turboprop aeroplane performance manual

– take-off and landing mass calculations – take-off data computations:

– effects of runway variables, aeroplane variables and meteorological variables – computation of the various 'V' speeds for take-off and initial climb – computation of runway distance factors – rate and gradient of initial climb – obstacle clearance – appropriate engine-out calculations

– climb computations: – climb rates and gradients – time-to-climb – fuel used – engine-out calculations

-Cruise computations – power settings and speeds for maximum range, maximum endurance and normal cruise – fuel consumption – engine-out operation; pressurisation failure, effect of lower altitude on range and endurance – ETOPS flight – additional considerations concerning fuel consumption:

– effects of altitude and aircraft mass – fuel for holding, approach and cruise to alternate – in normal and abnormal conditions – after jet engine failure – after decompression

3.1.3 Flight Planning and Flight Monitoring-H a) Flight Plans for Cross Country Flights








-In-flight fuel computations

– recording of fuel quantities remaining at navigational checkpoints














-Chart preparation

55

- Plot tracks and measure directions and distances







- Navigation aids – frequencies and identifiers of en-route terminal facilities, if appropriate

d) IFR (AIRWAYS) FLIGHT PLANNING

-Meteorological considerations - Analysis of existing weather patterns along possible routes - Analysis of winds aloft along prospective routes - Analysis of existing and forecast weather conditions at destination and possible alternates

-Selection of routes to destination and alternates

-Preferred airways routings - Extraction of tracks and distances from RAD/NAV chart - Frequencies and identifiers of en-route radio navigation aids - Minimum en-route altitudes, minimum crossing and reception altitudes - Standard Instrument Departures (SIDs) and Standard Arrival Routes (STARs)

-General flight planning tasks

- Checking of AIP and NOTAM for latest airfield and en-route status information - Selection of altitudes or flight levels for each leg of the flight - Application of wind velocity on each leg to obtain heading and ground speeds - Calculation of en-route times for each leg to the destination and to the alternate and determination of total time en-route - Completion of fuel plan - Preliminary study of instrument approach procedures and minima at destination and alternate

- Filling out and filing air traffic flight plan

e) JET AEROPLANES FLIGHT PLANNING (Additional considerations) Additional flight planning aspects for jet aeroplanes (advanced flight planning) -Fuel planning

– en-route contingency fuel – destination, holding and diversion fuel – island reserves – importance of altitude selection when planning for diversion to alternate – use of performance chart to plan fuel usage and requirements based on planned climb, en-route

cruise and descent – reserve fuel requirements – influence of centre of gravity on fuel consumption

-Computation of point-of-equal-time (PET) and point-of-safereturn (PSR) Computerised flight planning - General principles of present systems x

– advantages – shortcomings and limitations

f) PRACTICAL COMPLETION OF A ‘FLIGHT PLAN’ (flight plan, flight log, nav log ATC plan, etc.)



- Computation of PET (point-of-equal-time), including equi-fuel and equi-time points, and PSR (point-of-safe-return) -Completion of air traffic flight plan

56

PAPER –IV

1.) NAVIGATION 4.1.1 GENERAL NAVIGATION a) BASICS OF NAVIGATION







– conversion from one unit to another – relationship between nautical miles and

minutes of latitude




– change of deviation with change of latitude and with

change in the aircraft’s heading – turning and acceleration errors – keeping magnetic materials clear of the compass



c) CHARTS








-The triangle of velocities, methods of solution for the

57

determination of – heading – ground speed – wind velocity – track and drift angle, track error – time and distance problems


– lost procedures – heading and TAS vector since last confirmed position – application of wind velocity vector – last known track and ground speed vector – assessment of accuracy of DR position

-Measurement of DR elements

– calculation of altitude, adjustments, corrections, errors – determination of temperature – determination of appropriate speed – determination of mach number

-Resolution of current DR problems by means of – Mercator charts – Lambert charts

– polar stereographic projections


-Miscellaneous DR uncertainties and practical means of

Correction e) IN-FLIGHT NAVIGATION







– ETA revisions

-Flight log (including navigation records)

f) INERTIAL NAVIGATION SYSTEMS (INS)

-Principles and practical application – gyroscopic principles

– platform mounting – accelerometer principles – integrator principles – Shuler-tuned platform – navigation computer – strapdown systems

-Alignment procedures – gyroscompassing – levelling

- Accuracy, reliability, errors and coverage - Flight deck equipment and operation

– mode selector unit (MSU) – control display unit (CDU) – horizontal situation indicator (HSI)

- INS operation – normal flight, postion and waypoint entries – flight plan changes – bypassing waypoint – change of waypoint data

– system check and updating

4.1.2 .RADIO NAVIGATION

a) RADIO AIDS




– principles – presentation and interpretation – coverage – range – errors and accuracy






-ILS (instrument landing system) – principles – presentation and interpretation – coverage – range – errors and accuracy

58


-MLS (microwave landing systems) – principles – presentation and interpretation – coverage – range – errors and accuracy – factors affecting range and accuracy


– Pulse techniques and associated terms– latitude and Longitude -Ground radar


-Airborne weather radar – principles – presentation and interpretation – coverage – range – errors and accuracy – factors affecting range and accuracy – application for navigation

-SSR secondary surveillance radar and transponder

– principles – presentation and interpretation – modes and codes, including mode S

-Use of radar observations and application to in-flight navigation

c) AREA NAVIGATION SYSTEMS

-General philosophy – use of radio navigation systems or an inertial navigation system

-Typical flight deck equipment and operation – means of entering and selecting waypoints and desired course information (keyboard entry system) – means of selecting, tuning and identifying ground stations – instrumentation for en-route course guidance – for some types of systems, instrumentation for presenting distance travelled, distance to go and, if necessary, ground speed information – instrumentation for presenting current position data -Flight director and autopilot coupling

-Instrument indications - Types of area navigation system inputs

– self-contained on-board systems (inertial navigation systems, doppler) – external sensor systems (VOR/DME, LORAN-C, Decca)

– air data inputs (true airspeed, altitude, magnetic heading)

-VOR/DME area navigation (RNAV)

– principle of operation – advantages and disadvantages – accuracy, reliability, coverage

– flight deck equipment

-Flight director and autopilot coupling

d) SELF-CONTAINED AND EXTERNAL-REFERENCED NAVIGATION SYSTEMS

-Doppler

– principles of operation (airborne system) – ground speed and drift calculation – advantages and disadvantages – accuracy and reliability – flight deck equipment

-Loran-C

– principle of operation

- Decca navigation system – principle of operation


2.) OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES 4.2.1 OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES – SPECIAL AND EMERGENCY PROCEDURES General a) ICAO Annex 6, Parts I, II and III (as applicable



- General requirements about – quality system – additional crew members – method of carriage of persons – admission to flight deck – unauthorised carriage – portable electronic devices – endangering safety – additional informations and forms to be carried – informations retained on ground – power to inspect – production of documentation and records – preservation of documentation – leasing

-Operator certification and supervision requirements

59

– general rules for Air Operator Certification – issue – variation and continued validity of an AOC – administrative requirements

-Operational procedures requirements – operational control and supervision – use of Air Traffic Services – instrument departure and approach procedures – carriage of person with reduced mobility – carriage of inadmissible passengers, deportees

or persons in custody – stowage of baggages and cargo – passengers seating – securing of passenger cabin and galley(s) – smoking on board – take-off conditions


– Aerodrome Operating Minimas – General – Terminology – Low visibility operations – General operating rules – Low visibility operations – Aerodrome considerations – Low visibility operations – Training and qualifications – Low visibility operations – Operating procedures – Low visibility operations – Minimum equipment - VFR Operating minima



- Communication and navigation equipment requirements

-radio equipment – audio selector panel – radio equipment VFR


– terminology

– application for and approval of the operator’s maintenance system – maintenance management – quality system – operator’s maintenance management

exposition – operator’s aircraft maintenance program – continued validity of the Air Operator’s

certificate in respect of maintenance system – equivalent safety case

-Flight crew - Flight and Duty Time limitations and rest requirements (Reserved) - Cabin crew -Navigation requirements for long-range flights

-Flight management – navigation planning procedures – completion of flight plans – choice of route, speed, altitude – selection of alternate aerodrome – minimal time routes, definition

-Transoceanic and polar flight (ICAO Doc. 7030 – Regional Supplementary Procedures)

– choice of the emergency means for the determination of course and INS cross- checks – cross-checks – determination of tracks and course – polar tracks – terrestrial magnetism characteristic in

polar zones

– specific problems of polar navigation

-MNPS Airspace (ICAO Doc. 7030 – Regional Supplementary Procedures, NAT Doc. 001, T 13 5N/5

– Guidance and Information material concerning air navigation in the NAT Region, North Atlantic MNPS Airspace Operations Manual, and RVSM)

– definition – geographical limits – regulations and procedures – notices





-influence by the pilot (power setting, low drag, low power)

-Fire/smoke -actions in case of overheated brakes after aborted takeoff and landing

60

-Decompression of pressurised cabin – slow decompression – rapid or explosive decompression – dangers and action taken

-Windshear, microburst – definition and description – effects and recognition during departure and approach – actions to avoid and actions taken during Encounter






- Transport of dangerous goods – Annex 18 – practical aspects

- Contaminated runways – kinds of contamination – braking action, brake coefficient – performance corrections and calculations

3.) Communications


a) DEFINITIONS



-Transmission of letters - Transmission of numbers (including level information) - Transmission of time - Transmission technique - Standard words and phrases (relevant RTF phraseology included) - Radiotelephony call signs for aeronautical stations including use of abbreviated call signs

- Radiotelephony call signs for aircraft including use Of abbreviated call signs - Transfer of communication - Test procedures including readability scale - Read back and acknowledgement requirements - Radar procedural phraseology


- Aerodrome weather

- Weather broadcast



- Distress (definition – frequencies – watch of distress frequencies – distress signal – distress message) - Urgency (definition – frequencies – urgency signal – urgency message) f) GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF VHF PROPAGATION

AND ALLOCATION OF FREQUENCIES 4.3.2 IFR COMMUNICATIONS

a) DEFINITIONS

-Meanings and significance of associated terms - Air Traffic Control abbreviations - Q-code groups commonly used in RTF air-ground Communications


- Transmission of letters - Transmission of numbers (including level information) - Transmission of time - Transmission technique - Standard words and phrases (relevant RTF

phraseology included) - Radiotelephony call signs for aeronautical stations including use of abbreviated call signs - Radiotelephony call signs for aircraft including use of abbreviated call signs - Transfer of communication - Test procedures including readability scale; establishment of RTF communication - Read back and acknowledgement requirements - Radar procedural phraseology - Level changes and reports Categories of messages

c) ACTION REQUIRED TO BE TAKEN IN CASE OF COMMUNICATION FAILURE

d) DISTRESS AND URGENCY PROCEDURES

- PAN medical - Distress (definition – frequencies – watch of distress frequencies – distress signal – distress message)

61

- Urgency (definition – frequencies – urgency signal – urgency message)

e) RELEVANT WEATHER INFORMATION TERMS (IFR)


f) GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF VHF PROPAGATION AND ALLOCATION OF FREQUENCIES g) MORSE CODE

62

PAPER-V

1.) PRINCIPLES OF FLIGHT 5.1.1 SUBSONIC AERODYNAMICS


-Laws and definitions – units – laws of Newton – ideal gas equation – equation of impulse – equation of continuity – Bernoulli’s theorem – static pressure – dynamic pressure – viscosity – density – IAS, CAS, EAS, TAS

- Basics about airflow

– stationary airflow – not stationary airflow – streamline – streamtube – two-dimensional airflow – three-dimensional airflow

-Aerodynamic forces on surfacesx

– resulting airforce – lift – drag – angle of attack – forces and equilibrium of forces during climb, level, descent and turn

-Shape of an aerofoil – thickness to chord ratio – chordline – camberline – nose radius – camber – angle of attack – angle of incidence

- The wing shape – aspect ratio – root chord – tip chord – tapered wings – shape of wing surface – mean aerodynamic chord (MAC)

b) The two-dimensional airflow about an aerofoil

-Streamline pattern - Stagnation point - Pressure distribution - Centre of pressure/Cma.c.

- Lift and downwash - Drag and wake (loss of impulse) - Influence of angle of attack - Flow separation at high angles of attack - The Lift – ! graph

c) The coefficients

-The lift coefficient C – the lift formula – Cl – ! graph – Clmax and ! – Normal Values of Clmax, !crit, !stall, and the

slope of The Cl/A.o.A curve

-The drag coefficient Cd – the drag formula: – zero lift drag – lift induced drag – Cd – ! graph – Cl– Cd graph, profile polar – Cl – Cd ratio – normal values of the Cl – Cd ratio

d) The three-dimensional airflow about an aeroplane

-Streamline pattern – span-wise flow and causes – tip vortices and local ! – tip vortices and angle of attack – up-wash and down-wash die to tip vortices – span-wise lift distribution – wake turbulence behind an aircraft (causes, distribution, duration of the phenomenon)

-Induced drag – influence of tip vortices on the angle of attack – the induced local ! – influence of induced angle of attack on the direction of the lift vector – induced drag and angle of attack – induced drag and speed – induced drag and wing aspect ratio – induced drag and wing planform – induced drag coefficient – induced drag coefficient and angle of attack – influence of the induced drag on the CL -! graph – influence of the induced drag on the CL – CD

graph, airplane polar, lift drag ratio – parabolic airplane polar in a graph and as a formula – influence of plan of section – winglets – tip-tanks – wing span loading – influence of wing twist

e) The total drag

– influence of change of cambe - The parasite drag – profile drag – interference drag

– friction drag -The profile drag and speed

63

- The induced drag and speed - The total drag - The total drag and speed - Minimum drag -The drag – speed graph

f) The ground effect - Effect on CDi - Effect on !crit - Effect on CL

- Effect on take-off and landing characteristics of an Aircraft

g) The relation between the lift coefficient and the speed for Constant lift

- As a formula - In a graph h) The stall -Flow separation at increasing angles of attackx – the boundary layer:

– laminar layer – turbulent layer – transition

– separation point – influence of angle of attack – influence on:

– pressure distribution – location of centre of pressure – CL – CD – pitch moments – down-wash at horizontal stabiliser

– buffet – use of controls

- The stall speed – in the lift formula – 1g stall speed – FAA stall speed – influence of:

– the centre of gravity – power setting – altitude (IAS) – wing loading, W/S – load factor n:

– definition – turns – forces

-The initial stall in span-wise direction – influence of plan form – aerodynamic twist (wash out) – geometric twist – use of ailerons – influence of fences, vortilons, saw teeth and vortex Generators

-Special phenomena of stall – the power-on stall – climbing and descending turns – swept back wings – super- or deep-stall, stick pusher – canards – T-tailed aircraft – avoidance of spins:

– spin development – spin recognition

– spin recovery – ice (in stagnation point and on surface):

– absence of stall warning – abnormal behaviour of the stall

– stabiliser stall -Stall warning

– importance of stall warning – speed margin – buffet – stall strip – flapper switch – AOA vane – AOA probe – stick shaker – recovery from stall i) CLmax augmentation

- Trailing edge flaps and the reasons for use in take-off and Landing

– different types of flaps: – split flap – plain flap – slotted flap – fowler flap

– their influence on the CL – ! graph – their influence on the CL – CD graph – flap asymmetry

– influence on pitch movement -Leading edge devices and the reasons for use in take-off and landing

– different types: – krueger flaps – variable camber flaps – slats

– their influence on the CL – ! graph – their influence on the CL – CD graph – slat asymmetry – normal/automatic operation

-Vortex generators – aerodynamic principles – advantages – disadvantages

j) Means to decrease the CL – CD ratio, increasing drag

-Spoilers and the reasons for use in the different phases of flight

– different functions: – flight spoilers (speedbrakes) – ground spoilers (lift dumpers) – roll spoilers – spoiler-mixer

– their influence on the CL – ! graph – their influence on the CL – CD graph and ratio

-Speedbrakes as a means of increasing drag and the reasons for use in the different phases of flight

– the influence on the CL – CD graph and ratio

k) The boundary layer

64

-Different types – laminar – turbulent

- Their advantages and disadvantages on pressure drag and friction drag l) Special circumstances

-Ice and other contamination – ice in stagnation point – ice on the surface (frost, snow, clear ice) – rain – contamination of the leading edge – effects on stall – effects on loss of controllability – effects on control surface moment – influence on high lift devices during take-off, Landing and low speeds

– affect on lift/drag ratio - Deformation and modification of airframe, ageing aircraft 5.1.2 TRANSONIC AERODYNAMICS - The Mach number definition

- Speed of sound -Influence of temperature and altitude - Compressibility

-Normal shockwaves - Mcrit and exceeding Mcrit - Influence of :

– Mach number – control deflection – angle of attack – aerofoil thickness – angle of sweep – area ruling -CL – ! graph – CLmax – CD – CL – CD

-Aerodynamic heating x -Shock stall/Mach buffet x - Influence on :

– drag – pitch (Mach trim):

– contribution of: – movement of the centre of pressure – angle of sweep – down-wash

- Buffet margin, aerodynamic ceiling

-Means to avoid the effects of exceeding Mcrit - Vortex generators - Supercritical profile

– shape – influence of aerofoil shape on shockwaves – advantages and disadvantages of supercritical Aerofoil

5.1.3 SUPERSONIC AERODYNAMICS

-Oblique shockwavesx -Mach conex - Influence of aircraft weight - Expansion waves - Centre of pressure

- Wave drag – control surface hinge moment – control surface efficiency

5.1.4 STABILITY a) Condition of equilibrium in stable horizontal flight

-Precondition for static stability - Sum of moments

– lift and weight – drag and thrust

- Sum of forces – in horizontal plane – in vertical plane

b) Methods of achieving balance

-Wing and empennage (tail and canard) - Control surfaces x x - Ballast or weight trim

c) Longitudinal stability

-Basics and definitions – static stability, positive, neutral and negative – precondition for dynamic stability – dynamic stability, positive, neutral and negative – damping:

– phugoid – short period

– effect of high altitude on dynamic stability - Static stability - Neutral point/location of neutral point x x

– definition - Contribution of :

– aircraft geometry – down-wash:

– a.c. of the wing - Location of centre of gravity

– aft limit, minimum stability margin – forward position – effects on static and dynamic stability

-The CM – ! graph - Contribution of :

– location of centre of gravity – control deflection – major aircraft parts (wings, fuselage, tail) – configuration: – flap deflection – gear extension

- The elevator position – speed graph (IAS) x x - Contribution of ;

– location of centre of gravity – trim (trim tab) – trim (stabiliser trim)

- The stick force speed graph (IAS) -Contribution of :

– location of centre of gravity – trim (trim tab) – trim (stabiliser trim) – Mach number/Mach trim • – friction in the system – downspring – Bob Weight

65

- The manoeuvring/stick force per g -Contribution of :

– location of centre of gravity – trim

– spring – Bob Weight

- Stick force per g and the limit load factor – category of certification

- Special circumstances – ice:

– effects of flap extension – effects of stabiliser ice

– rain – deformation of airframe d) Static directional stability -Slip angle ß - Yaw moment coefficient CN - CN – ß graph - Contribution of

– location of centre of gravity – angle of sweep of the wing – fuselage at high angles of attack – strakes – dorsal fin and angle of sweep of fin – major aircraft parts

e) Static lateral stability -Bank angle ø - The roll moment coefficient Cl - Contribution of angle of slip ß - The Cl – ß graph - Contribution of

– angle of sweep of wing – ventral fin – location of the wing – dihedral/anhedral

- Effective lateral stability f) Dynamic lateral stability -Effects of asymmetric propeller slipstream - Tendency to spiral dive - Dutch roll

– causes – Mach • – yaw damper

- Effects of altitude on dynamic stability 5.1.5 CONTROL a) General - Basics, the Three Planes and Three Axis - Camber change - Angle of attack change b) Pitch control - Elevator - Down-wash effects - Ice on tail - Location of centre of gravity

c) Yaw control - Pedal/Rudder ratio changer - Moments due to engine thrust

– direct – induced

- Engine failure (n – 1) – rudder limitations at asymmetric thrust

– meaning of VMCA, VMCG d) Roll control - Ailerons

– inboard ailerons – outboard ailerons – function in different phases of flight

- Spoilers - Adverse yaw - Means to avoid adverse yaw

– frise ailerons – differential aileron deflection – coupling ailerons to rudder by spring – roll spoilers – effects of asymmetric propeller slip stream

e) Interaction in different planes (yaw/roll)

- Limitations of asymmetric power

f) Means to reduce control forces - Aerodynamic balance

– nose balance – hornbalances – internal balances – balance tab, antibalance tab – servo tab – spring tab

- Artificial -power assisted controls – fully powered controls – artificial feel:

– inputs: – dynamic pressure q – stabiliser setting

g) Mass balance - Reasons to balance

– means h) Trimming

- Reasons to trim - Trim tabs - Stabiliser trim/Trim rate versus IAS

– position of Centre of Gravity influence on trim/stabiliser setting for take-off

5.1.6 LIMITATIONS a) Operating limitations

– flutter – aileron reversal – gear/flap operating

-VMO, VNO, VNE x x - MMO

66

b) Manoeuvring envelope - Manoeuvring load diagram

– load factor – accelerated stall speed – VA, VC, VD. – manoeuvring limit load factor/certification category


c) Gust envelope - Gust load diagram

– vertical gust speeds – accelerated stall speed – VB, VC, VD – gust limit load factor – VRA


5.1.7 PROPELLERS a) Conversion of engine torque to thrust

- Meaning of pitch - Blade twist - Fixed pitch and variable pitch/constant speed - Propeller efficiency versus speed - Effects of ice on propeller

b) Engine failure or engine stop - Windmilling drag

– influence on yaw moment when asymmetric power - Feathering

– influence on glide performance – influence on yaw moment when asymmetric power

c) Design feature for power absorption - Aspect ratio of blade - Diameter of propeller - Number of blades - Propeller noise d) Moments and couples due to propeller operation -Torque reaction - Gyroscopic precession - Asymmetric slipstream effect - Asymmetric blade effect 5.1.8 FLIGHT MECHANICS a) Forces acting on an airplane - Straight horizontal steady flight - Straight steady climb - Straight steady descent -. Straight steady glide - Steady coordinated turn

– bank angle – load factor

– turn radius – angular velocity – rate one turn

b) Asymmetric thrust - Moments about the vertical axis - Forces on vertical fin - Influence of bank anglex

– overbanking – finstall

- Influence of aircraft weight - Influence of use of aileronsx - Influence of special propeller effects on roll moments

– propeller torque – propeller wash on flaps

- Influence of slipangle on roll moments - VMCA - VMCL - VMCG - Influence of altitude c) Emergency descent - Influence of configuration - Influence of chosen mach number and IAS - Typical points on polar curve d) Windshear

2.) Aircraft General Knowledge

5.2.1 AIRFRAME AND SYSTEMS- Aeroplanes -Fuselage

– types of construction – structural components and materials – stress

-Cockpit and cabin windows – construction (laminate

-Wings – types of construction – structural components and materials – stress relief of engines, etc. • – stress

-Stabilising surfaces

– vertical, horizontal and V-tail surfaces – construction materials – efforts – 'flutter' – compensation system – mach trim

-Landing Gear – types – construction – locking devices and emergency extension systems – accidental retraction prevention devices

67

– position, movement lights and indicators – nose wheel steering – wheels and tyres (construction, limitations) – braking systems

– construction – parking brake – mode of operation of anti-skid system – mode of operations of auto brake system

– operation, indications and warning systems

-Flight Controls (construction and operation)

-Primary controls: – elevator, aileron and rudder – trim – mode of actuation (mechanical, hydraulic, electrical, flyby-wire) – operation, indicators, warning devices and controls – efforts to transmit

-Secondary controls: – leading and trailing edge lift augmentation devices – lift dumping and speed brakes – variable elevator – mode of actuation (mechanical, hydraulic, electrical, flyby- wire) – operation, indicators, warning devices – danger situations and potential failures

-Hydraulics -Basic principles of hydromechanics

– hydraulic fluids – schematic construction and functioning of Hydraulic systems

- Hydraulic systems – main, standby and emergency systems – operation, indicators, warning systems

– ancillary systems - Air driven systems (piston engines only)

-Air conditioning system – heating and cooling – construction, functioning and controls

- Pressurisation – cabin altitude, maximum cabin altitude,

differential pressure – pressurised zones in the aircraft – operation and indicators – safety devices and warning systems – rapid decompression, cabin altitude warning – emergency procedures

- De-ice systems – pneumatic leading edge de-icing of wings and Control surfaces – schematic construction – operational limitations – initiation/timing of de-icing system usage

-Air Driven Systems (Turbopropeller and Jet aircraft)

-Pneumatic system – power sources – schematic construction – potential failures, warning devices – operation, indicators, warning systems

– pneumatic operated systems - Air conditioning systemx

– construction, functioning, operation, indicators and

warning devices – heating and cooling – temperature regulation – automatic and manual – ram air ventilation – schematic construction

- Anti-ice systems – aerofoil (Aeroplane), aerofoil/rotors (Helicopter) And control surfaces, powerplant, air intakes, windshield – schematic construction, operating limitations and initiation, timing of de-icing system usage – ice warning system

- Pressurisationx – cabin altitude, maximum cabin altitude,

differential pressure – pressurised zones in the aircraft – operation and indicators – safety devices and warning systems – rapid decompression, cabin altitude warning – emergency procedures

-Non-pneumatic operated de-ice and anti-ice systems -Schematic construction, functioning and operation of:

– air intake – propeller (Aeroplane); propeller/rotors

(Helicopter) – pitot, static pressure sensor and stall warning devices – windshield – weeping wing system – rain repellent system

-Fuel system -Fuel tanks

– structural components and types – location of tanks on single-and multi-engine aircraft – sequence and types of refuelling – unusable fuel

- Fuel feed – gravity and pressure feed – crossfeed – schematic construction

- Fuel dumping system -Fuel system monitoring


5 .2.2 ELECTRICS


-General – electric circuits

68

– voltage, current, resistance – Ohm's law – resistive circuits – resistance as a function of temperature – electrical power, electrical work – fuses (function, type and operation) – the electrical field


-Batteries










– ammeter, voltmeter – annunciators

– electrical consumers – DC power distribution:




-General






- Synchronous and asynchronous motors

– operation – application


c) Semiconductors







-Wave propagation – ground waves – space waves – propagation with the frequency bands – frequency prognosis (MUF) – fading – factors affecting propagation (reflection, absorption, interference, twilight, shoreline, mountain, static)

5.2.3 POWERPLANT

a) Piston engine





– schematic construction and function

69

– types of ignition – magneto check

- Engine fuel supply – carburettor (construction and mode of

operation, carburettor icing) – fuel injection (construction and mode of operation) – alternate air





-Propeller – fixed pitch and constant speed propeller – principles and operation of propellers on single And multi-engine aircraft – propeller check – propeller efficiency as a function of airspeed – aircraft and engine protection (propeller

operation: ground/air, coarse/fine pitch limitations)



b) Turbine engine -Principles of operation - Types of construction


– turbofan

c) Engine construction


-Compressor – function – construction and mode of operation

– effects of damage – compressor stall and surge (cause and avoidance)





-Jet pipe – function – different types – noise silencing devices

-Pressure, temperature and airflow in a turbine engine -Reverse thrust

– function, types and principles of operation – degree of efficiency – use and monitoring

- Performance and thrust augmentation – water injection, principles of operation

– use and system monitoring -Bleed air



d) Engine systems



– self sustaining and idle speeds -Engine start malfunctions

– cause and avoidance - Fuel system

– construction, components – operation and monitoring – malfunctions



-Thrust – thrust formula – flat rated engine

– thrust as a function of airspeed, air density,

70

pressure,temperature and RPM

- Power plant operation and monitoring e) Auxiliary Power Unit (APU)

-General

– function, types – location – operation and monitoring

-Ram air turbine – function

5.2.4 EMERGENCY EQUIPMENT a) Doors and emergency exits


b) Smoke detection


c) Fire detection


d) Fire fighting equipment


e) Aircraft oxygen equipment


f) Hydraulic systems


g) Emergency equipment

– portable, hand-held fire extinguisher – smoke mask, smoke protection hood – portable oxygen system – emergency locator beacon, transmitter – life jacket, life raft – pocket lamp, emergency lighting – megaphone – crash axe – fireproof gloves – emergency flotation system

5.2.5 INSTRUMENTATION- Aeroplanes FLIGHT INSTRUMENTS

a) Air data instruments

-Pitot and static system

– pitot tube, construction and principles of operation – static source – malfunction – heating – alternate static source



-Airspeed indicator


-Mach meter

– mach number formula – construction and principles of operation – display – construction types

– errors


- Air Data Computer (ADC) – principles of operation – input and output data, signals – uses of output data – block diagram

– system monitoring


-Gyro fundamentals – theory of gyroscopic forces (stability,

precession) – types, construction and principles of operation:




71


- Slaved gyro compass – construction and principles of operation – components – mounting and modes of operation – turn and acceleration errors – application, uses of output data




-Gyro stabilised platform (gimballed platform) – types in use – accelerometer, measurement systems – construction and principles of operation – platform alignment – applications, uses of output data

- Fixed installations (strap down systems) – construction and principles of operation – types in use – input signals – application, uses of output data

c) Magnetic compass


d) Radio Altimeter


e) Electronic Flight Instrument System (EFIS)



f) Flight Management System (FMS)



a) Flight Director

– function and application – block diagram, components – mode of operation – operation set-up for various flight phases – command modes (bars)

– mode indicator – system monitoring


b) Autopilot


c) Flight envelope protection

– function – input data, signals – output data, signals – system monitoring

d) Yaw Damper / Stability augmentation system



e) Automatic pitch trimx – function – input data, signals – mode of operation – horizontal stabiliser, trim tab actuator – system monitoring, safety of operation

f) Thrust computation – function – components – input data, signals – output data, signals – system monitoring

g) Auto-thrust

– function and applications – block diagrams, components – mode of operation – automatic operation mode selection – signal interfacing to throttle level mechanism – operation and programming for various flight phases – system monitoring – limitations, operational restrictions

5.2.7 WARNING AND RECORDING EQUIPMENT

a) Warnings general


b) Altitude alert system

72


– operation and system monitoring

c) Ground proximity warning system (GPWS)

– function – block diagram, components – input data, signals – warning modes – system integrity test

d) Traffic collision avoidance system (TCAS)

– function – warning modes

e) Overspeed warning

– function – input data, signals – display, indicators – function test – effects on operation in case of failure

f) Stall warning – function – constituent components of a simplified system – block diagram, components of a system with angle- ofattack indicator – operation

g) Flight data recorder

– function – block diagram, components – operation


h) Cockpit voice recorder



a) Pressure gauge


b) Temperature gauge


c) RPM indicator


d) Consumption gauge


e) Fuel gauge


f) Torque meter


g) Flight hour meter

– drive source – indicators

i) Vibration monitoring

– indicators, units – interfacing to bypass turbofan engines – warning system

j) Remote (signal) transmission system

– mechanical

k) Electronic Displays


Theoretical knowledge examination for Instrument Rating for Aeroplanes {IR (A)}

There shall be four examinations which will include seven subjects as indicated below with time duration each.

Paper No

Subject

Duration of Examination

I

1) Air Law


1.00 hrs 0.30 hrs

II

1) Meteorology

1.30hrs

III


2) Navigation

2.00 hrs

2.00 hrs

IV


2) Communications

1.15 hrs

0.30 hrs

73


74

Syllabus for Instrument Rating Pilot License -Aeroplanes

PAPER –I








– Objectives and composition





- Applicability


1.1.3 RULES OF THE AIR (based on ANNEX 2)

- Annex 2



a) Foreword – introduction



– general criteria – standard instrument departures – omnidirectional departures – published information – simultaneous operations on parallel or near-parallel instrument runways – area navigation (RNAV) departure procedures based on VOR/DME – use of FMS/RNAV equipment to follow conventional

d) Approach procedures

– general criteria (except tables) – approach procedure design: instrument approach

areas, accuracy of fixes (only intersection fix tolerance

factors, other fix tolerance factors, accuracy of facility providing track, approach area splays, descent gradient) – arrival and approach segments: general, standard instrument arrival, initial approach segment (only

general), intermediate approach segment, final approach

segment (except tables), missed approach segment (only general)



f) Altimeter setting procedures (including ICAO Doc.

7030 – regional supplementary procedures)




– phraseology



b) General

75

– objectives of ATS, divisions of ATS, designation of the


c) Air Traffic Control – application – provision of air traffic control service, operation of air



e) Alerting Service





– Appendix 1


– general provisions for the separation of controlled traffic – vertical separation: vertical separation application, vertical separation minimum, minimum cruising level, assignment of cruising level, vertical separation during ascent or descent – horizontal separation: lateral separation application, lateral separation application,

longitudinal separation application (except between supersonic aircraft) – reduction in separation minima – air traffic control clearances: contents, description of air traffic control clearances, clearance to fly maintaining own separations while in visual meteorological conditions, essential traffic information, clearance of a requested change in flight plan – emergency and communication failure: emergency procedures (only general priority, emergency descent, action by pilot-in-command), air-ground communication failure (only concerning the actions by pilot-in-command), interception of civil aircraft









1.1.6 AERONAUTICAL INFORMATION SERVICE (Based on ANNEX 15) a) Annex 15

76





b) Visual aids for navigation

– indicators and signalling devices – markings – lights – signs







i) FACILITATION (based on ANNEX 9)








d) Operating procedures

– procedures for pilots-in-command at the scene of an accident – procedures for pilots-in-command intercepting a distress transmission – search and rescue signals



1.1.10 CARs

1.1.11 NATIONAL LAW










- Vision – functional anatomy – visual field, foveal and peripheral vision

77

– binocular and monocular vision – monocular vision cues – night vision Motion sickness















– learning principles and techniques – drives

– motivation and performance







c) Decision making





e) Personality




-Arousal




- Fatigue and stress management – coping strategies

78

– management techniques – health and fitness programmes – relaxation techniques – religious practices – counselling techniques


79

Paper-II 1. METEOROLOGY 2.1.1 The Atmosphere a) Composition, extent, vertical division











- Pressure altitude, true altitude -Height, altitude, flight level - Altimeter settings: QNH, QFE, 1013.25 hPa

-Calculation of terrain clearance, lowest usable flight level, rule of thumb for temperature and pressure influences

- Effect of accelerated airflow due to topography

2.1.2 Wind


- Definition and measurement b) Primary cause of wind

-Primary cause of wind, pressure gradient, coriolis force, gradient wind

-Relationship between isobars and wind



d) Turbulence





g) Standing waves








-Cooling by adiabatic expansion and by advection - Cloud types, cloud classification - Influence of inversions on cloud development - Flying conditions in each cloud type.

b) Fog, mist, haze


- Steaming fog - Frontal fog - Orographic fog 2.1.5 PRECIPITATION a) Development of precipitation


80



b) Fronts




b) Anticyclone




2.1.8 CLIMATOLOGY







b) Turbulence


c) Windshear


d) Thunderstorms





- Influence of terrain on clouds and precipitation, frontal

passage - Vertical movements, mountain waves, windshear, turbulence, ice accretion - Development and effect of valley inversions







81



82

PAPER-III


3.1.1 Flight Planning and Flight Monitoring-Aircraft a) Flight Plans for Cross Country Flights












-Radio communication and navigation aids - Communication frequencies and call signs for appropriate control agencies and in-flight

service facilities such as weather stations - Radio navigation and approach aids, if appropriate – type – frequencies – identification


-ICAO flight plan– format

– information included in completed plan – repetitive flight plan










– tracks and distances from prepared charts - Simple fuel plans

- Preparation of fuel logs showing planned values for:

– fuel used on each leg

83

– fuel remaining at end of each leg – endurance, based on fuel remaining and planned consumption rate, at end of each leg





-Meteorological considerations -Analysis of existing weather patterns along

possible routes -Analysis of winds aloft along prospective routes -Analysis of existing and forecast weather

conditions at destination and possible alternates - Selection of routes to destination and altern ates - Preferred airways routings

- Extraction of tracks and distances from RAD/NAV chart - Frequencies and identifiers of en-route radio navigation aids - Minimum en-route altitudes, minimum crossing and reception altitudes - Standard Instrument Departures (SIDs) and

Standard Arrival Routes (STARs)

-General flight planning tasks - Checking of AIP and NOTAM for latest airfield and

en-route status information - Selection of altitudes or flight levels for each leg of the flight - Application of wind velocity on each leg to obtain heading and ground speeds - Calculation of en-route times for each leg to the destination and to the alternate and determination

of total time en-route - Completion of fuel plan - Preliminary study of instrument approach procedures and minima at destination and alternate - Filling out and filing air traffic flight plan

e) PRACTICAL COMPLETION OF A ‘FLIGHT PLAN’ (flight plan, flight log, nav log ATC plan, etc.)

-Extraction of data - Extraction of navigational data - Extraction of meteorological data - Extraction of performance data

- Completion of navigation flight plan - Completion of fuel plan



2. NAVIGATION 3.2.1 GENERAL NAVIGATION

a) CHARTS

-The use of current aeronautical charts

– plotting positions – methods of indicating scale and relief – conventional signs – measuring tracks and distances – plotting bearings

3.2.2 RADIO NAVIGATION

a) RADIO AIDS








84



-ILS (instrument landing system) – principles – presentation and interpretation – coverage – range – errors and accuracy – factors affecting range and accuracy

-MLS (microwave landing systems)





-Airborne weather radar

– principles – presentation and interpretation – coverage – range – errors and accuracy – factors affecting range and accuracy – application for navigation



-General philosophy

– use of radio navigation systems or an inertial navigation system

-Typical flight deck equipment and operation

– means of entering and selecting waypoints and

desired course information (keyboard entry system) – means of selecting, tuning and identifying ground stations – instrumentation for en-route course guidance – for some types of systems, instrumentation for presenting distance travelled, distance to go and, if necessary, ground speed information – instrumentation for presenting current position data


– self-contained on-board systems (inertial navigation

systems, doppler) – external sensor systems (VOR/DME, LORAN-C, Decca)



– principle of operation – advantages and disadvantages – accuracy, reliability, coverage – flight deck equipment


- Satellite assisted navigation : GPS/GLONASS/DGPS

– principle of operation – advantages and disadvantages

85

PAPER-IV


AIRFRAME AND SYSTEMS, ELECTRICS, POWERPLANT, EMERGENCY EQUIPMENT – Aircraft

4.1.1 Airframe and Systems- Aeroplanes

a) Air driven systems (piston engines only)

-De-ice systems – pneumatic leading edge de-icing of wings and control surfaces – schematic construction – operational limitations – initiation/timing of de-icing system usage

b) Air Driven Systems (Turbopropeller and Jet aircraft)

-Anti-ice systems – aerofoil (Aeroplane), aerofoil/rotors

(Helicopter) and control surfaces, powerplant, air intakes, windshield – schematic construction, operating limitations

and initiation, timing of de-icing system usage – ice warning system

c) Non-pneumatic operated de-ice and anti-ice systems

-Schematic construction, functioning and operation of


4.1.2 ELECTRICS




-Batteries













– elementary switching circuits -Inverter (applications)

b) Basic radio propagation theory

- Basic principles

86

– electromagnetic waves – wave length, amplitude, phase angle,

frequency – frequency bands, sideband, single sideband – pulse characteristics – carrier, modulation, demodulation – kinds of modulation (amplitude, frequency, pulse, multiplex) – oscillation circuits



4.1.3 INSTRUMENTATION – Aircraft

FLIGHT INSTRUMENTS


-Pitot and static system

– pitot tube, construction and principles of operation – static source – malfunction – heating – alternate static source



-Airspeed indicator


-Vertical Speed Indicator (VSI) – aneroid and instantaneous VSI (IVSI)

– construction and principles of operation – display


-Gyro fundamentals – theory of gyroscopic forces (stability,

precession) – types, construction and principles of

operation: – vertical gyro – directional gyro – rate gyro – rate integrating gyro








c) Magnetic compass


d) Radio Altimeter






a) Flight Director

87



b) Autopilot

– autoland, sequence of operation – system concepts for autoland, go around, take-off,

fail passive, fail operational (redundant)




2.) Communications 4.2.1 IFR COMMUNICATIONS

a) DEFINITIONS



- Transmission of letters - Transmission of numbers (including level information) - Transmission of time - Transmission technique - Standard words and phrases (relevant RTF

phraseology included) - Radiotelephony call signs for aeronautical stations including use of abbreviated call signs - Radiotelephony call signs for aircraft including use of abbreviated call signs - Transfer of communication - Test procedures including readability scale; establishment of RTF communication - Read back and acknowledgement requirements - Radar procedural phraseology - Level changes and reports Categories of

messages



- PAN medical - Distress (definition – frequencies – watch of distress frequencies – distress signal – distress message) - Urgency (definition – frequencies – urgency signal – urgency message)




88

Theoretical knowledge examination subjects/sections and duration of examination- CPL, ATPL & IR for Aeroplanes

Aeroplanes

CPL

Commercial Pilot License

ATPL

Airline Transport Pilot License

IR

Instrument Rating ( Aircraft)

Subject

Paper No

Duration of examination

Paper No


Paper No

Duration of examinatio

n I I

I

Air Law

1.00hrs 1.40 hrs 1.00hrs

Human Performance and Limitations

0.30hrs 1.00hrs 0.30 hrs

II

II II

Meteorology

1.00hrs 2.30hrs 1.30hrs

III III

III

Flight Performance & Planning

3.30hrs 5.00hrs 2.00hrs

IV IV

Navigation

1.30hrs 2.00hrs 2.00hrs

IV

Operational Procedures

1.00hrs 1.00hrs -

Communications

0.30 hrs 0.30hrs 0.30hrs

v v

-

Principles of Flight

1.00hrs

1.00hrs -

Aircraft General Knowledge

2.00hrs 3.30hrs 1.15 hrs

89


90

Syllabus for Pilot License Examination (Helicopters)

SECTION: 2 - Theoretical Knowledge examination for Helicopter Pilot License Examination

Examination

Topics Pages

SPL

Air Regulations, Air Navigation, Aviation

Meteorology & Aircraft and Engines

93

PPL

Paper-I

Paper-II

Paper-III

Paper-IV

1) Air Law 2) Human Performance and Limitations 1) Meteorology 1) Flight Performance and Planning 2) Navigation 3) Communications 1) Principles of Flight 2) Operational Procedures 3) Aircraft General Knowledge

94

95-96

97-98

99-101

102-104

CPL

Paper-I

Paper-II

Paper-III

Paper-IV

Paper-V



1) Navigation 2) Operational Procedures 3) Communications

1) Principles of Flight 2) Aircraft General Knowledge

105

107-110

111-113

114-117

118--121

122-129

ATPL

Paper-I

Paper-II

Paper-III

1) Air Law 2) Human Performance and Limitations 1) Meteorology 1) Flight Performance and Planning

131

133-137

138-140

141-144

91

Paper-IV

Paper-V

1) Navigation 2) Operational Procedures 3) Communications 1) Principles of Flight 2) Aircraft General Knowledge

145-149

150-157

IR

Paper-I

Paper-II

Paper-III

Paper-IV

1) Air Law 2) Human Performance and Limitations 1) Meteorology 1) Flight Performance and Planning 2) Navigation 1) Aircraft General Knowledge 2) Communications

159

161-164

165-166

167-169

170-172

CPL/

ATPL/IR Schedule

Over all subjects/sections and duration of examination

173

92

Syllabus for Oral Examination for Issue of Student Pilot’s Licence- Helicopters (SPL) 1. Air Regulations

a) Knowledge of terms used in Aviation such as aircraft, aeroplane, aerodrome, balloon, co-pilot, Director General, flight time, solo flight time, dual flight time, log book, flight crew member, helicopter, licence, prohibited area, take-off, landing, Air Traffic Control, Mayday, PAN, etc. (2 hrs) b) The different categories of pilots’ licences and their privileges. Requirements for issue, renewal, validity and privileges of Student Pilot Licence. (1 hr) c) Visual Flight Rules. (1 hr) d) Ground markings, visual and light signals with specific reference to visual flights and circuit flying. (1 hr) 2. Air Navigation a) Basic knowledge of form of earth and the method of representing sphere (Earth) on a flat surface for mapping. (2 hrs) b) Basic knowledge of various units of measure such as nautical miles, kilometer, statute mile, Fahrenhit and Celsius, millibars (hectopascal) ,lbs, kilogram, US and Imperial gallons, litres, and conversion from one to other. (1 hr) c) Elementary knowledge of some navigational instruments such as Magnetic Compass. Air Speed Indicator, Altimeter and basic knowledge of magnetism. (3 hrs) d) Use of Radio Telephony, VHF etc. lementary understanding of Radio Navigational Aids such as NDB, VOR, and their uses in aviation (appreciation only). (2 hrs) 3. Aviation Meteorology a) Elementary knowledge of atmosphere and its properties, Basic knowledge of temperature, pressure and density and their relationship. (1 hr) b) Elementary knowledge of relationship between pressure and wind, variation of wind with height and sea breeze and land breeze. (I hr) c) Elementary knowledge of different types of clouds and precipitation. Basic understanding of hazards associated with certain types of clouds. (1 hr) d) Elementary knowledge of the terms -- Visibility, Fog, Mist and Haze. (1 hr)

e) Elementary knowledge of variation of pressure with height, and the Q codes -- QNH, QFE and QNE, etc. (1 hr) f) Basic understanding of METAR, SPECI and aerodrome warnings and their importance in aviation. (I hr) g) Elementary knowledge of the uses of Anemometer, Aneroid Barometer, Wind Sock etc. (I hr) 4. Aircraft and Engines a) Elementary knowledge of -- density, pressure, temperature, humidity and the relation-ship between them. (I hr) b) Understanding of the terms – thrust, drag, lift, weight, aerofoil. angle of attack, centre of lift, stalling, range endurance etc. (2 hrs) c) Elementary knowledge of the forces acting on an aerofoil in level flight – understanding of Bernoulli’s Theorem. (1 hr) d) Elementary knowledge of the primary controls, understanding of the uses of aileron, rudder, elevator, stabiliser, trimming devices, flaps, landing gear etc. (1 hr) e) General knowledge of the principle of operation of a piston engine and associated systems. (2 hrs) f) Elementary knowledge of the principle of a fixed pitch propeller/ main rotor, tailrotor (1 hr) g) Elementary knowledge of weight and balance. (1 hr) h) Basic knowledge of first-aid , the use of generally available first-aid-kits.( 1 hr) i) Elementary knowledge of (i) Certificate of Airworthiness (ii) Certificate of Registration (iii) Flight Release / Certificate of release to service (1 hr) j) main rotor, tail rotor, clutch, gear box, flying controls, landing gears. (2 hrs) k) electrical system, heating and ventilating system (1hr) l) flight instruments (1 hr) m) Adequate knowledge of the instrumentation and radio navigation aids pertaining to the helicopter. (2 hrs) n) Basic handling and care of aircraft .

93

Theoretical knowledge examination for Private Pilot’s License for Helicopters {PPL(H)}

There shall be four examinations which will include nine subjects as indicated below. There shall be 100-120 questions for every paper with duration each as shown belo:

Paper No

Subject

No of Questions

Time

I

1) Air Law 2) Human Performance and

limitations

50 20

60 mins 30 mins

II

1) Meteorology

50

60 mins

III

1) Flight Performance and Planning 2) Navigation 3) Communications

50 50 20


IV

1) Principle of flights 2) Operational Procedures 3) Aircraft General Knowledge

40 40 40


94

95

Syllabus for Private Pilot License-Helicopters

PAPER –I

1. Air Law 1.1.1 Legislation a) The Convention on International Civil Aviation b) The International Civil Aviation orgnisation c) Articles of the Convention

- Sovereignty - Territory - Flight over territory of Contracting States - Landing at customs airports - Applicability of air regulations - Rules of the air - Entry and clearance regulations of Contracting States - Search of aircraft - Facilitation of formalities - Customs and immigration procedures - Customs duty - Documents to be carried in aircraft - Use of aircraft radio equipment - Certificate of airworthiness - Licences of personnel - Recognition of certificates and licences - Journey log books - Cargo restrictions - Restrictions on use of photographic equipment - Adoption of international standards and procedures - Endorsement of certificates and licences - Validity of endorsed certificates and licences

d) Annexes to the Convention (‘ICAO Annexes’)

Annex 7 Aircraft nationality and registration marks – definitions – aircraft registration marks – certificate of registration – identification plate Annex 8 Airworthiness of aircraft – definitions – certificate of airworthiness – continuing airworthiness – validity of certificate of airworthiness – instruments and equipment – aircraft limitations and information

1.1.2 Rules of the air

Annex 2 Rules of the air – definitions

– applicability – general rules – visual flight rules– signals (Appendix 1) – interception of civil aircraft (Appendix 2)

1.1.3 Air traffic regulations and air traffic services Annex 11 Air traffic regulations and air traffic services

– definitions – objectives of air traffic services – classification of airspace – flight information regions, control areas and control zones – air traffic control services – flight information services – alerting service – visual meteorological conditions – instrument meteorological conditions – in-flight contingencies

Annex 14 Aerodrome data

– definitions – conditions of the movement area and related facilities

Visual aids for navigation

– indicators and signalling devices – markings – lights – signs – markers – signal area

Visual aids for denoting obstacles


Visual aids for denoting restricted use of areas Emergency and other services

– fire and rescue service – apron management service

Aerodrome ground lights and surface marking colours – colours for aeronautical ground lights – colours for surface markings

- ICAO Document 4444 – Rules of the air and air traffic services

General provisions – definitions – ATS operating practices – flight plan clearance and information – control of air traffic flow – altimeter setting procedures

– wake turbulence information

– meteorological information – air reports (AIREP)

96

Area control service – separation of controlled traffic in the various classes of airspace – pilots, responsibility to maintain separation in VMC – emergency and communications failure procedures by the pilot – interception of civil aircraft Approach control service

– departing and arriving aircraft procedures in VMC Aerodrome control service – function of aerodrome control towers – VFR operations – traffic and circuit procedures – information to aircraft Flight information and alerting service – air traffic advisory service – objectives and basic principles

1.1.6 Aircraft Rules

-Civil Aviation Requirements (CARs)

2. HUMAN PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONS 1.2.1 Basic physiology a) Concepts

– composition of the atmosphere – the gas laws – respiration and blood circulation

b) Effects of partial pressure – effect of increasing altitude – gas transfer – hypoxia – symptoms – prevention – cabin pressurisation – effects of rapid decompression – time of useful consciousness – the use of oxygen masks and rapid descent – hyperventilation – symptoms – avoidance – effects of accelerations

c) Vision – physiology of vision – limitations of the visual system

– vision defects – optical illusions – spatial disorientation – avoidance of disorientation

d) Hearing

– physiology of hearing – inner ear sensations

– effects of altitude change

– noise and hearing loss – protection of hearing – spatial disorientation

– conflicts between ears and eyes – prevention of disorientation

e) Motion sickness

– causes – symptoms – prevention

f) Flying and health

– medical requirements – effect of common ailments and cures

– colds – stomach upsets – drugs, medicines, and side effects – alcohol – fatigue

– personal fitness – passenger care – scuba diving – precautions before flying

g) Toxic hazards

– dangerous goods – carbon monoxide from heaters

1.2.2 Basic psychology a) The information process

– concepts of sensation – cognitive perception

– expectancy – anticipation – habits

b) The central decision channel

– mental workload, limitations – information sources

– stimuli and attention – verbal communication

– memory and its limitations– causes of misinterpretation

c) Stress

– causes and effects – concepts of arousal – effects on performance – identifying and reducing stress

d) Judgement and decision making

– concepts of pilots’ judgement – psychological attitudes

– behavioural aspects – risk assessment

– development of situational awareness

97

PAPER-II

1. METEOROLOGY

2.1.1 The atmosphere

– composition and structure – vertical divisions

2.1.2 Pressure, density and temperature – barometric pressure, isobars – changes of pressure, density and temperature with altitude – altimetry terminology – solar and terrestrial energy radiation, temperature – diurnal variation of temperature – adiabatic process – temperature lapse rate – stability and instability – effects of radiation, advection subsidence and convergence

2.1.3 Humidity and precipitation

– water vapour in the atmosphere – vapour pressure – dew point and relative humidity – condensation and vaporisation – precipitation

2.1.4 Pressure and wind

– high and low pressure areas – motion of the atmosphere, pressure gradient – vertical and horizontal motion, convergence, divergence – surface and geostrophic wind – effect of wind gradient and windshear on take-off and landing – relationship between isobars and wind, Buys Ballot’s law – turbulence and gustiness – local winds, föhn, land and sea breezes

2.1.5 Cloud formation

– cooling by advection, radiation and adiabatic expansion – cloud types

– convection clouds – orographic clouds – stratiform and cumulus clouds

– flying conditions in each cloud type 2.1.6 Fog, mist and haze

– radiation, advection, frontal, freezing fog – formation and dispersal – reduction of visibility due to mist, snow, smoke, dust and sand – assessment of probability of reduced visibility – hazards in flight due to low visibility, horizontal and vertical

2.1.7 Air masses

– description of and factors affecting the properties of airmasses – classification of airmasses, region of origin – modification of airmasses during their movement

– development of low and high pressure – weather associated with pressure systems

2.1.8 Frontology

– formation of cold and warm fronts – boundaries between airmasses – development of a warm front – associated clouds and weather – weather in the warm sector – development of a cold front – associated clouds and weather – occlusions – associated clouds and weather – stationary fronts – associated clouds and weather

2.1.9 Ice accretion

– conditions conducive to ice formation – effects of hoar frost, rime ice, clear ice – effects of icing on aeroplane performance – precautions and avoidance of icing conditions – powerplant icing – precautions, prevention and clearance of induction and carburettor icing

2.1.10 Thunderstorms – formation – airmass, frontal, orographic – conditions required – development process – recognition of favourable conditions for formation – hazards for aeroplanes – effects of lightning and severe turbulence – avoidance of flight in the vicinity of thunderstorms

2.1.11 Flight over mountainous areas

– hazards – influence of terrain on atmospheric processes – mountain waves, windshear, turbulence, vertical movement, rotor effects, valley winds

2.1.12 Climatology – general seasonal circulation in the troposphere over Europe – local seasonal weather and winds

2.1.13 Altimetry

– operational aspects of pressure settings – pressure altitude, density altitude – height, altitude, flight level – ICAO standard atmosphere – QNH, QFE, standard setting – transition altitude, layer and level

2.1.14 The meteorological organisation

– aerodrome meteorological offices – aeronautical meteorological stations

98

– forecasting service – meteorological services at aerodromes

– availability of periodic weather forecasts

2.1.15 Weather analysis and forecasting

– weather charts, symbols, signs – significant weather charts – prognostic charts for general aviation

2.1.16 Weather information for flight planning – reports and forecasts for departure, en-route, destination and alternate(s) – interpretation of coded information METAR, TAF, GAFOR – availability of ground reports for surface wind, windshear, visibility

2.1.17 Meteorological broadcasts for aviation – VOLMET, ATIS, SIGMET

99

PAPER- III

1. FLIGHT PERFORMANCE AND PLANNING 3.1.1 Mass and balance a). Mass and balance

– limitations on maximum mass – forward and aft limitations of centre of gravity, normal and utility operation – mass and centre of gravity calculations – helicopter manual and balance sheet

3.1.2 Performance a) Take-off

– take-off run and distance available – take-off and initial climb – effects of mass, wind and density altitude – effects of ground surface and gradient

b) Landing – effects of mass, wind, density altitude and approach speed – ground surface and gradient

c) In flight

– relationship between power required and power available – performance diagram – maximum rate and maximum angle of climb – range and endurance – effects of configuration, mass, temperature and altitude – reduction of performance during climbing turns – autorotation – adverse effects

– icing, rain – condition of the airframe

2. NAVIGATION 3.2.1 a) Form of the earth

– axis, poles – meridians of longitude – parallels of latitude – great circles, small circles, rhumb lines – hemispheres, north/south, east/west

b) Mapping

– aeronautical maps and charts (topographical) – projections and their properties – conformality – equivalence – scale

– great circles and rhumb lines

c) Conformal conic projection

– main properties – construction – convergence of meridians – presentation of meridians, parallels, great circles and rhumb lines – scale, standard parallels – depiction of height

d) Direction

– true north – earth’s magnetic field, variation – annual change – magnetic north – vertical and horizontal components – isogonals, agonic lines

e) Helicopter magnetism

– magnetic influences within the helicopter – compass deviation – turning, acceleration errors – avoiding magnetic interference with the compass

f) Distances – units – measurement of distance in relation to map projection

g) Charts in practical navigation – plotting positions – latitude and longitude – bearing and distance – use of navigation protractor – measurement of tracks and distances

h) Chart reference material/map reading]

–map analysis – topography – relief – cultural features -permanent features (e.g. line features, spot features, unique or special features) - features subject to change (e.g. water) – preparation – folding the map for use – methods of map reading – map orientation – checkpoint features – anticipation of checkpoints

- with continuous visual contact -without continuous visual contact - when uncertain of position

– aeronautical symbols – aeronautical information – conversion of units

i) Principles of navigation

– IAS, CAS and TAS

– track, true and magnetic

100

– wind velocity, heading and groundspeed – triangle of velocities – calculation of heading and groundspeed – drift, wind correction angle – ETA – dead reckoning, position, fix

j) The navigation computer

– use of the circular slide rule to determine – TAS, time and distance – conversion of units – fuel required – pressure, density and true altitude – time en-route and ETA – use of the computer to solve triangle of velocities – application of TAS and wind velocity to track – determination of heading and – drift and wind correction angle

k) Time

– relationship between universal co-ordinated (standard) (UTC) time and local mean time (LMT) – definition of sunrise and sunset times

l) Flight planning

– selection of charts – route and aerodrome weather forecasts and reports – assessing the weather situation – plotting the route – considerations of controlled/regulated airspace, airspace restrictions, danger areas, etc – use of AIP and NOTAMS – ATC liaison procedures in controlled/regulated airspace – fuel considerations – en-route safety altitude(s) – alternate aerodromes – communications and radio/navaid frequencies – compilation of flight log – compilation of ATC flight plan – selection of check points, time and distance marks – mass and balance calculations – mass and performance calculations

m) Practical navigation

– compass headings, use of deviation card – organisation of in-flight workload – departure procedure, log entries, altimeter setting and establishing IAS – maintenance of heading and altitude – use of visual observations – establishing position, checkpoints – revisions to heading and ETA – arrival procedures, ATC liaison – completion of flight log and helicopter log entries

3.2.2 Radio navigation a) Ground D/F

– application – principles – presentation and interpretation – coverage – errors and accuracy – factors affecting range and accuracy

b) ADF, including associated beacons (NDBs) and use of the RMI


c) VOR/DME


d) GPS/DGPS


e) Ground radar


f) Secondary surveillance radar

– principles (transponders) – application – presentation and interpretation – modes and codes

3. Communications 3.3.1 Radio telephony and communications

– use of AIP and frequency selection – microphone technique – phonetic alphabet – station/helicopter callsigns/abbreviations – transmission technique – use of standard words and phrases – listening out – required ‘readback’ instructions

3.3.2 Departure procedures

– radio checks – taxi instructions – holding on ground – Departure clearance

3.3.3 En-route procedures

– frequency changing – position, altitude/flight level reporting – flight information service

101

– weather information – weather reporting – procedures to obtain bearings, headings, position – procedural phraseology – height/range coverage

3.3.4 Arrival and traffic pattern procedures

– arrival clearance – calls and ATC instructions during the:

– circuit – approach and landing – vacating runway or landing site

3.3.5 Communications failure – Action to be taken

– alternate frequency – serviceability check, including microphone and headphones

– in-flight procedures according to type of airspace

3.3.6 Distress and urgency procedures

– distress (Mayday), definition and when to use – frequencies to use – contents of Mayday message – urgency (Pan), definition and when to use

– frequencies to use – relay of messages – maintenance of silence when distress/urgency calls heard – cancellation of distress/urgency

102

PAPER-IV

1. PRINCIPLES OF FLIGHT

4.1.1 The atmosphere – composition and structure – ICAO standard atmosphere – atmospheric pressure

4.1.2 Airflow around a body, sub-sonic

– air resistance and air density – boundary layer – friction forces – laminar and turbulent flow – Bernoulli’s principle – venturi effect

4.1.3 Airflow about a two dimensional aerofoil

– airflow around a flat plate – airflow around a curved plate (aerofoil) – description of aerofoil cross section – lift and drag – Cl and Cd and their relationship to angle of attack

4.1.4 Three dimensional flow about an aerofoil

– aerofoil shapes and wing platforms – induced drag

– downwash angle, vortex drag, ground effect – aspect ratio

– parasite (profile) drag – form, skin friction and interference drag

– lift/drag ratio 4.1.5 Rotor aerodynamics

– blade movement ( feathering, flapping, dragging ) – forces acting on rotors ( blades lift/drag, weight, rotor thrust, H-force ) – forces acting on entire helicopter ( M.R.thrust, helicopter weight, fuselage drag, tail rotor thrust ) – finite blade element and momentum theory – advancing blade high mach, retreating blade high incidence – distribution of lift – autorotation anti-torque

4.1.6 Flying controls

– the three planes – pitching about the lateral axis – rolling about the longitudinal axis – yawing about the normal axis

– effects of cyclic, collective and rudder pedal inputs – stabiliser and rudder – control in pitch, roll and yaw – cross coupling, roll and yaw – effect of rotor configuration on control power

4.1.7 Stability

– definitions of static and dynamic stability – longitudinal stability – centre of gravity effect on control in pitch – lateral and directional stability – interrelationship, lateral and directional stability

4.1.8 Load factor and manoeuvres

– structural considerations – manoeuvring and gust envelope – limiting load factors – changes in load factor in turns and pull-ups – vibrations, controls feedback – in-flight precautions – H/V diagram, take off and landing Stress loads on the ground – side loads on the landing gear – landing – taxiing, precautions during turns

4.1.9 Helicopter specific hazards

– ground resonance – blade stall – mast bumping – vortex ring ( main and tail rotor ) – settling with power – dynamic and static rollover

2. OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES 4.2.1 ICAO Annex 6, Part III – Operation of helicopters

– foreword – definitions – general statement – flight preparation and in-flight procedures – performance and operating limitations – instruments and equipment – communications and navigation equipment – maintenance – flight crew – lights to be displayed

4.2.2 ICAO Annex 12 – Search and rescue

– definitions – alerting phases – procedures for pilot-in-command (paragraphs 5.8 and 5.9) – search and rescue signals (paragraph 5.9 and Appendix A)

4.2.3 ICAO Annex 13 – Aircraft accident investigation

– definitions – national procedures

4.2.4 ICAO Annex 16 – Environmental Protection – Noise limitations Noise abatement

– general procedures – application to take-off and landing - Criteria

103

– limits – noise limitation certificate

4.2.5 Contravention of aviation regulations

– offences – penalties


4.3.1 Airframe/Rotors a) Airframe structure

– helicopter configuration (single, tandem, co-axial, side by side rotors, directional controls) – fuselage (type of construction, structural components, materials)

– rotors (types, components, materials) – blades (aerodynamic profiles, construction, materials) – control surfaces (vertical fin, horizontal plane, construction, material) – primary flying control systems (type, components) – cockpit and cabin – landing gear (types, wheels and tyres, braking system, shock absorbers)

b) Airframe loads

– limiting loads – safety factor – control and rotor locks and use – ground/flight precautions

4.3.2 Powerplant

a) Piston engine

– causes of pre-ignition and detonation

b) General – design types – principles of the 4-stroke internal combustion engine – Mechanical components

c) Lubrication system – function

– schematic construction – monitoring instruments and indicators – lubricants d) Air cooling

– system monitoring – cylinder head temperature

– cowl flaps

e) Ignition – schematic construction and function – types of ignition

– magneto check

f) Engine fuel supply

– carburettor (construction and mode of operation, carburettor icing) – fuel injection (construction and mode of operation)

– alternate air

g) Engine performance – pressure/density altitude – performance as a function of pressure and temperature

h) Power augmentation devices

– turbocharger, supercharger (construction and effect on engine performance)

i) Fuel

– types, grades – detonation characteristics, octane rating – colour coding – additives – water content, ice formation – fuel density – alternate fuels, differences in specifications, limitations

j) Mixture

– rich and lean mixture – maximum power and fuel economy mixture setting

k) Engine handling and manipulation – power setting, power range – mixture setting – operational limitations

l) Operational criteria

– maximum and minimum RPM – (induced) engine vibration and critical RPM – remedial action by abnormal engine start, run-up and in flight – type related items (see AMC FCL 2.261(a), paragraphs 1.2 to 1.2.4)

4.3.3 Systems

a) Electrical system – installation and operation of alternators/generators – direct current supply – batteries, capacity and charging – voltmeters and ammeters – circuit breakers and fuses – electrically operated services and instruments – recognition of malfunctions – procedure in the event of malfunctions

i. Hydraulic systems

– components, fluids – operation, indication, warning systems

– auxiliary systems

4.3.4 Instruments

a) Pitot/static system – pitot tube, function – pitot tube, principles and construction – static source – alternate static source

104

– position error – system drains – heating element – errors caused by blockage or leakage

b) Airspeed indicator

– principles of operation and construction – relationship between pitot and static pressure – definitions of indicated, calibrated and true airspeed – instrument errors – airspeed indications, colour coding – pilot’s serviceability checks

c) Altimeter

– principles of operation and construction – function of the sub-scale – effects of atmospheric density – pressure altitude – true altitude – international standard atmosphere – flight level – presentation (three needle) – instrument errors – pilot’s serviceability checks

d) Vertical speed indicator

– principles of operation and construction – function – inherent lag – instantaneous VSI – presentation – pilot’s serviceability checks

e) Gyroscopes

– principles – rigidity – precession

f) Turn indicator

– rate gyro – purpose and function – effect of speed – presentation – turn co-ordinator – limited rate of turn indications – power source – balance indicator – principle – presentation – pilot’s serviceability checks

g) Attitude indicator

– earth gyro – purpose and function – presentations – interpretation – operating limitations – power source – pilot’s serviceability checks

h) Heading indicator – directional gyro – purpose and function – presentation – use with magnetic compass – setting mechanism – apparent drift – operating limitations – power source – pilot’s serviceability checks

i) Magnetic compass – construction and function – earth’s magnetic field – variation and deviation – turning, acceleration errors

– precautions when carrying magnetic items – pilot’s serviceability checks

j) Engine instruments – principles, presentation and operational use of: – oil temperature gauge – oil pressure gauge – cylinder head temperature gauge – exhaust gas meter – manifold pressure gauge – fuel pressure gauge – fuel flow gauge – fuel quantity gauge(s) – tachometers

k) Other instruments – principles, presentation and operational use of:

– voltmeter and ammeter – warning indicators ( audio or visual ) – others relevant to helicopter type

4.3.5 Airworthiness

a) Airworthiness – certificate to be in force – compliance with requirements

– periodic maintenance inspections – compliance with flight manual (or equivalent), e.g.H/V diagram instructions, limitations, placards

– flight manual supplements

– provision and maintenance of documents – helicopter, engine and rotorblade log books – recording of defects – permitted maintenance by pilots

105

Theoretical knowledge examination for Commercial Pilot’s License for Helicopters {CPL (H)}


Paper No.

Subject

Duration of

Examination

I

1) Air Law

2) Human Performance and limitation

1.00 hrs

0.30 hrs

II

1) Meteorology

1.00 hrs

III


3.30 hrs

IV

1) Navigation


3) Communications

1.30 hrs

1.00 hrs

0.30 hrs

V



1.00 hrs

2.00 hrs

105


106

107

Syllabus for Commercial Pilot License- Helicopters

PAPER –I

















e) PIC authority and responsibility regarding safety and Security

f) Operators and pilots liabilities towards persons and goods on the ground, in case of damage and injury caused by the operation of the aircraft.

g) Commercial practices and associated rules (leasing – Dry lease – Wet lease


-Applicability


-Applicability


- Applicability -relation between ANNEX 1 and CARs


- Annex 2



a) Altimeter setting procedures (including ICAO Doc. 7030 – regional supplementary procedures)

– basic requirements (except tables), proc b) Secondary surveillance radar transponder operating procedures (including ICAO Doc. 7030 – regional supplementary procedures)


– phraseology







traffic control service, separation minima, contents of

108

clearances, co-ordination of clearances, control of persons and vehicles at aerodromes


e) Alerting Service





– Appendix 1




– departing aircraft: general procedures for departing aircraft, clearances for departing aircraft to climb maintaining own separation while in visual meteorological conditions, information for departing aircraft

– arriving aircraft: general procedures for arriving aircraft, clearance to descend subject to maintaining own separation in visual meteorological conditions, visual approach, instrument approach, holding, approach sequence, expected approach time, information for arriving aircraft


















109


g) FACILITATION (based on ANNex 9)











a) Annex 17





a) Annex 13 – definitions – applicability



2. HUMAN PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONS 1.2.1 .Human Factors: basic concepts

a) Human Factors in aviation














- Problem areas for pilots – hearing loss – defective vision – hypotension, hypertension, coronaric disease – obesity

110

– nutrition hygiene – tropical climates
















c) Decision making



- Safety awareness – risk area awareness – identification of error proneness (oneself) – identification of error sources (others)

– situational awarenessStress


e) Personality




-Arousal






111












- Pressure altitude, true altitude -Height, altitude, flight level - Altimeter settings: QNH, QFE, 1013.25 hPa - Effect of accelerated airflow due to topography

2.1.2 Wind







d) Turbulence




f) Local winds


g) Standing waves








-Cooling by adiabatic expansion and by advection - Cloud types, cloud classification - Influence of inversions on cloud development

b) Fog, mist, haze






112

b) Fronts




b) Anticyclone







- General seasonal circulation in the troposphere and lower stratosphere -Tropical rain climate, dry climate, mid-latitude climate, subarctical climate with cold winter, snowc limate


- Cause and development of tropical showers: humidity, temperature, tropopause - Seasonal variations of weather and wind, typical synoptic situations - Intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ), weather in the ITCZ, general seasonal movement - Climatic elements relative to the area (monsoon, tradewinds, sandstorms, cold air outbreaks) - Easterly waves





2.1.9 Flight Hazards

a) Icing


b) Turbulence


c) Windshear


d) Thunderstorms


e) Tornadoes

- Occurrence




- Tropopause influence on aircraft performance





- Reduction of visibility caused by mist, smoke, dust, sand and precipitation - Reduction of visibility caused by low drifting and blowing snow x -Micro meteorology


a) Observation - On the ground – surface wind, visibility and runway visual range, transmissometers; Clouds – type, amount, height of base and tops, movement; Weather – including all types of precipitation, air temperature, relative humidity, dewpoint, atmospheric pressure - Upper air observations

113

- Satellite observations, interpretation - Weather radar observations ground and airborne,





114

PAPER- III


3.1.1 MASS AND BALANCE – HELICOPTERS a). INTRODUCTION TO MASS AND BALANCE






b) LOADING

-Terminology











- Datum


- Moment arm



- Expression of distance from Datumline




– computation method using either mathematical computations or specially designed slide rule – graph method – table method - Intentional relocation of passengers or cargo to remain within cg limits

115



































d) PRACTICAL COMPLETION OF A ‘FLIGHT PLAN’ (flight plan, flight log, nav log ATC plan, etc.)

116




e) OFFSHORE OR REMOTE AREA OPERATION

-Additional flight planning aspects for offshore or remote area operation

-Fuel planning – en route contingency fuel – destination holding and diversion fuel – destination onshore reserve – use of performance chart to plan fuel usage andrequirements based on

planned climb en-route cruise and descent

– reserve fuel requirements – one engine out (OEI) considerations

- Computation of point-of-equal-time (PET) and point-of- Safereturn (PSR)

-Computerised flight planning

-General principles of present systems – advantages

– shortcomings and limitations

3.1.3 Performance-Helicopters a) AIRWORTHINESS – REQUIREMENTS

Definitions of terms and speeds used in CARs

b) DEFINITIONS OF TERMS

– masses – velocities : VLE, VLO, Vx, Vy, Vtoss : (V1) VNE VNO Vmini

– velocity of best range and of maximum endurance – power limitations AEO OEI – altitudes – performance class 1, 2, 3 operations (see ICAO Annex 6 Part III and CARs)

c) TAKE OFF – CRUISE – LANDING PERFORMANCE – Use and interpretation of diagrams and tables

associated with CAT A, CAT B, procedures in order to select and develop class 1, 2, 3 performance profiles according to available heliport size and location (surface or elevated).

d) PERFORMANCE OF HELICOPTERS

-Applicability – Performance Class 1, 2 and 3 -General

– helicopter mass – approved performance data in Helicopter Flight Manual

- Terminology

e) PERFORMANCE CLASS 1 SUBPART G -General and Applicability

– take off from surface level heliports – take-off from elevated heliports/helidecks – critical power unit failure prior to TDP and after TDP

-Account of – take-off mass – pressure altitude – ambient temperature – take-off technique – head-wind component – tail-wind component

-Take-off flight path – Critical power unit inoperative take-off flight path – Obstacle vertical and lateral margins and change of direction clearance margins

-En route critical power unit inoperative -En route flight pathx

– out of sight of the surface – areas of mountainous terrain – Visual meteorological conditions and, in sight

of surface – flight path altitudes – effects of winds on the flight path – fuel jettisons – width margins flight path reductions

-Landing: to surface level heliports; to elevated heliports/helidecks; with critical power failure prior LDP and after LDP

-Account of : – landing mass – pressure altitude – ambient temperature – landing technique – head-wind component – tail-wind component

f) SUBPART H – PERFORMANCE CLASS 2

-General and Applicability - Take-off

– surface level heliports – elevated heliports/helidecks -Take-off flight path – critical power unit failure prior and/or after DPATO

-En route – critical power unit inoperative - Landing

– critical power unit failure prior to/or after DPBL - Landing mass

– surface level heliports – elevated heliports and helidecks

g) SUBPART 1 PERFORMANCE CLASS 3

117

-General applicability aircraft certificated in either Category A or B

– operation conducted only from aerodromes – heliports and route areas and diversions that permit a safe forced landing in the event of a power unit failure -Operations – ceiling and visibility limits

– overwater in a hostile environment limits -Operations with exposure time

-Take-off - En route - Landing

118

PAPER IV

1) NAVIGATION

4.1.1 GENERAL NAVIGATION a) BASICS OF NAVIGATION














– detailed knowledge of the use of these compasses

– serviceability tests – advantages and disadvantages of the remote indicating compass – adjustment and compensation of direct reading magnetic compass

c) CHARTS











– lost procedures – heading and TAS vector since last confirmed position

119

– application of wind velocity vector – last known track and ground speed vector – assessment of accuracy of DR position

-Measurement of DR elements – calculation of altitude, adjustments, corrections, errors – determination of temperature – determination of appropriate speed – determination of mach number









– ETA revisions

-Flight log (including navigation records) - Purposes of FMS (flight management systems)


a) RADIO AIDS







– principles – presentation and interpretation – coverage

– range – errors and accuracy – factors affecting range and accuracy












-Loran-C – principle of operation



2.) OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES

4.2.1 OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES – SPECIAL AND EMERGENCY PROCEDURES General a) ICAO Annex 6, Parts I, II and III (as applicable



120





– Aerodrome Operating Minimas – General – Terminology – Low visibility operations – General operating rules – Low visibility operations – Aerodrome considerations – Low visibility operations – Training and qualifications – Low visibility operations – Operating procedures – Low visibility operations – Minimum equipment



- Communication and navigation equipment requirements

– radio equipment VFR – communication and navigation IFR and VFR -Aircraft maintenance







-influence of the flight procedure (departure, cruise, approach) – influence by the pilot (power setting, low drag, Low power) – influence by the pilot (power setting, track of helicopter)

-Fire/smoke

-carburettor fire – engine fire – fire in the cabin, cockpit, freight compartment (choice of appropriate fire extinguishing agents according to fire classification and use of the extinguishers) -smoke in the cockpit and cabin (effects and actions taken)

-Windshear, microburst

– definition and description – effects and recognition during departure and approach – actions to avoid and actions taken during Encounter




– definition – cause – factors to be considered (wind, terrain, preparation, flight tactics, landing in various terrain and water)

121

– passenger information – evacuation – action after landing


- Transport of dangerous goods – Annex 18 – practical aspects


- Rotor Downwash -Operation influence by meteorological conditions i.e. :

– icing – white out – strong winds

– windshear, microburstownwash

4.2.2 EMERGENCY PROCEDURES

influence by technical problems i.e. – engine failure – fire in cabin cockpit engine – tail/rotor/directional control failure – ground/resonance – blade/stall – settling with power (vortex ring) – overpitch – overspeed – sudden stoppage – dynamic rollover/mast bumping

3.) Communications


a) DEFINITIONS





- Aerodrome weather

- Weather broadcast



- Distress (definition – frequencies – watch of distress frequencies – distress signal – distress message) - Urgency (definition – frequencies – urgency signal – urgency message) f) GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF VHF PROPAGATION

AND ALLOCATION OF FREQUENCIES

g) MORSE CODE

122

PAPER-V

1. PRINCIPLES OF FLIGHT 5.1.1 SUBSONIC AERODYNAMICS


- Components of aircraft - Aircraft configuration - Units of measurement of

– length – area – volume – velocity – mass – pressure – temperature – density – force – power – energy

- Terms used to describe aerodynamic phenomena - Reference speeds - Abbreviations

b) Derivation of lift

- Equation of continuity - Bernoulli’s theorem - Streamline flow -Angle of attack - Pressure distribution about a wing (transverse and longitudinal) - Centre of pressure x x - Aerofoil shape (plan and section) and its effect on lift - Lift formula - Lift/drag ratio

c) Drag

- Profile drag – causes – variation with speed – methods of minimising it

- Induced drag – causes – vortices – variation with speed – design factors affecting it

- Total effect of the combination of profile and induced Drag

d) Distribution of forces

- Lift/weight and thrust/drag couples - Necessity to achieve balance - Methods of achieving balance

e) Stability

- Aircraft axes and planes of rotation

- Static stability - Dynamic stability - Effects of design features on stability - Inter-action between stability in different planes - Effect of altitude/speed on stability - Roll and yaw dampers rotor thrust, H-force )

f) Flying controls



g) Blade-stall

- Angle of Attack - Boundary layer and reasons for stalling - Variation of lift and drag in the stall - Movement of the centre of pressure

h) Transonic effects on blades

- Shock waves

– the reasons for their formation at subsonic speed – their effect on the handling and operation of the Helicopter

i) Limitations

- Manoeuvring and gust envelope

j) Performance degradation

- Adverse on performance due to profile contamination

– icing – rain – modification to and condition of the airframe

5.1.2 HELICOPTER AERODYNAMICS

a) The helicopter and associated terminology

- Comparison with fixed wing and autogyro - Plane of rotation - Axes of rotation - Rotor shaft axis - Tip path plane - Rotor disc -Disc loading - Blade loading

b) The forces diagram and associated terminology

- Pitch angle - Rotational airflow

123

- Induced airflow - Relative airflow to the blade - Angle of attack -Lift-blade - Drag-blade -Total reaction – blade - Rotor thrust - Rotor drag - Torque -Weight

c) Uniformity of rotor thrust along blade span

- Blade twist - Taper - Coning angle - Centrifugal force - Limits of rotor RPM - Centrifugal turning moments

d) Helicopter Controls

- Collective lever – collective pitch changes – relationship with rotor thrust and rotor drag

- Cyclic stick – cyclic pitch changes – rotor disc attitude – rotor thrust tilt

- Yaw pedals – fuselage torque – tail rotor drift – tail rotor roll – fenestron tail – tandem rotors – co axial rotors – notar

e) Rotor blade freedom of movement

- Feathering – the feathering hinge – pitch angle

-Flapping – the flapping hinge – alleviation of bending stresses – flapping to equality

- Dragging – the drag hinge – drag dampers – leading/lagging – periodic drag changes – blade cg (conservation of angular momentum)

– hookes joint effect

f) Phase lag and advance angle

- The control orbit - Pitch operating arm movement - Rate of pitch change - Rate of blade flapping - Resulting disc attitude - Phase lag definition - Advantage angle – definition

g) Vertical flight

- Take off - Vertical climb - Vertical descent - Hover outside ground effect -Ground effect

- Factors affecting ground cushion - Dynamic roll-over avoidance of

h) Forces in balance

- At the hover - In forward flight - Influence of cg - Influence of rotor shaft tilt

i) Translational lift

- Effect of horizontal airflow on induced flow - Variation of total flow through the disc with forward flight - The relationship between pitch angle and angle of attack

j) Power Requirements

- Rotor profile power - Power absorption – tail rotor and ancillary equipment - Rotor profile power variation with forward speed -Induced drag - Parasite drag - Total power required - Power available

k) Further aerodynamics of forward flight

- Transition from and to the hover - Symmetry and asymmetry of rotor thrust - Main rotor flapback - Tail rotor flapback and methods of removal - Factors affecting maximum forward speed

– design limits of cyclic stick – airflow reversal – retreating blade stall – symptoms and recovery actions – compressibility – flow separation – shock stall – ‘G’ stall

- Inflow roll

l) Factors affecting cyclic stick limits

- All up mass (AUM) - Density altitude - Cg position

m) The flare – power flight - Thrust reversal - Effect on aircraft attitude - Increase in rotor thrust - Decrease in rotor drag - Increase in rotor RPM - Effect of deceleration

n) Settling with power (vortex ring)

- Tip vortices - Comparison induced flow and external flow

- Development - Change in relative airflow along blade span

– root stall and turbulence

o) Blade sailing

- Rotor RPM and blade rigidity - Effect of adverse wind

124

- Minimising the danger

p) vertical

- Rate of decent airflow - Effective airflow - Relative airflow - Inflow and Inflow angle - Autorotative force - Rotor drag - Effect of mass and altitude - Control of rotor RPM with lever - Rotor RPM stability

q) Autorotation – forward flight

- Factors affecting inflow angle - Effect of forward speed on rate of descent - Asymmetry of autorotative disc area in forward flight - Turning - The flare

– rotor RPM increase from movment of autorotative section – increase in rotor thrust – reduction in rate of descent

- Range and endurance - Autorotative landing - Height/velocity avoidance graph

r) Stability

- Hover - Forward Flight - Rearward Flight - Stability aids

– stabilisers and effects of centre of gravity – gyro controlled stabiliser system – stabiliser bars – delta hinge effect

- Effect of lever application on attitude in translational flight

s) Control power

- The teetering head - Fully articulated head - The rigid rotor - Effect on stability - Effect on dynamic/static rollover

t) Power requirements – graphs

-Power required/power available graph - Maximum rate of climb speed - Operating with limited power - Best angle of climb speed - Maximum speed - Range and endurance - Overpitch -Overtorque - Turning

- Comparison of piston and turbine engined helicopters – range and endurance – effect of density altitude – effect of aircraft weight


AIRFRAME AND SYSTEMS, ELECTRICS, POWERPLANT, EMERGENCY EQUIPMENT – HELICOPTERS

5.2.1 ELECTRICS




-Batteries















-General


-Generators – 3-phase generator – brushless generator (construction and

125

operation) – generator drive:






c) Semiconductors








5.2.2 POWERPLANT

a) Piston engine


- Lubrication system – function – schematic construction

– monitoring instruments and indicators – lubricants













– turbofan



-Compressor – function – construction and mode of operation – effects of damage – compressor stall and surge (cause and avoidance)



126



-Pressure, temperature and airflow in a turbine engine -Bleed air



d) Engine systems








- Powerplant operation and monitoring - Power

– power sharing engines – function of density – flat rated engine

e) Auxiliary Power Unit (APU)

-General




b) Smoke detection


c) Fire detection



– location, operation, contents, gauge, function

test







5.2.4 AIRFRAME AND SYSTEMS – HELICOPTERS a) Helicopter configurations

– single rotor – tandem rotor – coaxial rotor – side by side rotor

b) Controls and rotors

-Control systems – types – components – adjustments – primary controls (cyclic, collective, directional)

- Rotorheads – types – components – material

- Tailrotors/Notar – types – components – material

- Blades – types – section

– construction – material – adjustment

-Control surfaces – vertical horizontal – construction – material

c) Fuselage

– types of construction – structural components, materials, limitations

127

d) Cockpit and cabin

– construction – structural limitations

e) Landing gear

– types e,g floats, skids, wheels, etc,,, – construction – locking devices and emergency extension systems – accidental retraction prevention devices – position, movement lights and indicators – wheels and tyres – braking systems :

– construction – parking brake – operation, indications and warning systems

f) Transmission systems -Drive shafts

– types – components – material

- Gearboxes – types – construction – material – lubrication – indications

- Clutches – types – components

- Freewheeling – types

– components

g) Rotorbrake

– components – construction

h) Inspection

– vibration – balancing – tracking

i) Hydraulics

- Basic principles of hydromechanics – hydraulic fluids – schematic construction and functioning of hydraulic systems

- Hydraulic systemsx – main, standby and emergency systems – operation, indicators, warning systems – ancillary systems – auxiliary systems

j) Air driven systems

- Pneumatic systems – power sources – schematic construction – potential failures, safety devices – operation, indicators, warning systems – pneumatic operated systems

- Air conditioning system – construction, functioning, operation, indicators

and warning devices – heating and cooling – temperature regulation – automatic and manual – ram air ventilation

k) De ice and anti-ice systems

– schematic construction, functioning and operation of – air intake – rotors (main tailrotor) – pitot, static pressure sensor – windshield – control surfaces (horizontal stabiliser) – rain repellent system – ice warning systems

l) Fuel system

- Fuel tanks (main and auxiliary) – structural components and types

– location of tanks on single and multi-engine helicopter – sequence and types of refuelling – unusable fuel

– crashworthiness -Fuel feed

– gravity and pressure feed – crossfeed – schematic construction

- Fuel dumping system - Fuel system monitoring


5.2.5 INSTRUMENTATION – HELICOPTERS

FLIGHT INSTRUMENTS





-Airspeed indicator

– construction and principles of operation – speed indications (IAS) – meaning of coloured sectors – maximum speed indicator, Vmo/Mmo pointer

128

– errors
















c) Magnetic compass


d) Radio Altimeter

– components – frequency band

– principle of operation – display – errors







a) Flight Director



b) Autopilot








a) Warnings general






– function – block diagram, components – input data, signals – warning modes

129

– system integrity test



e) Flight data recorder



f) Cockpit voice recorder


g) Rotors and engine over/underspeed warning



a) Pressure gauge




c) RPM indicator




e) Fuel gauge


f) Torque meter



– drive source

– indicators

h) Remote (signal) transmission system

– mechanical

i) Electronic Displays


j) Chip detection

– indicators – principles

130


Theoretical knowledge examination for Airline Transport Pilot’s License for Helicopters {ATPL (H)}

There shall be five examinations which will include nine subjects as indicated below with time duration each:

Paper No. Subject Duration of Examination

I

1) Air Law


1.40 hrs

1.00 hrs

II

1) Meteorology

2.30 hrs

III


5.00 hrs

IV

1) Navigation


3) Communications

2.00 hrs

1.00 hrs

0.30 hrs

V



1.00 hrs

3.30 hrs

131


132

133

Syllabus for Air Transport Pilot License Examination- Helicopters

PAPER –I

















e) PIC authority and responsibility regarding safety and Security

f) Operators and pilots liabilities towards persons and goods on the ground, in case of damage and injury caused by the

operation of the aircraft.

g) Commercial practices and associated rules (leasing



- Applicability


-Applicability




- Annex 2



a) Foreword

– introduction



– general criteria – standard instrument departures – omnidirectional departures – published information – simultaneous operations on parallel or near-parallel instrument runways – area navigation (RNAV) departure procedures based on VOR/DME – use of FMS/RNAV equipment to follow conventional departure procedures

d) Approach procedures – general criteria (except tables) – approach procedure design: instrument approach areas, accuracy of fixes (only intersection fix tolerance factors,other fix tolerance factors, accuracy of facility providing track, approach area splays, descent gradient) – arrival and approach segments: general, standard instrument arrival, initial approach segment (only general), intermediate approach segment, final approach segment (except tables), missed approach segment (only general) – visual manoeuvring (circling) in the vicinity of the

134

aerodrome: general, the visual manoeuvring (circling) area (except table), visual manoeuvring (circling) area not considered for obstacle clearance (except table), minimum descent altitude/height, visual flight manoeuvre, missed approach whilst circling – simultaneous ILS operations on parallel or near- Parallel runways

– area navigation (RNAV) approach procedures based on VOR/DME – use of FMS/RNAV equipment to follow conventional nonprecision approach procedures



f) Altimeter setting procedures (including ICAO Doc. 7030 – regional supplementary procedures)




– phraseology









e) Alerting Service


f) Principles governing the identification of RNP types and the identification of ATS routes other than standard

departure and arrival routes (Appendix 1) g) Rules of the air and air traffic services (ICAO Doc. 4444 – RAC/501/11 and ICAO Doc. 7030 – Regional Supplementary procedures)



– Appendix 1








135
















g) FACILITATION (based on ANNEX 9)






b) Organisation

– establishment and provision of SAR service – establishment of SAR regions – establishment and designation of SAR services units





- Annex 17





- Annex 13 – definitions – applicability








- Respiratory and circulatory systems

136

– functional anatomy – hypobaric environment – pressurisation, decompression – rapid decompression – entrapped gases, barotrauma – counter measures, hypoxia – symptoms – time of useful consciousness – hyperventilation – accelerations

- High altitude environment – ozone – radiation – humidity

























c) Decision making




-Co-ordination (multi-crew concepts) - Co-operation

– small group dynamics – leadership, management styles

– duty and role


e) Personality

- Personality and attitudes – development

137

– environmental influences


- Identification of hazardous attitudes (error proneness)

f) Human overload and under load

-Arousal





g) Advanced cockpit automation

- Advantages and disadvantages (criticalities) -Automation complacency -Working concepts

138












- Pressure altitude, true altitude -Height, altitude, flight level - Altimeter settings: QNH, QFE, 1013.25 hPa -Calculation of terrain clearance, lowest usable flight level, rule of thumb for temperature and pressure influences - Effect of accelerated airflow due to topography

2.1.2 Wind







d) Turbulence




f) Local winds


g) Jet streams

- Origin of jet streams - Description and location of jet streams - Names, heights and seasonal occurrence of jet streams - Jet stream recognition x x - CAT: cause, location and forecasting

- Standing waves








-Cooling by adiabatic expansion and by advection - Cloud types, cloud classification - Influence of inversions on cloud development -Flying conditions in each cloud type

b) Fog, mist, haze




2.1.6 AIRMASSES AND FRONTS

139

a) Types of airmasses


b) Fronts




b) Anticyclone







- General seasonal circulation in the troposphere and lower stratosphere -Tropical rain climate, dry climate, mid-latitude climate, subarctical climate with cold winter, snowclimate


- Cause and development of tropical showers: humidity, temperature, tropopause - Seasonal variations of weather and wind, typical synoptic situations - Intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ), weather in the ITCZ, general seasonal movement - Climatic elements relative to the area (monsoon, tradewinds, sandstorms, cold air outbreaks) - Easterly waves




-Local seasonal weather and wind

– Foehn, Mistral, Bora, Scirocco – Khamsin, Harmattan, Ghibbli and Pampero



b) Turbulence


c) Windshear


d) Thunderstorms


e) Tornadoes

- Occurrence




- Tropopause influence on aircraft performance - Effect of ozone, radioactivity





- Reduction of visibility caused by mist, smoke, dust, sand and precipitation - Reduction of visibility caused by low drifting and blowing snow x -Micro meteorology


a) Observation

140

- On the ground – surface wind, visibility and runway visual range, transmissometers; Clouds – type, amount, height of base and tops, movement; Weather – including all types of precipitation, air temperature, relative humidity, dewpoint, atmospheric pressure - Upper air observations x x x x x - Satellite observations, interpretation x x x x x - Weather radar observations ground and airborne,





141

PAPER-III


3.1.1 MASS AND BALANCE – HELICOPTERS a). INTRODUCTION TO MASS AND BALANCE






b) LOADING

-Terminology











- Datum


- Moment arm



- Expression of distance from Datumline




– computation method using either

142

mathematical computations or specially designed slide rule – graph method – table method - Intentional relocation of passengers or cargo to remain within cg limits


































- Navigation aids

143

– frequencies and identifiers of en-route terminal facilities, if appropriate


-Meteorological considerations - Analysis of existing weather patterns along possible routes - Analysis of winds aloft along prospective routes - Analysis of existing and forecast weather conditions at destination and possible alternates

-Selection of routes to destination and alternates

-Preferred airways routings - Extraction of tracks and distances from RAD/NAV chart - Frequencies and identifiers of en-route radio navigation aids - Minimum en-route altitudes, minimum crossing and reception altitudes - Standard Instrument Departures (SIDs) and Standard Arrival Routes (STARs)

-General flight planning tasks

- Checking of AIP and NOTAM for latest airfield and en-route status information - Selection of altitudes or flight levels for each leg of the flight - Application of wind velocity on each leg to obtain heading and ground speeds - Calculation of en-route times for each leg to the destination and to the alternate and determination of total time en-route - Completion of fuel plan - Preliminary study of instrument approach procedures and minima at destination and alternate - Filling out and filing air traffic flight plan





f) OFFSHORE OR REMOTE AREA OPERATION

-Additional flight planning aspects for offshore or remote area operation

-Fuel planning

– en route contingency fuel – destination holding and diversion fuel – destination onshore reserve – use of performance chart to plan fuel usage andrequirements based on

planned climb en-route cruise and descent

– reserve fuel requirements – one engine out (OEI) considerations

- Computation of point-of-equal-time (PET) and point-of- Safereturn (PSR)

-Computerised flight planning

-General principles of present systems – advantages

– shortcomings and limitations

3.1.3 Performance-Helicopters a) AIRWORTHINESS – REQUIREMENTS

Definitions of terms and speeds used in CARs

b) DEFINITIONS OF TERMS

– masses – velocities : VLE, VLO, Vx, Vy, Vtoss : (V1) VNE VNO Vmini

– velocity of best range and of maximum endurance – power limitations AEO OEI – altitudes – performance class 1, 2, 3 operations (see ICAO Annex 6 Part III and CARs)

c) TAKE OFF – CRUISE – LANDING PERFORMANCE – Use and interpretation of diagrams and tables

associated with CAT A, CAT B, procedures in order to select and develop class 1, 2, 3 performance profiles according to available heliport size and location (surface or elevated).

d) PERFORMANCE OF HELICOPTERS

-Applicability – Performance Class 1, 2 and 3 -General

– helicopter mass – approved performance data in Helicopter Flight Manual

- Terminology

e) PERFORMANCE CLASS 1 SUBPART G -General and Applicability

– take off from surface level heliports – take-off from elevated heliports/helidecks – critical power unit failure prior to TDP and after TDP

-Account of – take-off mass – pressure altitude – ambient temperature – take-off technique – head-wind component – tail-wind component

-Take-off flight path – Critical power unit inoperative take-off flight path – Obstacle vertical and lateral margins and change of direction clearance margins

-En route critical power unit inoperative

144

-En route flight pathx – out of sight of the surface – areas of mountainous terrain – Visual meteorological conditions and, in sight

of surface – flight path altitudes – effects of winds on the flight path – fuel jettisons – width margins flight path reductions

-Landing: to surface level heliports; to elevated heliports/helidecks; with critical power failure prior LDP and after LDP

-Account of : – landing mass – pressure altitude – ambient temperature – landing technique – head-wind component – tail-wind component

f) SUBPART H – PERFORMANCE CLASS 2

-General and Applicability - Take-off

– surface level heliports – elevated heliports/helidecks -Take-off flight path – critical power unit failure prior and/or after DPATO

-En route – critical power unit inoperative - Landing

– critical power unit failure prior to/or after DPBL - Landing mass

– surface level heliports – elevated heliports and helidecks

g) SUBPART 1 PERFORMANCE CLASS 3

-General applicability aircraft certificated in either Category A or B

– operation conducted only from aerodromes – heliports and route areas and diversions that permit a safe forced landing in the event of a power unit failure -Operations – ceiling and visibility limits

– overwater in a hostile environment limits -Operations with exposure time

-Take-off - En route - Landing

145

PAPER –IV

1.) NAVIGATION 4.1.1 GENERAL NAVIGATION a) BASICS OF NAVIGATION















c) CHARTS










-Determination of DR position – need for DR

146

– confirmation of flight progress (mental DR) – lost procedures – heading and TAS vector since last confirmed position – application of wind velocity vector – last known track and ground speed vector – assessment of accuracy of DR position

-Measurement of DR elements

– calculation of altitude, adjustments, corrections, errors – determination of temperature – determination of appropriate speed – determination of mach number









– ETA revisions

-Flight log (including navigation records) - Purposes of FMS (flight management systems)


a) RADIO AIDS










-ILS (instrument landing system) – principles – presentation and interpretation – coverage – range – errors and accuracy


-MLS (microwave landing systems) – principles – presentation and interpretation – coverage – range – errors and accuracy – factors affecting range and accuracy




-Airborne weather radar – principles – presentation and interpretation – coverage – range – errors and accuracy – factors affecting range and accuracy – application for navigation





-General philosophy – use of radio navigation systems or an inertial navigation system

-Typical flight deck equipment and operation – means of entering and selecting waypoints and

147

desired course information (keyboard entry system) – means of selecting, tuning and identifying ground stations – instrumentation for en-route course guidance – for some types of systems, instrumentation for presenting distance travelled, distance to go and, if necessary, ground speed information – instrumentation for presenting current position data -Flight director and autopilot coupling


– self-contained on-board systems (inertial navigation systems, doppler) – external sensor systems (VOR/DME, LORAN-C, Decca) – air data inputs (true airspeed, altitude, magnetic

heading)


– principle of operation – advantages and disadvantages – accuracy, reliability, coverage

– flight deck equipment



-Doppler

– principles of operation (airborne system) – ground speed and drift calculation – advantages and disadvantages – accuracy and reliability – flight deck equipment

-Loran-C

– principle of operation



2.) OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES 4.2.1 OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES – SPECIAL AND EMERGENCY PROCEDURES General a) ICAO Annex 6, Parts I, II and III (as applicable







– Aerodrome Operating Minimas – General – Terminology – Low visibility operations – General operating rules – Low visibility operations – Aerodrome considerations – Low visibility operations – Training and qualifications – Low visibility operations – Operating procedures – Low visibility operations – Minimum equipment - VFR Operating minima


– airborne weather radar equipment – flight crew interphone system – public address system – internal doors and curtains – first aid kits – emergency medical kit – first aid oxygen – supplemental oxygen – pressurised aeroplanes – supplemental oxygen – non-pressurised aeroplanes – crew protective breathing equipment – hand fire extinguishers – crash axes and crowbars – marking of break-in points – means for emergency evacuation – megaphones – emergency lightings – automatic emergency locator transmitter – life jackets – life rafts and survival ELTs for extended overwater flights

148

– survival equipment - Communication and navigation equipment requirements

-radio equipment – audio selector panel – radio equipment VFR








-influence by the pilot (power setting, low drag, low power)

-Fire/smoke -actions in case of overheated brakes after aborted takeoff and landing

-Windshear, microburst – definition and description – effects and recognition during departure and approach – actions to avoid and actions taken during Encounter






- Transport of dangerous goods

– Annex 18 – practical aspects


- Rotor downwash -Operation influence by meteorological conditions i.e. :

– icing – white out – strong winds

– windshear, microburstownwash

d) EMERGENCY PROCEDURES

influence by technical problems i.e. – engine failure – fire in cabin cockpit engine – tail/rotor/directional control failure – ground/resonance – blade/stall – settling with power (vortex ring) – overpitch – overspeed – sudden stoppage – dynamic rollover/mast bumping

3.) Communications


a) DEFINITIONS








149

- Distress (definition – frequencies – watch of distress frequencies – distress signal – distress message) - Urgency (definition – frequencies – urgency signal – urgency message)

f) GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF VHF PROPAGATION AND ALLOCATION OF FREQUENCIES 4.3.2 IFR COMMUNICATIONS

a) DEFINITIONS



- Transmission of letters - Transmission of numbers (including level information) - Transmission of time - Transmission technique - Standard words and phrases (relevant RTF phraseology included) - Radiotelephony call signs for aeronautical stations including use of abbreviated call signs - Radiotelephony call signs for aircraft including use of abbreviated call signs - Transfer of communication - Test procedures including readability scale; establishment of RTF communication - Read back and acknowledgement requirements - Radar procedural phraseology - Level changes and reports Categories of messages


d)DISTRESS AND URGENCY PROCEDURES


e)RELEVANT WEATHER INFORMATION TERMS (IFR)



150

PAPER-V

1.) PRINCIPLES OF FLIGHT 5.1.1 SUBSONIC AERODYNAMICS


- Components of aircraft - Aircraft configuration - Units of measurement of

– length – area – volume – velocity – mass – pressure – temperature – density – force – power – energy

- Terms used to describe aerodynamic phenomena - Reference speeds - Abbreviations

b) Derivation of lift

- Equation of continuity - Bernoulli’s theorem - Streamline flow -Angle of attack - Pressure distribution about a wing (transverse and longitudinal) - Centre of pressure x x - Aerofoil shape (plan and section) and its effect on lift - Lift formula - Lift/drag ratio

c) Drag

- Profile drag – causes – variation with speed – methods of minimising it

- Induced drag – causes – vortices – variation with speed – design factors affecting it

- Total effect of the combination of profile and induced Drag

d) Distribution of forces

- Lift/weight and thrust/drag couples - Necessity to achieve balance - Methods of achieving balance

e) Stability

- Aircraft axes and planes of rotation

- Static stability - Dynamic stability - Effects of design features on stability - Inter-action between stability in different planes - Effect of altitude/speed on stability - Roll and yaw dampers rotor thrust, H-force )

f) Flying controls



g) Blade-stall

- Angle of Attack - Boundary layer and reasons for stalling - Variation of lift and drag in the stall - Movement of the centre of pressure

h) Transonic effects on blades

- Shock waves

– the reasons for their formation at subsonic speed – their effect on the handling and operation of the Helicopter

i) Limitations

- Manoeuvring and gust envelope

j) Performance degradation

- Adverse on performance due to profile contamination

– icing – rain – modification to and condition of the airframe

5.1.2 HELICOPTER AERODYNAMICS

a) The helicopter and associated terminology

- Comparison with fixed wing and autogyro - Plane of rotation - Axes of rotation - Rotor shaft axis - Tip path plane - Rotor disc -Disc loading - Blade loading

151

b) The forces diagram and associated terminology

- Pitch angle - Rotational airflow - Induced airflow - Relative airflow to the blade - Angle of attack -Lift-blade - Drag-blade -Total reaction – blade - Rotor thrust - Rotor drag - Torque -Weight

c) Uniformity of rotor thrust along blade span

- Blade twist - Taper - Coning angle - Centrifugal force - Limits of rotor RPM - Centrifugal turning moments

d) Helicopter Controls

- Collective lever – collective pitch changes – relationship with rotor thrust and rotor drag

- Cyclic stick – cyclic pitch changes – rotor disc attitude – rotor thrust tilt

- Yaw pedals – fuselage torque – tail rotor drift – tail rotor roll – fenestron tail – tandem rotors – co axial rotors – notar

e) Rotor blade freedom of movement

- Feathering – the feathering hinge – pitch angle

-Flapping – the flapping hinge – alleviation of bending stresses – flapping to equality

- Dragging – the drag hinge – drag dampers – leading/lagging – periodic drag changes – blade cg (conservation of angular momentum)

– hookes joint effect

f) Phase lag and advance angle

- The control orbit - Pitch operating arm movement - Rate of pitch change - Rate of blade flapping - Resulting disc attitude - Phase lag definition - Advantage angle – definition

g) Vertical flight

- Take off - Vertical climb - Vertical descent - Hover outside ground effect -Ground effect - Factors affecting ground cushion - Dynamic roll-over avoidance of

h) Forces in balance

- At the hover - In forward flight - Influence of cg - Influence of rotor shaft tilt

i) Translational lift

- Effect of horizontal airflow on induced flow - Variation of total flow through the disc with forward flight - The relationship between pitch angle and angle of attack

j) Power Requirements

- Rotor profile power - Power absorption – tail rotor and ancillary equipment - Rotor profile power variation with forward speed -Induced drag - Parasite drag - Total power required - Power available

k) Further aerodynamics of forward flight

- Transition from and to the hover - Symmetry and asymmetry of rotor thrust - Main rotor flapback - Tail rotor flapback and methods of removal - Factors affecting maximum forward speed

– design limits of cyclic stick – airflow reversal – retreating blade stall – symptoms and recovery actions – compressibility – flow separation – shock stall – ‘G’ stall

- Inflow roll

l) Factors affecting cyclic stick limits

- All up mass (AUM) - Density altitude - Cg position

m) The flare – power flight

- Thrust reversal - Effect on aircraft attitude - Increase in rotor thrust - Decrease in rotor drag - Increase in rotor RPM - Effect of deceleration

n) Settling with power (vortex ring)

- Tip vortices - Comparison induced flow and external flow

- Development - Change in relative airflow along blade span

152

– root stall and turbulence

o) Blade sailing

- Rotor RPM and blade rigidity - Effect of adverse wind - Minimising the danger

p) vertical

- Rate of decent airflow - Effective airflow - Relative airflow - Inflow and Inflow angle - Autorotative force - Rotor drag - Effect of mass and altitude - Control of rotor RPM with lever - Rotor RPM stability

q) Autorotation – forward flight

- Factors affecting inflow angle - Effect of forward speed on rate of descent - Asymmetry of autorotative disc area in forward flight - Turning - The flare

– rotor RPM increase from movment of autorotative section – increase in rotor thrust – reduction in rate of descent

- Range and endurance - Autorotative landing - Height/velocity avoidance graph

r) Stability

- Hover - Forward Flight - Rearward Flight - Stability aids

– stabilisers and effects of centre of gravity – gyro controlled stabiliser system – stabiliser bars – delta hinge effect

- Effect of lever application on attitude in translational flight

s) Control power

- The teetering head - Fully articulated head - The rigid rotor - Effect on stability - Effect on dynamic/static rollover

t) Power requirements – graphs

-Power required/power available graph - Maximum rate of climb speed - Operating with limited power - Best angle of climb speed - Maximum speed - Range and endurance - Overpitch -Overtorque - Turning

- Comparison of piston and turbine engined helicopters – range and endurance – effect of density altitude – effect of aircraft weight

2.) Aircraft General Knowledge

AIRFRAME AND SYSTEMS, ELECTRICS, POWERPLANT, EMERGENCY EQUIPMENT – HELICOPTERS

5.2.1 ELECTRICS




-Batteries















-General

– single and multi-phase AC

153

– frequency – phase shift -AC components







c) Semiconductors








5.2.2 POWERPLANT a) Piston engine

-General

– design types – principles of the 4-stroke internal combustion engine

– mechanical components














– turbofan



-Compressor – function – construction and mode of operation – effects of damage – compressor stall and surge (cause and

154

avoidance)





-Pressure, temperature and airflow in a turbine engine -Bleed air



d) Engine systems








- Powerplant operation and monitoring - Power

– power sharing engines – function of density – flat rated engine

e) Auxiliary Power Unit (APU)

-General




b) Smoke detection


c) Fire detection










5.2.4 AIRFRAME AND SYSTEMS – HELICOPTERS a) Helicopter configurations

– single rotor – tandem rotor – coaxial rotor – side by side rotor

b) Controls and rotors

-Control systems – types – components – adjustments – primary controls (cyclic, collective, directional)

- Rotorheads – types – components – material

- Tailrotors/Notar – types – components – material

- Blades – types – section

– construction – material – adjustment

-Control surfaces – vertical horizontal – construction – material

155

c) Fuselage

– types of construction – structural components, materials, limitations

d) Cockpit and cabin

– construction – structural limitations

e) Landing gear

– types e,g floats, skids, wheels, etc,,, – construction – locking devices and emergency extension systems – accidental retraction prevention devices – position, movement lights and indicators – wheels and tyres – braking systems :

– construction – parking brake – operation, indications and warning systems

f) Transmission systems -Drive shafts

– types – components – material

- Gearboxes – types – construction – material – lubrication – indications

- Clutches – types – components

- Freewheeling – types

– components

g) Rotorbrake

– components – construction

h) Inspection

– vibration – balancing – tracking

i) Hydraulics

- Basic principles of hydromechanics – hydraulic fluids – schematic construction and functioning of hydraulic systems

- Hydraulic systemsx – main, standby and emergency systems – operation, indicators, warning systems – ancillary systems – auxiliary systems

j) Air driven systems

- Pneumatic systems

– power sources – schematic construction – potential failures, safety devices – operation, indicators, warning systems – pneumatic operated systems

- Air conditioning system – construction, functioning, operation, indicators and warning devices – heating and cooling – temperature regulation – automatic and manual – ram air ventilation

k) De ice and anti-ice systems

– schematic construction, functioning and operation of – air intake – rotors (main tailrotor) – pitot, static pressure sensor – windshield – control surfaces (horizontal stabiliser) – rain repellent system – ice warning systems

l) Fuel system

- Fuel tanks (main and auxiliary) – structural components and types

– location of tanks on single and multi-engine helicopter – sequence and types of refuelling – unusable fuel

– crashworthiness -Fuel feed

– gravity and pressure feed – crossfeed – schematic construction

- Fuel dumping system - Fuel system monitoring


5.2.5 INSTRUMENTATION – HELICOPTERS FLIGHT INSTRUMENTS




- Airspeed indicator – construction and principles of operation

156

– speed indications (IAS) – meaning of coloured sectors – maximum speed indicator, Vmo/Mmo pointer – errors

-Airspeed indicator

















c) Magnetic compass


d) Radio Altimeter








a) Flight Director



b) Autopilot








a) Warnings general


157





– function – block diagram, components – input data, signals – warning modes – system integrity test



e) Flight data recorder



f) Cockpit voice recorder


g) Rotors and engine over/underspeed warning



a) Pressure gauge




c) RPM indicator




e) Fuel gauge


f) Torque meter



– drive source – indicators

h) Remote (signal) transmission system

– mechanical

i) Electronic Displays


j) Chip detection

– indicators – principles

158


Theoretical knowledge examination for Instrument Rating for Helicopters {IR (H)}

There shall be four examinations which will include seven subjects as indicated below with time duration each.

Paper No

Subject


I

1) Air Law


1.00 hrs 0.30 hrs

II

1) Meteorology

1.30 hrs

III


2) Navigation

2.00 hrs

2.00 hrs

IV


2) Communications

1.15 hrs

0.30 hrs

159


160

Syllabus for Instrument Rating Pilot License - Aeroplanes

PAPER –I








– Objectives and composition









a) Foreword

– introduction



– general criteria – standard instrument departures – omnidirectional departures – published information – simultaneous operations on parallel or near-parallel instrument runways – area navigation (RNAV) departure procedures based on VOR/DME – use of FMS/RNAV equipment to follow conventional

d) Approach procedures

– general criteria (except tables) – approach procedure design: instrument approach areas, accuracy of fixes (only intersection fix tolerance factors, other fix tolerance factors, accuracy of facility providing track, approach area splays, descent gradient) – arrival and approach segments: general, standard instrument arrival, initial approach segment (only general), intermediate approach segment, final approach segment

(except tables), missed approach segment (only general)



f) Altimeter setting procedures (including ICAO Doc. 7030 –

regional supplementary procedures)




– phraseology




portions of the airspace and controlled aerodromes where ATS will be provided, classification of airspaces

161

(appendix 4 of annex 11), required navigation performance (RNP), establishment and designation of the units providing ATS, specifications for flight information regions, control areas and control zones, minimum flight altitudes, priority in the event of an aircraft in emergency, in-flight contingencies, time in ATS

c) Air Traffic Control – application – provision of air traffic control service, operation of air



e) Alerting Service





– Appendix 1


– general provisions for the separation of controlled traffic – vertical separation: vertical separation application, vertical separation minimum, minimum cruising level, assignment of cruising level, vertical separation during ascent or descent – horizontal separation: lateral separation application, lateral separation application, longitudinal separation application (except between supersonic aircraft) – reduction in separation minima – air traffic control clearances: contents, description of air traffic control clearances, clearance to fly maintaining own separations while in visual meteorological conditions, essential traffic information, clearance of a requested change in flight plan – emergency and communication failure: emergency procedures (only general priority, emergency descent,

action by pilot-in-command), air-ground communication failure (only concerning the actions by pilot-in-command), interception of civil aircraft
















162






g) FACILITATION (based on ANNEX 9)











1.1.10 CARs

1.1.11 NATIONAL LAW

















163
















c) Decision making




- Communication

– communication model(s) – verbal and non-verbal communication – communication barriers – conflict management

e) Personality




-Arousal






164












- Pressure altitude, true altitude -Height, altitude, flight level - Altimeter settings: QNH, QFE, 1013.25 hPa

-Calculation of terrain clearance, lowest usable flight level, rule of thumb for temperature and pressure influences

- Effect of accelerated airflow due to topography

2.1.2 Wind




-Primary cause of wind, pressure gradient, coriolis force, gradient wind -Relationship between isobars and wind



d) Turbulence





g) Standing waves








-Cooling by adiabatic expansion and by advection - Cloud types, cloud classification - Influence of inversions on cloud development - Flying conditions in each cloud type.

b) Fog, mist, haze






b) Fronts

165




b) Anticyclone




2.1.8 CLIMATOLOGY







b) Turbulence


c) Windshear


d) Thunderstorms

- Structure of thunderstorms, squall lines, life history, Storm cells, electricity in the atmosphere, static charges - Conditions for and process of development, forecast,

location, type specification - Thunderstorm avoidance, ground/airborne radar, stormscope - Development and effect of downbursts - Development of lightning discharges and effect of lightning strike on aircraft and flight execution














166

PAPER-III


3.1.1 Flight Planning and Flight Monitoring-Aircraft a) Flight Plans for Cross Country Flights














-ICAO flight plan– format

– information included in completed plan – repetitive flight plan










– tracks and distances from prepared charts - Simple fuel plans

- Preparation of fuel logs showing planned values for:






-Meteorological considerations -Analysis of existing weather patterns along possible routes -Analysis of winds aloft along prospective routes -Analysis of existing and forecast weather conditions at destination and possible alternates - Selection of routes to destination and altern ates

167

- Preferred airways routings - Extraction of tracks and distances from RAD/NAV chart - Frequencies and identifiers of en-route radio navigation aids - Minimum en-route altitudes, minimum crossing and reception altitudes - Standard Instrument Departures (SIDs) and Standard Arrival Routes (STARs)

-General flight planning tasks - Checking of AIP and NOTAM for latest airfield and en-

route status information - Selection of altitudes or flight levels for each leg of the flight - Application of wind velocity on each leg to obtain heading and ground speeds - Calculation of en-route times for each leg to the destination and to the alternate and determination of total time en-route - Completion of fuel plan - Preliminary study of instrument approach procedures and minima at destination and alternate - Filling out and filing air traffic flight plan





2. NAVIGATION 3.2.1 GENERAL NAVIGATION

a) CHARTS

-The use of current aeronautical charts

– plotting positions – methods of indicating scale and relief – conventional signs – measuring tracks and distances – plotting bearings


a) RADIO AIDS










-ILS (instrument landing system) – principles – presentation and interpretation – coverage – range – errors and accuracy – factors affecting range and accuracy

-MLS (microwave landing systems)





-Airborne weather radar

– principles – presentation and interpretation

168

– coverage – range – errors and accuracy – factors affecting range and accuracy – application for navigation



-General philosophy

– use of radio navigation systems or an inertial navigation system

-Typical flight deck equipment and operation

– means of entering and selecting waypoints and desired course information (keyboard entry system) – means of selecting, tuning and identifying ground stations – instrumentation for en-route course guidance – for some types of systems, instrumentation for presenting distance travelled, distance to go and, if necessary, ground speed information – instrumentation for presenting current position data


– self-contained on-board systems (inertial navigation systems, doppler) – external sensor systems (VOR/DME, LORAN-C, Decca)



– principle of operation – advantages and disadvantages – accuracy, reliability, coverage – flight deck equipment


- Satellite assisted navigation : GPS/GLONASS/DGPS

– principle of operation – advantages and disadvantages

169

PAPER-IV


AIRFRAME AND SYSTEMS, ELECTRICS, POWERPLANT, EMERGENCY EQUIPMENT – Aircraft

4.1.1 Airframe and Systems- Aeroplanes

a) Air driven systems (piston engines only)

-De-ice systems – pneumatic leading edge de-icing of wings and control surfaces – schematic construction – operational limitations – initiation/timing of de-icing system usage

b) Air Driven Systems (Turbopropeller and Jet aircraft)

-Anti-ice systems – aerofoil (Aeroplane), aerofoil/rotors (Helicopter) and control surfaces, powerplant, air intakes, windshield – schematic construction, operating limitations and initiation, timing of de-icing system usage – ice warning system

c) Non-pneumatic operated de-ice and anti-ice systems

-Schematic construction, functioning and operation of


4.1.2 ELECTRICS




-Batteries













– elementary switching circuits -Inverter (applications)

b) Basic radio propagation theory

- Basic principles – electromagnetic waves – wave length, amplitude, phase angle, frequency – frequency bands, sideband, single sideband – pulse characteristics – carrier, modulation, demodulation

170

– kinds of modulation (amplitude, frequency, pulse, multiplex) – oscillation circuits



4.1.3 INSTRUMENTATION – Aircraft FLIGHT INSTRUMENTS





-Airspeed indicator





– vertical gyro

– directional gyro – rate gyro – rate integrating gyro








c) Magnetic compass


d) Radio Altimeter






a) Flight Director



b) Autopilot


171




2.) Communications 4.2.1 IFR COMMUNICATIONS

a) DEFINITIONS



- Transmission of letters - Transmission of numbers (including level information) - Transmission of time - Transmission technique - Standard words and phrases (relevant RTF phraseology included) - Radiotelephony call signs for aeronautical stations including use of abbreviated call signs - Radiotelephony call signs for aircraft including use of abbreviated call signs - Transfer of communication - Test procedures including readability scale; establishment of RTF communication - Read back and acknowledgement requirements - Radar procedural phraseology - Level changes and reports Categories of messages







172

Theoretical knowledge examination subjects/sections and duration of examination- CPL, ATPL & IR for Helicopters

Helicopters

CPL

Commercial Pilot License

ATPL

Airline Transport Pilot License

IR

Instrument Rating ( Aircraft)

Subject

Paper No

Duration of examination

Paper No


Paper No

Duration of examinatio

n I I

I

Air Law

1.00hrs 1.40 hrs 1.00hrs

Human Performance and Limitations

0.30hrs 1.00hrs 0.30 hrs

II

II II

Meteorology

1.00hrs 2.30hrs 1.30hrs

III III

III

Flight Performance & Planning

3.30hrs 5.00hrs 2.00hrs

IV IV

Navigation

1.30hrs 2.00hrs 2.00hrs

IV

Operational Procedures

1.00hrs 1.00hrs -

Communications

0.30 hrs 0.30hrs 0.30hrs

v v

-

Principles of Flight

1.00hrs

1.00hrs -

Aircraft General Knowledge

2.00hrs 3.30hrs 1.15 hrs

173


174