Prospects of aerobic rice inProspects of aerobic rice in irrigated areas of India

M.D.ReddyDi tDirector

WATER TECHNOLOGY CENTRECOLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE

ACHARYA N G RANGA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITYACHARYA N.G. RANGA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITYRAJENDRANAGAR, Hyderabad – 500 030

Email:metukudevender@gmail.com

1Paper presented in Symposium held at Navsari, Nov 19-21, 2008

Irrigation

•At 59million ha largest irrigated area

•Productivity very low <2.5 t/ha

•Irrigation system are supply drivenIrrigation system are supply driven

•Efficiency is very low 40%

•No lack of technology

2

Per Capita AvailabilityPer Capita Availability6000

r cap

5000

met

er p

er

3000

4000

(Cub

ic m

year

)

Water Stress Line

2000

vaili

bilty

y

Water Scarcity Line

0

1000

Wat

er A

v

1951 1991 2001 2025 2050

W

3

How much water do people use?How much water do people use?(liters/day)

Drinking 2-5H h ld 20 400House hold 20-400Kg of grain (cereals) 1000 liters ETVeg diet 2600 liters ETgNon Veg –Diet 5400 liters Et

4

Rice Scenario in IndiaRice Scenario in India• Total harvested rice area is 45 million hectares with

46 t i i t d 28 t i f d l l d 1446 percent irrigated, 28 per cent rain fed lowland, 14 per cent flood prone, and 12 per cent rain fed upland.

• Four seasons occur in India: winter (December-F b ) (M h M ) i th tFebruary), summer (March-May), rainy southwestern monsoon (June-September), and post monsoon (October-November).It is cultivated during Kharif (early) (Mar May to Jun• It is cultivated during Kharif (early) (Mar - May to Jun –Oct), Kharif (Jun – Oct to Nov-Feb) and summer (Nov-Feb to Mar-

5

Major Rice cultural systemsMajor Rice cultural systemsRainfedRainfed• Rainfed upland – Without standing water• Rainfed lowland – With 5-50 cm standingRainfed lowland With 5 50 cm standing

water• Deep water RiceIrrigated• Transplanting• Dryseeding – Aerobic rice• Wet seeding

6

Classification of rice culture systemClassification of rice culture systemType of rice culture Main method of

plantingMaximum water

depth (cm)Rainfed low land rice

Transplanting

0-50Shallow 5-15M di d 16 50TransplantingMedium – deep 16-50 cm

Deep water rice Broad cast onto dry il

51-100soil

Floating rice Broad cast onto dry soil

101-600 cm

Upland rice Broad cast or drilled into dry soil

No standing water

Source: Barker and Herdt7

Typical daily rates of water outflows and seasonal water input in lowland rice production in the tropics

Daily (mm d-1) Duration (d) Season (mm)

Land Preparation

water input in lowland rice production in the tropics

Land PreparationLand Soaking 100 - 500Evaporation 4 – 6 7 – 30 28 -180Seepage & Percolation 5 - 30 7 – 30 35 - 900

Total Land Preparation 160 – 1580Crop growth periodEvapotranspiration

W t 4 5 100 400 500- Wet season 4 – 5 100 400 - 500- Dry season 6 – 7 100 600 - 700

Seepage & percolation- Heavy clays 1 – 5 100 100 – 500Heavy clays 1 5 100 100 500- Loamy/sandy soils 15 – 30 100 1500 - 3000

Total crop growth 500 – 3700Total seasonal water input 660 - 5280pCommon Values 1000 - 2000

8

Aerobic rice• Aerobic rice is a new type of rice that is aerobic-soil-

Aerobic rice

adapted and input-responsive. • It grows well in non puddle and non saturated soils with

water content of 70% to 100% of water-holding capacity throughout a growing season.

• Aerobic rice can be a replacement of lowland rice wherever available water is insufficient for lowland rice but sufficient for aerobic rice.

• Aerobic rice is targeted to more favorable environments where land is flat or terraced, and soil can be frequently brought to near field capacity by rainfall or supplemental irrigation.

9

AEROBIC RICE

•It lowers the labor requirement than low land rice

AEROBIC RICE

•It lowers the labor requirement than low land rice

•It causes less effect on environment

•It shows flood tolerance under low land condition

•It shortens the cropping cycle than low land riceIt shortens the cropping cycle than low land rice

10

• Aerobic rice crop yield of 3-6 t/ha can be obtained in different regionsobtained in different regions.

• The dry seeding technology (aerobic rice) combined with other crop managementcombined with other crop management techniques like supplementary irrigation and proper fertilization, it is now possible to grow local varieties using less water but obtaining higher yields.

11

The driving factor for aerobic ricee d g acto o ae ob c ce

• Water resources for agriculture are shrinking• Water resources for agriculture are shrinking– Traditional rice cultivation – flooded for 4 – 5

months– In India >70% of all water used to irrigate rice– Rice requires more water for land preparation– In low land rice water use is 1,000 – 2,000 mm– About 4.5 million ha in North China , 2.1million

ha in pakistan and 10 4 million ha in Northha in pakistan and 10.4 million ha in North India and Central India will face water scarcity by 2025 (Tuong & Bouman )

12

Trade offs and challengesTrade offs and challenges• Interactions among scales• Nutrients

- Phosphorus and Nitrogen are less available under aerobic conditionsaerobic conditions

- Aerobic requires more N- Micro nutrient deficiencies in Aerobic riceWeeds• Weeds

- - Higher weed infestation- - Weed species shift• Sustainability

13

Issues in water savingIssues in water saving

W t i P i i l T l t t i t hi hWater saving Principles Translate to savings at higher scales

Increase yield per unit Yestranspiration (WPT)

Reducing non beneficial depletions

YesdepletionsEffectively using rain and other inflows

Depending on whether excessive rainfall, other inflows, storage water can be used down streamcan be used down stream

Effectively using water from the storageR d i fl D di h flReducing out flows Depending on how out flows are

used down stream 14

ChinaChina

Low water requirement and higher water productivity, farmers are adopting aerobic rice in 2 kinds of water short areas in Northern Chinashort areas in Northern China

•Irrigated areas where water has become so scarce

•Rain fed areas where rainfall is insufficient to low land rice production

15

A bi i b di i N th Chi i d b th• Aerobic rice breeding in North China pioneered by the China Academy of Agricultural Sciences since 1980s.

• In China, from mid-1980s to the early 1990s some early , y yaerobic rice varieties such as Qinai, Heda77-2, Zhong Yuan1, Zhang Yuan2 and Han72 were bred and released.

• These varieties showed improvements over local upland varieties by having early maturity, improved plant hype and responsiveness to fertilizers which all led to higher yieldsled to higher yields .

• In North China, aerobic rice cultivars called Han Dao have been developed that yield up to 6-7.5 t ha-1 under flash irrigation in bunded fields (Wang and Tang 2000)flash irrigation in bunded fields (Wang and Tang, 2000).

16

Performance of elite Han Dao aerobic rice varieties as observed from 1997 to 1999 in farmer’s fields in Chinaobserved from 1997 to 1999 in farmer’s fields in China

Variety Regions of adoption

Duration, days

Yield (t/ha) Irrigation water (mm)

Yield record (t/ha)

H D H 105 115 5 0 6 0 150 225 8 7Han Dao 277

Haung –Huai – Hai region

105-115 5.0-6.0 150-225 8.7

Han Dao North 130 140 5 0 6 5 225 375 8 25Han Dao 297

North China

130-140 5.0-6.5 225-375 8.25

Han Dao 502

Along Huai River & in

115-130 6.0-7.0 225-300 8.4502 River & in

Chang Jiang river valley

Source : Wang Huaqi et al., 200217

Performance of aerobic and low land rice in ChinaLocation Guanzhuang BeijingLocation Guanzhuang Beijing

Rice Type Aerobic Low land Aerobic Low Land

variety HD 502 65002 HD 297 JD 305Yield (t/ha) 5.8 7.9 4.6 7.1

Irrigation (mm) 542 1291 177 1057Total water (mm) 612 1361 476 1394Total water (mm) 612 1361 476 1394

Total water productivity (g/kg)

0.95 0.58 0.96 0.51

Irrigation water 1 07 0 61 2 58 0 67Irrigation water productivity (g/kg)

1.07 0.61 2.58 0.67

Net return to water use($/m3)

0.0715 0.0406 0.1464 0.0648

Net returns ($/ha) 438 553 697 903

Family labour use(8 h labour day /ha)

46 90 12 53

Source: Wang Huaqui et al., 200118

Yield of aerobic rice (Han Dao) under doifferent water regimes in North China, Changping stationNorth China, Changping station

Variety Soil Water content in root zone Yield (kg/ha)Variety Soil Water content in root zone Yield (kg/ha)

HD5029 (150-154 D)

80-90% through out 5338)

Aerobic var. 60-70% emergence to PI and 80-90% PI onwards

4618

80-90% emergence to PI and 60-70% 4268gPI onwards

JD305 (160-162 D)

80-90% through out 4235162 D) Lowland var. 60-70% emergence to PI and 80-90%

PI onwards3767

80-90% emergence to PI and 60-70% 1995

Source: Yang Xiaoguang et al., 2002

80-90% emergence to PI and 60-70% PI onwards

1995

19

• The aerobic rice used only 470 to 644 mm of ywater as against the cultivation of flooded lowland rice which required about 1,300 mm of water.Th hi h t i ld f bi i 4 7 5 3 t h• The highest yield of aerobic rice was 4.7-5.3 t ha-1, compared with 8.8 t ha-1 of flooded lowland rice.

• The water productivity (g grains per kg of total water used) of aerobic rice was 64-88% higher than that of flooded lowland ricethan that of flooded lowland rice.

20

IRRI Philippines• At IRRI, Philippines, experimentation during early seventies

IRRI, Philippines

with lowland rice variety (IR20) like an upland crop under furrow irrigation indicated that total water savings were 56% and irrigation water savings 78% as compared to growing the

d fl d d diticrop under flooded conditions.• The yield reduced from 7.9 t ha-1 to 3.4 t ha-1. • More recently, the scientists at IRRI were able to develop

some aerobic rice cultivars which yield between 3.89 – 7.0 t ha-1 in favorable upland environments.

• Aerobic cultivars are of intermediate height under favorable upland conditions and maintain HI of nearly 0.4, or about one-third higher than other cultivar types.

21

Yield (t ha-1) of irrigated, aerobic, traditional upland and drought tolerant upland cultivar groups in three hydrological environments

Variety type Environment typeVariety type Environment type

Irrigated low land

Non-stressed upland

Water-stressed upland

Aerobic 4.06 3.89 1.08

Irrigated 4.07 2.94 0.73

T diti 2 29 1 89 0 57Tradition lowland

2.29 1.89 0.57

Drought 1.71 1.58 1.06tolerantLSD(0.05) 0.80 0.99 0.31

Source : Atlin et al., 200422

Yield (t ha-1) of rice varieties cultivated under aerobic and flooded conditions dry season (DS) and wet season (WS) 2001 IRRIconditions, dry season (DS) and wet season (WS), 2001, IRRI.

Season DS WS

Variety Treatment Soil Yield Soil Yieldycondition condition

Apo AAa Aerobic 4.37 Aerobic 4.19

AF Aerobic 4.5 Flooded 5.07

FF Flooded 5.06 Flooded 5.30

IR43 AA Aerobic 3.41 Aerobic 4.10

AF Aerobic 3.70 Flooded 4.74

FF Flooded 5.90 Flooded 4.81

aA=aerobic, F=flooded; first position indicates the DS and second potion the WS , ; p p

Source : Castaneda et al., 200223

Total water inputs and water balance in wet (WS) f 2001 IRRI(WS) season of 2001, IRRI.

Type of rice culture / season

Farming activity

Irrigation (mm)

Rainfall (mm)

Total water input (mm)

seasonFlooded WS Land 358 76 434

Crop growth 574 751 1325Crop growth 574 751 1325

Aerobic WS Land 53 76 129

Crop growth 79 751 830Crop growth 79 751 830

Source : Castaneda et al., 2002Source : Castaneda et al., 2002

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• In India rice production is stronglyIn India, rice production is strongly associated with rainfall distribution.

• A significant portion of the irrigated rice• A significant portion of the irrigated rice area suffers from intermittent water shortageshortage.

• Fundamentally different approach is to i lik l dgrow rice like an upland crop

25

India

In India the research on aerobic rice

India

• In India, the research on aerobic rice is limited.

• For rainfed dry seeded irrigated• For rainfed dry seeded irrigated conditions, there are no specific varieties.

• For dry seeded irrigated conditions (aerobic), only the high yielding varieties recommended forvarieties recommended for transplanted irrigated areas are either grown by the farmers oreither grown by the farmers or tested in experiments.

26

• In irrigated areas of South India, establishment of d d d i i l l d fi ld i f ll d idry seeded rice in low land fields is followed in accordance with the local rainfall pattern to some extent under tank and canal irrigated deltaic areas. G i f d dd d i f d f 2 3• Growing of dry sown paddy under rain fed for 2-3 months and irrigating as I.D crop

• This practice saves about 350 mm of water by avoiding nursery main field preparation though theavoiding nursery, main field preparation though the crop yields are little less than transplanted rice.

• The information available on aerobic rice indicates that the crop yields of 3 6 t/ha can be obtained inthat the crop yields of 3-6 t/ha can be obtained in different regions.

27

• At Rajendranagar, under aerobic conditions Naveen, j gErramallelu, Tellahamsa, IR 64, MTU 1010 and ARB 17(1) X 06 (104-124 days to flowering) recorded >4.0 t/ha

• At IARI, New Delhi, during the wet season, Pusa Sugandh 3 and Pusa Rice Hybrid 10 performed well under aerobic conditionsunder aerobic conditions.

• These results suggest that there is a need to identify rice varieties from rainfed upland and irrigated lo lands sim ltaneo sl for the de elopment oflowlands simultaneously for the development of varieties for aerobic situations.

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Grain Yield Flowering, days fromGrain Yield Flowering, days from sowing/transplanting

Cultivars Aerobic Transplanted Aerobic* Transplanted**

Erramallelu 4.07 4.60 101 57

WGL 14 2.14 2.00 117 78

Jagtiala sannalu 2.11 1.26 110 73

JGL 11470 1.65 3.31 124 81

JGL 11727 2.18 2.50 111 73

Tella Hamsa 3.70 2.88 93 66

IR 64 4.02 2.23 93 70

Naveen 4.57 3.92 104 65

MTU 1010 4.23 2.42 96 70

MTU 1001 3.19 4.11 112 78

MTU 1075 1.56 1.75 115 80

ARB 21Ax3 2.09 3.86 110 70

ARB 17(1)x06 4.48 3.68 104 57

Source: Reddy et al, 200729

Aerobic rice cultivars at college farm, ANGRAU, H30

Relationship between total water received and water productivity of rice varieties under dry seeded irrigated conditions , Kharif 2003

1200

1300 Irrigation water (mm)Effective rainfall (mm) 0 47 kg m-3

900

100011001200 Effective rainfall (mm)

0 54 k 3

0.60kg m-30.53 kg m-3

0.47 kg m-3

565.0 617.5 677.5

600

700800900

Wat

er (m

m) 0.54 kg m-3

445.0

300400

500

W

264.8 317.8 322.9 324.1

0100

200

Varaalu Erramallelu Jagtiala Sannalu Polasa PrabhaVaraalu Erramallelu Jagtiala Sannalu Polasa Prabha

Source: Srinivas et al 200731

Relationship between total water received and grain yield of dry seeded irrigated rice in different dates of sowing , Kharif 2003

1200

1300Irrigation water (mm)

Effective rainfall (mm)

900

1000

1100

1200 Effective rainfall (mm)4.97 t ha-1

4.88 t ha-1 4.82 t ha-1

4.11 t ha-1

605.0

557.5 580.0600

700

800

900

Wat

er (m

m)

406

562.5

300

400

500

600W

406.7318.2 296.5

208.1

0

100

200

J 16th J 26th J l 7th J l 18thJune 16th June 26th July 7th July 18th

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• The time of sowing had profound influence on grain yield d t i t f thand water requirement of the crop.

• Dry seeding in rainfed upland is recommended after receipt of 60-75 mm rainfall.

• Dry seeding one week before the onset of monsoon has• Dry seeding one week before the onset of monsoon has performed similar to that of with the onset of / immediately after the onset of monsoon.

• The response aerobic rice to N application ranged fromThe response aerobic rice to N application ranged from 100 kg N/ha to 150 Kg N/ha along with 50 kg each of P2O5 and K2O / ha.

• Nitrogen application in two or three splits has been d drecommended.

• With increase in N levels, the water productivity increased.

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Effect of sowing time on performance ofg paerobic rice at Madurai

Sowing time Yield, t/ha

One week ahead of onset of monsoon

2.9 (1) 1.2 (2)

Two weeks ahead of onset of 2 9 1 9Two weeks ahead of onset of monsoon

2.9 1.9

Immediately after monsoon 2.8 -y

Onset of monsoon - 1.7

Source: 1. Selvan et al, 2002 2. Kathiresan et al, 199734

Grain yield of aerobic, wet seeded and transplanted rice (Erramallelu) kharif 1989(Erramallelu), kharif, 1989

Method of establishment Grain yield (t/ha)(t/ha)

Broad cast sown – Dry seeding 2.88Line sown – Dry seeding 3 59Line sown – Dry seeding 3.59Broad cast sprouted seed – Wet seeding

3.29

Transplanting 3.4

Source : RARS, Jagtial, Ann. Rep., 198935

Performance of aerobic rice ( Polasa Prabha) during kharif 2002-03kharif, 2002-03.

Treatment Date of Date of SeedTreatment Date of sowing

Date of Harvesting

Seed yield

(kg/ha)Dry seeding at 20 cm 4 7 02 3 12 02 3674Dry seeding at 20 cm rows

4.7.02 3.12.02 3674

Dry seeding at 30 cm rows

4.7.02 3.12.02 3343rowsDry seeding broad casting 4.7.02 3.12.02 3033

Transplanting 30 8 02 17 12 02 3260Transplanting 30.8.02 17.12.02 3260

Rainfall: 467mm in 25 rainy days (18 July-17 Oct, 2002), Gerrmination 18.7.02

Source: RARS, Jagtial, ANGRAU, Ann. Rep., 2002-0336

Impact of varying methods of rice establishment i i ld (t/h )on grain yield (t/ha)

Year ADSB ADSR ATPB CPTR

2002 4.32 5.27 5.34 5.932002 4.32 5.27 5.34 5.93

2003 3.89 4.61 4.73 5.52

Source: Singh et al., 2008

ADSB-aerobic direct seeded rice on furrow – irrigared raised bed system, ADSR- Aerobic direct seeded riceADSR- Aerobic direct seeded rice, ATPB- aerobic transplanted rice as in ADSB, CPTR- conventional puddle transplanted rice

37

Yield of aerobic rice (Jagtial Sannalu) in different t t t ( 2003 04)treatments ( 2003-04)

Treatment Date of sowing

Date of Harvesting

Seed yield (kg/ha)

Dry seeding @ 200 d

01.07.2003 10.11.2003 4234200 seeds sqm

Dry seeding @ 400 seeds sqm

01.07.2003 10.11.2003 4438400 seeds sqm

Transplanting 07.08.2003 25.11.2003 4662

Source : : RARS, Jagtial, ANGRAU, Ann. Rep., 2002-0338

Effect of Nitrogen fertilization on performance of aerobic riceaerobic rice

Treatment Yield (t/h )

Location Source(t/ha)

FYM 5 t/ha + 50 kg N as top dress

3.8 Bangalore Babu and Reddy,top dress

NPK 100:50:50 kg/ha 3.5Reddy, 2000

100 kg N 3 splits (60 3 17 Aduthurai Rajendran100 kg N – 3 splits (60, 75, 90 days)100 kg N – ½ basal +

3.17

3.42

Aduthurai Rajendran, 1991

gtwo splits (75, 90 days)

3.42

39

Yield of aerobic rice (Jagtiala Sannalu) under drip and sprinkler method of irrigation (2003-04)sprinkler method of irrigation (2003 04)

Irrigation system

No.of panicles

( )

Yield (kg/ha)

Amount of water (mm)

(sqm)Drip 460 5208 714.4

Sprinkler 414 4092 920.1

Source : RARS, Jagtial, ANGRAU, Ann. Rep. 2004

40

Drip irrigation in paddy

41

S i kl i i ti i ddSprinkler irrigation in paddy

42

Performance of Aerobic Rice at different Levels of N,Kharif 2007,Rajendranagar.

N Levels(kg/ha)

Grain yield (t/ha) Total water(m3) Water Productivity (kg grain /m3 )

Aerobic Transplanted Aerobic Transplanted Aerobic Transplanted

0 3.36 2.55 7314.29 11757.1 0.46 0.22

50 3 87 3 37 7314 29 11757 1 0 53 0 2950 3.87 3.37 7314.29 11757.1 0.53 0.29

100 4.18 4.01 7314.29 11757.1 0.57 0.34

150 4.74 4.59 7314.29 11757.1 0.65 0.39

Reddy et al., 2010 43

• Iron (Fe) deficiency is one of the serious nutritionaldisorders in aerobically grown rice on upland alkalineand calcareous soils, which leads to a decline inproductivity.

• Differential response of rice cultivars to applied Fe wasnot related to Fe-nutrition; rather it was apparentlyrelated with inherent ability of cultivars to grow under

ater stress conditionwater-stress condition.• The iron deficiency can be corrected by spraying of 2.0%

ferrous sulphate 3 to 4 times at weekly interval.

44

• Under dry seeded conditions, weeds are the major problem.• weeds cause major loss and the crop should be protected for

30-40 days after germination.• preemergence herbicide (e.g., oxadiazon, pendimetalin)- after

diseeding. • post emergence herbicide (e.g., bispyribac sodium) should be

applied around 2 weeks after sowing. • The dry seeding in lines will be advantageous for better weed• The dry seeding in lines will be advantageous for better weed

control. • Line seeding at 20 cm apart recorded higher grain yield over

broadcast seeding and sowing in lines at 30 cm andbroadcast seeding and sowing in lines at 30 cm and transplanted rice.

45

W d t i bi iWeed management in aerobic rice

Treatment Yield (t/ha) Source

HW twiceWeed free checkButachlor 1 5 kg/ha + HW

4.855.224 87

Joseph et al, 1990

Butachlor 1.5 kg/ha + HW 4.87Pendimethalin 1.25 kg/ha+2, 4-D 1 kg/ha

2.952.49

Ramaiah and Muthukrishnan, , g1992

Pendimethalin 1.25 kg/ha at 8 DAR + HW

3.773 16

Selvan et al, 20018 DAR + HW 3.16 2001

46

Weed management in aerobic rice(Dry seeded irrigated rice)(Dry seeded irrigated rice)

T t t Yi ld STreatment Yield (t/ha)

Source

Pendimethalin 0.75 kg/ha fb 2.3 Shelke and Bhosle, HW at 6 WAS 1989

Pretilachlor 0.3 kg/ha fbHW 25 DAS

5.8 Rajendran and Kempuchetty, 1999HW 25 DAS p y,

Oxyflurofen 0.25 kg/ha fbHW 45 DAS

20 S 4 S

5.96

4 14

Mahadevaswamy and Nanjappa, 1991

HW 20 DAS and 45 DAS 4.14Butachlor 2.5 kg/ha + HW 30 DASHW 15 DAS and 45 DAS

5.94.9

Singh and Dash, 1988

47

A farmer weeding in aerobic paddy in traditional paddy grown under tanks 65 km f H d b d (T ) i 2003 Kh if

48

Impact of different weed management treatments on bi i i i ld (t/h )aerobic rice grain yield (t/ha)

Treatments 2002 2003Cyhalofop/2-4D/HW 6.12 5.19Cyhalofop/Chlorimuron+metasulfuron/HW 6 20 5 21Cyhalofop/Chlorimuron+metasulfuron/HW 6.20 5.21Pretilachlor/Chlorimuron+metasulfuron/HW 6.47 5.44Weed free 6.75 5.70Weedy 0.8 1.50

Source: Singh et al., 2008

49

Aerobic rice (MTU 1010) in 3.5 Acres field at College farm, ( ) g ,ANGRAU, Hyd. Kharif, 2008.

50

Aerobic Rice

51

On Farm trials

52

Aerobi rice in Observational Trial, Chintalapudi, (05.08.07)Krishna delta, AP 53

Variety BPT 5204

Aerobic rice at Chintalapudi (5.10.2005), Krishna delta, AP54

Performance of aerobic rice in farmer’s fields of Vizianagaram, A.P., Kharif 2004

Name of the village Area (Acres) Grain yield (t/ha) range(t/ha), range

Galavila 40 2.5 – 4.5

Gangada 40 + 20 3.0 – 4.5

S APERP St t R t Vi i 2005Source: APERP, Status Report, Vizianagaram, 2005

55

Effect of supplemental irrigation on dry seeding in paddy (aerobic rice) during g p y ( ) g

Kharif 2003 under Pedda cheruvu command Bhoompally, Medakp y,

Grain yield (t/ha)Dry Dry sown paddy Transplantey

sown paddy

y p ywith two

supplemental irrigations

pd paddy

irrigationsBPT – 5204 3.85 4.5 5.60Erramallel 3 10 4 22 5 16Erramallel 3.10 4.22 5.16MTU-1010 2.63 3.65 4.55Mean 3 17 4 15 5 12Mean 3.17 4.15 5.12

56

Performance of aerobic rice in farmer’s fields of Vizianagaram Kharif 2004fields of Vizianagaram, Kharif 2004

Name of the Area Grain yield village (Acres) (t/ha), range

Galavila 40 2.5 – 4.5

Gangada 40 + 20 3.0 – 4.5

Source: APERP, Status Report, Vizianagaram, 200557

Water input and water productivity and grain yieldof rice varieties at Rajendranagar, Hyderabad (Kharif 2003)

V i tiGrain i ld

Water input, mm Water d ti itVarietie

syield, t/ha

productivity, kg/ha mm(m3)

EffectiveRain

Irrigation

Total

fallVaraalu 3.87 264.8 445.0 709.8 5.45(0.54)Erramal 5.28 317.7 565.0 882.7 5.98(0.60)Erramallelu

5.28 317.7 565.0 882.7 5.98(0.60)

Jagtialsannalu

4.94 322.9 617.5 940.4 5.25(0.53)annaluPolasa prabha

4.68 324.1 677.5 1001.6 4.67(0.47)

Source: G.Srinivas, M.D.Reddy and D.R.Reddy, 200758

Concluding remarks

• India faces growing scarcity of and competition for water. • Shortage in water for irrigated crop has to give emphasis

on development of dry seeded rice production t h ltechnology.

• The rice crop can be raised with supplemental irrigation by utilizing the rainwater as that of dry crop with the available water in tanks / wells / canal systemavailable water in tanks / wells / canal system (Conjunctive use).

• System of non flooded rice cultivation may bring other advantages such as maintenance of soil structure gbeneficial to non rice crops in the rotation; extended area under cultivation in the command of a project, increased water productivity; more benefit: cost ratio.

59

• There appears to be a wide range of options for increasing the productivity of water

• The most appropriate strategy to adopt will vary according to time and place.

• Substantial investment in research is needed – policies, management practices and technologies

• Research in genetic improvement of rice and agronomic g p gmanagement including land management, weed control, nutrient management, and irrigation requirement leading to higher productivity

60

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