Protestant ReformationProtestant Reformation

The Beginning of Religious The Beginning of Religious Toleration and the Acceptance Toleration and the Acceptance

of Dissentof Dissent

Holy Eucharist – or CommunionHoly Eucharist – or Communion

Communion

Bread and WineBased on the Last Supper

Roman Catholics believe in Transubstantiation through the blessing, the substance of the bread and

wine are exchanged for the body and blood of Jesus;

Most Protestant Religions believe that the Bread and Wine are merely Symbolic

and all people should drink

What are the Precipitating What are the Precipitating Factors of the Reformation?Factors of the Reformation?

• New ideas of the Renaissance.

• New technology of the printing press.

• Worldly concerns of the Renaissance popes.

• Low standards of many local priests– uneducated, had wives, and unable to provide

good spiritual guidance to people.

• The zeal of indulgence sellers.

First person to produce First person to produce hand-written copies of the hand-written copies of the

Bible in the English Bible in the English language.... language....

John of WycliffeJohn of Wycliffein England in England

Late 1300sLate 1300s

John Wycliffe ClaimedJohn Wycliffe Claimed

• Eucharist was merely symbolic

• Pope was not the final authority

• All people can drink from the communion cup

Jan Huss in Jan Huss in the HREthe HRE

• 1390 – Wycliffe's writings reach eastern Europe• 1398 – Huss teaches heretic ideas in Czechoslovakia.

1410 - Huss and his followers excommunicated by Pope John XXIII

• 1415 - Jan Huss burned at the stake for heresy.

Gutenberg- Printing PressGutenberg- Printing PressThe invention that changed The invention that changed

the worldthe world• 1450s - Created in Mainz, Germany

An Original Guttenberg Bible sold for $5,400,000.00!!!! You may want to check your attic for any copies!!!

Push Back Against material Push Back Against material ExcessesExcesses

• Savonarola – Italian friar 1490s

– Provokes repentance of Renaissance excesses of worldly pleasure.

– 1497 – Florence – urges citizens to throw their fancy clothes, wigs, paintings into fire

– Florentines turn against him

IndulgencesIndulgences

• Grants by the Church

• Reduced time in Purgatory, said TetzelInitially offered to Crusaders

Eventually offered to the general public in exchange for a $$$$ contribution

PurgatoryPurgatory

Prior to ascending to heaven, a person must spend time here

Pope Leo X Pope Leo X and Tetzeland Tetzel

Johann Tetzel- Sold Indulgences

Pope Leo, like Julius II wanted to beautify Rome

Pope Julius II’s tomb, by Michelangelo - temporarily abandoned for lack of funds

Johann Tetzel: Dominican FriarJohann Tetzel: Dominican Friar• Commissioned by the Pope for a new

cathedral in Rome– Prices for Letters of Indulgence

• Robbing a church and pergury - 9 Ducats • Murder - 8 Ducats

Luther’s 95 ThesesLuther’s 95 ThesesPosted on the Doors of Wittenburg Cathedral

Objected to the Sale of Indulgences

He burns a Papal bull telling him to recant his words or be excommunicated…

Many Germans cheer!.............

This is the BEGINNING OF

THEPROTESTANT REFORMATION

Some of the Theses…Some of the Theses…

20. Therefore the Pope, in speaking of the perfect remission of all punishments, does not mean that all penalties in general be forgiven, but only those imposed by himself.

21. Therefore, those preachers of indulgences err who say that, by the Pope's indulgence, a man may be exempt from all punishments, and be saved.

Some of the Theses…Some of the Theses…

32. On the way to eternal damnation are they and their teachers, who believe that they are sure of their salvation through indulgences.

79. He who says that the cross with the Pope's arm, solemnly set on high, has as much power as the Cross of Christ, blasphemes God.

80. Those bishops, curates, and theologians, who allow such speeches to be uttered among the people, will have one day to answer for it.

Luther at the Diet of Worms- Luther at the Diet of Worms- defending himself- he’s defending himself- he’s

CondemnedCondemnedExcommunicated and his books are ordered to be burned!

Reformation PropagandaReformation Propaganda

Luther’s 3 Main TenetsLuther’s 3 Main Tenets

1. Salvation is by faith alone. – Good Works do not lead one to heaven, only Faith

in God

2. The Bible is the only authority for Christians.– All teachings should be based on the word of God

and nothing else.

3. All people can have a Direct Relationship w/God.

– Priests as intermediaries are unnecessary

Luther Returns from HidingLuther Returns from Hiding

• Prince Frederick of Saxony had hid him

• What does he see in Wittenburg?– Ministers in ordinary clothes– German language– Marriage of ministers

• Peasant Revolt 1524…to end serfdom.– How does Luther respond?– Princes armies massacre…

Christian HumanistsChristian HumanistsThomas More and Desiderius ErasmusThomas More and Desiderius Erasmus

– Sought reform, not revolution…

– Education and knowledge– Bible was important, but

most individuals cannot read it correctly…

– Influential Writings

– More wrote Utopia– Erasmus (Holland!)

In Praise of Folly

The 6 Wives of The 6 Wives of Henry VIIIHenry VIII

• Initially opposed to the Reformation – Defender of the Faith

• But sonless– 1st Wife Catherine bore a girl – She is Charles V’s aunt– Charles V is Protector of the Pope– Pope wouldn’t grant him a divorce

Parliament passes Act of Supremacy• Church of England• Anne Boleyn

Henry has 4 more wives • But few children• Edward VI, Mary I, and Elizabeth I

Executed Thomas More, a Christian Humanist

Hans Holbein

In groups review homework: In groups review homework: “Henry VIII: Search for an Heir”“Henry VIII: Search for an Heir”

• In groups, answer the following:– Look up any words you don’t know meaning of

1.Why did Henry VII pledge Prince Henry’s hand in marriage to Catherine?

2.What motives help explain Henry VIII’s split with Rome?

3.How did Henry make secure the future reign of his son?

Catherine of Catherine of AragonAragon

• Charles V’s aunt

• Roman Catholic

• Previously married to– Henry VIII’s brother, Arthur– Pope Leo said OK to remarriage

• Didn’t want a divorce from Henry– Pope didn’t approve divorce– Divorced, raised her daughter, Mary

The Reformation in England

Soapstones Soapstones Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII Primary Source DocAnne Boleyn and Henry VIII Primary Source Doc

Speaker – who is it?

Occasion – when and where was this written or spoken?

Audience - who is the document addressed to?

Prior Knowledge - what outside knowledge is helpful to understand what this is about?

Subject - what is it about?

Tone - what is the tone or attitude of the piece? (i.e. harsh, strenuous, moderate, mild, unfair, etc)

Significance – so? What does this document tell us about the period/the event/the people?

Anne BoleynAnne Boleyn

• Mother of future Queen Elizabeth– Henry VIII’s 2nd Wife– Accused of adultery– Executed by Henry– Daughter raised

Protestant

The Reformation in England

Henry VII (Catholic)

Arthur… dies

(Catholic)

Henry VIII

Catholic then Anglican

6 Wives Below

Catherine of Aragon (Catholic)

Isabella and Ferdinand (Spain) (Catholic)

1. Catherine of Aragon (Catholic) (divorced)

Mary

(Catholic)

1553-1558

2. Anne Boleyn

(Anglican) beheaded

Elizabeth

(Anglican)

1558-1603

Refuses to marry

Phillip II

Philip II

King of Spain

3. Jane Seymour

Dies

(Anglican)

Edward VI

(Anglican)

1547-1553

Charles V (Catholic)

King of Spain,

Holy Roman Emperor, (Hapsburg)

4. Anne of Cleves-

dissolved

5. Catherine Howard-

Beheaded

6. Katherine Parr-

Dies after Henry does

Joana

Philip I

The Handsome

(Hapsburg)

Family Tree- Henry VIII , Catherine of Aragon and descendants

Charles V’s H.R. EmpireCharles V’s H.R. Empire

Women of Influence: 1500sWomen of Influence: 1500s• Margaret More

– Scholar, Thomas’ daughter

• Catherine Parr• Queen Elizabeth• Marguerite of Navarre

– Protestant sister of French king Francis

– She sought to protect Protestants from her brother

John Calvin – CalvinismJohn Calvin – Calvinism

Escapes Francis’ persecutions

Experiments in Geneva• A Christian utopia…• A theocracy• Crime drops, cooperation increases• No card playing or dancing• Keep the Sabbath

• Predestination … God knows all

• The Elect – Those, by God’s grace, who will go to heaven

• Church dominates the State = Theocracy

John Knox - ScotlandJohn Knox - Scotland& the Presbyterian Religion& the Presbyterian Religion

• Follower of Calvin• Elders or presbyters • Calvinist nobles overthrew Catholic Mary of Scots

– infant son James is put on the Throne

Mary Queen of Scots Flees Mary Queen of Scots Flees Presbyterian Uprising Presbyterian Uprising

Executed by Elizabeth

Fought against John Knox (Presbyterian)

Roman Catholic

Catholic (or Counter) ReformationCatholic (or Counter) ReformationJesuits – Society of JesusJesuits – Society of Jesus

• Founded by Ignatius Loyola 1522– Teachers of the Church - focus

on education and trained priests– Convert Non-Christians -

especially in the New World– Stop Protestantism !!!!!

Do you know any Jesuit Schools?

Jesuit Colleges

Pope Paul IIIPope Paul III

• Investigate: simony, marriage, indulgences

• Council of Trent: – Conference of Catholics

• Pope Paul IV– Index of Forbidden Books– Book burnings

Council of Trent 1545Council of Trent 1545Responds to Protestants Responds to Protestants

1. Pope is the final authority

2. Good WORKS and FAITH are the way to salvation

3. The Bible AND Church traditions are equally important

4. Indulgences, relics and pilgrimages are all valid expressions of faithBut don’t sell false promises

Fight! Charles v. Fight! Charles v. Schmalkaldic LeagueSchmalkaldic League

• Emperor Charles whips but cannot win

• Catholic Princes will not help

Peace of Augsburg– Princes decide Catholic or

Lutheran: the religion of their realm

• Don’t like it….MOVE!!!

– NO Calvinism!

Emperor Charles VEmperor Charles V Largest Empire in Largest Empire in

World HistoryWorld History

PROFILE

• Holy Roman Emperor

• King of Hapsburg Dynasty - Austria and German Territories

• King of Spain

• Orders Luther’s arrest

• Fights Protestants

•Peace of Augsburg

• Tired and Unhappy After Peace of Augsburg,& he divided his lands and titles:

• Son Philip II got Spain and Ntherlds

• Brother, Ferdinand: HRE

• Charles then enters a monastery!!!

Christian DenominationsChristian Denominations

Europe in 1580Europe in 1580• Catholic- Southern Europe: Spain, Portugal, Italy, France,

Poland, southern parts of the Holy Roman Empire, Ireland

• Lutheran- Scandinavia (Norway, Denmark and Sweden), Northern Germanic Holy Roman Empire

• Calvinist and Presbyterian- Geneva, Switzerland; Scotland; Netherlands, scattered around Europe;

• Anglican - England, parts of Ireland

• Major Catholic Minorities in England

• Major Protestant Minorities in France – “Huguenots”

Effects of the Reformation: The Effects of the Reformation: The Thirty Years WarThirty Years War

Emperor Charles VEmperor Charles V Largest Empire in Largest Empire in

World HistoryWorld History

PROFILE

• Holy Roman Emperor

• King of Hapsburg Dynasty - Austria and German Territories

• King of Spain

• Orders Luther’s arrest

• Fights Protestants

•Peace of Augsburg

• Tired and Unhappy After Peace of Augsburg,& he divided his lands and titles:

• Son Philip II got Spain and Ntherlds

• Brother, Ferdinand: HRE

• Charles then enters a monastery!!!

Peace of Augsburg Collapsed in 1618: Peace of Augsburg Collapsed in 1618:

Thirty Years War 1618-1648Thirty Years War 1618-1648

• HRE Ferdinand II made enemies in HRE

• Catholic League v. Protestant Union– As a Hapsburg, other

dynastic families hated him– Spark! Put down revolt in

Lutheran Bohemia– German Lutheran peoples

joined the fight

The Triumph of Death The Triumph of Death by Peter Bruegelby Peter Bruegel

The Thirty Years WarThe Thirty Years War

• A Fight for Religion and Political Power– Lutheran Sweden jumps in to fight

• Push out Hapsburg armies • King Adolphus!!

– Under Richelieu, France fights for Protestants!

• Warfare: primarily in the German lands– 6.5 million die - 30% in areas of Germany

The Treaty of Westphalia and its The Treaty of Westphalia and its Long Range OutcomesLong Range Outcomes

• Peace of Westphalia 1648– Princes of Germany can choose any Christian denomination– Power of the Nation-State increased and role of the Church

diminished– Netherlands and Switzerland’s independence recognized– Germany was in ruins

• Europe begins to have firmer borders, fewer fights about who owns what.

• France emerges as most powerful in Europe in 1600s

• Hapsburgs and HRE lose power

Locate the outline map handout. Follow directions and label Locate the outline map handout. Follow directions and label Netherlands, Scotland and Denmark, tooNetherlands, Scotland and Denmark, too

1648