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Provision of ecosystem services in the lagoon of Venice: an initial spatial assessment
Silvia Rova
Felix Müller (Christian-Albrechts-Universitӓt zu Kiel, Germany)Fabio Pranovi (Ca’ Foscari University, Venice, Italy)
Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel
Institute for Natural Resource ConservationDepartment of Ecosystem Management
ERASMUS MUNDUS MASTER OF SCIENCE IN ECOHYDROLOGY
Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia
Outline
1. Introduction
2. Motivation and objectives of the study
3. Methodology
4. Results and discussion
5. Conclusions
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1. Introduction
4
Human
What are Ecosystem Services (ESS)?
ESS are the contributions of ecosystem structure and function – in combination with other inputs – to human well-being (Burkhard et al., 2012)
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The concept of ESS provides a valuable framework to define and analyze linkages and dependencies between natural and human systems (Burkhard et al., 2010)
Environmental Systems
Human Systems
Human-Environmental Systems
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ESS classification
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MA, 2005 TEEB, 2010;Bohnke-Henrichs et al., 2013
Beaumont et al., 2007; Atkins et al., 2011
Kandziora et al., 2013
Liquete et al., 2013
PROVISIONING
CULTURAL
REGULATING
Regulating and maintenanceSupporting Over-arching
support services
Habitat
Option use values
ESS classification
The following classification scheme is used in the present study:
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Regulating services: benefits that people obtain due to the regulation of natural processes, such as water purification and erosion control.
Provisioning services: all tangible products from ecosystems that humans make use for nutrition, processing and energy use.
Cultural services: intangible benefits that people receive from ecosystems in form of non-material spiritual, religious, inspirational and educational experience
(Kandziora et al., 2013)
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ESS and DPSIR
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Ecosystem service cascade
(Müller and Burkhard, 2012 ,Potschin and Haines-Young, 2011)
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The lagoon of Venice
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2. Motivation and Objectives of the study
Motivation
The presence of man in the lagoon of Venice has always been linked to the numerous benefits provided by the lagoon.
On the other hand, the great variety of human activities carried out in the lagoon and its surroundings have lead to several issues threatening the lagoon ecosystem.
The aknowledgement the benefits we get from ecosystems, and of the effects of our activities on these services, is the first step towards a sustainable management of natural resources.
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Objectives
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Obj. 1: to identify the relevant ESS in the lagoon of Venice
Obj. 2: to map the spatial distribution of a subset of them
Obj. 3: to analyze how the patterns of ESS supply change in the different Water Framework Directive’s water bodies, and to relate them with driver, pressures and state indicators
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3. Methodology
Study area
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Legend
subtidal flat
intertidal mudflat (natural)
intertidal mudflat (artificial)
salt marsh (natural)
salt marsh (artificial)
channel
fishing pond
land
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Methodology
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1) ESS selection and definition of indicators
2) ESS mapping
3) Zonal analysis
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Ecosystem service Sub-category Indicator
Provisioning services
Assessed
Aquaculture - Presence and intensity of fish harvest from aquaculture
Fish and Seafood Clam Intensity of clam harvesting
Fish (artisanal) Intensity of artisanal fishing activities
Wild Food Birds Catches from hunting activities
Fish (recreational) Catches from recreational activities
Crops - Crops production
Cultural services
Assessed
Recreation and tourism Tourism Density of cultural touristic attractions
Recreational navigation Intensity of leisure boats traffic
Knowledge systems Education Frequency of excursions with environmental education purpose
Tradition Presence and intensity of the following traditional activities: venetian rowing, lugsail sailing, artisanal fishing, extensive aquaculture practices and cultivation of traditional crops
Not assessed
Cultural heritage and cultural diversity
///////// /////////
Natural heritage and natural diversity
///////// /////////
Regulating services
Assessed
Erosion regulation Biostabilization Erosion threshold (critical bed shear stress)
Reduction of wind driven resuspension
Spatial distribution of depths at which the modeled wind driven bed shear stress is <0.7 Pa;Surfaces of water located leeward from emerged structures
Susceptibility to wind driven erosion (negative component)
Depth classes with different susceptibility to wind driven erosion
Not
assessed
Natural hazard protection ///////// /////////Water purification ///////// /////////
Nutrient regulation ///////// /////////
Global climate regulation ///////// /////////
Methodology
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1) ESS selection and definition of indicators
2) ESS mapping
a) Provisioning and cultural ESS
b) Erosion regulation
3) Zonal analysis
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Legend
subtidal flat
intertidal mudflat (natural)
intertidal mudflat (artificial)
salt marsh (natural)
salt marsh (artificial)
channel
fishing pond
land
Zones
Overlay with service-specific spatial information sub-zones
Compilation of the “spatial units vs. service” matrix”. E.g. : Aquaculture
Zone Sub-zone AquacultureSubtidal flat 1Intertidal mudflats 1Salt marshes 1Channels 1
Fishing ponds
Active 2Inactive 1
Land 1
qualitative scale from 1 to 3, where: 1 = null or low relevant capacity to supply the selected ecosystem service, 2 = medium relevant capacity, 3 = high relevant capacity.
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Methodology
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1) ESS selection and definition of indicators
2) ESS mapping
a) Provisioning and cultural ESS
b) Erosion regulation
3) Zonal analysis
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Erosion regulation
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Definition: capacity to mitigate sediment erosion (adapted from Kandziora et al., 2013)
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Erosion regulation | Mechanisms
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Mechanism Detail Indicator
Biostabilization Increase of erosion threshold Erosion threshold (critical bed shear stress)
Reduction of wind driven resuspension
Fetch break Surfaces of water which are located leeward from emerged structures (with reference to Bora and Scirocco winds)
Effect of bathymetry Spatial distribution of depths at which the modeled wind driven bed shear stress is lower than 0.7 Pa
Negative component
Susceptibility to wind driven erosion
Different wind driven bed shear stress as a function of depth
Depth classes with different susceptibility to wind driven erosion
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Sediment particle size Bottom vegetation
• seagrasses • macroalgae • benthic diatoms
τ0 = τ0[bare sediments] * BI / 100
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Erosion regulation | Mechanisms
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Mechanism Detail Indicator
Biostabilization Increase of erosion threshold Erosion threshold (critical bed shear stress)
Reduction of wind driven resuspension
Fetch break Surfaces of water which are located leeward from emerged structures (with reference to Bora and Scirocco winds)
Effect of bathymetry Spatial distribution of depths at which the modeled wind driven bed shear stress is lower than 0.7 Pa
Negative component
Susceptibility to wind driven erosion
Different wind driven bed shear stress as a function of depth
Depth classes with different susceptibility to wind driven erosion
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500 m buffer in SW and NW direction (leeward respect to Bora and Scirocco wind respectively )
®Scirocco
Bora
Area leeward respect to Scirocco
Area leeward respect to Bora
Emerged area
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Erosion regulation | Mechanisms
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Mechanism Detail Indicator
Biostabilization Increase of erosion threshold Erosion threshold (critical bed shear stress)
Reduction of wind driven resuspension
Fetch break Surfaces of water which are located leeward from emerged structures (with reference to Bora and Scirocco winds)
Effect of bathymetry Spatial distribution of depths at which the modeled wind driven bed shear stress is lower than 0.7 Pa
Negative component
Susceptibility to wind driven erosion
Different wind driven bed shear stress as a function of depth
Depth classes with different susceptibility to wind driven erosion
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(adapted from Fagherazzi et al, 2006)
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Erosion regulation | Mechanisms
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Mechanism Detail Indicator
Biostabilization Increase of erosion threshold Erosion threshold (critical bed shear stress)
Reduction of wind driven resuspension
Fetch break Surfaces of water which are located leeward from emerged structures (with reference to Bora and Scirocco winds)
Effect of bathymetry Spatial distribution of depths at which the modeled wind driven bed shear stress is lower than 0.7 Pa
Negative component
Susceptibility to wind driven erosion
Different wind driven bed shear stress as a function of depth
Depth classes with different susceptibility to wind driven erosion
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Methodology
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1) ESS selection and definition of indicators
2) ESS mapping
a) Provisioning and cultural ESS
b) Erosion regulation
3) Zonal analysis
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Zonal analyses
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WFD partitioning
(water bodies from Autorità di bacino dell’Adige et al., 2010)
Land zones
Zonal statistics for each service pattern of overall service provision in the different zones
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4. Results and discussion
4.1. ESS maps: provisioning and cultural services
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Aquaculture
Layer Sub-zone AquacultureSubtidal flat 1Intertidal mudflats 1Salt marshes 1Channels 1
Fishing ponds
Active 2Inactive 1
Land 1
Crops
Layer Sub-zone CropsSubtidal flat 1Intertidal mudflats 1Salt marche 1Channels 1Fishing ponds 1
LandArtificial surfaces 1Non-irrigated arable land 3Permanently irrigated land 3Vineyards 3Fruit trees and berry plantations 3Other permanent cultures 3Pastures 1Spontaneous pastures 1Complex cultivation patterns 3Forest and seminatural areas 1
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“Clam” “Fish (artisanal)”Fish and seafood
Layer Sub-zone [Fish&Seafood] Clam
Subtidal flat
GRAL concessions - highly exploited 3GRAL concessions - poorly exploited 2Areas of heavy illegal fishing 3Areas of medium illegal fishing 2Other 1
Intertidal mudflats 1Salt marshes 1Channels 1Fishing ponds 1Land 1
Layer Sub-zone [Fish&Seafood] Fish (Artisanal)
Subtidal flat
High fishing activities 3Medium fishing activities 2Other 1
Intertidal mudflats 1Salt marshes 1Channels 1Fishing ponds 1Land 1
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“Birds” “Fish (recreational)”Wild food
Layer Sub-zone [Wild Food] Birds
Subtidal flat
Hunting blinds and immediate surroundings 2Other 1
Intertidal mudflats
Hunting blinds and immediate surroundings 2Other 1
Salt marshes
Hunting farms 3Hunting blinds and immediate surroundings 2Other 1
Channels Hunting blinds and immediate surroundings 2Other 1
Fishing ponds
Hunting farms 3Not hunting farms 1
Land
Hunting farms 3Not hunting farms 1
Layer Sub-zone [Wild Food] Fish (Recreational)
Subtidal flat
Very close to inlets 3Close to inlets 2Far from inlets 1
Intertidal mudflats
Very close to inlets 3Close to inlets 2Far from inlets 1
Salt marshes 1
Channels
Very close to inlets 3Close to inlets 2Far from inlets 1
Fishing ponds 1Land 1
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“Tourism” “Recreational navigation”Recreation and tourism
Layer Sub-zone [Recr.&Tour.] Tourism
Subtidal flat 1Intertidal mudflats 1Salt marshes 1Channels 1Fishing ponds 1
Land
high n. attractions/km2 3
medium-low n. attractions/km2 2Other 1
Layer Sub-zone[Recr.&Tour]Recreational navigation
Subtidal flat
Surroundings of "Bacàn" 3Other 1
Intertidal mudflats
"Bacàn" 3Other 1
Salt marshes 1Channels
Connections marinas-Lido inlet 3Connections marinas-other inlets 2Other 1
Fishing ponds 1Land 1
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“Education” “Tradition”Knowledge systems
Sub-zone [Know.sys] EducationEnv. Education (Hi freq) 3Env. Education (Med freq) 2Other 1
Layer Sub-zone [Know.sys] Tradition
Subtidal flat
Voga alla veneta 3Vela al terzo (High) 3Vela al terzo (Med) 2High fishing activities 2Medium fishing activities 1Other 1
Intertidal mudflats Other 1
Salt marshes
Voga alla veneta 3Vela al terzo (High) 3Vela al terzo (Med) 2Other 1
Channels
Voga alla veneta 3Vela al terzo (High) 3Vela al terzo (Med) 2Others 1
Fishing ponds
Active 2Inactive 1
Land
Crops production in islands (see text) 2Other 1
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4.2. ESS maps: erosion regulation
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Biostabilization
Reduction of wind-driven resuspension
Susceptibility to wind-driven erosion
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Erosion regulation potential
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Sarretta et al., 2010
Erosion regulation potential “Sedimentation map”
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4.3. Zonal analysis and DPSIR cycle
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Impact III: socio-economic system (human well-being)
-Economic: income, employment, housing, infrastructure, security
- Social : demography, health, education, nutrition, leisure, social relations.
Resources exploitation
1) Ichthyic resources (clam, fish,...)
2) Other resources (eg. avifauna)
Loads
1) Pollutants loads (point sources, non-point sources, atmospheric fallout)
2) Nutrient loads
3) Freshwater discharge
4) Sediment load from the watershed
5) Sewage loads
Physical pressures
1) Relative sea level rise and flooding
2) Lagoon/sea exchanges - Water- Sediments (net loss)
3) Wave motion
4) Sediment resuspension
Modifications/uses of the lagoon
1) Water traffic (commercial, touristic, recreational, public transport)
2) Dredging of navigable channels
3) Land use changes
4) Morphological interventions for the lagoon safeguard
5) Overcrowding of the historical centre
6)Introduction of allochtonous spp
Agriculture
Industrial activities
Fishing and aquaculture
Anthropizationand sociopolitical development
Trade
Tourism
Climate (eg. wind)
+
Forces responsible of the exchanges with the sea
Past human interventions
Hydrodynamic regime
- Tidal currents, residence time, …
Morphology
- Bathymetry (erosion of tidal flats, siltation of channels)
- Erosion of salt marshes’ margins
- Degradation of urban and historical areas
Physical-chemical status
- Water (eutrophication)
- Sediments
Status of the biotic components
- plankton, benthos, nekton, avifauna, …
Impact I : ecosystem organization
-Biodiversity-Heterogeneity- Exergy capture- Entropy production-Nutrient and matter cycling, …
Service “potential”
Impact II: ecosystem service supply
1) Erosion regulation
2) Aquaculture
3) Fish and seafood- “fish (artisanal)”- “clam”
4) Wild food- “birds”- “fish
(recreational)”
6) Recreation and tourism- “tourism”- “recreational
navigation”
7) Knowledge systems- “education”- “tradition”
5) Crops
Response
- Interventions for the safeguard of Venice and the lagoon
- morphological restoration (protection, restoration and reconstruction of salt marshes and intertidal mudflats)
- Construction of the flood regulation gates (Mose system)
- local defenses of urban centers
- Laws and regulations for fishing, hunting activities, water traffic
- Reduction of the loads of nutrients and pollutants from the watershed
- Enhancment of systems for sewage treatment
- Maritime planning (trade, cruises)
- Monitoring
DRIVERS PRESSURES STATE IMPACT RESPONSE
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D P S AquacultureHunting
Res. exploitation
Good
D P S
AgricoltureAnthropization
Land use changesRes. exploitation
n.a.
D P S AnthropizationTourismAgricolture
Overcrowding Land use changes
n.a.
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D P S
Fishing (artisanal)Agricoulture and climatic forcings (catchment)
Res. ExploitationLoads from rivers
Good
D P S
Fishing (clam)Industrial activitiesAnthropization
Res. ExploitationLoads
Moderate (T.)Good (V.d.B)
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D P S
AnthropizationTradeTourism
LoadsWater trafficWave motion
Bad (C.S., C.)Good (L.)
D P S
FishingTrade
Res. exploitationWave motionSediment resusp.
GoodD P S
TourismAnthropizationFishing
Res. exploitationLoadsWave motionSediment resusp.
Moderate
D P S
Industrial activitiesAnthropizationTradeFishing
LoadsRes. ExploitationWater traffic
Moderate - Bad (M.)
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Limitations and further perspectives
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Future perspectives:
Quantification of services, especially the regulating ones
Deeper analyses of the interactions between the steps of the
DPSIR framework
Limitations:
-High degree of aproximation of the qualitative maps
- Regulating services are not properly represented in the work
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5. Conclusions
Conclusions
• Preliminary assessment, first work observing the lagoon of Venice from the
ecosystem service perspective.
mapping: easily understandable visualization of the ecosystem services provided
• Erosion regulation potential shows the central role of the lagoon self-regulation
capacity for the preservation of its morphological heterogeneity
however, pressurees are exceeding the regulation capacity in some areas
• DPSIR framework integrated with the ecosystem service cascade:
Characterization of the different areas of the lagoon from the human-
environmental viewpoint
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References
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Autorità di bacino dell'Adige, Autorità di bacino dei fiumi Isonzo Tagliamento Livenza Piave Brenta-Bacchiglione, Ministero dell'Ambiente e Tutela del Territorio e del Mare, Regione Lombardia, Regione Veneto, Regione Autonoma Friuli Venezia Giulia, Provincia Autonoma di Bolzano, Provincia autonoma di Trento, Magistrato alle acque, ISPRA, Ufficio di Piano, 2010. Subunità idrografica bacino scolante, laguna di Venezia e mare antistante - Piano di Gestione, Piano di Gestione dei bacini idrografici delle Alpi Orientali, p. 439.
Burkhard, B., Petrosillo, I., Costanza, R., 2010. Ecosystem services - Bridging ecology, economy and social sciences. Ecological Complexity 7, 257-259.
Burkhard, B., de Groot, R., Costanza, R., Seppelt, R., Jørgensen, S.E., Potschin, M., 2012. Solutions for sustaining natural capital and ecosystem services. Ecological Indicators 21, 1-6.
Fagherazzi, S., Carniello, L., D'Alpaos, L., Defina, A., 2006. Critical bifurcation of shallow microtidal landforms in tidal flats and salt marshes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 103, 8337-8341.
Kandziora, M., Burkhard, B., Müller, F., 2013. Interactions of ecosystem properties, ecosystem integrity and ecosystem service indicators—A theoretical matrix exercise. Ecological Indicators 28, 54-78.
Müller, F., Burkhard, B., 2012. The indicator side of ecosystem services. Ecosystem Services 1, 26-30.
Potschin, M.B., Haines-Young, R.H., 2011. Ecosystem services: Exploring a geographical perspective. Progress in Physical Geography 35, 575-594.
Sarretta, A., Pillon , S., Molinaroli, E., Guerzoni, S., Fontolan, G., 2010. Sediment budget in the Lagoon of Venice, Italy. Continental Shelf Research 30(8), 934-949.
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07/04/2014 Silvia Rova 50Thank you! Grazie!
Any question or comment?