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ED 402 096
TITLEINSTITUTIONPUB DATENOTEAVAILABLE FROM
PUB TYPE
EDRS PRICEDESCRIPTORS
IDENTIFIERS
ABSTRACT
DOCUMENT RESUME
PS 024 876
Measures of Child Well-Being in Utah, 1996.Utah Children, Salt Lake City.Jan 9673p.
Utah Children, 747 East South Temple, Suite 150, SaltLake City, UT 84102 ($10).Statistical Data (110) Reports Descriptive (141)
MF01/PC03 Plus Postage.*Adolescents; Births to Single Women; Birth Weight;Child Abuse; Child Health; *Children; Class Size;Crime; Day Care Centers; Demography; Divorce; DropoutRate; Early Parenthood; Economically Disadvantaged;Homeless People; Infant Mortality; Infants; MortalityRate; One Parent Family; Poverty; Prenatal Care;State Surveys; Statistical Studies; StatisticalSurveys; Tables (Data); *Well BeingArrests; *Utah
This 1996 Kids Count report presents data andanalysis for 20 indicators of children's well-being in Utah. Thereport's introductory section discusses the impact of social andeconomic trends, which may contribute to a polarization of "have's"and "have nots" in Utah. The bulk of the report provides statisticson the 20 indicators, clustered within four major areas: (1) health,including first trimester prenatal care, low birth weight newborns,infant mortality, births to adolescents, immunization rates, andchildren eligible for free or reduced price school meals; (2)
education, including current educational expenditures per child,average class size, dropout rate, and idle teenagers; (3) safety,including child abuse investigations, child death rates, teen violentdeath rates, and juvenile violent crime arrest rates; and (4)economic security, including divorce rates, single-headed familieswith children, available spaces in licensed child care centers,children receiving subsidized child care, children in poverty, publicaid recipients, and homeless children. For each indicator, backgroundinformation is provided on the selection of the indicator, indicatorsare defined, and yearly Utah data from 1985 to 1994 on the indicatorare presented. County data are also presented for 1994. A sectiondescribing Utah Children, the Utah Kids Count project, the Childrenof Color Task Group, and membership information concludes thepublication. (KDFB)
***********************************************************************
Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be madefrom the original document.
***********************************************************************
O
rr
U.S
. Ide
PA
IST
Iller
ST
UP
EC
IUG
AT
IVel
Offi
ce o
f Edu
caho
nai R
esea
rch
and
Impr
ovem
ent
ED
UC
AT
ION
AL
RE
SO
UR
CE
S IN
FO
RM
AT
ION
CE
NT
ER
(E
RIC
)
Thi
s do
cum
ent h
aS b
een
repr
oduc
ed a
sre
ceiv
ed fr
om th
e pe
rson
or
orga
niza
tion
oric
imat
Ing
1.
0 M
inor
cha
nges
hav
e be
en m
ade
to im
prov
ere
prod
uctio
n qu
ality
.
Poi
nts
of w
e', o
r O
pini
ons
stal
ed in
this
doc
u-m
ent d
o no
t nec
essa
rily
repr
esen
t offi
cial
OE
RI p
ositi
on o
r po
licy.
UT
AH
HIL
DR
EN
Mea
sure
sof
Chi
ldW
ell-
Bei
ngin
Uta
h,99
6
1
Uta
h
kids
tco
unt
PE
RM
ISS
ION
TO
RE
PR
OD
UC
E A
ND
DIS
SE
MIN
AT
E T
HIS
MA
TE
RIA
LH
AS
BE
EN
GR
AN
TE
D B
Y
Ter
4.0.
.\Jvc
TO
TH
E E
DU
CA
TIO
NA
L R
ES
OU
RC
ES
INF
OR
MA
TIO
N C
EN
TE
R (
ER
IC)
4
Tab
le o
f C
onte
nts
DE
MO
GR
APH
ICS
Gen
eral
Num
bers
abo
ut U
tah'
s Fa
mili
es
INT
RO
DU
CT
ION
A L
onge
r V
iew
of
Fam
ily W
ell-
Bei
ng
page
2
page
4
HE
AL
TH
page
6Pr
enat
al C
are
in F
irst
Tri
mes
ter;
Low
Bir
th W
eigh
tN
ewbo
rns;
Inf
ant M
orta
lity;
Bir
ths
to Y
oung
Wom
en 1
5 to
19 y
rs.;
Imm
uniz
atio
n R
ates
; Chi
ldre
n E
ligib
le f
or F
ree
and
Red
uced
-pri
ce M
eals
at S
choo
l.
ED
UC
AT
ION
page
11
Cur
rent
Exp
endi
ture
s Pe
r C
hild
; Ave
rage
Cla
ss S
ize;
Dro
p-ou
ts in
Gra
des
10-1
2; I
dle
Tee
ns (
not i
n sc
hool
, not
grad
uate
d an
d no
t wor
king
).
SAFE
TY
page
15
Chi
ld A
buse
Inv
estig
atio
ns; C
hild
Dea
th R
ates
; Tee
n V
iole
ntD
eath
Rat
es; J
uven
ile V
iole
nt C
rim
e A
rres
t Rat
es.
EC
ON
OM
IC S
EC
UR
ITY
page
19
Div
orce
Rat
es; S
ingl
e-he
aded
Fam
ilies
with
Chi
ldre
n;06
)A
vaila
ble
plac
es in
Lic
ense
d C
hild
Car
e C
ente
rs; C
hild
ren
rece
ivin
g su
bsid
ized
chi
ld c
are;
Chi
ldre
n in
Pov
erty
;R
ecip
ient
s of
Pub
lic A
ssis
tanc
e (A
FDC
); H
omel
ess
child
ren.
CO
NC
LU
SIO
N, S
OU
RC
ES
and
CR
ED
ITS
page
25
Sum
mar
y; B
ibili
ogra
phy;
Whe
re to
cal
l for
Dat
a D
etai
ls;
Abo
ut U
tah
Chi
ldre
n; A
bout
the
KID
S C
OU
NT
pro
ject
.
5C
Cop
yrig
ht 1
996
UT
AH
HIL
DR
EN
6
Mea
sure
sof
Chi
ldW
ell-
Bei
ngin
Uta
h,19
96
Thi
s an
nual
rep
ort p
rese
nts
data
and
ana
lysi
s fo
r fo
ur m
ajor
are
asof
chi
ldre
n's
lives
- H
EA
LT
H, E
DU
CA
TIO
N, S
AFE
TY
and
EC
ON
OM
IC S
EC
UR
ITY
with
twen
ty in
dica
tors
of
wel
l-be
ing
clus
tere
d w
ithin
thes
e do
mai
ns. T
hese
dom
ains
of
child
hood
or
area
s of
fun
ctio
n, a
ctio
n an
d m
eani
ng -
off
er a
n in
tera
ctiv
eor
gani
zing
str
uctu
re. I
n th
em a
re c
lust
ered
som
e lif
e-gi
ving
aspe
cts
of c
hild
hood
. The
gre
ates
t am
ount
of
info
rmat
ion
abou
tch
ildre
n al
so f
alls
into
thes
e re
alm
s or
dom
ains
. Our
kno
wle
dge
is e
nhan
ced
whe
n w
e lo
ok f
or d
ynam
ic c
onne
ctio
ns b
etw
een
them
.
Man
y in
dica
tors
can
be
used
to m
easu
re c
hild
wel
l-be
ing.
Oth
erdo
mai
ns a
re v
ital,
too,
suc
h as
the
real
ms
whe
re k
ids
play
or
-han
g-ou
t" a
fter
sch
ool (
spor
ts, r
ecre
atio
n, s
ervi
ce, e
tc.)
.W
e ha
ve n
ot a
ttem
pted
to a
ccou
nt f
or e
very
thin
g th
at a
ffec
ts th
ehe
alth
y de
velo
pmen
t of
child
ren
in a
ll do
mai
ns. T
he c
olle
ctiv
ew
isdo
m s
hare
d am
ong
the
50 K
IDS
CO
UN
T s
tate
gra
ntee
s -
man
yw
ith s
ever
al y
ears
of
data
-bas
ed c
hild
adv
ocac
y ex
peri
ence
- is
tolim
it da
ta it
ems
and
trac
k th
em o
ver
time,
to s
how
tren
ds a
nd to
iden
tify
whe
re m
ore
atte
ntio
n an
d re
sour
ces
are
need
ed.
As
we
begi
n a
new
ser
ies
of d
ata
book
s, w
e ho
pe o
ur r
eade
rs w
illre
mem
ber
that
like
chi
ldre
n, th
ese
data
boo
ks w
ill g
row
and
deve
lop
acro
ss th
e ye
ars
- as
we
follo
w th
ese
mea
sure
s of
hea
lth,
educ
atio
n, s
afet
y an
d ec
onom
ic s
ecur
ity.
7
Abo
ut U
tah
Fam
ilies
UT
AH
DE
MO
GR
APH
ICS
1990
Cen
sus
Dat
a:T
otal
Fam
ilies
Tot
al F
amili
esw
ith r
elat
ed c
hild
ren
Fem
ale
Hea
ded
(no
husb
and
pres
ent)
with
rel
ated
chi
ldre
nM
ale
Hea
ded
(no
wif
e pr
esen
t)w
ith r
elat
ed c
hild
ren
413,
257
245,
419
31,6
32
6,98
6
1990
Chi
ldre
nU
nder
516
9,63
35
to 9
183,
674
10 to
14
183,
846
15 to
19
152,
455
Tot
al (
less
than
20
yrs.
)68
9,60
8So
urce
: U.S
. 199
0 C
ensu
s of
Pop
ulat
ion
and
Not
atin
g
1994
Bir
th R
ate
per
1000
Pop
ulat
ion
Uta
h20
.0*U
S15
.319
94 D
ivor
ces,
Dis
solu
tions
& A
nnul
men
tsN
umbe
r in
Uta
h8,
978
Rat
e pe
r 10
00 p
opul
atio
nU
tah
4.7
*US
4.6
Est
imat
ed c
hild
ren
impa
cted
in 1
994
10,3
85Pr
ovis
iona
l dat
a fr
om U
tah
Bur
eau
of V
aal R
ecor
ds.
1990
Dep
ende
ncy
Rat
io p
er 1
00 W
orki
ng A
ge A
dults
Dep
ende
nts,
Uta
h81
US
63
Pre-
scho
ol c
hild
ren,
Uta
h18
US
12
Scho
ol a
ge c
hild
ren,
Uta
h48
US
30R
etir
emen
t age
, Uta
h16
US
21So
urce
: U.S
. 199
0 C
ensu
s of
Pop
ulat
ion
and
Hou
sing
CH
ILD
RE
N O
F C
OL
OR
Pers
ons
unde
r 20
yea
rs b
y R
ace
and
His
pani
c O
rigi
n:
TA
XE
SFe
dera
l Ret
urns
With
Cla
imed
Cre
dits
by
Uta
h R
esid
ents
earn
edin
com
ecr
edit
$310
,816
5,60
3,92
924
,075
,206
32,6
92,5
7918
,878
,673
2,82
5,40
9
1990
1992
1993
Fede
ral A
djus
ted
4,97
15,
195
Afr
ican
Am
eric
anG
ross
Inc
ome
$re
turn
s
Am
eric
an I
ndia
n/N
ativ
e12
,535
13,4
41U
nder
$1
1,04
9
Asi
an/P
acif
ic I
slan
der
13,8
5815
,749
$1 -
$5,
000
12,2
84
His
pani
c *
39,0
3741
,682
5,00
1 -
10,0
0022
,158
Non
- H
ispa
nic
653,
900
676,
338
10,0
01 -
15,
000
28,9
21
Non
-His
pani
c, w
hite
625,
115
645,
041
15,0
01 -
20,
000
29,2
2220
,001
- 2
5,00
019
,102
Pers
ons
unde
r 5
year
s by
Rac
e an
d H
ispa
nic
Ori
gin:
25,0
01 -
30,
000
8,87
0
1990
1992
30,0
01 -
35,
000
8,82
2
Afr
ican
Am
eric
an1,
525
1,50
535
,001
- 4
0,00
08,
382
Am
eric
an I
ndia
n/N
ativ
e3,
743
4,11
740
,001
- 4
5,00
07,
796
Asi
an P
acif
ic I
slan
der
3,77
25,
019
45,0
01 -
50,
000
7,02
8
His
pani
c11
,437
11,6
1850
,001
- 7
5,00
020
,305
Non
-His
pani
c16
1,02
516
6,38
775
,001
- 1
00,0
007,
042
Non
-His
pani
c, w
hite
152,
805
156,
779
100,
001
- 25
0,00
07,
710
His
pani
c is
not
race
; His
pani
cs c
an b
e w
hite
or
peop
le o
f co
lor.
Ove
r $2
50,0
002,
134
Sour
ce: U
.S. B
urea
u of
the
Cen
sus
TO
TA
LS
190,
825
INC
OM
E &
SU
PPO
RT
SM
onth
ly I
ncom
e -
FY95
(Gra
nt b
ecam
e ef
fect
ive
10/1
/94
and
is s
ched
uled
to r
emai
n un
chan
ged)
Fam
ilyU
tah
Fede
ral
size
AFD
C g
rant
pove
rty
leve
l
2$3
42$8
35
4$4
98$1
,262
6$6
25$1
,689
8$6
85$2
,115
Tot
al C
asel
oad
as o
f 7/
1/95
98,8
93Fa
mili
es w
ith c
hild
sup
port
ord
ers
69,0
65
Fam
ilies
act
ually
rec
eivi
ng s
uppo
rt28
,317
AFD
C (
Aid
to F
amili
es w
ith D
epen
dent
Chi
ldre
n)C
olle
ctio
ns$2
0,72
9,18
6Su
ppor
t due
$182
,866
,831
Non
-AFD
CC
olle
ctio
ns$4
2,36
8,76
3Su
ppor
t due
$136
,857
,577
Sour
ce: D
epar
tnse
nt o
f H
uman
Ser
vice
s, O
ffic
e of
Rec
over
y Se
rvic
es,
Chi
ld S
uppo
rt E
nfor
rent
em
2
Sour
ce: U
tah
Stat
e T
ax C
omm
issi
on
$ch
ildcr
edit $0
$480
$12,
397
432,
966
1,03
7,81
91,
136,
893
1,16
2,46
91,
302,
099
1,34
4,33
21,
318,
969
1,26
6,81
43,
330,
781
777,
737
401,
669
44,6
49$1
3,57
0,07
4$8
4,38
6,61
2
POV
ER
TY
1990
Mar
ried
Cou
ple
Fam
ilies
19,4
26W
ith c
hild
ren
unde
r 18
yrs
.14
,333
With
chi
ldre
n un
der
5 yr
s9,
955
1990
Sin
gle
Pare
nt F
amili
esFe
mal
e he
ad o
f ho
useh
old
14,2
10W
ith c
hild
ren
unde
r 18
yrs
.13
,324
With
chi
ldre
n un
der
5 yr
s7,
485
Mal
e he
ad o
f ho
useh
old
1,80
7W
ith c
hild
ren
unde
r 18
yrs
.1,
349
With
chi
ldre
n un
der
5 yr
s72
7
Chi
ldre
n liv
ing
in f
amili
es in
pov
erty
75,5
04So
urce
: U.S
. 199
0 C
ensu
s of
Pop
ulat
ion
& H
ousi
ng
Chi
ldre
n in
hom
eles
s fa
mili
es1,
363
Est
imat
ed tu
anbe
r fo
r U
tah
for
1994
and
199
S. S
ourc
e U
tah
Dep
artm
ent
of C
anna
tutit
y &
Eco
nom
ic D
evel
opm
eta:
see
pag
e 23
for
mor
e bt
form
atio
n.
9
Uta
h D
emog
raph
ics
1990
Pop
ulat
ion
1994
Pop
ulat
ion
1990
to 1
994
% c
hang
ein
Pop
ulat
ion
1990
% M
inor
ities
1990
Fam
ilies
w/ C
hild
ren
Age
<20
1994
Est
imat
ed A
ge D
istr
ibut
ion
of C
hild
ren
0-5
5-9
10-1
415
-19
1995
Dep
ende
ncy
Rat
io
1994
Une
mpl
oym
ent
Rat
e (%
)C
ount
y
4,80
05,
150
7.3
3.8
637
1,93
640
347
455
550
594
4.0
Bea
ver
36,5
0038
,500
5.5
6.6
5,55
716
,304
3,57
24,
116
4,75
23,
864
944.
4B
ox E
lder
70,5
0078
,300
11.1
6.3
9,70
232
,037
9,10
47,
437
7,54
87,
947
793.
1C
ache
20,2
0021
,100
4.5
12.6
2,92
77,
796
1,58
51,
780
2,26
62,
164
866.
7C
arbo
n
700
750
7.1
3.6
101
273
4775
7972
814.
3D
agge
tt
188,
000
212,
000
12.8
7.3
29,1
3987
,069
19,9
4422
,040
24,3
0420
,780
783.
4D
avis
12,6
0013
,500
7.1
8.0
1,98
66,
357
1,17
81,
617
1,79
91,
762
100
8.6
Duc
hesn
e
10,3
0010
,600
2.9
2.9
1,63
64,
862
891
1,10
11,
523
1,34
695
7.1
Em
ery
3,95
04,
200
6.3
2.8
489
1,58
332
539
548
837
610
38.
9G
arfie
ld
6,60
07,
950
20.5
7.7
874
2,65
060
666
670
966
974
6.3
Gra
nd
20,9
0025
,200
20.6
5.4
2,85
89,
740
2,51
92,
295
2,50
42,
422
833.
8Ir
on
5,80
06,
800
17.2
3.0
794
2,74
554
569
779
770
610
24.
6Ju
ab
5,15
05,
700
10.7
4.0
700
2,09
245
751
161
650
896
7.5
Kan
e
11,3
0011
,900
5.3
6.1
1,70
25,
376
993
1,39
61,
647
1,34
011
24.
7M
illar
d
5,55
06,
350
14.4
1.9
804
2,74
747
066
686
474
785
4.6
Mor
gan
1,25
01,
450
16.0
2.0
157
526
8310
015
119
294
8.8
Piu
te
1,75
01,
850
5.7
1.7
261
784
142
184
234
223
943.
2R
ich
728,
000
792,
000
8.8
10.2
103,
951
291,
999
75,5
1772
,407
76,9
6167
,115
733.
3S
alt L
ake
12,6
0013
,400
6.3
57.6
1,78
55,
835
1,54
11,
494
1,45
41,
346
897.
3S
an J
uan
16,3
0018
,800
15.3
5.7
2,14
68,
243
1,53
11,
837
2,25
22,
622
955.
9S
anpe
te
15,4
0016
,900
9.7
4.1
2,16
36,
873
1,34
81,
641
1,94
51,
938
100
4.8
Sev
ier
15,7
0021
,100
34.4
3.1
2,28
77,
543
1,74
11,
905
2,17
51,
721
634.
4S
umm
it
26,7
0029
,300
9.7
14.0
4,05
911
,110
2,47
02,
633
3,25
12,
756
784.
8T
ooel
e
22,2
0024
,700
11.3
13.7
3,50
210
,172
2,24
52,
758
2,99
62,
172
886.
7U
inta
h
266,
000
299,
000
12.4
5.5
35,1
0512
8,91
836
,380
28,3
0429
,174
35,0
6180
3.2
Uta
h
10,1
0011
,800
16.8
3.3
1,52
34,
785
1,04
41,
174
1,33
41,
233
845.
0W
asat
ch
49,1
0063
,400
29.1
3.9
6,06
824
,526
5,53
26,
076
6,80
76,
111
100
3.4
Was
hing
ton
2,15
02,
300
7.0
3.1
302
831
169
210
236
216
906.
6W
ayne
159,
000
172,
000
8.2
10.5
22,2
0462
,683
15,6
9815
,597
16,7
7314
,615
794.
6W
eber
1,91
6,00
010
.8%
9.9%
245,
419
748,
399
188,
231
181,
553
196,
080
182,
535
783.
7%S
tate
Tot
al
Dat
a fr
om th
e G
over
nor's
Offi
ce o
f Pla
nnin
g an
d B
udge
t, S
tate
Dat
a C
ente
r, e
xcep
t Une
mpl
oym
ent R
ate
from
Uta
h D
epar
tmen
t of E
mpl
oym
ent S
ecur
ity, L
abor
Mar
ketI
nfor
mat
ion
1I
Intr
oduc
tion
-A
Lon
ger
Vie
w o
f Fa
mily
Wel
l-B
eing
Uta
h ha
s en
joye
d se
vera
l per
iods
of
rela
tive
isol
atio
n fr
om th
e re
st o
f th
e na
tion.
Geo
grap
hy, h
isto
ry a
nd in
dust
rial
age
tech
nolo
gy m
ake
this
so.
But
Uta
h is
no
long
er im
mun
e to
the
natio
nal s
ocia
l and
econ
omic
tren
ds n
ow a
t wor
k in
this
mor
ete
chno
logi
cal a
ge. R
icha
rd R
oper
s, P
h.D
. and
Ala
n H
amlin
, Ph.
D -
bot
h of
Sou
ther
n U
tah
Uni
vers
ityha
ve r
ecen
tly s
tate
d th
at U
tah
may
be o
n th
e br
ink
of a
pol
ariz
atio
n of
HA
VE
'San
d H
AV
E-N
OT
'S:
Des
pite
con
tinuo
us n
ews
med
ia r
epor
ts th
atpo
rtra
y U
tah'
s ec
onom
y as
eco
nom
ical
lyhe
alth
y, s
ocia
l and
eco
nom
ic in
equa
lity
inth
e st
ate
is g
row
ing
at a
n al
arm
ing
rate
...na
tiona
l eco
nom
ic a
nd s
ocia
l tre
nds
are
crea
ting
a gr
owin
g po
lari
zatio
n of
Am
eric
a's
stra
tific
atio
n sy
stem
. Sin
ce 1
980
Uta
h's
popu
latio
n liv
ing
in p
over
ty h
asin
crea
sed
30%
. Thi
s dr
amat
ic in
crea
se in
pove
rty
is p
rim
arily
the
resu
lt of
str
uctu
ral
econ
omic
tran
sfor
mat
ions
in U
tah'
sec
onom
y ov
er th
e la
st d
ecad
e an
d a
half
.M
any
high
er p
ayin
g jo
bs, e
spec
ially
inm
inin
g an
d m
anuf
actu
ring
hav
e be
en lo
stan
d re
plac
ed b
y lo
w-p
ayin
g jo
bs. (
"Soc
ial
and
Eco
nom
ic I
nequ
ality
in U
tah,
" a
chap
ter
in U
tah
in D
emog
raph
ic P
ersp
ectiv
e, 2
nded
ition
, for
thco
min
g fr
om S
igna
ture
Boo
ks)
Post
war
sta
bilit
y ha
s ch
ange
d. F
rom
the
conc
lusi
on o
f W
orld
War
II
up to
the
mid
-19
70's
the
U.S
. eco
nom
y ex
pand
ed a
ndpr
ovid
ed a
bet
ter
stan
dard
of
livin
g fo
r m
ost
Am
eric
ans.
But
sin
ce 1
980
the
econ
omic
12
fort
unes
of
mid
dle-
clas
s pe
ople
in th
e U
.S.
have
dec
lined
. Thi
s tu
rnar
ound
has
bee
n ca
lled
"the
Gre
at U
-Tur
n" b
y ec
onom
ists
Ben
nett
Har
riso
n an
d B
arry
Blu
esto
ne (
1988
). T
he U
-tu
rn r
efer
s to
an
enor
mou
s dr
op in
199
1av
erag
e w
ages
com
pare
d to
the
1960
wag
es f
orpr
oduc
tion
and
nons
uper
viso
ry w
orke
rs -
abo
ut80
% o
f th
e w
ork
forc
e (w
hen
grap
hed,
this
line
rese
mbl
es a
U-t
urn)
. The
res
ults
hav
e be
ense
riou
s ec
onom
ic a
nd s
ocia
l pro
blem
s fo
rw
orki
ng f
amili
es. W
ages
and
low
-ski
ll or
blue
-col
lar
prod
uctio
n em
ploy
men
t are
dow
n,w
hile
deb
t and
hou
sing
cos
ts a
re u
p.
Wor
k ha
s ch
ange
d in
the
Info
rmat
ion
Age
.T
his
tren
d w
ill n
ot c
hang
e so
on. B
ecau
se w
ear
e no
w in
tran
sitio
n to
a d
eind
ustr
ializ
ed a
ndin
form
atio
n ba
sed
econ
omy,
with
pro
duct
ion
orga
nize
d at
a g
loba
l sca
le, l
ocal
wor
kers
mus
tin
crea
sing
ly c
ompe
te w
ith r
obot
s, c
ompu
ter-
stro
ng c
o-w
orke
rs o
r lo
w-w
age
thir
d-w
orld
wor
kers
. Tho
se g
oing
on
for
post
-hig
h sc
hool
trai
ning
or
colle
ge w
ill m
ore
likel
y re
ap a
harv
est o
f go
od jo
bs th
an th
ose
who
don
't.
Fam
ily li
fe is
alw
ays
tied
to th
e ec
onom
y.T
he r
elat
ions
hip
betw
een
fam
ilies
and
the
econ
omy
is a
two-
way
str
eet.
A d
eclin
e in
wag
es a
nd n
umbe
rs o
f ea
rner
s al
way
s af
fect
sth
e ta
x ba
se. N
inet
y-fi
ve p
erce
nt o
f th
ena
tiona
l pop
ulat
ion,
esp
ecia
lly th
ose
at th
elo
wer
end
of
the
econ
omic
sca
le, h
ave
seen
thei
r ta
xes
incr
ease
sin
ce th
e 19
80's
. The
ver
yw
ealth
y, h
owev
er, h
ave
seen
thei
r ta
xes
cut.
"The
tax
rate
for
pov
erty
leve
l fam
ilies
incr
ease
d fr
om 1
.8%
of
thei
r in
com
e in
197
9
4
to 1
0.8%
in 1
986.
Fro
m 1
987
to 1
988
thes
efa
mili
es s
aw th
eir
taxe
s ri
se a
gain
, nea
rly
20%
...w
hile
the
wea
lthie
st 1
% o
f th
e po
pula
tion
had
an a
vera
ge ta
x cu
t of
$44,
750
in 1
988"
(Fea
gin
& F
eagi
n, b
uild
ing
Am
eric
an C
ities
1990
, p. 5
9).
Mac
ro c
onte
xt o
f so
ciet
y in
flue
nces
mic
ro.
Eco
nom
ic f
acto
rs m
ake
up w
hat h
as b
een
calle
d th
e "m
acro
con
text
" of
soc
ial i
nflu
ence
son
fam
ilies
. The
se in
flue
nces
are
larg
e,co
mpl
ex a
nd d
ynam
ic. E
cono
mic
s ca
nin
flue
nce
and
dete
rmin
e ho
w f
amili
es a
reor
gani
zed,
and
hen
ce th
e ex
peri
ence
of
child
ren
grow
ing
up w
ithin
thos
e fa
mili
es. T
he m
acro
cont
ext c
onsi
sts
of s
ever
al in
tera
ctin
g fo
rces
incl
udin
g go
vern
men
t, id
eolo
gy, s
ocia
lst
ratif
icat
ions
and
atti
tude
s ab
out r
ace,
cla
ssan
d ge
nder
, and
pol
itica
l ins
titut
ions
.
The
re a
re o
ther
fac
tors
in th
e m
acro
leve
l.R
elig
ious
inst
itutio
ns a
nd a
glo
bal m
edia
busi
ness
are
als
o fe
atur
es o
f th
e m
acro
con
text
of s
ocie
ty, a
ffec
ting
fam
ilies
and
thei
r de
sire
sor
val
ues
and
beha
vior
s. T
elev
isio
n ha
s ha
d a
prof
ound
aff
ect o
n ne
ighb
ors'
"fr
ont p
orch
"kn
owle
dge
of e
ach
othe
r. W
here
peo
ple
are
stro
ngly
invo
lved
in c
omm
uniti
es, t
hey
have
been
abl
e to
com
pens
ate
for
nega
tive
infl
uenc
esan
d cr
eate
mor
e po
sitiv
e w
ays
of r
elat
ing.
Stat
e go
vern
men
t is
part
of
the
mac
ro le
vel.
In r
elat
ion
to f
amili
es, a
sta
te is
a m
acro
leve
lin
stitu
tion.
A s
tate
gov
ernm
ent h
as a
n ef
fect
on u
nits
in th
e m
icro
leve
l, es
peci
ally
on
poor
fam
ilies
. Fam
ilies
nee
d op
port
uniti
es to
be
13
resp
onsi
bly
inte
rdep
ende
nt. F
amily
pro
gram
ssh
ould
em
phas
ize
prev
entio
n, n
ot c
risi
sm
anag
emen
t. T
o be
eff
ectiv
e, p
rogr
ams
need
to b
e in
tegr
ated
acr
oss
boun
dari
es o
fpr
ofes
sion
al tu
rf a
nd h
uman
und
erst
andi
ng.
Serv
ices
sho
uld
be f
amily
-fri
endl
y; th
at is
,re
adily
acc
essi
ble
and
com
mun
ity-b
ased
.Fa
mili
es u
sual
ly d
evis
e w
ays
to s
urvi
ve in
spi
teof
mis
sing
hel
p, b
ut s
ome
solu
tions
can
be
hard
on th
eir
kids
.
The
mic
ro le
vel a
ffec
ts f
amili
es, t
oo. T
hem
icro
or
smal
ler
cont
exts
can
be
impa
cted
diff
eren
tly b
y th
e m
acro
. For
exa
mpl
e, w
hen
an A
nglo
fat
her
is la
id o
ff f
rom
a jo
b in
man
ufac
turi
ng, m
embe
rs o
f hi
s fa
mily
may
have
som
e re
silie
nce
- fo
r re
ason
s of
rac
e,pe
rson
ality
or
fam
ily s
tren
gth
- to
pic
k up
and
go o
n. W
hen
a N
avaj
o fa
ther
lose
s m
inin
gin
com
e -
in a
n al
read
y de
pres
sed
coun
tyth
isch
ange
may
be
muc
h ha
rder
on
his
fam
ily, i
fth
ey w
ant t
o st
ay c
lose
to th
eir
land
and
cultu
re. M
any
high
pay
ing
jobs
, esp
ecia
lly in
man
ufac
turi
ng o
r m
inin
g, h
ave
been
lost
inU
tah;
thes
e ha
ve b
een
repl
aced
with
low
er-
paid
, les
s se
cure
jobs
in r
esta
uran
ts a
nd h
otel
s.
EFF
EC
T O
N P
OL
ICY
: In
sum
, asp
ects
of
the
mac
ro le
vel a
lway
s af
fect
the
mic
ro le
vel.
Thi
s ef
fect
bec
omes
mor
e no
ticea
ble
whe
npo
licie
s ar
e ba
sed
on u
nrea
listic
exp
ecta
tions
.Fo
r ex
ampl
e: in
the
1862
Hom
este
ad A
ct,
fede
ral p
rocl
amat
ions
off
ered
hug
e tr
acts
of
land
, and
cha
nged
fam
ily r
elat
ions
hips
by
invi
ting
peop
le to
mov
e w
est.
At f
irst
, man
yfa
mili
es w
ere
in f
ragi
le e
cono
mic
pos
ition
sbe
caus
e ea
rly
gran
ts w
ere
base
d on
ser
ious
lyin
adeq
uate
kno
wle
dge
of w
este
rn a
ridi
ty.
14
Indi
vidu
al r
eact
ions
to c
hang
e w
ill v
ary.
Som
etim
es in
divi
dual
s or
gani
ze to
add
ress
larg
er is
sues
that
aff
ect f
amily
life
: the
bir
thco
ntro
l mov
emen
t, th
e la
bor
mov
emen
t, th
ew
omen
's m
ovem
ent,
the
curr
ent f
amily
mov
emen
t, al
l are
exa
mpl
es. C
omm
unity
heal
th, i
njur
y or
dea
th p
reve
ntio
n fo
r ch
ildre
nha
ve b
een
infl
uenc
ed b
y in
divi
dual
lead
ers
ofso
cial
mov
emen
ts. S
uch
"mov
ers
and
shak
ers"
are
hero
es to
som
e -
incl
udin
g ea
rly
20th
cent
ury
refo
rmer
s w
ho f
ough
t to
outla
w c
hild
labo
r. B
ut th
ey m
ay a
lso
be s
een
by o
ther
s as
nuis
ance
s, p
eopl
e w
ho s
tir u
p tr
oubl
e or
ref
use
to a
ccep
t the
sta
tus
quo.
Cur
rent
gro
wth
is a
fac
tor
in U
tah.
Thi
sst
ate
is n
ow u
nder
goin
g a
rapi
d in
crea
se in
popu
latio
n. M
any
new
fam
ilies
are
mov
ing
in,
with
var
ious
abi
litie
s an
d ne
eds.
Acc
ordi
ng to
the
Uta
h St
ate
Dat
a C
ente
r's r
ecen
t pub
licat
ion
"Uta
h D
ata
Gui
de"
(Jul
y, 1
995)
em
ploy
men
tgr
owth
is e
xpec
ted
to d
ecre
ase
from
6.2
perc
ent i
n 19
94 to
5.0
per
cent
in 1
995.
Uta
hra
nks
firs
t in
the
natio
n fo
r se
rvic
e em
ploy
men
tgr
owth
(us
ually
low
er p
ayin
g jo
bs),
and
seve
nth
for
man
ufac
turi
ng. T
his
issu
e of
the
Dat
a G
uide
als
o st
ates
, "St
rong
pop
ulat
ion
grow
th, h
owev
er, k
ept p
er c
apita
per
sona
lin
com
e gr
owth
dow
n...U
tah
cont
inue
d to
ran
k48
th in
the
natio
n in
per
cap
ita p
erso
nal
inco
me"
(p.
9).
Sin
ce p
over
ty s
trik
es u
neve
nly
acro
ss U
tah'
s co
untie
s, m
uch
of it
may
be
hidd
en f
rom
Was
atch
Fro
nt e
yes
and
ears
.O
ne r
esul
t of
Uta
h's
youn
ger
popu
latio
n an
dla
rger
hou
seho
lds
is th
at m
ore
depe
nden
ts a
resu
ppor
ted
by f
ewer
eco
nom
ic r
esou
rces
than
in48
oth
er s
tate
s. E
ight
y-on
e pe
rcen
t of
thes
ede
pend
ents
are
chi
ldre
n.
5
Ris
ks o
f in
crea
sed
hom
eles
snes
s ar
e gr
owin
g.O
ne s
erio
us o
utco
me
of c
urre
nt e
cono
mic
chan
ges
is a
n in
crea
se in
fam
ily h
omel
essn
ess.
Whe
n m
ore
child
ren
show
up
in U
tah
shel
ters
,w
e ha
ve to
ask
why
. Sta
tistic
s sh
ow th
at th
ere
are
two
fact
ors
in th
e cr
eatio
n of
the
seve
repo
vert
y le
adin
g to
hom
eles
snes
s: s
truc
tura
lch
ange
s in
the
econ
omy,
and
sev
eral
indi
vidu
alch
oice
s or
dec
isio
ns. L
ower
wag
es, a
t a ti
me
of r
isin
g co
sts
for
hous
ing,
res
ult i
n le
ss r
eal
inco
me
for
man
y fa
mili
es. M
any
have
acc
rued
seri
ous
cred
it ca
rd d
ebt t
o of
fset
thei
r lo
ss o
fbu
ying
pow
er. S
ome
have
dif
ficu
lty k
eepi
ngjo
bs; b
ut m
any
mor
e w
orki
ng p
aren
ts a
re u
sing
hom
eles
s sh
elte
rs e
very
whe
re in
clud
ing
Uta
h.
Pare
nts'
suc
cess
or
failu
re h
as d
eep
impa
cton
thei
r ki
ds. C
hild
ren
are
deep
ly a
ffec
ted
byth
eir
pare
nts'
str
esso
rs, s
ucce
sses
and
con
cern
s.W
hen
pare
nts
cann
ot p
rovi
de b
asic
nee
ds, k
ids
are
less
like
ly to
do
wel
l in
scho
ol a
nd in
thei
rpr
epar
atio
n fo
r lif
e.If
kid
s ar
e ho
mel
ess,
they
are
with
out s
tabl
e su
ppor
ts. T
hey
will
be
less
able
to a
ssum
e fu
ll re
spon
sibi
litie
s as
citi
zens
.C
hild
ren
grow
up
seei
ng p
aren
ts a
s m
odel
s of
how
to b
e hu
man
; the
y pa
ttern
thei
r fa
mili
esaf
ter
the
ones
that
nur
ture
them
.
UT
AH
KID
S C
OU
NT
bel
ieve
s th
at c
hild
ren
are
the
busi
ness
of
all t
he p
eopl
e w
ho a
rein
volv
ed in
thei
r he
alth
, saf
ety,
edu
catio
n an
dse
curi
ty. W
e en
cour
age
all a
dults
- p
aren
ts,
com
mun
ity d
ecis
ion-
mak
ers,
em
ploy
ers,
and
legi
slat
ive
lead
ers
to b
e m
ore
acco
unta
ble
toch
ildre
n ev
eryw
here
, to
mak
e su
re th
at a
ll ki
dsco
unt a
nd g
row
wel
l in
all d
omai
ns o
f lif
e.
Cyn
thia
B. T
aylo
r, U
TA
H K
IDS
CO
UN
T
15"
Hea
lth
BA
CK
GR
OU
ND
: All
child
ren
and
yout
h ne
edgo
od n
utri
tion
and
adeq
uate
hea
lth c
are
in o
rder
to g
row
up
as h
ealth
y, p
rodu
ctiv
e ad
ults
. Kid
sth
rive
phy
sica
lly a
nd m
enta
lly w
hen
they
rece
ive
earl
y an
d re
gula
r pr
even
tive
and
cura
tive
care
; par
ticip
atio
n in
thes
e ef
fort
s m
ust
be in
crea
sed.
Thi
s is
one
dom
ain
whi
ch m
ost
clea
rly
show
s th
e co
st-e
ffec
tiven
ess
of p
rim
ary
prev
entiv
e ca
re: o
ne d
olla
r sp
ent o
n w
hoop
ing
coug
h im
mun
izat
ion
can
save
six
dol
lars
; one
dolla
r sp
ent o
n m
easl
es/m
umps
/rub
ella
imm
uniz
atio
n w
ill s
ave
sixt
een
dolla
rs in
trea
tmen
t cos
ts d
urin
g on
e ch
ildho
od.
Uta
h ha
s do
ne a
goo
d jo
b in
the
past
few
yea
rsw
ith in
crea
sed
earl
y pr
enat
al c
are,
res
ultin
g in
ade
crea
se in
infa
nt m
orta
lity
and
few
er lo
w b
irth
-w
eigh
t inf
ants
. We
need
sim
ilar
supp
ort f
orpr
even
tion
in o
ther
chi
ldho
od h
ealth
nee
ds, s
uch
as v
isio
n, h
eari
ng a
nd d
enta
l ser
vice
s.
Car
ing
adul
ts m
ust w
ork
to p
ublic
ize
and
impl
emen
t ear
ly a
nd r
egul
ar p
erio
dic
scre
enin
g,di
agno
sis,
and
trea
tmen
t pro
gram
s. F
amili
es a
ndco
mm
uniti
es h
ave
resp
onsi
bilit
ies
to a
ssur
e th
atch
ildre
n gr
ow u
p w
ith p
rote
ctio
n of
thei
r he
alth
,to
bec
ome
heal
thy
adul
ts. W
hile
ther
e ar
e m
any
poss
ible
mea
sure
s of
goo
d he
alth
for
chi
ldre
n,U
TA
H K
IDS
CO
UIV
7' h
as c
hose
n si
x m
easu
res
with
in th
e do
mai
n of
hea
lth. E
ach
indi
cato
r or
mea
sure
will
be
repo
rted
in s
ubse
quen
t dat
abo
oks
to s
how
tren
ds o
ver
time,
as
poss
ible
.
ME
ASU
RE
S an
d D
EFI
NIT
ION
S:
Per
cent
Birt
hs w
ith E
arl'
Pre
nata
l Car
e
Res
earc
h sh
ows
that
wom
en w
ho d
o no
t rec
eive
earl
y pr
enat
al c
are
are
mor
e lik
ely
to g
ive
birt
hto
low
bir
th w
eigh
t bab
ies
(def
initi
on b
elow
)th
an w
omen
who
do
begi
n pr
enat
al c
are
in th
efi
rst t
rim
este
r of
pre
gnan
cy. M
othe
rs w
ithou
the
alth
insu
ranc
e ar
e le
ast l
ikel
y to
see
kap
prop
riat
e pr
enat
al c
are.
Am
ong
othe
r se
riou
sef
fect
s, th
e la
ck o
f pr
enat
al c
are
cont
ribu
tes
topr
egna
nt w
omen
jeop
ardi
zing
the
heal
th o
f th
eir
fetu
s by
sm
okin
g, u
sing
dru
gs, d
rink
ing
alco
hol,
or b
y no
t pro
vidi
ng g
ood
nutr
ition
for
them
selv
es d
urin
g pr
egna
ncy.
By
cont
rast
,in
fant
s bo
rn to
mot
hers
who
wer
e ca
refu
l abo
utea
rly
pren
atal
car
e ha
ve a
hig
her
likel
ihoo
d of
begi
nnin
g lif
e w
ith a
hea
lthy
star
t. C
ount
y le
vel
data
are
rep
orte
d w
ith H
ealth
Mea
sure
men
ts, o
npa
ge 9
, at e
nd o
f th
is s
ectio
n.
80 75&
I- A, 7
0
t 65
U 0_a)
60 55 19
82Ear
ly P
rena
tal C
are
Uta
h, 1
983-
1994
1111
1111
01/1
110
0111
1M11
11P1
1111
1WPA
M
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
Sou
rce:
Uta
h B
urea
u of
Vita
l Rec
ords
Upp
er li
ne15
to 1
9 ye
ar o
lds;
LO
W la
ne. 1
5 to
17
year
old
s
6
Per
cent
Low
Birt
h W
eigh
t Bab
ies
Thi
s in
dica
tes
the
perc
ent o
f al
l liv
e bi
rths
whe
re th
e bi
rth
wei
ght i
s un
der
2,50
0 gr
ams
(5.5
lbs.
) T
his
is o
ften
an
indi
rect
mea
sure
of
the
qual
ity o
f pr
enat
al c
are
whi
ch a
mot
her
rece
ived
for
her
self
and
her
unb
orn
child
. Ane
wbo
rn b
aby
who
wei
ghs
less
than
5.5
pou
nds,
ente
rs li
fe w
ith a
gre
ater
pos
sibi
lity
of p
robl
ems
late
r in
chi
ldho
od. E
arly
gro
wth
and
abi
litie
sm
ay b
e de
laye
d -
chal
leng
ing
the
child
'sph
ysic
al, m
enta
l and
soc
ial d
evel
opm
ent.
Incr
easi
ng p
erce
ntag
es o
f lo
w b
irth
-wei
ght
babi
es s
ugge
sts
a de
crea
se in
the
over
all h
ealth
stat
us, o
r in
acc
ess
to p
rena
tal c
are
by m
othe
rsin
thei
r co
mm
uniti
es. I
nfan
t mor
talit
y ca
used
by lo
w b
irth
wei
ght i
s de
clin
ing,
yet
it r
emai
nshi
gh a
mon
g in
fant
s of
col
or. R
isk
fact
ors
such
as la
ck o
f pr
enat
al c
are
acco
unt f
or s
ome
ofth
ese
case
s. H
igh
rate
s pe
rsis
t whe
n co
ntro
lling
for
such
var
iabl
es a
s th
e m
othe
r's e
duca
tiona
lle
vel,
inco
me
and
ethn
icity
.
6
5.9
E 5
.8
85.
7
fl 5.
6
5.5
5.4
Low
Birt
h W
eigh
tN
ewbo
rnIn
fant
s
1985
1988
1987
1988
1969
1990
1991
1992
Sca
rce:
Arn
e E
. Cas
ey F
outd
dion
, 199
5 K
IDS
CO
UN
T M
s B
ook
17
Infa
nt M
orta
lity
Rat
e
Thi
s is
the
num
ber
of d
eath
s oc
curr
ing
toin
fant
s un
der
one
year
of
age,
per
1,0
00 li
vebi
rths
. The
infa
nt m
orta
lity
rate
has
bee
nde
clin
ing
in th
e U
.S. a
nd in
Uta
h. T
his
decr
ease
ref
lect
s ne
w a
dvan
ces
in n
eona
tal
med
ical
car
e an
d im
prov
ed p
ublic
edu
catio
nab
out t
he im
port
ance
of
earl
y pr
enat
al c
are,
incl
udin
g aw
aren
ess
of th
e ne
gativ
e ef
fect
s of
smok
ing
and
drin
king
on
an u
nbor
n ch
ild.
Infa
nt M
orta
lity
Rat
eT
hrou
gh F
irst
Bir
thda
y: U
tah
1985
-199
2
10
9 8
Imim
inum
mim
omm
umm
.rn
mor
mzu
mm
ounn
imm
uom
enim
im
umm
iniro
mm
mom
ulay
maimmmummi
min
umin
owim
msi
mm
omm
unis
.1IN
mil
m m
us19
8519
8619
8719
8819
8919
9019
9119
92
IS
ouse
: Ani
e E
. Cas
ey F
ards
tion,
199
5 K
IDS
CO
UN
T D
ate
8001
1I
Dat
a fo
r th
e co
untie
s of
Uta
h, r
epor
ted
on b
oth
Hea
lth M
easu
rem
ents
pag
es 9
and
10,
are
by
the
plac
e of
res
iden
ce, f
or th
e ye
ars
1989
thro
ugh
1994
. Rat
es a
re n
ot c
ompu
ted
for
less
than
sev
en "
vita
l" e
vent
s (b
irth
s, d
eath
s,m
arri
ages
, div
orce
s, e
tc.)
. Whi
le U
tah
show
sex
celle
nt im
prov
emen
t in
Infa
nt M
orta
lity
Rat
esas
an
indi
cato
r of
chi
ld w
ell-
bein
g, f
or s
ome
popu
latio
ns -
esp
ecia
lly p
oor
fam
ilies
livi
ng in
dist
ress
ed n
eigh
borh
oods
- in
fant
mor
talit
y ra
tes
are
still
qui
te h
igh.
Com
mun
ities
with
hig
h
18
rate
s of
pov
erty
, illi
tera
cy, u
nem
ploy
men
t or
pris
on in
carc
erat
ion
ofte
n en
dure
hig
h in
fant
mor
talit
y ra
tes;
par
ents
in th
ese
neig
hbor
hood
sha
ve m
ore
diff
icul
ty a
cces
sing
med
ical
car
e.
.B
irth
Rat
e to
Unm
arri
ed T
eens
(Age
s15
-19)
Thi
s m
easu
re w
as c
hose
n by
the
Cas
eyFo
unda
tion,
and
foc
uses
on
unm
arri
ed te
ens.
The
rat
e is
com
pute
d by
div
idin
g th
e to
tal
num
ber
of b
irth
s to
not
mar
ried
teen
s be
twee
n15
to 1
9 ye
ars
by 1
,000
fem
ales
of
that
age
.T
he g
raph
to th
e ab
ove
righ
t sho
ws
the
tren
d of
this
indi
cato
r, c
hose
n an
d tr
acke
d fo
r ei
ght
year
s by
the
Cas
ey F
ound
atio
n in
thei
r na
tiona
lK
IDS
CO
UN
T d
ata
book
s. B
irth
s to
teen
sun
der
15 y
ears
hav
e be
en o
mitt
ed in
the
coun
t,si
nce
less
than
fiv
e pe
rcen
t of
birt
hs o
ccur
red
toyo
ung
wom
en o
f th
at a
ge. T
he g
raph
sho
ws
that
Uta
h ha
s ha
d a
25%
incr
ease
in b
irth
s to
unm
arri
ed te
ens
betw
een
1985
and
199
2, th
eda
ta o
f th
e la
st K
IDS
CO
UN
T d
ata
book
.
g25
' 0
To E 2
4.0
Li-
23.0
822
.0
21.0
ry 2
0.0
19.0
-11
18.0
17.0 1
985
Tee
n B
irth
Rat
eA
ges
15-1
9 Y
ears
; Uta
h 19
85-1
992
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
Sou
rce:
Ann
ie E
. Cas
ey F
ound
atio
n, 1
995
KID
S C
OU
NT
Dat
a B
ook
7
Perc
ent B
irth
s to
Wom
en 1
5 to
19
Vea
rs
Thi
s m
easu
re w
as c
hose
n w
ithou
t reg
ard
to th
em
arita
l sta
tus
of th
e ad
oles
cent
mot
her,
as
infa
nts
born
to y
oung
mot
hers
are
sub
ject
tohi
gh r
isk
for
seri
ous
heal
th c
ondi
tions
and
oth
erbi
rth
outc
omes
, whe
ther
or
not t
hey
are
mar
ried
.In
fant
s bo
rn to
ado
lesc
ent m
othe
rsle
ss th
an 2
0 ye
ars
of a
ge te
nd to
hav
e m
ore
prob
lem
s th
an th
ose
born
to w
omen
ove
r 20
year
s of
age
, e.g
. low
bir
th w
eigh
t, bi
rth
defe
cts
or o
ther
hig
h-ri
sk c
ondi
tions
. In
fact
,th
e yo
unge
r th
e ag
e of
the
mot
her,
the
grea
ter
the
prob
abili
ty o
f an
infa
nt b
eing
bor
n at
ris
kfo
r a
seri
ous
heal
th p
robl
em.
The
num
ber
of b
irth
s to
ado
lesc
ents
und
er 1
5ye
ars
has
been
incr
easi
ng in
Uta
h ov
er th
e pa
stfe
w y
ears
. The
re w
ere
34 in
198
8, a
nd 4
8 in
1994
. The
se h
ave
been
om
itted
fro
m p
erce
ntca
lcul
atio
ns a
s th
e fr
eque
ncie
s ar
e re
lativ
ely
smal
l and
sta
tistic
ally
unr
elia
ble
at th
e co
unty
leve
l. H
owev
er, b
irth
s to
you
nger
ado
lesc
ents
are
of c
once
rn to
mos
t hea
lth p
rofe
ssio
nals
and
com
mun
ities
, as
thes
e ba
bies
are
at t
he h
ighe
stri
sk f
or p
oor
preg
nanc
y ou
tcom
es c
ompa
red
with
all
othe
r w
omen
- u
p th
roug
h ag
e 40
.
Bir
ths
to a
dole
scen
t mot
hers
- m
arri
ed o
run
mar
ried
- a
re o
f co
ncer
n fo
r se
vera
l rea
sons
.C
hild
pov
erty
is o
ne o
f th
em; e
ffec
t on
phys
ical
and
men
tal h
ealth
are
als
o si
gnif
ican
t.M
arita
lst
atus
of
the
mot
her
at th
e tim
e of
bir
th d
oes
not
nece
ssar
ily p
rote
ct a
teen
mot
her
or h
erch
ild(r
en)
from
pov
erty
, esp
ecia
lly if
she
has
not g
radu
ated
fro
m h
igh
scho
ol o
r de
velo
ped
19
empl
oyab
le s
kills
for
abo
ve m
inim
um w
age
empl
oym
ent.
An
adul
t with
no
post
-hig
h sc
hool
educ
atio
n w
ill h
ave
incr
ease
d di
ffic
ulty
into
day'
s la
bor
mar
ket.
Dep
endi
ng o
n th
ere
gula
rity
and
am
ount
of
econ
omic
sup
port
fro
mth
e fa
ther
of
her
child
ren,
a y
oung
mot
her
may
not s
tay
in s
choo
l lon
g en
ough
to c
reat
e a
satis
fyin
g ca
reer
that
will
sup
port
her
fam
ily.
Acc
ordi
ng to
the
Uta
h O
ffic
e of
Rec
over
ySe
rvic
es (
DH
S), 9
8,89
3 U
tah
fam
ilies
req
uest
edhe
lp w
ith c
hild
sup
port
col
lect
ion
in 1
994;
few
er th
an h
alf
(47%
) w
ho h
ave
cour
t ord
ers
for
child
sup
port
are
act
ually
rec
eivi
ng th
atfi
nanc
ial s
uppo
rt (
as o
f 7/
1/95
). S
ee p
age
22fo
r m
ore
on th
e ef
fect
of
divo
rces
on
child
ren.
Alth
ough
ado
lesc
ent f
emal
es a
re r
each
ing
the
peak
of
child
-bea
ring
cap
acity
, it i
s ou
r po
sitio
nth
at m
any
are
not r
eady
em
otio
nally
, soc
ially
or
fina
ncia
lly to
be
mot
hers
at t
his
stag
e of
thei
rliv
es, w
heth
er m
arri
ed o
r un
mar
ried
.
Perc
ent C
hild
ren
Imm
uniz
ed B
y A
ge T
wo
Acc
ordi
ng to
the
Cen
ters
for
Dis
ease
Con
trol
and
Prev
entio
n (C
DC
), to
be
adeq
uate
lyim
mun
ized
a to
ddle
r m
ust h
ave
rece
ived
fou
rdo
ses
of D
TP
(dip
hthe
ria-
teta
nus-
pert
ussi
s),
thre
e do
ses
of O
PV (
oral
pol
io v
acci
ne)
and
one
dose
of
MM
R (
mea
sles
, mum
ps a
nd r
ubel
la).
In 1
994
a re
tros
pect
ive
surv
ey o
f im
mun
izat
ion
reco
rds
foun
d th
at o
nly
49.3
% o
f ch
ildre
nen
teri
ng k
inde
rgar
ten
in U
tah
had
been
adeq
uate
ly im
mun
ized
by
age
two.
Alth
ough
this
com
pare
s fa
vora
bly
to th
e 46
.5%
res
ult f
or
20
1993
, the
nat
iona
l goa
l is
for
90%
of
all t
wo
year
old
s to
be
adeq
uate
ly im
mun
ized
. Uta
hla
w r
equi
res
that
chi
ldre
n un
der
five
who
atte
ndlic
ense
d ch
ild c
are
mus
t als
o be
vac
cina
ted
agai
nst H
IB (
Hem
ophi
lus
Infl
uenz
a, ty
pe B
).
Pres
choo
l age
chi
ldre
n ar
e th
ose
at h
ighe
st r
isk
for
vacc
ine
prev
enta
ble
dise
ases
. Eff
orts
hav
ebe
gun
to in
crea
se th
e st
ate
leve
ls o
f im
mun
iza-
tion,
foc
usin
g on
: mat
erna
l edu
catio
n in
hosp
itals
, fol
low
-up
of c
hild
ren
iden
tifie
d as
high
-ris
k, a
ctiv
e tr
acki
ng a
nd r
ecal
l of
child
ren
who
mis
s re
turn
app
oint
men
ts f
or im
mun
iza-
tions
, ext
ende
d cl
inic
hou
rs, a
nd m
obile
imm
uniz
atio
n se
rvic
es.
In 1
994
a N
atio
nal
Imm
uniz
atio
n Su
rvey
con
duct
ed b
y th
e C
DC
foun
d th
at U
tah
has
achi
eved
ade
quat
e im
mun
i-za
tion
leve
ls f
or a
ppro
xim
atel
y 70
% o
f tw
o ye
arol
d ch
ildre
n. D
ata
wer
e pr
ovid
ed b
y th
e U
tah
Dep
artm
ent o
f H
ealth
, Im
mun
izat
ion
Prog
ram
.
Imm
uniz
atio
ns b
y A
ge 2
Usi
ng R
etro
spec
tive
Sur
veys
f_50
0o4
8
1:31
) 4
6
z44
g 42
`6 4
0
w 3
8
m36
199
0
Vz
1991
1992
1993
1994
Sou
rce:
Uta
h D
epar
tmen
t ci H
ealth
, DIv
isbn
of C
omm
unity
and
Fam
ilyH
ealth
Ser
vice
s, Im
mun
katb
n P
rogr
am, O
ctob
er 1
995.
8
UT
AH
KID
S C
OU
NT
Chi
ldre
n of
Col
orT
ask
Gro
up u
rges
all
heal
th d
istr
ids
toco
llect
dat
a on
all
mea
sure
s of
chi
ld h
ealth
by r
ace/
ea:id
ly a
nd g
ende
r. F
urth
erm
ore,
it re
com
men
ds th
at a
ll he
alth
dat
a co
llect
ors
esta
blis
h up
date
d, s
tand
aith
zed,
con
sist
ent
cate
gori
es f
or r
ace/
ethn
icity
so
data
rep
orte
dw
ill b
e m
ore
accu
rate
, sen
sitiv
e an
d us
eful
for
purp
oses
of
com
pari
son
betw
een
grou
ps.
Com
mun
ity le
ader
s am
ong
peop
le o
f co
lor
inU
tah
wan
t to
be in
volv
ed in
hel
ping
toov
erco
me
any
cultu
ral b
arri
ers
to p
reve
ntiv
ehe
alth
for
chi
ldre
n, to
ass
ure
that
chi
ldre
nof
col
or g
et a
hea
lthy
star
t. Fu
ture
issu
es o
fth
is b
ook
will
see
k to
rep
ort h
ealth
dat
a by
race
& e
thni
city
as
wel
l as
by c
ount
y.
Per
cent
Chi
ldre
n E
ligib
le fo
r S
choo
l Mea
ls
Loc
al s
choo
l dis
tric
ts h
ave
been
man
date
d by
fede
ral l
aw to
col
lect
this
cou
nt o
f ki
ds.
Tra
ditio
nally
this
has
bee
n a
mea
sure
of
pove
rty,
sin
ce h
ouse
hold
inco
me
is u
sed
tode
term
ine
whe
ther
a c
hild
will
rec
eive
are
duce
d-pr
ice
or f
ree
mea
l (sc
hool
lunc
h an
dbr
eakf
ast,
whe
re a
vaila
ble)
. The
mea
ls m
ust
mee
t spe
cifi
c fe
dera
l nut
ritio
n re
quir
emen
ts.
UT
AH
KID
S C
OU
NT
pre
sent
s th
is m
easu
re in
the
heal
th d
omai
n be
caus
e in
crea
sing
num
bers
of lo
w-i
ncom
e ch
ildre
n de
pend
on
scho
ol m
eals
for
mor
e th
an h
alf
thei
r da
ily n
utri
tiona
l int
ake
(199
4T
ufts
Uni
vers
ity S
choo
l of
Nut
ritio
n).
21.
Chi
ldre
n in
poo
r fa
mili
es a
re m
ore
likel
y th
anot
her
child
ren
to r
etur
n fr
om s
choo
ls to
hom
esw
here
kitc
hen
cupb
oard
s an
d re
frig
erat
ors
stan
dem
pty,
esp
ecia
lly d
urin
g th
e la
st te
n da
ys o
r tw
ow
eeks
of
each
mon
th. S
tudi
es h
ave
show
n th
atch
roni
c hu
nger
has
long
-las
ting
effe
cts
onph
ysic
al a
nd c
ogni
tive
deve
lopm
ent.
Hun
gry
child
ren
ofte
n ha
ve a
har
d tim
e st
ayin
gm
otiv
ated
to p
ay a
ttent
ion
in c
lass
or
to g
etex
cite
d ab
out l
earn
ing.
Hun
ger
and
poor
nut
ritio
n al
so ta
ke a
toll
on a
child
's a
bilit
y to
res
ist c
olds
, flu
, and
oth
erin
fect
ious
dis
ease
s. P
reve
ntio
n of
man
y se
riou
spr
oble
ms
- an
emia
, for
exa
mpl
e -
has
been
mad
e po
ssib
le th
roug
h ea
rly
child
hood
nut
ritio
n;th
is h
as b
een
dem
onst
rate
d na
tionw
ide
by th
eW
omen
, Inf
ants
& C
hild
ren
Spec
ial S
uppl
e-m
enta
l Foo
d Pr
ogra
ms
(WIC
). F
or th
is r
easo
n,da
ta o
n W
IC a
re in
clud
ed o
n pa
ge 1
0.
The
nee
d fo
r m
ore
stud
ies
of th
e su
spec
ted
rela
tions
hips
bet
wee
n ke
y ed
ucat
iona
l pro
blem
s,su
ch a
s sc
hool
dro
pout
s or
sch
ool f
ailu
re, a
ndth
e he
alth
and
nut
ritio
nal s
tatu
s of
poo
r ch
ildre
nha
s be
en r
ecog
nize
d. F
utur
e is
sues
of
this
dat
abo
ok w
ill r
epor
t on
thes
e st
udie
s as
they
are
mad
e pu
blic
.
We
also
nee
d to
kno
w th
e nu
mbe
rs a
ndco
nditi
on o
f ch
ildre
n w
ho a
re a
ctua
lly r
ecei
ving
free
and
red
uced
mea
ls in
Uta
h, n
ot m
erel
ynu
mbe
rs o
f th
ose
who
are
elig
ible
.
22
Hea
lth F
ileas
tirem
ents
Birt
hsP
rena
tal C
are
, Low
Birt
hwei
ght B
abie
s' :
Infa
nt M
orta
lity
1994
Tot
alB
irths
Num
ber
. % o
f Birt
hsw
/car
ew
/car
e.
in 1
stin
1st
trim
este
rtr
imes
ter
Ran
kB
est t
oW
orst
Num
ber
.,
of L
owB
irthw
eigh
tB
abie
s
;96
of B
irths
that
are
Low
Birt
hwei
ght
Bab
ies
..
,- R
ank
Bes
t to
Wor
st
,199
4D
eath
s1
to .
1994
Infa
nts
Rat
es
9162
68.1
284
4.4
81
--
684
565
82.6
1339
6.1
206
--
1,77
11,
594
90.0
178
4.8
109
5.1
289
224
77.5
2212
4.8
102
--
129
75.0
250
0.0
10
--
3,98
03,
565
89.6
321
95.
714
153.
8
246
221
89.8
226
10.6
282
-14
612
182
.911
64.
16
0-
6149
80.3
176
11.5
291
--
120
9276
.723
75.
816
1--
557
488
87.6
723
4.3
72
--
126
9676
.224
54.
05
0-
8667
77.9
205
5.8
160
--
192
149
77.6
217
3.6
41
-91
7986
.88
55.
513
1--
1511
73.3
270
0.0
10
--
2418
75.0
250
0.0
10
--
15,3
7912
,708
82.6
1289
06.
322
102
6.6
282
188
66.7
2916
6.0
192
-29
924
481
.615
269.
027
1--
258
211
81.8
1414
5.8
163
--
359
318
88.6
528
7.8
253
-52
141
780
.018
417.
926
0-
413
327
79.2
1925
6.1
205
--
7,58
56,
781
89.4
438
05.
012
415.
4
221
195
88.2
615
6.8
241
--
1,22
598
780
.616
464.
48
97.
3
3530
85.7
102
5.7
140
--
3,20
32,
760
86.2
920
86.
523
268.
1
38,2
7132
,576
85.1
%2,
083
5.9%
234
6.1
Dat
a ar
e pr
ovis
iona
l for
199
4, p
rovi
ded
by U
tah
Bur
eau
of V
ital R
ecor
ds-
= n
ot c
alcu
late
d (r
ates
wer
e no
t cal
cula
ted
whe
n fe
wer
than
7 e
vent
s oc
curr
ed)
923
Cou
nty
Bea
ver
Box
Eld
erC
ache
Car
bon
Dag
gett
Dav
is
Duc
hesn
e
Em
ery
Gar
field
Gra
nd Iron
Juab
Kan
e
Mill
ard
Mor
gan
Piu
teR
ich
Sal
t Lak
e
San
Jua
n
San
pete
Sev
ier
Sum
mit
Too
ele
Uin
tah
Uta
h
Was
atch
Was
hing
ton
Way
neW
eber
Sta
te
Cou
nty
Tee
nage
Pre
gnan
c y
Hea
lth M
easu
rem
ents
WIC
Par
ticip
atio
nT
otal
s fo
r U
tah
10/1
/94
to 9
/30/
95
Sch
ool M
eals
Fal
l 199
4: %
of S
tude
nts
Elig
ible
for
Fre
e an
dR
educ
ed P
rice
Mea
ls19
94 B
irths
to W
omen
by
Age
Per
cent
ages
Rat
es
Und
er 1515
-17
18-1
9T
otal
Birt
hs to
Fem
ales
< 2
0%
of B
irths
toF
emal
es <
20
Ran
kB
est t
oW
orst
1989
-199
4R
ate
per
1000
Fem
ales
Ran
kB
est t
oW
orst
Wom
enIn
fan