Psap Revised

Power Research & Development Consultants Pvt. Ltd.1

Welcome to Training Program

on Power System Studies &

software tools


Power System Industry The first commercial electricity Industry was started operating

from 1882 from Pearl Street Generating station of Thomas Edison in New York city

Earlier power system industry (pre 1900’s) was disintegrated with small islanded companies.

By 1900, 24 central station power companies were established in Chicago alone which has increased to 45 by 1907.

In London, by 1918, there were 70 companies with different types of systems - with 10 different frequencies and 24 different voltages


Indian Power Sector

India is the fastest growing developing economy

Indian power sector has grown tremendously since independence with installed capacity increasing from 1362MW to over 1,27,673MW at the end of Nov 30, 2006

In the energy terms it has grown from 4073MU in 1947 to over 6,00,000MU


Northern Region (MW)Central Sector: 15,150State Sector: 18,769Private Sector: 1,032Total : 34,951H: 35% T: 60%

North-East Region (MW)Central Sector: 1,235State Sector: 1,143Private Sector: 26Total : 2,404H: 46% T: 52%

Eastern Region (MW)Central Sector: 6,976State Sector: 8,052Private Sector: 1,449Total : 16,478H: 15% T: 84%

Western Region (MW)Central Sector: 8,992State Sector: 21,375Private Sector: 6,793Total : 37,160H: 19% T: 73%

Southern Region (MW)Central Sector: 9,320State Sector: 21,138Private Sector: 6,111Total : 36,599H: 30% T: 56%

As on 30th November 2006



Power System Evolution Like all major power systems, the Indian

power system has evolved by integrating small isolated systems

Presently, two major grids are in operation – connected asynchronously – meeting a demand of over 85000 MW

Target – Seamless power transfer across the country - a truly national grid by 2011-12.


EVOLUTION OF THE ELECTRIC INDUSTRY IN SOUTHERN INDIA

SMALL GENERATORS-DEDICATED LOAD– EX. NIZAM’S PALACE-HYDERABAD, DARJEELING TEA

ESTATE LARGER UNITS – TRANSMISSION LINES

– EX. SHIVA- WITH 78.5 KV/25HZ EVACUATION TO KGF.– PALLIVASAL TO TRAVANCORE PALACE

CONCEPT OF STATE ELECTRICITY BOARD– INTERCONNECTED, NOT INTEGRATED– INTERSTATE/INTER REGION TRANSFER MAINLY

RADIAL INTEGRATED OPERATION

– 400 KV NETWORK IN PLACE– CENTRAL GENERATION AVAILABLE

NATIONAL GRID THE FUTURE – SAARC GRID


National Grid Initially the planning philosophy is self

sufficiency in State level which changed to regional level during 1980s

During the current century, the focus of planning shifted to National perspective

Generation planning studies carried out by CEA had indicated that capacity addition of 100 GW planned on all India basis was equivalent to addition of 113 GW planned on regional basis


National Grid…. The resulting saving in investment in generation

was much more than the incremental investment in transmission to provide a strong National Grid system

National Grid system had to wait till emergence of strong Regional systems.

The change in planning philosophy towards National system has started showing that in just about 4-5 years since the beginning of the new era, the inter-regional capacity has more than tripled


SOUTHERN REGION

WESTERNREGION

EASTERN REGION

NORTHERN REGION

NORTH-EASTERN REGION

‘ ELECTRICAL’

REGIONS1

2

3

SAME FREQUENCY FROM GUJARAT TO ARUNACHAL PRADESH WITH EFFECT FROM MARCH 2003

ABOUT 2800 KMS! APART


SOUTHERN REGION

WESTERNREGION

EASTERN REGION

NORTHERN REGION


‘ELECTRICAL’

REGIONS

1

2

WITH THE COMMISSIONING OF THE TALA PROJECT CONNECTING THE EASTERN AND NORTHERN GRIDS, INDIA HAS ONLY TWO GRIDS


13450 MW

1000 MW6450 MW

4600 MW

1300 MW3200 MW

30,000 MW OF INTER-REGIONAL POWER BY 2012

EASTERN REGION

SOUTHERN REGION

WESTERNREGION

NORTHERN REGION


INTER-REGIONAL TRANSFER BY END OF 11th PLAN (2012)

ER

3000/5000MW



765 KV RING MAIN SYSTEMTHE POWER ‘HIGHWAY’

CHEAP HYDRO POWER FROM THE NORTH-EAST AND PIT

HEAD THERMAL POWER FROM THE EAST ENTERS THE RING AND EXITS TO POWER

STARVED REGIONS


True National Grid At the end of 10th plan, India has two

frequency zones Debate is on

– To connect SR grid Synchronously – By proposing a strong AC interconnection between the Southern States with the Western States.

– To connect SR grid Asynchronously – By proposing additional HVDC links strategically connecting Southern States with the rest of the Country.

16

Issues


Economy Electricity is a key driver for economic growth

and social development. India has been experiencing unprecedented

economic growth (in the range of 6-8 per cent) over the last decade and is projected to grow at higher rates in the foreseeable future.

With economic development and a decline in the population below the poverty line, per capita electricity consumption is bound to increase.



Growth In order to support the GDP growth rate of

around 7 to 8 per cent per annum, the rate of growth of power supply needs to be over 10 per cent annually.

Currently, only 44 per cent of households in rural areas have access to electricity.

The Government has already announced an ambitious plan to provide– “Electricity for all villages by 2007” – “Electricity for all by 2012”, and– the per capita consumption of electricity is targeted

to exceed 1000 units by 2012.


Growth Keeping in mind the socio-

economic factors in the country, it is projected that India will need to target doubling its generation capacity from 2002 to 2012, with an associated increase in transmission and distribution infrastructure.


Generation Addition Ministry of Power GoI estimated a capacity

addition of 1,00,000MW in the 10th and 11th plan period.

Past experience indicates that there is a big gap in planned and actual generation program hampering the transmission system plan

Government is contemplating Ultra Mega project with capacities of each generation plant of about 4000MW on the coastal as well as at pit heads


Investment It is planned to add minimum about 60,000

MW in the 11th plan period. The investment is in the ratio 4:2:2 for

generation, transmission and distribution. The Generation sector requires around

Rs.2,40,000 Cr. The Bulk transmission alone would require

around Rs.1,20,000Cr, and distribution sector requires an investment of about 1,20,000 Cr.


GRID OPERATION: A TIGHT ROPE WALK

BLACK-OUT

VOLTAGE

COLLAPSE

IN-ECONOMIC

OPERATION

INSTABILITYPOWER SWINGS INCREASED

LOSSES


Integrated Grid Operation It is proved that long transmission lines

connecting a remote generator to the load center, under specified operation conditions generates negative damping giving rise to local and inter area oscillation

Another critical issue is the voltage stability Many grid collapses that have taken place in

the recent past are due to this phenomena


Operational issue The large base with integration has

stabilized the frequency variation This has opened up a new issue in the

present ABT mechanism The present mechanism leads to

congestion in the system Congestion Management is an

important issue in the system operation


Security Issue Tripping of inter-regional network

– Causes wide variation in the frequency profile in the region

Islanding scheme– Good islanding schemes necessary for

early restoration following disturbance


Commercial Issue The present commercial framework has

ensured that the frequency to be brought between 49 to 50.5Hz

But it is observed that frequency is still going below 49Hz

A new commercial framework is necessary for– Accounting losses– Congestion management– Reduce the frequency variation and stabilize it

around the nominal value of 50Hz


Electrical Switching Transients

Over Voltages

Fault Transients

Electrical machine & System Dynamics

System Governing & load Controls

Prime mover energy supply system dynamics

Energy resource dynamics

s/ms Few secs Seconds to minutes

Several minutes

Days to weeks

Duration spectra of Main effects


Transient Phenomena Scale s Initial transient, Recovery Voltage

Switching surges, Fault transients ms

cycles Ferro - resonance

Surge period

Dynamic period

Steady State period


Classification

Steady State Analysis Programs Transient Analysis Programs

Single phase load flow analysis Transient stability study

Short circuit study Dynamic stability study

Three phase load flow analysis Electro magnetic transient analysis

Voltage instability study Sub synchronous resonance

Harmonic analysis study

Long term load forecasting

Relay co-ordination

Power Systems Analysis ProgramsComputer tools to analyze the steady state and transient behavior of any electrical system.


Thank you

Documents

Psap Revised