Pss Lab Manual 22.10.2012

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LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

1. COMPUTATION OF PARAMETERS AND MODELLING OF TRANSMISSION LINES.

2. FORMATION OF BUS ADMITTANCE AND IMPEDANCE MATRICES.

3. SOLUTION OF POWER FLOW USING GAUSS-SEIDEL METHOD.

4. SHORT CIRCUIT ANALYSIS.

5. SOLUTION OF POWER FLOW USING NEWTON-RAPHSON METHOD.

6. LOAD FREQUENCY DYNAMICS OF SINGLE AREA POWER SYSTEMS.

. LOAD FREQUENCY DYNAMICS OF TWO AREA POWER SYSTEMS.

!. TRANSIENT AND SMALL SIGNAL STABILITY ANALYSIS SINGLE MACHINEINFINITE BUS SYSTEM.

". TRANSIENT STABILITY ANALYSIS MULTI MACHINE INFINITE BUSSYSTEM.

1#. ECONOMIC DISPATCH IN POWER SYSTEMS.

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COMPUTATION OF PARAMETERS AND MODELLING

OF TRANSMISSION LINESE$%&.N' (1

D)&* (

AIM

(i) To determine the positive sequence line prmeters L nd ! per phse per "ilometre o# three phse sin$le nd dou%le circuit trnsmission lines #or di##erent conductor rrn$ements&

(ii) To understnd modelin$ nd per#ormnce o# medium lines&

SOFTWARE REQUIRED( M'TL' &* nd MI PO+ER SOFT+'RES

THEORY

Trnsmission line hs #our prmeters nmel, resistnce- inductnce- cpcitnce ndconductnce& The inductnce nd cpcitnce re due to the e##ect o# m$netic nd electric #ields

round the conductor& The resistnce o# the conductor is %est determined #rom the mnu#cturesdt- the inductnces nd cpcitnces cn %e evluted usin$ the #ormul&

I+,&)+*

The $enerl #ormul

L . /&0 ln (1m 2 1s)

+here-

1m . $eometric men distnce (3M1)

1s . $eometric men rdius (3MR)

I. S/+0* %)* 2 /* &*7

3M1 . 1

3MR . re4526. r

+here- r . rdius o# conductor

II. T** %)* 77*&/) %)/+0

3M1 . 1

3MR . re4526. r

+here- r . rdius o# conductor

III. T** %)* A77*&/) T)+%'*,

3M1 . $eometric men o# the three distnce o# the s,mmetricll, plced

conductors

. 71'1!1!'

3MR . re4526. r

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+here- r . rdius o# conductors

C'7%'/&* '+,&' /+*

The inductnce o# composite conductor X- is $iven %,

L8. /&0 ln (3M123MR)

9here-

3M1 . mn(11%)::&(1n::&1nm)

3MR . n0(1 1%::&1n )::&(1n1n%::&1nn)

9here- r . r e(452 6)

B+,* C'+,&'

The 3MR o# %undled conductor is normll, clculted

3MR #or t9o su% conductor- c . (1s ; d)

520

3MR #or three su% conductor- 1s%.(1s ; d0)527

3MR #or #our su% conductor- 1s%. 5&/< (1s ; d7)526

9here- 1sis the 3MR o# ech su%conductor

d is %undle spcin$

T** %)* D'8* //& &)+%'*,

The inductnce per phse in milli henries per "m is

L . /&0 ln (3M1 2 3MRL) m=2"m

9here-

3MRL is equivlent $eometric men rdius nd is $iven %,

3MRL . (1S'1S1S!)527

9here-

1S'1Snd 1S!re 3MR o# ech phse $roup nd $iven %,

1S'. 6(1s%150)0. >1s%150?520

1S.6

(1s%

1%5%0)0

. >1s%1%5%0?520

1S!. 6(1s%1c5c0)0. >1s%1c5c0?520

9here-

1s% .3MR o# %undle conductor i# conductor 5- 0:&& re %undled conductor&

1s% . r5@. r%5. r@0. r%@0. rc@0i# 5- 0::& re %undled conductor

3M1 is the equivlent 3M1 per phseA B is $iven %,

3M1 . >1'; 1!; 1!'?527

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9here-

1'- 1!B1!'re 3M1 %et9een ech phse $roup '4- 4!- !4' 9hich re

$iven %,

1'. >15%5; 15%0; 10%5; 10%0?526

1!. >1%5c5; 1%5c0; 1%0c5; 1%0c0?526

1!'. >1c55; 1c05; 1c05; 1c00?

526

C)%)/&)+*

' $enerl #ormul #or evlutin$ cpcitnce per phse in micro #rd per "m o#

trnsmission line is $iven %,

! . /&/CC*2 ln (3M123MR) F2"m

+here-

3M1 is the D3eometric men distnceA 9hich is sme s tht de#ined #or inductnce

under vrious cses&

PROCEDURE

5& Enter the commnd 9indo9 o# the M'TL'&

0& !rete ne9 M #ile %, selectin$ File 4 Ne9 M File

7& T,pe nd sve the pro$rm in the editor 9indo9&

6& E8ecute the pro$rm %, pressin$ Tools Run&

C& ie9 the results&

E9ERCISES

5 ' three4phse trnsposed line composed o# one '!SR- 5-67-/// cmil- 62 o%olin"conductor per phse 9ith #lt horiGontl spcin$ o# 55m %et9een phses nd % nd%et9een phses % nd c& The conductors hve dimeter o# 7&*0C cm nd 3MR o# 5&67del0del7%s(v0)?del'/.>delp0/delp7/delq0/?del'5.inv(^);del'/del'5

%/.%s(v0)'5.>del0del7%/?del'5'54del'/i#(('54del'/)Y.t)%re"

del0.'5(5-5)del7.'5(0-5)%s(v0).'5(7-5)

end'5

OUTPUT(

OutputPo9er#lo9 solution %, ne9ton rpson methodM8imum po9er mismtch.*&H06C0e4//Cno&o# itertion.7

Busno

Voltage Angle LoadMW

LoadMvar

Generation Mw

Generation Mvar

Injected Mvar

1 1.040 0.000 0.000 0.000 -1.002 -2.4! 0.0002 1.040 0.002 0."00 1.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 1.040 0.0# 0.000 0.000 1."00 -.0!1 0.000Totl /&C// 5&//// /&6

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1to -0."000.1!%-0.!!%

-1.000-0.!04-0.&!

1.11#0.!2%0.%%"

0.0000.000

-2.1!4-2.1!

1to2 1."000.#0.!!%

-.o!1-1.2&0-1.%!#

.40&1.""1.##&

0.0000.000

-2.1!-2.1!

Totl loss /&///// 4*&6

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RESULT

Thus the po9er #lo9 #or the $iven pro%lem 9s solved usin$ Ne9ton Rphson

method nd veri#ied usin$ M'TL' nd MiPo9er so#t9re&SHORT CIRCUIT ANALYSIS

E$%&.N' (5

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D)&* (

AIM

To %ecome #milir 9ith modellin$ nd nl,sis o# po9er s,stems under #ulted

condition nd to compute the #ult level- post4#ult volt$es nd currents #or di##erent t,pes o#

#ults- %oth s,mmetric nd uns,mmetric&

PROGRAM REQUIRED(M/P'*

THEORY

S77*&/) F)&

T** %)* =)&

From the thevenin@s equivlent circuit

th Fult current- I# .

th

+here th . Thevenin@s olt$e th. Thevenin@s Impednce

U+77*&/) F)&

S/+0* /+* &' 0'+, =)&

Fult current- I#. I. 7I5

I5 . E50/

L/+* &' /+* =)&

Fult current- I#. I5(0 )

E I5 . 50

D'8* L/+* &' 0'+, =)&

Fult current- I# . 0 I/ (I5 I0) (0 )

E I5 .

5 /0 (/ 0)

I0. (4 I5) ; / / 0

I/. (I5 I0)

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Fult M' . 7 ; I#; pu

9here- I5-I0 nd I/ re positive- ne$tive nd Gero phse sequence currents&

5 -0nd ore positive- ne$tive nd Gero phse sequence impednces&

EXER!ISE

35- 30 5//M'- 0/"- 8 . 8 4 . 8dA . 0/V 8/ . 6V 8n . CVT5- T0 5//M'- 0/"276C" 8le" . HVL5- L0 8 . 8 4 . 5CV 8/ . C/V on %se o# 5//M'

The one line di$rm o# simple po9er s,stem is sho9n in #i$ure& The neutrl o# ech$enertor is $rounded throu$h current limitin$ rector o# /&0C27 per unit on 5//M'

%se& The s,stem dt e8pressed in per unit on common 5// M' %se is t%ulted %elo9&The $enertors re runnin$ on no lod t their rted volt$e nd rted #requenc, 9ith theirem# in phse&1etermine the #ult current #or the #ollo9in$ #ults&

() ' %lnced three phse #ult t %us 7 throu$h #ult impednce- #. /&5 per unit&(%) ' sin$le line to $round #ult t %us7 throu$h #ult impednce- #. /&5 per unit&

(c) ' line to line #ult t %us7 throu$h #ult impednce- #. /&5 per unit&

(d) ' dou%le line to $round #ult t %us7 throu$h #ult impednce- #. /&5 per unit&

eri#, the result usin$ MiPo9er so#t9re&

PROCEDURE

MI POWER(() Open the mi po9er so#t9re&(%) usin$ the %'* &*7 /7)&/'+ +*&'>editor dr9 the $iven net9or"

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(c) Sve the dt %se nd dt sheets&(d) 1r9 the $iven net9or" nd thn enter the dt correctl, in the correspondin$ dt

sheets o# ech nd ever, elements o# the $iven net9or"(e) 'nd then sve the pro$rm nd e8ecute the pro$rm %, selectin$ the '& //&

)+)/#rom the '?*option &(#) The output 9ill %e displ,ed in the ne9 9indo9($) Sve the output nd close&(h) On e8ecution- the #ollo9in$ is displ,ed

F'LT 'T S NMER 6 N'ME us6!RRENT ('MPS21E3REE) F'LT M'SEUEN!E (5-0-/) P='SE ('--!) SEUEN!E (5-0-/) P='SE ('--!)M'3NIT1E 'N3LE M'3NIT1E 'N3LE M'3NIT1E M'3NIT1E

05// 4H

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RESULTModelin$ nd nl,sis o# po9er s,stems under #ulted condition 9s studied& Fult

level- post4#ult volt$es nd currents #or di##erent t,pes o# #ults- #or the $iven net9or"under s,mmetric nd uns,mmetricl conditions 9ere computed nd veri#ied usin$MIPO+ER So#t9re&

TRANSIENT AND SMALL SIGNAL STABILITY ANALYSIS SINGLE MACHINE

INFINITE BUS SYSTEM

E$%&.N' (6

D)&* (

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AIM

To %ecome #milir 9ith vrious spects o# the trnsient nd smll si$nl st%ilit,nl,sis o# Sin$le4Mchine4In#inite us (SMI) s,stem

PROGRAM REQUIRED (M'TL'

THEORY

S&)8//& (St%ilit, pro%lem is concerned 9ith the %ehvior o# po9er s,stem 9hen it issu%ected to distur%nce nd is clssi#ied into smll si$nl st%ilit, pro%lem i# thedistur%nces re smll nd trnsient st%ilit, pro%lem 9hen the distur%nces re lr$e&

T)+/*+& &)8//&(+hen po9er s,stem is under sted, stte- the lod plus trnsmissionloss equls to the $enertion in the s,stem& The $enertin$ units run t s,nchronous speednd s,stem #requenc,- volt$e- current nd po9er #lo9s re sted,& +hen lr$e distur%nce

such s three phse #ult- loss o# lod- loss o# $enertion etc&- occurs the po9er %lnce isupset nd the $enertin$ units rotors e8perience either ccelertion or decelertion& Thes,stem m, come %c" to sted, stte condition mintinin$ s,nchronism or it m, %re"into su%s,stems or one or more mchines m, pull out o# s,nchronism& In the #ormer cse thes,stem is sid to %e st%le nd in the lter cse it is sid to %e unst%le&

S7) /0+) &)8//&( +hen po9er s,stem is under sted, stte- norml opertin$condition- the s,stem m, %e su%ected to smll distur%nces such s vrition in lod nd$enertion- chn$e in #ield volt$e- chn$e in mechnicl toque etc&- the nture o# s,stemresponse to smll distur%nce depends on the opertin$ conditions- the trnsmission s,stemstren$th- t,pes o# controllers etc& Inst%ilit, tht m, result #rom smll distur%nce m, %e o#

t9o #orms-(i) Sted, increse in rotor n$le due to lc" o# s,nchroniGin$ torque&(ii) Rotor oscilltions o# incresin$ m$nitude due to lc" o# su##icient dmpin$

torque&

FORMULA

Rective po9er Ue. sin(cos45(p))

S;

Sttor !urrent It.Et

;

Pe4 Ue .

Et;

olt$e %ehind trnsient condition E5 . Et Xd5It

olt$e o# in#inite %us E. Et 4 ( X7 Xtr )It

X5X09here- X7 .

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5& Enter the commnd 9indo9 o# the M'TL'&

0& !rete ne9 M #ile %, selectin$ File 4 Ne9 M File

7& T,pe nd sve the pro$rm&

6& E8ecute the pro$rm %, pressin$ Tools Run

C& ie9 the results&

E9ERCISE

5& ' */=G s,nchronous $enertor hvin$ inerti constnt = . C M^2M' nd direct8is trnsient rectnce Xd

5. /&7 per unit is connected to n in#inite %us throu$h purel, rective circuit s sho9n in #i$ure& Rectnces re mr"ed on the di$rm on common s,stem %se& The $enertor is deliverin$ rel po9er Pe. /&H per unitnd U . /&/6 per unit to the in#inite %us t volt$e o# . 5 per unit&

) ' temporr, three4phse #ult occurs t the sendin$ end o# the line t pointF&+hen the #ult is clered- %oth lines re intct& 1etermine the criticlclerin$ n$le nd the criticl #ult clerin$ time&

&%) eri#, the result usin$ M'TL' pro$rm&

PROGRAM

PROGRAM(( 6.);

Pm./&HE.5&5.5&/X5./&*CX0.in#X7./&*C

ec#ult(Pm-E--X5-X0-X7 )

OUTPUT(

For this cse tc cn %e #ound #rom nl,ticl #ormul&To #ind tc enter Inerti !onstnt =- (or / to s"ip) = . C

Initil po9er n$le . 0*&7HHM8imum n$le s9in$ . 5C7&*50!riticl clerin$ n$le . H6&C

!riticl clerin$ time . /&0*/sec&

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:6.8; PROGRAM(

Pm./&HE.5&5.5&/X5./&*CX0.5&HX7./&*Cec#ult(Pm-E--X5-X0-X7)

OUTPUT(

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 1800

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

Application of equal area criterion to a critically cleared system

Power angle, degree

Power,perunit

Pm

Critical clearing angle = 111.332

:6.; PROGRAM(

E.5&7Cv.5&/=.

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tu.52(G;9n)th.cos(G)1d/.5/;pi25H/t./&/571d.1d/2sqrt(54GK0);e8p(4G;9n;t)&;sin(9d;tth)d.(d/1d);5H/2pi19.49n;1d/2sqrt(54GK0);e8p(4G;9n;t)&;sin(9d;t)#.#/192(0;pi)su%plot(0-5-5)-plot(t-d)-$rid8l%el(JtsecJ)-,l%el(J1elt de$reeJ)su%plot(0-5-0)-plot(t-#)-$rid8l%el(JtsecJ)-,l%el(J#requenc, hertGJ)su%plot(555)

OUTPUT(

Pm8 . 0&/*P3i P1? (6; i.5 i.5

The necessr, conditions #or the e8istence o# solution to (*) re $iven %,

L 2 P3i. / . dFi(P3i) 2 dP3i4 i . 5- 0-::&&N (; NL 2 . / . P3i P1 (!;

i.5

The solution to E1 pro%lem cn %e o%tined %, solvin$ simultneousl, the necessr,

conditions () nd (H) 9hich stte tht the economic $enertion schedules not onl, stis#, the

s,stem po9er %lnce eqution (H) %ut lso demnd tht the incrementl cost rtes o# ll the

units %e equl %e equl to 9hich cn %e interpreted s Dincrementl cost o# received

po9erA&

+hen the inequlit, constrints(6) re included in the E1 pro%lem the necessr, condition

() $ets modi#ied s

dFi(P3i) 2 dP3i. #or P3i-min P3iP3i- -m8

#or P3i . P3i- -m8 #or P3i . P3i- -mi (

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P)&/) O&%& (

/&/////// /&////////&/////// /&///////3enp *0C&////// M+3enp *0C&////// M+totlloss /&////// M+Initil !ost o# $enertion t %us 5 . 6C

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50C/

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Pss Lab Manual 22.10.2012