Introduction to Psychology

Psy 111 Introduction to Psychology

HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF PSYCHOLOGY

Marion Perlmutterperlmut@umich.edu

Questions about research participation should be sent to:subject.pool@umich.eduperlmut@umich.eduGSIPiazzaAny of the above

Historical Overview of Psychology

Profession of PsychologyTheoretical Perspectives

When you hear someone is a psychologist what do you think they do?

What do psychologists do?PractitionersClinicalCounselingSchoolIndustrial & OrganizationalTestingForensicResearchersExperimentalPhysiologicalCognitiveNeuroscienceDevelopmentalPersonalitySocialEvolutionary

What is distribution of psychologists?

65% Practitioners35% ResearchersHow has profession changed over time?

How has profession changed over time?

What are top psychology programs?U.S. News & World ReportRANKSCHOOL1Stanford2Berkeley3Michigan4Yale5IllinoisNational Research CouncilRANKSCHOOL1Stanford2Michigan2Yale2UCLA2IllinoisHistorical Overview of Psychology

Profession of PsychologyTheoretical Perspectives

What are roots of Psychology?

PsychologyQuestions posedby philosophyMethods developedby physical sciencesHow do perspectives differ?ISSUESALTERNATIVESHow do perspectives differ?ISSUESALTERNATIVESWhat should be studied? (dependent variables)How do perspectives differ?ISSUESALTERNATIVESWhat should be studied? (dependent variables)conscious thought; unconscious; behavior; brainHow do perspectives differ?ISSUESALTERNATIVESWhat should be studied? (dependent variables)conscious thought; unconscious; behavior; brainWho should be studied? (subjects)How do perspectives differ?ISSUESALTERNATIVESWhat should be studied? (dependent variables)conscious thought; unconscious; behavior; brainWho should be studied? (subjects)typical humans; clinical patients; animalsHow do perspectives differ?ISSUESALTERNATIVESWhat should be studied? (dependent variables)conscious thought; unconscious; behavior; brainWho should be studied? (subjects)typical humans; clinical patients; animalsHow should they be studied? (protocols)How do perspectives differ?ISSUESALTERNATIVESWhat should be studied? (dependent variables)conscious thought; unconscious; behavior; brainWho should be studied? (subjects)typical humans; clinical patients; animalsHow should they be studied? (protocols)introspection; observation; experimentationWhat are major Psychological perspectives?Structuralism -> CognitiveFunctionalism-> EvolutionaryPsychoanalysisBehaviorism

Humanism -> Positive PsychologySocio-culturalBehavioral GeneticsNeuroscience

Structuralism (Late 1800s)Interested in contents of the mind (i.e., building blocks or structures of mental life); used method of introspection

Edward Titchener1867 1927Functionalism (Late 1800s)Interested in activities of the mind (i.e., functions of behavior and thought); used variety of methods and subject populations

William James (1842-1910)Which perspective focused on how consciousness helps people adapt to their environment? StructuralismFunctionalismPsychoanalysisBehaviorismHumanistic Psychology

Which perspective focused on basic elements of thoughts and sensations? StructuralismFunctionalismPsychoanalysisBehaviorismHumanistic Psychology

Psychoanalytic Psychology (Early 1900s - present)Theorizes about unconscious processes and unresolved past conflicts

Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)

Behaviorism (early 1900s - present)Restricts study to observable influences on overt behavior

John B. Watson (18781958)

B.F. Skinner(1904-1990)Stimulus Response ModelViewed mind as Black BoxBelieved mind not accessible by scienceStimulus/EnvironmentMindResponse/BehaviorJohn Watson QuoteGive me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I will guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select - a doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant, chief, and, yes, even beggar man or thief - regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors.

Humanistic Psychology (Mid 1900s - present)Focuses on unique human qualities

Abraham Maslow (1908-1970)Carl Rogers (1902-1987)

Positive Psychology (Early 2000s - present)Emphasizes positive human functioning; seeks to find and nurture genius and talent, and make normal life more fulfilling

Martin Seligman(1942- )Which perspective focuses on control of overt behavior? StructuralismFunctionalismPsychoanalysisBehaviorismHumanistic PsychologyWhich perspective focuses on unconscious unresolved conflicts? StructuralismFunctionalismPsychoanalysisBehaviorismHumanistic Psychology

Which perspective focuses on positive human qualities? StructuralismFunctionalismPsychoanalysisBehaviorismHumanistic Psychology

Cognitive Psychology (Mid 1900s - present) Focuses on thoughts and mental processesUlric Neisser(1928- )

33Information Processing Model

Socio-Cultural Psychology ( Late 1900s - present)Stresses cultural determinants of behavior and thought

Jerome Bruner(1915- )American PsychologyW E I R Desternducatedndustrializedichemocratic

Behavior Genetics (Late 1900s - present)Investigates contributions of genetics and environment to behavior and thought

Robert Plomin (1948- )Behavior Genetics Paradigm

Share 100% GenesShare 50% GenesEvolutionary Psychology (Late 1900s - present)Considers evolutionary processes of natural selection and adaptation on behavior and thought

Richard Dawkins(1941- )Natural Selection and Adaptation

Neuroscience(Late 1900s - present)Studies the structure and function of the brain and its relationship to behavior and thought

Wilder Penfield(1891-1976)Brain Imaging

Year% Flagship Articles with Keywords02468101214161950 19551960196519701990197519801985CognitiveBehavioralPsychoanalyticNeuroscience199520002005How has dominance of different perspectives changed over time?Do you understand differences between perspectives?YesNoUnsure

Why did a chicken cross the road?

Why did chicken cross the road?Psychological PerspectiveReason

Why did chicken cross the road?Psychological PerspectiveReasonPsychoanalysis

Why did chicken cross the road?Psychological PerspectiveReasonPsychoanalysisInner conflict

Why did chicken cross the road?Psychological PerspectiveReasonPsychoanalysisInner conflictBehaviorism

Why did chicken cross the road?Psychological PerspectiveReasonPsychoanalysisInner conflictBehaviorismReinforced in past for crossing street

Why did chicken cross the road?Psychological PerspectiveReasonPsychoanalysisInner conflictBehaviorismReinforced in past for crossing streetHumanism

Why did chicken cross the road?Psychological PerspectiveReasonPsychoanalysisInner conflictBehaviorismReinforced in past for crossing streetHumanismDoes not matter; chicken is not human

Why did chicken cross the road?Psychological PerspectiveReasonPsychoanalysisInner conflictBehaviorismReinforced in past for crossing streetHumanismDoes not matter; chicken is not humanCognitive

Why did chicken cross the road?Psychological PerspectiveReasonPsychoanalysisInner conflictBehaviorismReinforced in past for crossing streetHumanismDoes not matter; chicken is not humanCognitiveInternal process (desire) to cross

Why did chicken cross the road?Psychological PerspectiveReasonPsychoanalysisInner conflictBehaviorismReinforced in past for crossing streetHumanismDoes not matter; chicken is not humanCognitiveInternal process (desire) to crossSocio-cultural

Why did chicken cross the road?Psychological PerspectiveReasonPsychoanalysisInner conflictBehaviorismReinforced in past for crossing streetHumanismDoes not matter; chicken is not humanCognitiveInternal process (desire) to crossSocio-culturalDepends where; Asia or America?

Why did chicken cross the road?Psychological PerspectiveReasonPsychoanalysisInner conflictBehaviorismReinforced in past for crossing streetHumanismDoes not matter; chicken is not humanCognitiveInternal process (desire) to crossSocio-culturalDepends where; Asia or America?Behavior Genetics

Why did chicken cross the road?Psychological PerspectiveReasonPsychoanalysisInner conflictBehaviorismReinforced in past for crossing streetHumanismDoes not matter; chicken is not humanCognitiveInternal process (desire) to crossSocio-culturalDepends where; Asia or America?Behavior GeneticsBoth genes and environment

Why did chicken cross the road?Psychological PerspectiveReasonPsychoanalysisInner conflictBehaviorismReinforced in past for crossing streetHumanismDoes not matter; chicken is not humanCognitiveInternal process (desire) to crossSocio-culturalDepends where; Asia or America?Behavior GeneticsBoth genes and environmentEvolutionary

Why did chicken cross the road?Psychological PerspectiveReasonPsychoanalysisInner conflictBehaviorismReinforced in past for crossing streetHumanismDoes not matter; chicken is not humanCognitiveInternal process (desire) to crossSocio-culturalDepends where; Asia or America?Behavior GeneticsBoth genes and environmentEvolutionarySelection during ancestral past

Why did chicken cross the road?Psychological PerspectiveReasonPsychoanalysisInner conflictBehaviorismReinforced in past for crossing streetHumanismDoes not matter; chicken is not humanCognitiveInternal process (desire) to crossSocio-culturalDepends where; Asia or America?Behavior GeneticsBoth genes and environmentEvolutionarySelection during ancestral pastNeuroscience

Why did chicken cross the road?Psychological PerspectiveReasonPsychoanalysisInner conflictBehaviorismReinforced in past for crossing streetHumanismDoes not matter; chicken is not humanCognitiveInternal process (desire) to crossSocio-culturalDepends where; Asia or America?Behavior GeneticsBoth genes and environmentEvolutionarySelection during ancestral pastNeuroscienceMotor neurons fired in brain

Take Home Messages(Historical Overview)Psychology is a young and growing research and professional field

Various psychological perspectives differ in what and who they study, as well as their method of inquiry

No single perspective has all the answers, rather each contributes valuable complementary information