Psychology PSYA1 (Specification A) - SOCIAL SCIENCESsocialsci-groby.weebly.com/uploads/2/9/4/4/29442905/psya1_revision... · Psychology PSYA1 (Specification A) ... Total for this

General Certificate of EducationAdvanced Subsidiary ExaminationJanuary 2009

Psychology PSYA1 (Specification A)Unit 1 Cognitive Psychology, Developmental Psychology

and Research Methods

Thursday 8 January 2009 1.30 pm to 3.00 pm

You will need no other materials.

Time allowed 1 hour 30 minutes

Instructions Use black ink or black ball-point pen. Fill in the boxes at the top of this page. Answer all questions. You must answer the questions in the spaces provided. Answers written in margins or on blank pages will not be marked.

Do all rough work in this book. Cross through any work you do not want to be marked.

If you need extra paper, use the Supplementary Answer Sheets.

Information The marks for questions are shown in brackets. The maximum mark for this paper is 72. Question 10 should be answered in continuous prose. You may use the

space provided to plan your answer. In Question 10, you will be marked on your ability to:

– use good English – organise information clearly – use specialist vocabulary where appropriate.

PSYA1(JAN09PSYA101)G/K40960 6/6/6

Centre Number Candidate Number

Surname

Other Names

Candidate Signature

For Examiner’s Use

Examiner’s Initials

Question Mark

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TOTAL

2 Areas outside the box will

not be scanned for marking

(02)G/K40960/Jan09/PSYA1

SECTION A: COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY AND RESEARCH METHODS

Answer all questions.

Total for this question: 12 marks

1 The following are all concepts relating to memory:

A Duration B Capacity C Encoding D Retrieval.

1 (a) In the table below, write which one of the concepts listed above (A, B, C or D) matches each definition.

Defi nition Concept

The length of time the memory store holds information

Transforming incoming information into a form that can be stored in memory

(2 marks)

1 (b) Outline the main features of the multi-store model of memory.

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1 (c) The multi-store model of memory has been criticised in many ways. The following example illustrates a possible criticism.

Some students read through their revision notes lots of times before an examination, but still find it difficult to remember the information. However, the same students can remember the information in a celebrity magazine, even though they read it only once.

Explain why this can be used as a criticism of the multi-store model of memory.

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2 Outline how one research study investigated the accuracy of eyewitness testimony (EWT).

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3 A psychologist showed participants 100 different cards, one at a time.

Each card had two unrelated words printed on it, eg DOG, HAT.

Participants in one group were instructed to form a mental image to link the words. Participants in the other group were instructed simply to memorise the words.

After all the word pairs had been presented, each participant was shown a card with the first word of each pair printed on it. Participants were asked to recall the second word.

The following results were found.

Number of words correctly recalled

Mental Image Group Memorising Group

Mean Score 80 45

3 (a) What is the independent variable (IV) in this study?

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3 (b) What is the dependent variable (DV) in this study?

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3 (c) What experimental design was used in this study?

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3 (d) Explain one strength of this experimental design in the context of this study.

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3 (e) Explain how a psychologist could find out whether these results are reliable.

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4 A student teacher finds it very difficult to remember pupils’ names. She decides to look in a psychology book to find some useful strategies for improving her memory.

Outline one strategy the student teacher could use, and explain why this might improve her memory for pupils’ names.

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5 Traditionally, police have questioned eye witnesses using the standard interview procedure. This involves a period of free recall about an event, followed by specific questions. However, an increasing number of police forces are now using the cognitive interview technique.

5 (a) Explain how a cognitive interview differs from a standard interview.

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(08)G/K40960/Jan09/PSYA1

5 (b) Psychologists have carried out research into the use of cognitive interviews. One possible ethical issue which might arise during this research is protection of participants from harm. Explain how psychologists could deal with this ethical issue.

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SECTION B: DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY AND RESEARCH METHODS



6 Ainsworth and Bell observed infants in an unfamiliar room to assess the quality of their attachment to their mother. Observations during this ‘Strange Situation’ related to the following categories of behaviour:

Exploration – how much the infant explored the unfamiliar room; Separation behaviour – how the infant reacted when the mother left; Stranger anxiety – the response of the infant to a stranger; Reunion behaviour – how the infant reacted when the mother returned.

6 (a) Select two of these categories and explain how the behaviour of securely attached infants and insecurely attached infants would be different in the ‘Strange Situation’.

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6 (b) Briefly explain why some children show characteristics of secure attachment and some characteristics of insecure attachment.

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G/K40960/Jan09/PSYA1


7 One situation in which disruption of attachment can occur is when a mother of a young child is admitted into hospital. A researcher decided to study the behaviour of a two-year-old boy who experienced this disruption of attachment.

She decided to use naturalistic observation of the boy both before his mother was admitted into hospital and after she returned home. Each period of observation lasted for one hour.

7 (a) Suggest two suitable behavioural categories the researcher could use to record the boy’s behaviour.

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7 (b) How might the researcher record the boy’s behaviour during the one-hour observation?

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7 (c) Explain why the psychologist might want to carry out a pilot study before the main observation.

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8 Outline what research has shown about the effects of day care on children’s aggressive behaviour.

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9 A psychologist analysed the results of ‘Strange Situation’ studies from different countries. Some of the results are shown below.

Country (and number of studies) % of each type of attachment

Secure Insecure-Avoidant Insecure-Resistant

Country One (2) 64 7 29

Country Two (18) 65 21 14

Country Three (4) 67 26 7

9 (a) Outline what the table above shows about cultural variations in attachment.

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9 (b) Explain one criticism of investigating cultural variations in attachment using the ‘Strange Situation.’

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10 Psychologists have put forward different explanations of attachment, such as learning theory and Bowlby’s theory.

Outline and evaluate one or more explanations of attachment.

You may use this space to plan your answer

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END OF QUESTIONS

(14)

General Certificate of EducationAdvanced Subsidiary ExaminationJune 2009

Psychology PSYA1(Specification A)Unit 1 Cognitive Psychology, Developmental Psychology and

Research Methods

Wednesday 13 May 2009 9.00 am to 10.30 am


Time allowedz 1 hour 30 minutes

Instructionsz Use black ink or black ball-point pen.z Fill in the boxes at the top of this page.z Answer all questions.z You must answer the questions in the spaces provided. Answers written

in margins or on blank pages will not be marked.z Do all rough work in this book. Cross through any work you do not want

to be marked.z If you need extra paper, use the Supplementary Answer Sheets.

Informationz The marks for questions are shown in brackets.z The maximum mark for this paper is 72.z Question 4 should be answered in continuous prose. You may use the



PSYA1(JUN09PSYA101)G/K44360 6/6/6/3


Surname

Other Names

Candidate Signature



Question Mark

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

TOTAL



(02)G/K44360/Jun09/PSYA1




1 Cognitive interviews have been developed to improve witness recall. Identify and explain two techniques used in the cognitive interview.

Technique 1 ................................................................................................................................

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2 A brain scan shows that one area of the brain is more active when a person is doing a verbal task. However, when this person is doing a visual task, a different area of the brain is more active.

2 (a) Explain how this could relate to the working memory model. Refer to different parts of the working memory model in your answer.

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2 (b) Give an example of an appropriate verbal task and an appropriate visual task which could be used during the brain scan.

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6



(04)G/K44360/Jun09/PSYA1


3 Some psychology students read about an experiment which suggested that organisation is a useful strategy for improving memory. The students carried out an experiment to investigate the effects of organisation on word recall. They made up a list of 50 items that could be bought in a supermarket. The participants were teachers at their school. One group of participants saw the words organised into categories such as fruit, vegetables, dairy products and cleaning materials. The other group saw the same words presented randomly.

The results are given in Table 1 below.

Table 1 The number of words correctly recalled by participants who saw the organised list and participants who saw the random list

Organised List Random List

20 15

15 13

18 19

45 14

24 20

23 10

28 21

21 6

25 22

30 25

Measure of central tendency

Measure of dispersion

3 (a) Identify a suitable measure of central tendency that could be used with these data. Justify your answer.

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3 (b) The psychology students decided to use a volunteer sample. Suggest one way in which this sample could be obtained.

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3 (c) Suggest one possible extraneous variable in this study.

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3 (d) Suggest one way in which the students could control for this extraneous variable.

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Question 3 continues on the next page

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3 (e) The psychology students wanted to carry out an experiment to investigate the effectiveness of a different strategy for memory improvement.

For this further experiment, suggest the following:

3 (e) (i) an appropriate strategy for memory improvement;

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3 (e) (ii) an appropriate experimental design;

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3 (e) (iii) operationalised independent and dependent variables.

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4 Outline and evaluate research into the effects of anxiety on the accuracy of eyewitness testimony.


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5 A recent study recorded the amount of time that children spent in day care from birth to four years, and asked each child’s mother to rate her child for aggression and disobedience. The study found that, as the time spent in day care went up, the mothers’ rating of aggression and disobedience also went up.

5 (a) What kind of correlation is this research showing?

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5 (b) Outline one strength and one weakness of using correlational research to investigate the effects of day care.

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The researchers also found that children who experienced better quality day care had fewer behavioural problems than children who experienced lower quality day care.

5 (c) Outline two characteristics of high quality day care.

Characteristic 1 ................................................................................................................

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5 (d) What have studies shown us about the effects of day care on peer relations?

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6 (a) What is meant by the term attachment?

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6 (b) Tick two of the boxes below to indicate which of the following statements relate to Bowlby’s evolutionary theory of attachment.

A Attachment takes place during a critical period or not at all.

B Infants become attached to the person who feeds them.

C Infants are innately programmed to form an attachment.

D Attachments are based on the principles of classical and operant conditioning.

(2 marks)

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7 Research has suggested that institutionalisation can have negative effects on children. In the 1990s, many children were found living in poor quality orphanages in Romania. Luca had lived in one of these orphanages from birth. When he was four years old, he was adopted and he left the orphanage to live in Canada. His development was then studied for a number of years.

7 (a) Outline possible negative effects of institutionalisation on Luca.

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7 (b) The scenario above is an example of a case study. Outline one strength and one limitation of this research method.

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7 (c) Disruption of attachment can occur when children experience separation from their attachment figure during their early childhood.

Outline one study of the effects of disruption of attachment.

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8 By observing interactions between the infants and their mothers in a Strange Situation, Mary Ainsworth was able to identify different types of attachment.

8 (a) Describe possible demand characteristics in this research.

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8 (b) How does the behaviour of securely attached infants differ from that of insecurely attached infants?

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END OF QUESTIONS

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Psychology PSYA1 (Specification A)Unit 1 Cognitive Psychology, Developmental Psychology


Wednesday 13 January 2010 9.00 am to 10.30 am


Time allowed 1 hour 30 minutes

Instructions Use black ink or black ball-point pen. Fill in the boxes at the top of this page. Answer all questions. You must answer the questions in the spaces provided. Answers written in margins or on blank pages will not be marked.

Do all rough work in this book. Cross through any work you do not want to be marked.

If you need extra paper, use the Supplementary Answer Sheets.

Information The marks for questions are shown in brackets. The maximum mark for this paper is 72. Question 8 should be answered in continuous prose. You may use the



PSYA1(JAN10PSYA101)G/K49819 6/6/6


Surname

Other Names

Candidate Signature



Question Mark

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

TOTAL

2Areas outside the box will


(02)G/K49819/Jan10/PSYA1


Answer all questions in the spaces provided.


1 (a) Tick two of the boxes below to indicate which of the following are features of the working memory model.

A Serial position curve

B Incidental learning store

C Central executive

D Phonological loop

(2 marks)

1 (b) Explain one strength and one weakness of the working memory model.

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2 A case study was carried out on Peter whose brain was damaged in a motorcycle accident. Psychologists tested how many numbers he could hold in his short-term memory. They did this by reading him lists of numbers and asking him to recall the numbers immediately in the right order. He could recall a maximum of two items. The psychologists found that his long-term memory was normal.

2 (a) How was Peter’s short-term memory after the accident different from most adults’ short-term memory?

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2 (b) Does this case study support the multi-store model of memory? Explain your answer.

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(04)G/K49819/Jan10/PSYA1

2 (c) Identify one ethical issue associated with this case study of Peter. Suggest how psychologists could deal with this ethical issue.

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3 A psychologist carried out a field experiment to investigate the accuracy of eyewitness testimony. The participants were pupils and parents attending a school concert. Just before the concert began, two professional actors had an argument on the stage. During the argument, one actor pushed the other actor. Both actors then left the stage. Some of the audience were approached as they left the concert and were asked to take part in an experiment. Those who agreed were taken to a quiet room and were asked some questions about the argument. For some participants, the questions included, “Did you see the man in glasses push the other man?” In fact, neither man was wearing glasses.

The participants were then asked to describe the argument in their own words.

3 (a) What is a field experiment?

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3 (b) Other than ethical issues, outline one weakness of using a field experiment in this investigation.

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3 (c) Suggest why the psychologist included the question about the man in glasses.

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3 (d) The psychologist applied content analysis to each participant’s description of the argument. One behavioural category the psychologist selected was “pushing”.Suggest one other relevant behavioural category the psychologist could select.Explain how the content analysis could be carried out.

Behavioural category .......................................................................................................

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3 (e) Describe what research has shown about the effect of the age of witnesses on the accuracy of eyewitness testimony.

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(08)G/K49819/Jan10/PSYA1


4 Psychologists have suggested various strategies for memory improvement.

Outline one or more ways to improve memory.

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5 (a) What is meant by the term attachment?

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5 (b) Tick two of the boxes below to indicate which statements best describe the behaviour of a securely attached child in the Strange Situation.

A Exploration of the environment is limited because the infant has diffi culty moving away from the caregiver.

B The infant explores a strange environment, plays happily with toys and uses the caregiver as a safe base.

C The infant goes to the caregiver when she returns and is easily soothed.

D The infant goes to the caregiver when she returns but is diffi cult to comfort.

(2 marks)





5 (c) Outline how Ainsworth studied types of attachment.

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11





6 A psychologist investigated the effect of different forms of day care on children’s later social development. She selected two different types of day care:

• child minders

• day nurseries.

The children had been in one of these types of day care full-time for at least a year before they started primary school.

Each child’s mother was asked to complete a questionnaire.

6 (a) Identify one sampling technique and explain how it could be used to select the children.

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Explanation of how it could be used to select the children ..........................................

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6 (b) The questionnaire given to the mothers included questions about the way their children’s social behaviour changed over time.

Explain what is meant by children’s social behaviour.

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6 (c) Write one suitable question which could be used in the questionnaire to produce quantitative data.

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6 (d) Write one suitable question which could be used in the questionnaire to produce qualitative data.

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6 (e) Give one weakness of using questionnaires in this research.

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13





7 Simon, a two-year-old boy, was left by his parents in a residential nursery for nine days. His mother did not see him during this time because she was in hospital. He was looked after by many different carers who gave him good physical care.

7 (a) Explain how Simon’s behaviour might change as a result of disruption of attachment.

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8 Failure to form attachments is known as privation.

Outline and evaluate research into privation.


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END OF QUESTIONS

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Copyright © 2010 AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved.


Psychology PSYA1(Specification A)Unit 1 Cognitive Psychology, Developmental Psychology and

Research Methods

Monday 7 June 2010 1.30 pm to 3.00 pm



Instructionsz Use black ink or black ball-point pen.z Fill in the boxes at the top of this page.z Answer all questions.z You must answer the questions in the spaces provided. Do not write

outside the box around each page or on blank pages.z Do all rough work in this book. Cross through any work you do not want

to be marked.z If you need extra space for your answer(s), use the lined pages at the

end of this book. Write the question number against your answer(s).

Informationz The marks for questions are shown in brackets.z The maximum mark for this paper is 72.z Question 9 should be answered in continuous prose. You may use the space provided to plan your answer. In Question 9, you will be marked on your ability to: – use good English – organise information clearly – use specialist vocabulary where appropriate.

PSYA1(Jun10psya101)G/J53143 6/6/6


Surname

Other Names

Candidate Signature



Question Mark

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8

9

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2 Do not write outside the

box

(02)G/J53143/Jun10/PSYA1

Section A Cognitive Psychology and Research Methods



1 This is a diagram of Atkinson and Shiffrin’s multi-store model of memory.

A

C

B

From the following list, select the appropriate labels for A, B and C. Write A, B or C in the three correct boxes.

Secondary memory

Long-term memory

Recognition

Rehearsal loop

Central executive

Sensory memory

Short-term memory

(3 marks)

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2 Describe strategies for memory improvement.

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3 A researcher carried out an experiment to investigate how many numbers could be held in short-term memory. The participants were 15 children and 15 adults. Participants were asked to repeat lists of random numbers, in the correct order, as soon as they were read out by the researcher. For example, when the researcher said, “3, 4, 2, 8”the participant immediately repeated “3, 4, 2, 8”. When the researcher then said, “7, 5, 9, 6, 4” the participant immediately repeated “7, 5, 9, 6, 4”. One number was added to the list each time until participants were unable to recall the list correctly. Each participant’s maximum digit span was recorded.

3 (a) Write an appropriate non-directional hypothesis for this experiment.

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3 (b) Explain why the researcher used an independent groups design for this experiment.

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3 (c) Frequency distribution of the maximum number of digits correctly recalled by children and adults

5 6 700

1

2

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5

6

4Maximum number of digits

Frequency

8 9 10

Key

ChildrenAdults

Write the mode for each group in the table below.

Age group Mode

Children

Adults(2 marks)

3 (d) What does the frequency distribution show about the results?

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3 (e) Do the results of this experiment support the findings of other research into the capacity of short-term memory? Explain your answer.

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4 Describe one way in which psychologists have investigated the duration of short-term memory. In your answer, you should include details of stimulus materials used, what participants were asked to do and how duration was measured.

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5 An American space shuttle exploded soon after it was launched. All of the astronauts on board were killed. Crowds of people were watching, including friends and relatives of the astronauts. Six months after the explosion, a student decided to investigate the accuracy of some of the eyewitnesses’ memory of this event.

5 (a) Outline how the student could have used a cognitive interview to investigate this event. Include at least one example of what the participants would be asked to do.

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5 (b) Explain how anxiety might have affected eyewitness testimony of this event. Refer to psychological research in your answer.

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5 (c) Explain why it might be better to carry out research into eyewitness testimony in the real world, rather than in a laboratory.

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Section B Developmental Psychology and Research Methods



6 Ainsworth identified different types of attachment in children, including secure and insecure attachment.

6 (a) Identify two characteristics of an insecurely attached child.

Characteristic One ...........................................................................................................

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Characteristic Two ...........................................................................................................

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A psychologist investigated the relationship between type of attachment in childhood and success in later adult relationships. He published a questionnaire in a local newspaper. The participants were people who read the newspaper, filled in the questionnaire and sent it to the psychologist. Participants’ answers to the questions were used to decide whether they had been securely or insecurely attached as children. The participants who were identified as securely attached children were more likely to have successful adult relationships than those identified as insecurely attached children.

6 (b) Identify the sampling technique used in this study. Outline one weakness of using this sampling method.

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G/J53143/Jun10/PSYA1

6 (c) Identify one ethical issue the researcher would need to consider in this research. Suggest how the researcher could deal with this ethical issue.

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6 (d) Questionnaires and interviews are both self-report techniques. Explain one advantage and one disadvantage of using a questionnaire rather than an interview.

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7 Observation in a Strange Situation has been used to investigate cultural variations in attachment.

7 (a) Give one advantage of using observation in psychological research.

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7 (b) Outline what research has shown about cultural variations in attachment.

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8 Both of Ali’s parents work full time, so they have decided to put him into day care. They do not have any relatives or friends who could care for Ali, but there are several types of day care available locally.

8 (a) Name two different forms of day care which might be suitable for Ali.

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8 (b) What advice would you give to Ali’s parents to help them choose the most suitable day care for Ali?

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Total marks for this question: 12 marks

9 Psychologists have studied children who have lived in institutions such as orphanages.

Outline and evaluate research into the effects of institutionalisation.


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END OF QUESTIONS

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Psychology (Specification A) PSYA1Unit 1 Cognitive Psychology, Developmental Psychology


Wednesday 12 January 2011 9.00 am to 10.30 am





to be marked.


space provided to plan your answer. In Question 5, you will be assessed on your ability to:


PSYA1(Jan11psyA101)G/T62763 6/6/6/6/


Surname

Other Names

Candidate Signature



Question Mark

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

TOTAL


box

(02)G/T62763/Jan11/PSYA1




1 Psychologists often need to select participants to take part in research. The descriptions below are all types of sampling method.

A The psychologist puts an advert in a newspaper, asking for participants.

B The psychologist uses lists of students in a university and selects every tenth student to take part.

C The psychologist asks some of his psychology students to take part in the research.

D The psychologist gives a number to all students in a university, then selects participants in an unbiased way.

In the table below, write which description, A, B, C, or D, matches each sampling method.

Sampling Method Description

Random Sample

Opportunity Sample

Volunteer Sample(3 marks)

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(03)G/T62763/Jan11/PSYA1

Turn over 8


2 Describe two strategies for improving memory.

Strategy 1 .........................................................................................................................

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3 Psychologists carried out a laboratory experiment to investigate the effectiveness of cognitive interviews. All participants watched the same film of a robbery. They were randomly allocated to Group One or Group Two. Participants were then asked to recall the robbery. The investigators used a cognitive interview to access recall of participants in Group One and a standard interview to access recall of participants in Group Two.

The results of this experiment are summarised in Figure 1 below.

Figure 1 Average number of correct and incorrect statements made by participants under two different interview conditions

0

10

20

30

40

5

15

25

35

45

Cognitiveinterview

Averagenumber ofstatementsmade by

participants

Correct statementsIncorrect statements

Standardinterview

3 (a) What experimental design was used in this experiment?

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3 (b) Explain one limitation of the design that was used in this experiment.

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3 (c) Explain what the results suggest about the effectiveness of the cognitive interview.

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3 (d) Participants in the standard interview were simply asked to describe what happened in the film.

Suggest one way in which participants in the cognitive interview condition could have been asked to recall what happened.

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3 (e) What is meant by the term investigator effects? Explain possible investigator effects in this study.

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4 Jamie wanted to contact his doctor. He looked up the number in his telephone directory. Before he dialled the number, he had a short conversation with his friend. Jamie was about to phone his doctor, but he had forgotten the number.

Use your knowledge of the multi-store model to explain why Jamie would not remember the doctor’s number.

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5 Outline and evaluate the working memory model.

Use this space to plan your answer

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6 (a) Mary Ainsworth studied insecure and secure attachments in infants by using the ‘Strange Situation’.

Describe how Ainsworth studied types of attachment.

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6 (b) Some people say that Ainsworth’s studies lacked validity.

Explain this criticism of Ainsworth.

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7 (a) Explain the difference between privation and disruption of attachment. You may use examples to help explain the difference.

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7 (b) Explain how child care has been influenced by findings of research into attachment.

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8 Learning theory provides one explanation of attachment. It suggests that attachment will be between an infant and the person who feeds it. However, the findings of some research studies do not support this explanation.

8 (a) Outline research findings that challenge the learning theory of attachment.

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9 A psychologist assessed the aggressive behaviour of 100 five-year-old children who were starting school. The children had attended day care for at least 20 hours a week. Fifty of the children had attended day nurseries. The other fifty children had been looked after by childminders. The children who attended the day nurseries were more aggressive than the children who had been looked after by childminders.

9 (a) Explain why this is an example of a natural experiment.

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9 (b) Suggest one way in which the psychologist could have measured the children’s aggressive behaviour.

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9 (c) Explain two ethical issues which the psychologist should have considered when carrying out this research.

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9 (d) The researcher then decided to investigate how day care affects peer relationships. Explain what is meant by peer relations.

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1 (a) A, B and C relate to memory. Write the appropriate letter in the box below. The first one has been done for you.

A 7 r 2

B Up to 30 seconds without rehearsal Write letter B in the appropriate box below.

C Mainly acoustic Write letter C in the appropriate box below.

Short-term memory

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Encoding

Capacity A

Duration

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1 (b) Outline the working memory model.

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1 (c) Explain one limitation of the working memory model.

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2 A psychologist carried out an experiment using an independent groups design. The psychologist wished to investigate the effectiveness of a strategy for memory improvement. In one condition, participants were taught a memory improvement strategy. In the other condition, participants were not taught this memory improvement strategy. All participants were asked to memorise 10 pictures of familiar objects. For example, the first was a doll, the second was an apple. All participants were then given 50 pictures each, and asked to select the original 10.

The psychologist did a pilot study before carrying out the experiment. The results of the experiment are shown in Table 1 on page 5.

2 (a) Write a directional hypothesis for this experiment.

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2 (b) Explain what is meant by an independent groups design.

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2 (c) Explain one strength and one limitation of using an independent groups design.

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2 (d) Explain why the psychologist did a pilot study.

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Table 1 The mean number of pictures correctly identified and standard deviations for participants with the memory improvement strategy and without the memory improvement strategy

With memory improvement strategy

Without memory improvement strategy

Mean 8 7

Standard Deviation 2.80 0.29

2 (e) What do the standard deviations in Table 1 tell us about the performance of the two groups?

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2 (f) Outline one strategy for memory improvement which the psychologist could have taught the participants in this experiment.

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3 Outline and evaluate research into the effects of age of witnesses on accuracy of eyewitness testimony.


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4 Anya has a 10-month-old son called Ben. Anya sometimes ignores Ben and does not respond when he cries. However, when Anya feels like playing with Ben, she wakes him up, even if he is soundly asleep.

4 (a) What type of attachment is Ben likely to show? Explain your answer.

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4 (b) Explain how a psychologist could investigate Ben’s attachment type using Ainsworth’s Strange Situation.

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5 Outline what research has shown about cultural variations in attachment.

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6 Psychologists sometimes use case studies to study children. One example was of a boy who was discovered at the age of six. He had been kept in a darkened room and had had almost no social contact with people.

6 (a) How could a psychologist maintain confidentiality when reporting a case study?

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6 (b) Psychologists use a range of techniques to gather information in case studies.

Outline one technique which the psychologist could use in this case study.

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6 (c) Apart from ethical issues, explain one or more limitations of using case studies.

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7 Some research has suggested that there is a relationship between the time children spend in day care and their aggressive behaviour. Researchers selected a group of school children who had been in day care. They asked the children’s mothers to estimate how many hours a week their children had spent in day care. They measured the same children’s aggression.

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Relationship between average hours spent in day care and aggression

Averagehours spentin day careper week

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7 (a) How many children are represented in this scattergram?

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7 (b) Suggest one way in which the children’s aggression could be measured.

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7 (c) In the media, it was claimed that the results showed spending time in day care caused the children to become aggressive.

Explain why this claim may be untrue.

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8 Describe one or more studies of the effects of day care on peer relations.

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9 Outline and evaluate learning theory as an explanation of attachment.

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END OF QUESTIONS

(15)




Tuesday 10 January 2012 9.00 am to 10.30 am





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PSYA1(Jan12psyA101)G/K71581 6/6/6/6


Surname

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1

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7

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(02)G/K71581/Jan12/PSYA1




1 A researcher carried out an experiment to investigate misleading information. Participants were shown a photograph in which a man and a woman were talking. The photograph was then taken away and the participants were asked questions about it. Participants were randomly allocated to condition one or condition two.

Participants in condition one were asked:Question A “How old was the youth in the photograph?”

Participants in condition two were asked:Question B “How old was the man in the photograph?”

1 (a) Why is Question A an example of misleading information?

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1 (b) Name an appropriate experimental design which could be used in this experiment. Explain why a repeated measures design would be unsuitable to use in this experiment.

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Turn over 8

1 (c) Explain why it would be appropriate to use a pilot study as part of this experiment.

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1 (d) In this experiment, participants were asked to look at a photograph rather than watch a live conversation. Explain one strength and one limitation of carrying out the experiment in this way.

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1 (e) Describe at least one other research study into misleading information. In your answer you should include details of what participants were asked to do and what results were found.

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Turn over 8


2 Jenny was standing at a bus stop talking on her mobile phone. The weather was wet and cold. Two men in the bus queue started arguing. One of the men was stabbed and badly injured. Later that day the police questioned Jenny, using a cognitive interview. They asked her to report everything she could remember about the incident even if it seemed unimportant.

Apart from ‘report everything’, explain how the police could use a cognitive interview to investigate what Jenny could remember.

In your answer you must refer to details from the passage above.

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3 Describe and evaluate the multi-store model of memory.

Use this space to plan your answer

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Turn over 8

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4 A researcher investigated the effect of age of starting day care on levels of aggression. Four-year-old children attending a day nursery were used. Each child was assessed by the researcher and given an aggression score. A high score indicated a high level of aggression. A low score indicated a low level of aggression. The maximum score was 50.

Table 1 Mean aggression scores for four-year- old children who had started day care before the age of two or after the age of two

Started day care before the age of two

Started day care after the age of two

Mean score 25 23

4 (a) Identify the operationalised independent variable and the operationalised dependent variable in this study.

Operationalised independent variable ..........................................................................

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4 (b) What do the mean scores in Table 1 suggest about the effect of age at which children started day care on children’s aggression?

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4 (c) Name one measure of dispersion that the researcher could have used to describe the data.

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4 (d) Draw an appropriate bar chart to display the data presented in Table 1.Correctly label your bar chart.

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4 (e) State an appropriate directional hypothesis for this study.

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4 (f) Other research has shown that quality of care is important when considering the effects of day care on children. Outline two characteristics of high quality day care.

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5 Sam and Dan are both twelve months old. They are observed separately in Ainsworth’s Strange Situation. Sam is slightly upset when his mother leaves, but Dan is very upset and cries loudly.

5 (a) In the table below, identify the type of attachment suggested by the behaviour of each child.

Type of attachment

Sam

Dan(2 marks)

5 (b) Sam’s and Dan’s behaviour was then observed when the mothers returned. Give one example of the behaviour that each child would be likely to show.

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5 (c) Apart from ethical issues, explain one or more limitations of using the Strange Situation to assess the type of attachment in young children.

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6 Outline and evaluate Bowlby’s explanation of attachment.

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G/K71581/Jan12/PSYA1(15)

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7 Psychologists have studied the effects of early experience on children’s later behaviour. This has included the effects of institutional care and privation.

Explain what is meant by the terms institutional care and privation. You may use examples in your answer.

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END OF QUESTIONS









to be marked.




PSYA1(JUn12psyA101)G/T76565 6/6/6/6/


Surname

Other Names

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Question Mark

1

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7

8

TOTAL


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(02)G/T76565/Jun12/PSYA1




1 The multi-store model of memory proposes that there are separate short-term and long-term stores.

Explain two differences between short-term memory and long-term memory in this model.

Difference 1 ......................................................................................................................

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Turn over 8


2 (a) Outline the main features of the working memory model.

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2 (b) Outline one strength and one limitation of the working memory model.

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Turn over 8


3 Dave, a middle-aged male researcher, approached an adult in a busy street. He asked the adult for directions to the train station. He repeated this with 29 other adults.

Each of the 30 adults was then approached by a second researcher, called Sam, who showed each of them 10 photographs of different middle-aged men, including a photograph of Dave. Sam asked the 30 adults to choose the photograph of the person who had asked them for directions to the train station.

Sam estimated the age of each of the 30 adults and recorded whether each one had correctly chosen the photograph of Dave.

3 (a) Identify one aim of this experiment.

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3 (b) Suggest one reason why the researchers decided to use a field experiment rather than a laboratory experiment.

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3 (c) Name the sampling technique used in this experiment. Evaluate the choice of this sampling technique in this experiment.

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3 (d) Identify one possible extraneous variable in this experiment. Explain how this extraneous variable could have affected the results of this experiment.

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How this extraneous variable could have affected the results of this experiment

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3 (e) Describe what research has shown about age of witness and eyewitness testimony.

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3 (f) Outline one study that has investigated the effect of anxiety on eyewitness testimony.

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4 Psychology students sometimes revise for an exam by reading their notes over and over again. However, psychologists suggest that other memory improvement strategies may be more effective.

Explain how a student could use their knowledge of strategies for memory improvement (other than repetition) to help revise for a psychology exam.

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5 Outline Bowlby’s theory of attachment.

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6 A researcher used the Strange Situation to investigate the attachment types of two infants. Megan was classified as insecure-avoidant. Rosie was classified as insecure-resistant.

6 (a) Explain how Megan’s behaviour would differ from Rosie’s behaviour in the Strange Situation.

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6 (b) Give one limitation of the use of the Strange Situation in attachment research.

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7 A psychologist carried out a research study to investigate the effects of institutional care. To do this, she constructed a questionnaire to use with 100 adults who had spent some time in an institution when they were children.

She also carried out interviews with ten of the adults.

7 (a) For this study, explain one advantage of collecting information using a questionnaire.

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7 (b) In this study, the psychologist collected some qualitative data.

Explain what is meant by qualitative data.

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7 (c) Write one suitable question that could be used in the interviews to produce qualitative data.

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7 (d) Identify two ethical issues that the psychologist would need to consider in this research. Explain how the psychologist could deal with one of these issues.

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8 Outline and evaluate research into the effects of day care on children’s social development (eg aggression, peer relations). (12 marks)


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END OF QUESTIONS





Thursday 10 January 2013 1.30 pm to 3.00 pm





to be marked.




PSYA1(JAn13psyA101)G/T87042 6/6/6/


Surname

Other Names

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Question Mark

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2

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5

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7

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(02)G/T87042/Jan13/PSYA1




1 Research has suggested that the encoding and capacity of short-term memory are different from the encoding and capacity of long-term memory.

1 (a) Explain what is meant by encoding.

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1 (b) Outline the difference between the capacity of short-term memory and the capacity of long-term memory.

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2 Three components of the working memory model are the central executive, the phonological loop and the visuo-spatial sketchpad.

2 (a) Briefly outline each of these components.

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2 (b) An experiment was carried out to investigate the working memory model.

One group of participants was asked to carry out two visual tasks at the same time. A different group of participants was asked to carry out a visual task and a verbal task at the same time.

The results showed that the participants who carried out two visual tasks at the same time performed less well on the tasks than participants who carried out a visual task and a verbal task at the same time.

Use your knowledge of the working memory model to explain this finding.

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3 A psychologist used an independent groups design to investigate whether or not a cognitive interview was more effective than a standard interview, in recalling information. For this experiment, participants were recruited from an advertisement placed in a local paper. The advertisement informed the participants that they would be watching a film of a violent crime and that they would be interviewed about the content by a male police officer.

The psychologist compared the mean number of items recalled in the cognitive interview with the mean number recalled in the standard interview.

3 (a) Name the sampling technique used in this experiment.

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3 (b) Suggest one limitation of using this sampling technique.

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3 (c) Identify the independent variable and the dependent variable in this experiment.

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3 (d) Explain one advantage of using an independent groups design for this experiment.

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3 (e) Discuss whether or not the psychologist showed an awareness of the British Psychological Society (BPS) Code of Ethics when recruiting participants for this experiment.

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3 (f) One technique used in cognitive interviews is ‘report everything’. When using this technique, the police officer in this investigation read the following instructions to the participants:

“Please tell me everything you can remember about what you saw in the film. Do not leave anything out, even the small details you think may be unimportant.”

Identify one other technique which could have been used by the police officer in this cognitive interview. Write down the instructions that he could have read out to the participants.

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(07)G/T87042/Jan13/PSYA1

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3 (g) The psychologist also recorded the number of correct items recalled and the number of incorrect items recalled in each type of interview. The following results were obtained:

Cognitive Interview Standard InterviewMean number of correct items recalled 45 32

Mean number of incorrect items recalled 8 8

From these results, what might the psychologist conclude about the effectiveness of cognitive interviews?

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4 Outline and evaluate research into the effects of misleading information on eyewitness testimony.

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5 A researcher used content analysis to investigate how the behaviour of young children changed when they started day care.

He identified a group of nine-month-old children who were about to start day care.

He asked the mother of each child to keep a diary recording her child’s behaviour every day for two weeks before and for two weeks after the child started day care.

5 (a) Explain how the researcher could have used content analysis to analyse what the mothers had written in their diaries.

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5 (b) Explain one or more possible limitations of this investigation.

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5 (c) The researcher was interested in the quality of day care.

Outline one characteristic of high-quality day care for nine-month-old children.

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6 The Strange Situation can be used to identify a child’s attachment type.

6 (a) Explain how the behaviour of a child showing insecure-avoidant attachment type would be different from the behaviour of a child showing insecure-resistant attachment type.

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6 (b) Evaluate the Strange Situation as a method for investigating types of attachment.

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6 (c) Outline one or more studies that have investigated cultural variations in attachment.

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7 Outline and evaluate research into the effects of failure to form attachment (privation).


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G/T87042/Jan13/PSYA1(16)


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END OF QUESTIONS


Documents

Psychology PSYA1 (Specification A) - SOCIAL SCIENCESsocialsci-groby.weebly.com/uploads/2/9/4/4/29442905/psya1_revision... · Psychology PSYA1 (Specification A) ... Total for this