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Psychology
•This discipline focuses on factors that are unique to the individual and that influence how that individual will act and think.
Examples of Branches:
•Clinical - develops programs for treating individuals suffering from mental illnesses and behavioural disorders
•E.g. treating dangerous sex offenders in federal prisons
Examples of Branches...
•Experimental - sets up experiments to see how individuals act in particular situations
•E.g. would an individual help a stranger who was being threatened with violence from another person?
Skills & Methods
•Experiments using humans and animals
•Case studies of individuals over long periods of time
•Surveys - interviews and questionnaires
Schools of Thought
•What is this? A certain way of interpreting a discipline’s subject matter that has gained widespread credibility
Psychoanalytic Theory (1890s - 1930s)
•Founder is Sigmund Freud
•Based on the belief that the human mind consists of two parts 1) conscious = memories that can be recalled; 2) unconscious (more influential) = memories that cannot be recalled
Psychoanalytic Theory
•Unconscious can be further divided:
•ID - urges us to seek physical satisfaction
•SUPEREGO - pushes us to do the moral thing
•EGO - referee between the two
Psychoanalytic Theory• Freud believed that early childhood
experiences are stored in the unconscious mind and may create problems in adulthood if early relationships created frustration
• E.g. neurotic, abnormal, or criminal behaviour
• Can be treated by unlocking memories in the unconscious mind using:
• Hypnosis
• Dream Analysis
• Free Association
Dream Analysis
•This psychotherapeutic technique is used by psychoanalysts to interpret a person’s dream.
•Psychoanalysts believe dreams contain information about the individual’s unconscious thoughts and conflicts
Try It Out!
•On a piece of paper, outline the last dream that you remember having
•Include as much detail as possible
•Trade with a partner
Interpreting Dreams
•Freud distinguished between the dream’s manifest (conscious) and latent (unconscious) content.
•Psychoanalysts interpret the dream by analyzing the manifest content for disguised unconscious wishes and needs, especially those that are sexual or aggressive in nature.
Themes & Objects
Using the chart below, can you offer any insight to your partner’s dream?
Theme Objects or Activities in Dreams
Genitals (male) Umbrellas, knives, poles, swords, airplanes, guns, serpents, neckties, tree trunks, hoses
Genitals (female) Boxes, caves, pockets, pouches, jewel cases, ovens, closets
Parents Kings, queens, emperors, empresses
Siblings Little animals
Be Careful!
You need to be careful with dream analysis. Even Freud cautioned against over-interpreting: “Sometimes a cigar is just a cigar”
Free Association • This method consists of encouraging individuals
to say aloud whatever comes to mind no matter how trivial or embarrassing.
• Freud believed that the crux of the person’s emotional problem probably lurked below this point of resistance.
• Encouraging people to talk freely, Freud thought, would help emotional feelings to emerge
• Catharsis is the psychoanalytic term for the release of emotional tension a person experiences when reliving an emotionally charged and conflicting experience.
Psychoanalytic Theory
•Major Criticisms: mind cannot be studied because it cannot be seen
•Too much emphasis on sexual satisfaction or frustration in personality development
Behaviourism (1910-1950s)
•Founder is John B. Watson
•Based on the belief that behaviour can be modified by identifying factors that motivate it in the first place
Behaviourism •Child-rearing methods have a huge
influence on the character of individuals into adulthood
•Correct child-rearing methods = well-adjusted adults
•Used animal experiments & concluded that children should be raised using a strict approach
Behaviourism
•Criticisms: every child is unique and needs methods to take this into consideration
•Influence of heredity is ignored
Learning Theory (1880s-present)
•Founders Ivan Pavlov and B.F. Skinner
•Based on the belief that most human behaviour is learned - not instinctive
•By controlling the way humans learn, society can greatly influence personalities
Learning Theory•Learning is a stimulus - response
effect
•If subject is correctly stimulated it will give the appropriate response
•Therefore, if children are given clear and consistent expectations for good behaviour and swift but fair consequences for bad behaviour, they become secure, loving adults
B.F. Skinner & Operant ConditioningSkinner believed that all overt
behaviour is determined by the external environment and that personality refers to a person’s relatively stable behavioural patterns
He stressed that our behaviour always has the capacity for change if new experiences are encountered
Operant Conditioning
•Skinner’s believed that behaviour can be changed by a reward system
• Behaviour that is “good” = reward
• Behaviour that is “bad” = reward is held back
• Can you think of how we use operant conditioning in our lives today?
Learning Theory•A. Bandura - learning is modelling
•Children observe behaviour and then copy it (good and/or bad)
•Criticism: learning is too vast a field to be summarized in one theory
•treats humans like robots
The Bystander Effect
•Catherine “Kitty” Genovese• New York City woman stabbed to death in New York (March 13, 1964)
• Lack of reaction of numerous neighbours, fully aware but completely nonresponsive prompted investigation into the social psychological phenomenon: The Bystander Effect or “Genovese Syndrome” and especially diffusion of responsibility
• Her cries for help were heard and ignored by numerous residents at the apartment
• Genovese arrived home at about 3:15am
• As she walked towards her building she was approached by Winston Moseley – she ran; Moseley ran after her, overtook her and stabbed her twice in the back
• While she lay dying, he raped her, stole about $49 from her, and left
•http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L_LKzEqlPto