Psychology This WeekMonday

◦Human intelligence The basics Memento Memory Quiz

Tuesday◦ IQ testing

Finish of semester materials

Wednesday◦Review guide

Thursday ◦Review

Psychology TodayIntelligence

◦What is it?◦What’s is the History of IQ testing◦Who’s who?

Memento ◦Memory/IQ challenge

(Memento Test)

Human IntelligenceThe IQ and You

A ChallengeFind the answer that best

matches the stem pair in the analogy. SEDATIVE :: DROWSINESS◦A. epidemic : contagiousness ◦B. vaccine : virus ◦C. laxative : drug ◦D. anesthetic : numbness ◦E. therapy : psychosis

Answer: D

A ChallengeRearrange the following letters to

make a word and choose the category in which it fits.

"FADLOFDI"◦A. city ◦B. fruit ◦C. flower ◦D. vegetable

Answer: C “Daffodil” is a flower

A ChallengeWhich one of the sets of letters

below can be arranged into a five letter English word. ◦A. a t r u n ◦B. p o d e b ◦C. t e c a r ◦D. m o h a t ◦E. e t l r n

Answer: C “cater”

What factors may determine how well you answered the previous questions?

PsychologyWhat is Intelligence?What are some modern views on

intelligence?What is the history of intelligence

testing?What is an IQ?What are some modern day facts

about intelligence?

Defining Intelligence

Intelligence-◦ Global capacity to act purposefully, think

rationally, and deal effectively with the environment

Intelligence- at the CoreGeneral Mental Abilities (g-factor)

-Reasoning- Problem solving- Knowledge- Memory- Successful adaptation to one’s

surroundings

Howard GardnerAmerican Psychologist

and EducatorModern view on

intelligenceGardner argues that

there is both a biological and cultural basis for the multiple intelligences.

7 total intelligences

Theory of Multiple Intelligences“Intelligent behavior does not arise from a single unitary quality of the mind, but rather that different kinds of intelligence are generated from separate metaphorical pools of mental energy.”

More recent view on intelligence

How is Intelligence Measured?IQ testing:The good, the bad, the…… outdated?

Alfred Binet1899 Child

Psychologist/Educator

France1900’s French law

states mandatory for all students between 6 and 14 to attend school daily◦ Even the mentally

disabled

"What should be the test given to children thought to possibly have learning disabilities, that might place them in a special classroom?"

Testing Intelligence

Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale, Fifth Edition (SB5):◦ Widely used individual intelligence test, derived

directly from Alfred Binet’s first intelligence test; for ages 2-90!

SB5 Measure- Fluid Reasoning- Knowledge- Quantitative Reasoning- Visual-Spatial Processing- Working Memory

SB5- Fluid Reasoning

What comes next in the series above?

SB5- Knowledge

Why is yeast added to bread dough?

What does cryptic mean?

What is silly or impossible about this picture?

SB5- Quantitative Reasoning

If a shirt is being sold for 30% of it’s original price and the price tag is $60, what is the cost of the shirt?

SB5- Visual-Spatial Processing

Standard Responses

Which two circles contains configuration of blocksidentical to the one in the circle at left?

SB5- Working Memory

Memorize the following list of numbers:

1 8 1 2 1 9 4 1 1 7 7 6 1 4 9 2 2 0 0 1

Write down the numbers in order.

Now, try again…

1812 1941 1776 1492 2001

Intelligence Quotient (IQ)Intelligence Quotient (IQ):

◦Intelligence index; mental age divided by chronological age, then multiplied by 100 Average IQ in the USA is 100

Chronological Age: Person’s age in years Mental Age: Average intellectual performance

MA/CA X 100 = IQ

More IQ TermsDeviation IQ:

◦ Scores based on a person’s relative standing in his or her age group; how far above or below average a person’s score is, relative to other scores IQ scores are not very dependable until a child

reaches age 6 Terminal Decline: Abrupt decline in measured IQ

about 5 years before death

David WechslerAmerican

Psychologist1939New YorkWechsler

Adult/Children Intelligence Scales (WAIS) (WICS)

Wechsler ScalesPerformance Intelligence:

◦ Nonverbal intelligence; measured by solving puzzles, completing

pictures, and assembling objects

Verbal Intelligence: ◦ Language intelligence;

measured by answering questions involving vocabulary, information, arithmetic, and other language-oriented tasks

“Intelligence is the aggregate or global capacity of the individual to act purposefully, to think rationally and to deal effectively with his environment (Wechsler, 1944, p. 3).”

Wechsler TestsWechsler Adult Intelligence Test-

Third Edition (WAIS-III): Adult intelligence test that rates verbal and performance intelligence and abilities◦Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-

Third Edition (WISC-III): Downscaled version of the WAIS-III; for children aged 6 years to 16 years 11 months, 30 days

◦SB5 is better suited for children and adolescents

◦WISC-IV to be published in 2003

Good Intelligence TestsCharacteristics -

◦ Standardization ◦ Objectivity – no bias

Culture-Fair Test: Test designed to minimize importance of skills and knowledge that may be more common in some cultures than in others

Norms based on large sample of general population

◦ Reliability – same results time after time Test-Retest: Give test to a large group, then give exactly the same

test to same group later Split-Half: Making sure scores on one-half of a test match the scores

on the other half

◦ Validity – measures what it is supposed to measure Predictive validity

Cognition, Language, and Intelligence

Fig.11.10 The following sample

items are from a culture-fair test.

1. Which pattern is different from the remaining four?

2. Which of the five figures on the right would properly continue the three on the left_that is, fill in the blank?

3. Which of the figures on the right should go in the square on the left to make it look right?

4. At left, the dot is outside the square and inside the circle. In which of the figures on the right could you put a dot outside the square and inside the circle? ( (Courtesy of R.B. Cattell).

Answers: 1-3, 2-5, 3-2, 4-3

Psychology Today

IntelligenceBattle of the SexesFrom Test Taker to Test Maker

INTELLIGENCE FACTS & STATS

FIG.11.4 THE STABILITY OR RELIABILITY OF IQ SCORES INCREASES

RAPIDLY IN EARLY CHILDHOOD. SCORES ARE VERY CONSISTENT

FROM EARLY ADULTHOOD TO LATER MIDDLE AGE. (SOURCE:

SCHUERGER & WITT, 1989.)

Fig.11.4 The stability or reliability of IQ scores increases rapidly in early childhood. Scores are very consistent from early adulthood to later middle age. (Source: Schuerger & Witt, 1989.)

•Normal Distribution - The distribution of scores (commonly called IQ scores) on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale follows an approximately normal curve, an average distribution of values. The test is regularly adjusted so that the median score is 100—that is, so that half of the scores fall above 100, and half fall below.

Cognition, Language, and Intelligence

1940 1950

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score

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1970 1980 1990

105

19601930

110

115

120

100

Year data collected

Intelligence scores of individuals born in different years but tested at the same age

Genetic Influences

The most genetically similar people have the most similar scores

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

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1.0Similarity ofintelligence

scores(correlation)

Identicaltwinsreared together

Identicaltwinsreared apart

Fraternaltwinsreared together

Siblingsreared together

Unrelatedindividualsreared together

Importance of IQ ScoresModern society

◦Persons with higher IQ scores do better in educational achievement, and obtain higher paying employment Average truck driver – IQ under 100 Average doctor or lawyer – IQ is 125 or more High correlation between educational and

occupational success

Cognition, Language, and Intelligence

Race-Ethnic DifferencesIntelligence and achievement

since 1930s◦African American scores average 15

points below whites

◦Hispanic/Latino Americans average scores fall between those of whites and African Americans

◦Asian Americans average 5 points higher than scores of whites

Cognition, Language, and Intelligence

Race-Ethnic DifferencesLarge increases in IQ since 1930s

due to◦Lives of African Americans have

improved (more opportunities in education and life)

◦Less children born benefit from family size

◦Changes in health and nutritionBell curve

– U.S. becoming meritocracy◦Society headed toward genetic

decline

Cognition, Language, and Intelligence

Extremes in IntelligenceMental retardation – IQ of 70

or below◦Wide range of conditions resulting

from genetics, trauma, and maternal infections Mildly retarded – IQ of 50 to 70 Moderately retarded – IQ of 35 to 49 Severely retarded – IQ of 20 to 34 Profoundly retarded – IQ under 20

Gifted – high IQ and high creativity ◦High achievers and highly successful

in life

Cognition, Language, and Intelligence

Organic Causes of Mental Retardation

Related to physical disordersBirth Injuries: Lack of oxygen during

deliveryFetal Damage: Congenital problem;

prenatal damage from disease, infection, or drug use by the mother

Metabolic Disorders: Disorder in metabolism; affects energy use and production in the body

Genetic Abnormalities: Abnormality in the genes, such as missing genes, extra genes, or defective genes

Types of Organic Causes

Phenylketonuria (PKU): ◦ Genetic disease in which the child lacks an

important enzyme. Allows phenylpyruvic acid to accumulate in the body If untreated, severe retardation may occur by age 3 Routine medical tests at birth can detect PKU Treat with phenylalanine-free diet (found, for

example, in Aspartame, known as Nutrasweet)

More Organic Causes of Mental Retardation

Microcephaly: ◦ Head and brain are abnormally small; brain is

forced to develop in a limited spaceHydrocephaly:

◦ Buildup of cerebrospinal fluid within the ventricles (brain cavities); pressure can enlarge the head and damage the brain

Cretinism: ◦ Stunted growth and retardation caused by

insufficient supply of thyroid hormone May also be caused by lack of iodine Easily detected in infancy

Down SyndromeDown Syndrome:

◦ Genetic disorder caused by presence of extra chromosome (usually on the 21st pair; trisomy 21); results in mental retardation and shorter life span Does not run in the family Older a woman is, greater the risk to produce a

Down’s child Older fathers also contribute (about 25% of the

time) No cure, but is detectable before birth

Fragile X SyndromeFragile X Syndrome:

◦Genetic form of retardation caused by defect in X chromosome Runs in families Sex-linked; mainly affects boys Most suffer from hyperactivity and

attention disorders Become more severely retarded as adults

Semester 1 Review Guides

Those taking the Final– Mandatory

Those not taking the Final– Optional

Wednesday- Review GuidesThursday- Review GuidesFriday- Final Review Festivus

!!