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Public Spaces Bioclimatic Intervention. ASPIS Gent Conference, 15.11.2012
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Margarita Karavasili Architect d.p.l.g. – Msc. of Urban & Spacial Planning
President of Citizens’ Inspectorate for Sustainable Development
ex. Special Secretary of Environmental & Energey Inspectorate
City Open
spaces
Building
In the debate on sustainability,
a lot of time and effort goes to
buildings,
which are responsible for
almost 40% of the total final
energy consumption on a
European and national level.
This consumption, either in
the form of heat (using
primarily oil) or electricity,
besides being a significant
economic burden due to the
high cost of energy,
results in large scale
atmospheric pollution,
mainly carbon dioxide (CO2)
which is responsible for the
greenhouse effect.
It is crucial and effective to promote initiatives, designs, research and proposals that challenge the sustainability
of the public open space
open spaces role is crucial in combating
urban heat island effect and in creating a
favorable microclimate.
Traditionally, decisions and designs have been
based on economics, form and function.
The broader environmental context , in which all things exist,
and on which all things rely- has not adequately been
considered.
we have to understand that
WE are part of the environment, and
not separate from it
If we want to
have
ecological
resources to
use in the
future,
and ensure a
high quality
of life,
we must start
considering
the broader
environmenta
l context in
our choices,
in every level,
regional &
urban
planning,
and buildings
design.
the cultural heritage
the built environment
local climatic conditions
natural resources
technology
Ecologically sustainable
development
Appropriate technology
Sustainable design process
Why ? Our childrens’ future is involved
1
1
The ribbons of sustainable development
Narbonne 2006 laureate
Joint environment diagnosis
Energy planning programme
Local Agenda 21
1
2
The ribbons of sustainable development
Narbonne 2006 laureate The City of Narbonne, Crossroads of
southern Europe
Providing global results “ Zero CO2 Impact ”
“ Vehicule free ” cities = controlled interior circulation
“ Passive buildings “ = energy consumption reduced by half
Energy requirements “ filled by renewable energies “
“Drinking water” consumption reduced by half”
“ Selective sorting at source “ and “ silent collection “ of refuse
Implementation of “ services to facilitate eco citizens action “
• Political willingness
the pedestrian is more
important that the vehicle
Pedestrian and cycle roads, community transportation, vehicule parks, a reasonable amount of vehicule traffic (defiveries, removals..)
By services facilitating vehicule-
free pratices: vehicule sharing,
delivery services
Urban public spaces have been host to many political, social and economic activities throughout history.
From the early days of the agorae in Greece, where bustling trade occurred…
to the Place Royale in Paris where political revolution took place,
public space has been at the core of many cities’ most important happenings.
The core functions of public space have the capacity to radically change with the passing of time.
The squares and streets of cities have historically
been closely tied to markets and commerce but
worrying trends of serving business instead of
community are emerging.
Surfaces that were once permeable and
moist become impermeable and dry.
These changes cause urban regions to
become warmer than their rural
surroundings, forming an "island" of
higher temperatures in the landscape.
Large amounts of concrete and asphalt
hold more heat than a rural area.
Tall city buildings limit air flow.
Little vegetation - Limited cooling shade.
The improvement of the energy characteristics of the open public
spaces is expected the reduce the heat island effect,
It contributes to the improvement of the microclimate at urban scale , as well as at
the scale of the surrounding buildings,
and will yield a series of other benefits with respect to life in the urban
environment.
The energy benefit to the surrounding buildings will result from the reduction of
the cooling load during the warm periods of the year.
By using:
• light colored concrete surfaces, pavers and/or open grid pavement used in
non-roof areas, for higher albedo (reflectivity),
• design entrance plazas, walkways and parking lots with light decorative
concrete pavement,
• green roofs (harness the same evaporative cooling effect that cities lose when
they hack away vegetation) • roof sprinkling (evaporative cooling solution)
• ecological revitalization of urban open spaces
Environmental impact evaluation
models and tools.
A list of indicators for the socio-economic
implications of the development of outdoor spaces
for urban activities.
Benito Jimenez Alcala Environmental Αspects
of Hispano-Moslem Architecture PhD 2002,
AA EE London
Δημοσιοι χωροι
Design Guidelines 1. General rules
2. Application of DG to the
selected open spaces in
Thessaloniki
3. Application
of DG to
principal case
study sites
ENVI-met 2.5 (Μichael Bruse, University of Bochun www.ENVI-met.com)
Simulations Temperature & air movement
S. Alvarez et al, University of Seville
DESIGN TOOLS
Effect of vegetation
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Solar hour
Te
mp
era
ture
(ºC
)
Rural
Vegetation
No vegetation
Effect of Street Layout
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Solar hour
Te
mp
era
ture
(ºC
)
Rural
Avenue
Narrow Street
Effect of Antropogenic Heat Sources
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Solar hour
Te
mp
era
ture
(ºC
)
Rural
No traffic street
Traffic street
Simulations
Issues and Indicators Link together the overall social function of urban
open spaces and the descriptive analysis of selected open spaces with the design procedure.
• Evaluate
thermal comfort conditions
of a design scheme, giving a variation of the radiant thermal load as a function of the use of different materials
environmental impact of alternative urban forms, examining the environmental performance of urban textures, contributing to temperature, sun and wind analysis
Issues and Indicators Link together the overall social function of urban
open spaces and the descriptive analysis of selected open spaces with the design procedure.
Issues and Indicators Link together the overall social function of urban
open spaces and the descriptive analysis of selected open spaces with the design procedure.
Buildings are like the cities heat points
during 24 hours & the whole year …
Solar energy absorption
solar energy absorption
by dark surface
high air temperature
Objective: upgrade reflection effect
Light colored surface Temperature
Tair inside
Troof surface
Tsky
Tair outside
Tceiling
natural properties of materials
Reflection
Emission
Absorption
Pilot Applications: Municipality of Alimos
General view of the site
Total area:
≈ 520m²
Net area
provided for
application
(without
sidewalks):
≈ 240m²
A square located in
the suburbs of
Athens, Alimos, was
designed on the basis
of biocliamtic criteria
in a biois partially
shaded by both the
galleries & the trees.
Pilot Applications: Municipality of Alimos – Design Process
1st Design Proposal Partner's comments (Kassel Meeting & on extranet)
2nd Design Proposal
Final Proposal
Partner's comments (Milan Meeting)
Need for visual contact at
ground level
Adjacent future pedestrian
street-> need for entrances
Low noise & visual contact
requirements
Tilt shading devises
Reduction on the number of proposed trees. Trees
with canopy at height above eye-level
Creation of a pathway crossing the site
No sound barrier
Solar geometry study:=> Not needed
Limited use of pergolas over
pathways.
Water surfaces & grass to
counterbalance the temperature
increase by shading devises
removal
Exposed areas
Pilot Applications: Municipality of Alimos – Design Process
1st Design Proposal Partner's comments (Kassel Meeting & on extranet)
2nd Design Proposal
Final Proposal
Partner's comments (Milan Meeting)
Reduction on the number of proposed trees. Trees
with canopy at height above eye-level
Creation of a pathway crossing the site
No sound barrier
Solar geometry study:=> Not needed
Pergolas are blocking the view
to the site and do not permit
children attendance
Opportunity to choose shaded
or solar exposed area to rest
Limited use of pergolas over
pathways.
Water surfaces & grass to
counterbalance the temperature
increase by shading devises
removal
Exposed areas
Pilot Applications: Municipality of Alimos
Deciduous trees
Bushes & trees (Canopy>Eye level)
Dense Bushes
& trees
Small Bushes
flowers
flowers
flowers
Pilot Applications: Municipality of Alimos Description
The site is partially shaded by both the galleries & the
trees. (Users have various choices concerning their
need for solar exposure in summer.)
Parks with grass and flowers together with water
surfaces, provide cooling in summer.
Darker, non reflective materials are used under the
galleries. (Overheating protection s provided by
shading these surfaces.)
Light colored surfaces covers the inner area of the site
Water surfaces provide a pleasant sound masking
Pilot Applications: Municipality of Alimos
Children’s Safety
1. The area is visible from
ground level & from the
surrounding buildings
2. The playground is in lower
level to prevent younger
children from escaping from
their escort's attention and to
provide tiers for escorts to
rest (both shaded & exposed)
3. No vertical elements
around the playground, to
prevent accidents
4. Night: Adequate lighting of
the area
Pilot Applications: Municipality of Alimos
Topographic
plan area
Simplified *
representation of site
shading
from surrounding
buildings on 21 Dec. * Ground surface is considered
horizontal. Considering the high
slope at south-west orientation,
true shaded area is larger after
12:00.
Site winter shading
Pilot Applications: Municipality of Alimos
Proposed
Design
Solution
Axonometric plan
Stage 1
Water Surfaces
Vegetation
Shading – Solar exposure
Materials – Glare control
Wind breaks
Pilot Applications: Municipality of Thermi – Design Process
1st Design Proposal
Kassel Meeting :Partner's comments
Official approval by the Municipality council (Feb.19)
Contacts with Municipality authorities. Mun. Authority's comments
Contacts with Municipality authorities Mun. Authority's comments
Partner's comments (25 May)
Public Meeting :Citizens comments, specific problems,
requirements & approval (Feb.21)
Detailed study
Partner's comments (Milan Meeting)
2nd Design Proposal
3rd Design Proposal
Contacts with Municipality authorities Mun. Authority's comments
Final Design Proposal ▓ ▓ ▓ ▓ ▓ ▓ ▓ ▓▓ ▓ ▓ ▓ ▓ ▓ ▓ ▓
2. The networks maintenance requires frequent surface digging
Every new building construction would create “holes” on the
surface that would harm the aesthetics of the site.
“Conventional” materials were used for surface covering.
3. Proposal for covering a portion of the ground surface with
perforated blocks, filled with grass
Difficult maintenance & ease of walking
“Solid” materials were used for surface covering
4. Need for light traffic some hours every day (cars & trucks)
The limited width of the gallery would made traffic difficult along
the site and along the crossing roads. Sound barrier not applicable
Smaller size of towers & placement next (not inside) the road
5. Use of perforated aluminum shades on the top of the gallery
Stability reasons of the gallery require low material weight.
The cost of the material was also taken into account
After contacts with various companies with adequate products, the
use of semi-transparent polycarbonate foils was chosen.
6. Applicability of the Design Proposal
In order to step into a detailed study, various studies were done.
(Not directly related with RUROS, but necessary for the
applicability of the proposal
1. Underground public network study (future networks, watering
etc.)
2. Civil engineer study in order to ensure the stability of the gallery
3. Detailed market research on available material properties, cost &
applicability
4. Solar Geometry study
5. Artificial lighting study
1. Existence of underground public networks at various depths.
Restricts the potential tree planting to specific locations only,
because the root system would disable the maintenance of the
networks and could cause damage.
Each proposed position for tree planting and for park locations,
does not affect the public networks
Pilot Applications: Municipality of Thermi
3rd Design Proposal (Presented during the Meeting in Milan)
After the acceptance of the proposal, the
detailed study had to overcome the
following restrictions:
Pilot Applications: Municipality of Thermi
Section A Section B Section C
Section D
3rd Design Proposal (Detailed study)
Ground Plan
Cross Section
Equal distance
on both sides
Side-gardens with flowers
next to the road
2 artistic seat benches
(sculptures)
A “square”, with grass
and trees with colored
fruits (plum & sour orange
trees)
2 symbolic towers
representing bioclimatic
elements (Sun, Wind,
Rain, Time-seasons)
Various seat benches next to
& inside the “square”, under
the trees
2 springs (water surfaces) Paths, connecting the building
entrances with the road,
offering direct access to
people
Pilot Applications: Municipality of Thermi
Section A
Each section contains:
2 fountains
Pilot Applications: Municipality of Thermi
Mechanically controlled columns to
prevent vehicle traffic during day time
Artistic seat bench
Existing or new trees
Garbage tanks
Colored asphalt
Side gardens with
flowers
Ceramic blocks
Pavement tiles
Pilot Applications: Municipality of Thermi
Spring Ceramic blocks
Pavement tiles
Side garden Red asphalt
Pilot Applications: Municipality of Thermi
Symbolic Tower
Element: Sun
Large garbage
tank Position
Seats
The project concerns the
redesign of Katsantonis
Park and perimeter roads
and also
interventions to existing
buildings
that house services of
Municipality of Eleftherio-
Kordelio: welfare (Center for
Creative Children
Occupation) and offices
(Thematic Broadband Youth
Park).
Landscape design concerns redesigning of the open spaces,
taking into account existing uses,
pedestrian and vehicular traffic and accesses.
Existing compatible elements were preserved and new ones were
introduced, according to the concept of intervention: thematic
arrangement, redesign of playground and water route, parking areas
Thermal behaviour simulations were performed with special software
based on accurate climatic data of the region, leading to:
- Location of activities based on the microclimate
- Planting of a variety of plants aiming at thermal comfort
- Shading, wind redirection and protection devices
- Selection of suitable floor materials, building elements and urban
equipment
- Introduction of new technologies (recycling, renewable energy
sources)