Publication No.142-2010

Water Quality Status of Upper KPKand Northern Areas of Pakistan

Dr. Manzoor Ahmad MalikEngr. Muhammad AzamAbdus Saboor

PAKISTAN COUNCIL OF RESEARCH IN WATER RESOURCESWater Resources Research Centre, Peshawar

Ministry of Science and TechnologyMay 2010

Copyright ©2010 by PCRWRKhyaban-e-Johar, H-8/1, Islamabad – PakistanEmail: pcrwr@isb.comsats.net.pk

ISBN 978-969-8469-35-1

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CONTENTS

Page No.

Abbreviations .................................................................................................................................................ivList of Tables...................................................................................................................................................vList of Figures .............................................................................................................................................. vii

Chapter: 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background ..............................................................................................................................11.2 North Western Frontier Province ...............................................................................................21.3 Physiography and Climate .........................................................................................................21.4 Demography and Water Resources ............................................................................................31.5 Northern Areas of Pakistan (Geography and Demography) ......................................................31.6 Climate and Water Resources ....................................................................................................41.7 Water Quality Implications ........................................................................................................41.8 Water Quality Monitoring of NWFP and Northern Areas .........................................................51.9 Objectives ..................................................................................................................................51.10 Scope of the Study .....................................................................................................................51.11 Relationship of the Project to PCRWR ......................................................................................6

Chapter: 2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Natural Sources of Contaminations and Health Effects .............................................................72.2 Physical and Aesthetic Parameters.............................................................................................7

2.2.1 pH................................................................................ ………………….…………72.2.2 Electrical Conductivity (EC) and total Dissolved Salts (TDS).................................82.2.3 Turbidity...................................................................................................................92.2.4 Colour ......................................................................................................................92.2.5 Taste .......................................................................................................................102.2.6 Odor .......................................................................................................................10

2.3 Chemical Parameters................................................................................................................10

2.3.1 Alkalinity (Alk) .......................................................................................................102.3.2 Bicarbonate (HCO3) ..............................................................................................112.3.3 Carbonate (CO3) ...................................................................................................122.3.4 Calcium (Ca) ..........................................................................................................122.3.5 Magnesium (Mg) ....................................................................................................132.3.6 Hardness ................................................................................................................132.3.7 Sodium (Na) ...........................................................................................................142.3.8 Potassium (K).........................................................................................................152.3.9 Chloride (Cl) ..........................................................................................................152.3.10 Sulphate (SO4) .......................................................................................................162.3.11 Nitrate (NO3) .........................................................................................................16

2.4 Trace Elements.........................................................................................................................17

2.4.1 Arsenic (As) ............................................................................................................172.4.2 Iron (Fe) .................................................................................................................182.4.3 Fluoride (F)............................................................................................................18

2.5 Bacteriological Parameters.......................................................................................................19

2.5.1 Total Coliforms ......................................................................................................19

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2.5.2 Fecal Coliforms......................................................................................................192.5.3 Escherichia Coliform (E.Coli) ...............................................................................20

2.6 Causes of Water Pollution.......................................................................................................21

2.6.1 Sanitation ..............................................................................................................212.6.2 Masses and Institutional Awareness ......................................................................212.6.3 Leakage of Pipelines ..............................................................................................212.6.4 Location of Pipe lines.............................................................................................212.6.5 Clogging of Sewerage System ................................................................................222.6.6 Growing of Field Crops and Vegetables ................................................................222.6.7 Groundwater Pollution ..........................................................................................22

Chapter: 3 METHODOLOGY

3.1 Grid Size and Number of Samples...........................................................................................233.2 Monitoring Area ......................................................................................................................243.3 Sample Collection and Preservation ........................................................................................24

3.3.1 Tap Water...............................................................................................................243.3.2 Tube Well Water.....................................................................................................253.3.3 Water from Distribution Network...........................................................................253.3.4 Hand Pump/Open Well Water ................................................................................253.3.5 Stream Water..........................................................................................................263.3.6 Spring Water ..........................................................................................................263.3.7 Microbiological Samples........................................................................................273.3.8 Type of Water Samples and Preservatives .............................................................27

3.4 Analytical Methods ..................................................................................................................27

3.4.1 Alkalinity ................................................................................................................283.4.2 Arsenic ...................................................................................................................293.4.3 Bicarbonates ..........................................................................................................30

Chapter: 4 WATER QUALITY STANDARDS

4.1 WHO Guidelines......................................................................................................................314.2 Standards Drafted by PCRWR.................................................................................................324.3 Pakistan Standard Institution....................................................................................................334.4 International Bottled Water Association (IBWA) Standards ...................................................344.5 Food Development Authority (FDA) Water Standards............................................................354.6 National Environmental Quality Standards by EPA (Liquid Industrial Effluents) ..................354.7 Indian Water Quality Standards ...............................................................................................364.8 Water Quality Standards of Indonesia, Singapore, Malaysia,

Thailand, Philippines and Brunei .............................................................................................374.9 Water Quality Standards of Vietnam, Japan, China, Hong Kong,

Korea and Taiwan ....................................................................................................................384.10 Water Quality Standards of Saudi Arabia, Guam, Australia,

Argentina, Mexico and Canada................................................................................................39

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Chapter: 5 RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS

5.1 Mardan .....................................................................................................................................425.2 Buner........................................................................................................................................465.3 Swat .........................................................................................................................................495.4 Dir Lower.................................................................................................................................525.5 Dir Upper .................................................................................................................................545.6 Gilgit ........................................................................................................................................575.7 Skardu ......................................................................................................................................595.8 Ghanche ...................................................................................................................................615.9 Diamer .....................................................................................................................................635.10 Ghizer.......................................................................................................................................645.11 Over All Water Quality Situations in NWFP & Northern Areas .............................................66

Chapter: 6 FINDINGS & RECOMMENDATIONS

6.1 Findings ...................................................................................................................................716.2 Conclusions..............................................................................................................................726.3 Recommendations....................................................................................................................72

References.................................................................................................................................................75

Annexure

Annexure-01-(a) Water Quality Analysis results of District Mardan (2004-05) ...........................................79Annexure-01-(b) Water Quality Analysis Results of District Mardan (2005-06) .........................................83Annexure-02-(a) Water Quality Analysis Results of District Buner (2004-05) ............................................86Annexure-02-(b) Water Quality Analysis Results of District Buner (2005-06) ............................................88Annexure-03-(a) Water Quality Analysis Results of District Swat (2004-05) ..............................................91Annexure-03-(b) Water Quality Analysis Results of District Swat (2005-06)..............................................93Annexure-04-(a) Water Quality Analysis Results of District Dir (Lower) (2004-05)...................................95Annexure-04-(b) Water Quality Analysis Results of District Dir (Lower) (2005-06) ..................................96Annexure-05-(a) Water Quality Analysis Results of District Dir (Upper) (2004-05) ...................................97Annexure-05-(b) Water Quality Analysis Results of District Dir (Upper) (2005-06)...................................98Annexure-06-(a) Water Quality Analysis Results of District Gilgit (2004-05).............................................99Annexure-06-(b) Water Quality Analysis Results of District Gilgit (2005-06) ..........................................100Annexure-07-(a) Water Quality Analysis Results of District Skardu (2004-05).........................................101Annexure-07-(b) Water Quality Analysis Results of District Skardu (2005-06).........................................102Annexure-08-(a) Water Quality Analysis Results of District Ghanche (2004-05)......................................103Annexure-08-(b) Water Quality Analysis Results of District Ghanche (2005-06)......................................104Annexure-09-(a) Water Quality Analysis Results of District Diamer (2004-05) ........................................105Annexure-09-(b) Water Quality Analysis Results of District Diamer (2005-06)........................................106Annexure-10-(a) Water Quality Analysis Results of District Ghizer (2004-05) .........................................107Annexure-10-(b) Water Quality Analysis Results of District Ghizer (2005-06) .........................................108Annexure-11 Summary of Overall Water Samples Collected and Status of Contaminants .................109

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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

S/cm Micro Siemens Per Centimeter MAC* Maximum Acceptable Concentration

AAS Atomic AbsorptionSpectrophotometer

MAC** Maximum Allowable Concentration

ADB Asian Development Bank MAF Million Acre Feet

AF Acre Feet MAR Mardan

Alk Alkalinity Mg Magnesium

As Arsenic mg/l Milligram Per Liter

BDL Below detectable Limit MPL Maximum Permissible Level

BOD Biological Oxygen Demand MPN Most Probable Number

Ca Calcium N Nitrate/Normal

Cl Chloride NO3 Nitrate

CNS Central Nervous System NRSP National Rural Support Program

Cº Centigrade NTU Nephelometric Turbidity Unit(s)

CO3 Carbonate PO4 Phosphate

COD Chemical Oxygen Demand Ppb Parts Per Billion

Cr Chromium Ppm Parts Per Million

DO Dissolved Oxygen PSI Pakistan Standards Institution

E.Coli Escherichia Coliform PSQCA Pakistan Standards & Quality Control Authority

EC Electrical Conductivity/European Community

PVC Polyvinyl Chloride

EDTA Ethylenediamine TetraacetateDehydrate

RO Reverse Osmosis

EPA Environmental ProtectionAgency

Sm-1 Siemens Per Metre

F Fluoride SO4 Sulphate

FDA Food Development Authority SPADNS Sodium 2-(parasulfophenylazo) -1, 8-dihydroxy-3, 6-napthalene disulfonate

Fe Iron SW Surface Water

Ft Foot TCU True Color Unit

TW Tube well TDS Total Dissolved Solids

OW Open well TMA Tehsil Municipal Administration

DTW Domestic tube well TW Tube well

Km Kilometer WAPDA Water and Power Development Authority

HDL Highest Desirable Level WHO World Health Organization

IWCP Improved Water ConservationPractices for NWFP andNorthern Areas of Pakistan

WRRC Water Resources Research Centre

IBWA International Bottled WaterAssociation

WSS Water Supply Scheme

JICA Japanese InternationalCooperation Agency

M Molar

K Potassium m Meter

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LIST OF TABLES

Page No.

Table 3.1: Details of Water Quality Monitoring Network ........................................................................23Table 3.2: Water Quality Parameters and Methods used for Analysis......................................................28Table 4.1: WHO Guidelines......................................................................................................................31Table 4.2: Standards Drafted by PCRWR.................................................................................................32Table 4.3: Pakistan Standard Institution....................................................................................................33Table 4.4: International Bottled Water Association (IBWA) Water Standards ........................................34Table 4.5: Food Development Authority (FDA) Water Standards............................................................35Table 4.6: National Environmental Quality Standards by EPA (Liquid Industrial Effluents) ..................35Table 4.7: Indian Water Quality Standards ...............................................................................................36Table 4.8: Water Quality Standards of Indonesia, Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand,

Philippines and Brunei .............................................................................................................37Table 4.9: Water Quality Standards of Vietnam, Japan, China,Hong Kong, Korea & Taiwan ................38Table 4.10: Water Quality Standards of Saudi Arabia, Guam, Australia, Argentina,

Mexico and Canada .................................................................................................................39Table 5.1: No. of samples collected from five districts of Northern NWFP .............................................40Table 5.2: No. of samples collected from five districts of Northern Areas...............................................40Table 5.3: Distribution of water sources among the northern districts of NWFP .....................................41Table 5.4: Distribution of water sources in all the districts of Northern Areas .........................................41Table 5.5: Land use statistics of the district Mardan.................................................................................43Table 5.6: Types of water sources and number of samples taken thereof in Mardan................................43Table 5.7: Water quality parameters found having values beyond permissible

limits in water samples collected from district Mardan ...........................................................44Table 5.8: Land use statistics of the district Buner ...................................................................................46Table 5.9: Types of water sources and number of samples collected from district Buner ........................47Table 5.10: Water quality parameters found having values beyond permissible

limits in water samples collected from district Buner ..............................................................47Table 5.11: Land use statistics of the district Swat .....................................................................................49Table 5.12: Types of water sources and number of samples taken thereof in Swat ....................................50Table 5.13: Water quality parameters found having values beyond permissible

limits in water samples collected from district Swat................................................................50Table 5.14: Land use statistics of the district Dir Lower.............................................................................52Table 5.15: Types of water sources and number of samples taken thereof in Dir Lower ...........................53Table 5.16: Water quality parameters found having values beyond permissible limits

in water samples collected from district Dir Lower .................................................................54Table 5.17: Land utilization statistics among various sectors of district Dir Upper....................................55Table 5.18: Distribution of the water sources in district Upper Dir ............................................................55Table 5.19: Water quality parameters found having values beyond permissible

limits in water samples collected from district Dir Upper ......................................................56Table 5.20: Types of water sources and number of samples collected from district Gilgit.........................57Table 5.21: Water quality parameters found having values beyond permissible

limits in water samples collected from district Gilgit ..............................................................58Table 5.22: Types of water sources and number of samples collected from district Skardu.......................59Table 5.23: Water quality parameters found having values beyond permissible

limits in water samples collected from district Skardu ............................................................60Table 5.24: Types of water sources and number of samples collected from district Ghanche....................61Table 5.25: Water quality parameters found having values beyond permissible

limits in water samples collected from district Ghanche..........................................................62Table 5.26: Types of water sources and number of samples collected from district Diamer ......................63Table 5.27: Water quality parameters found having values beyond permissible

limits in water samples collected from district Diamer............................................................64

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Table 5.28: Types of water sources and number of samples collected from district Ghizer .......................65Table 5.29: Water quality parameters found having values beyond permissible

limits in water samples collected from district Ghizer .............................................................65Table 5.30 Type of source and number of samples taken from all over the

10 districts during the first year 2004-05 .................................................................................66Table 5.31 Type of source and number of samples taken from all over the 10 districts during

the second year 2005-06 ..........................................................................................................66Table 5.32 Overall type of source and number of samples taken from all over the 10 districts ...............67Table 5.33 Overall Water Quality Situation of 10 Districts and Causes of Contamination .......................68

Table 5.34: Summary of over all water samples collected the five districts of NWFPand status of contaminants .......................................................................................................70

Table 5.35: Summary of over all water samples collected from entire Northern Areasand status of contaminants .......................................................................................................70

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LIST OF FIGURES

Page No.

Figure 1: IWCP Project Area of NWFP ....................................................................................................3Figure 2: Geographical map of Northern Areas ........................................................................................4Figure 5.1: Geographical map of district Mardan.......................................................................................42Figure 5.2: Percentage of samples having different parameter values beyond permissible

limits in district Mardan...........................................................................................................45Figure 5.3: Graphical presentation of safe and un-safe water sources in district Mardan ..........................45Figure 5.4: Geographical map of district Buner .........................................................................................46Figure 5.5: Percentage of samples having different parameter values beyond permissible

limits in district Buner..............................................................................................................48Figure 5.6: Graphical presentation of safe and un-safe water sources in district Buner.............................48Figure 5.7: Geographical map of district Swat ...........................................................................................49Figure 5.8: Percentage of samples having different parameter values beyond permissible

limits in district Swat ...............................................................................................................51Figure 5.9: Graphical presentation of safe and un-safe water sources in district Swat...............................51Figure 5.10: Geographical map of district Dir Lower ..................................................................................52Figure 5.11: Percentage of samples having different parameter values beyond permissible

limits in district Dir Lower.......................................................................................................54

Figure 5.12: Geographical map of district Dir Upper...................................................................................54

Figure 5.13: Percentage of samples having different parameter values beyond permissiblelimits in district Dir Upper .......................................................................................................56

Figure 5.14: Geographical map of district Gilgit..........................................................................................57Figure 5.15: Percentage of samples having different parameter values beyond permissible

limits in district Gilgit ..............................................................................................................58Figure 5.16: Geographical map of district Skardu........................................................................................59Figure 5.17: Percentage of samples having different parameter values beyond permissible

limits in district Skardu ............................................................................................................60Figure 5.18: Geographical map of district Ghanche.....................................................................................61Figure 5.19: Percentage of samples having different parameter values beyond permissible

limits in district Ghanche .........................................................................................................62Figure 5.20: Geographical map of district Diamer .......................................................................................63Figure 5.21: Percentage of samples having different parameter values beyond permissible

limits in district Diamer ...........................................................................................................64Figure 5.22: Geographical map of district Ghizer ........................................................................................64Figure 5.23: Percentage of samples having different parameter values beyond permissible

limits in district Ghizer ............................................................................................................65Figure 5.24: Overall %age of sources selected for sampling during the two years 2004-06........................67Figure 5.25: %age of water samples found beyond permissible limits against different

water quality parameters 2004-06 ............................................................................................68Figure 5.26: Overall water quality situation in NWFP & Northern Areas 2004-06 .....................................69Figure 5.27: Water Quality Status of NWFP & Northern Areas of Pakistan 2004-06…………………….69

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Foreword

Water is essential for existence of life; it seems to be in abundance on theearth. Nevertheless, its 97.5% is saline, mostly in the form of oceans, seas andsalty lakes etc, whereas the freshwater just makes 2.5%. A predominant quantityof freshwater (69.8%) is trapped as permanent snow covers, mountainousglaciers, soil moisture and swamps etc, 29.9% exists as groundwater of whichabout 50% is at an uneconomical pumping depth of 800 m. Therefore, the globalrenewable freshwater, comprising of precipitation and resultant streamflowmerely becomes 0.3% of the freshwater or 0.02% of the global water, which isalmost rejuvenated every year. Even then, these meagerly quantified freshwaterresources of the world are sufficient to support more than five times the currentglobal population, provided it is uniformly distributed amongst inhabitants. Incontrast, the geographical distribution of freshwater is quite uneven rangingfrom more than 100,000 to less than 50 m3 per capita per annum. The countrieshaving low freshwater availability i.e. below 1700 m3 are categorized as waterstressed, while those less than 1000 m3 are considered water scarce. The currentper capita freshwater availability in Pakistan is around 1200 m3 and is thereforecategorized as a water stressed country. It is expected to be soon included amongwater scarce countries due to rapidly growing population.

Quality of water is of prime importance along with its availability, it isinextricably linked with water quantity as per assimilation principles of waterresource management i.e. lesser the water quantity, the greater it is prone tocontamination. Water quality has therefore become a major concern andfundamental cause of diseases in the last few decades in developing countries,leading to reduced life expectancy. The issue has been considered so serious thatthe theme for the World Water Day of 2010 has been chosen as, “Clean Water fora Healthy World”.

The situation in Pakistan is rather worst where about 4 MAF (million acre-foot) of industrial and domestic wastewater is produced every year, of whichmerely 3% is got treated while the remaining is directly discharged intofreshwater bodies. Similarly, in urban areas 60,000 tons of solid waste isgenerated daily, out of which 60% is got collected. All that is rapidlydeteriorating the water quality in the already water stressed country. It has beenreported that almost 40% of diseases in the country are water-borne and is takinga major chunk of the national health budget. Individualistically, people have tospend substantial portion of their income on fighting with these water-borne

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diseases which is further adding to the financial miseries of the poverty strickencitizens. Rising public and global concern over water quality has been sensitizedby the planners and policy makers to make necessary arrangements for provisionof safe water. However, planning and implementation of projects for provision ofsafe water could not be realized unless baseline survey data of water qualitystatus is made available so that remedial measures could be devised accordinglyby the responsible agencies. PCRWR took the initiative for the challenging joband launched numerous projects such as “National Water Quality Monitoring”,“Rural Water Quality Monitoring” and “Arsenic Monitoring and Mitigation”.The outcomes of those projects have led the government to launch mega projectssuch as “Provision of Safe Drinking Water” and “Clean Drinking Water for All”.

Improved Water Conservation Practices (IWCP) is a project launched bythe PCRWR exclusively for northern mountainous areas of NWFP and the entireNorthern Areas (Gilgit-Baltastan) of Pakistan. These are remote, rugged andhighly poverty stricken areas; therefore required special attention. The reportpertains to water quality monitoring of the said area over the years 2004-06,highlights major contaminants and identifies hot spots of poor water quality. Thereport summarizes the findings of water quality survey, draw conclusions andgives recommendations for interventions to improve water quality of thesurveyed area. The study will definitely be helpful for planners and policymakers for strategic move towards provision of safe drinking water for the area. Iwould like to appreciate efforts of the PCRWR scientists and supporting staff forcarrying out this enormous task in highly rugged and remote areas forbetterment of Pakistan, the future of which lies in water.

Dr. Muhammad Aslam TahirChairman, PCRWR

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Acknowledgement

The authors would like to acknowledge the services rendered by all

technical and supporting staff of WRRC, Peshawar in sample collection, analysis,

data compilation and composing of the report.

Thanks are due to technical staff of National Water Quality Laboratory,

PCRWR, Islamabad, who carried out analysis of the samples for the year 2004-05.

Special thanks are due to Engr. Samar Gul, Deputy Director, who managed

logistics, Engr. Hubib-ur-Rehman, Assistant Director and Mr. Ghulam Haider,

Lab. Assistant, who carried out field sampling and Mr. Fida Hussain and Mr.

Nisar Ahmad, Research Officers, who assisted in compiling the data.

The authors are also thankful to Mr. Tariq Mahmood, Stenographer, Mr.

M. Saeed Akhtar Mirza, Technical Officer, who carried out formatting of the text

and thanks to all those who directly or indirectly assisted in carrying out this

study but their names might have remained unmentioned. Last but not the least

our special thanks to Engr. Ahmad Zeeshan Bhatti, Assistant Director, and Mrs.

Hifza Rasheed, Deputy Director, for thorough review and proof reading of the

entire report and giving valuable input for its improvement.

Dr. Manzoor Ahmad MalikDirector (Water Management)

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CCHHAAPPTTEERR--11

IINNTTRROODDUUCCTTIIOONN

1.1 Background

Water is source of life and essential for survival of mankind on the earth. It is backbone ofagriculture and ecological balance. Development of civilizations ever remained dependent onavailability of reliable fresh water resources. Its quality and quantity are inextricably linkedand are equally important. However, that very source and essential ingredient of life has nowbecome a cause of multiple health hazards. Apart from geological origin, quality of water isalso related to population density, extent of availability, human activities, industrial growth,and agricultural practices. The greater the population density, the more is water quality proneto degradation and deterioration. According to a UN study, while the world population issurging, the availability of freshwater is on the decline, and in the next two decades, many ofthe countries in South Asia, Middle East and Africa would face a crunch. While the waterquantity is becoming scarce, its quality is deteriorating due to urbanization, industrialization,deforestation, land degradation, global warming, population increase and diversifieddomestic uses. As such, water quality issues are of prime concern followed by air pollutionand solid waste management especially in developing countries.

Water contaminated with fecal bacteria, parasites and other microbes, causes about 6,000deaths of adults and children every day. According to the World Health Organization,diarrheal disease accounts for an estimated 4.1% of the total daily global burden of diseasesand is responsible for the deaths of about 1.8 million people every year. It was estimated that88% of that burden is attributable to unsafe water supply, sanitation and hygiene, andchildren are most vulnerable especially in developing countries. The public health decision-makers in the developing countries are either not well aware of the gravity of the situation, ornot equipped with feed back infrastructure and remedial measures. Even if they are, the lackof proper management and professionalism, together with financial constraints contributedsignificantly to the water-borne health risks.

In Pakistan, per capita water availability, which was more than 5000 m3 half a century beforehas now fallen to about 1200 m3, and as such it is rapidly entering into what are called waterscarce countries. Increase in population density and decrease in water availability hasbecome dual threat to water quality, and impact of which on public health is becomingsignificantly visible. It has been estimated that in Pakistan around 30% to 40% of all reporteddiseases and deaths are due to poor water quality. Moreover, the leading cause of deaths ininfants and children up to 10 years age as well as mortality rate of 136 per 1,000 live births isreported owing to diarrhea, whereas every fifth citizen suffers from illness caused by pollutedwater. The situation in the North Western Frontier Province (NWFP) is rather worst due tobeing amongst the backward and poverty stricken areas.

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1.2 North Western Frontier Province

The NWFP, which lies between latitude 31o 40’ to 36o 57’ N and longitude 69o 19’ to 74o 70’E, mostly comprises mountainous terrain located in the lap of Hidukush and HamalayaRanges, the world’s highest mountain ranges. The Hindukush range extends along its westernborder, whereas Hamalaya originates from its north eastern part. The southern boundary isformed by the east-west tending Safaid Koh Cherat range. The mighty Indus runs through itsnorthern part and below Harripur forms its eastern boundary with Punjab. Geographical areaof the province including FATA is 10.17 million hectares (NWFP 7.45 million hectares andFATA 2.72 million hectares). However FATA comprising seven agencies falls underadministrative control of Federal Government. An Additional Chief Secretary stationed atFATA secretariat Peshawar coordinates its affairs between provincial and federalgovernment. The NWFP with its capital at Peshawar comprises 24 districts, 48 tehsils and986 union councils. The seven agencies of FATA comprise 43 tehsils. There is no localgovernment system in FATA.

1.3 Physiography and Climate

The landscape of the province presents variety of physiographic features ranging fromdeserts in the south, fertile valleys in the middle and high altitude mountains in the north.There are great number of inter mountainous basins in the central and southern parts of theprovince. Some are no more than flat bottomed river valleys. Others, like Peshawar valleyand the Bannu basin cover thousands of square kilometers. Most plains are crossed by one ormore rivers, making it possible to irrigate some of the soils. Moreover plains are the siteswith best ground water resources, for the coarse alluvial deposits make good aquifers.

Sharp variation in physiographic features and altitudinal difference create a diverse climate inthe province. Therefore southern parts are arid and hot, whereas north is humid and cold. Thenorthern mountains form a high altitude cold desert. Somewhat temperate climate prevails inthe middle – the Peshawar valley. Average annual temperature varies between 5.9 oC in thenorth and 31.2 oC in the south. Snow fall is common at high altitudes and winter frosts ininter mountainous valleys. Kalam in district Swat is the coldest point where wintertemperature frequently falls below zero. The average annual rainfall ranges between 363 mmin Peshawar to 1240 mm in Dir. Southern parts receive rather less rainfall. Major tributariesof the River Indus, which pass through NWFP, comprise the River Swat, Punjgor, Kabul,Kurram and Tochi etc. The River Kunhar is the only tributary that drains into the RiverJehlum, which forms eastern boundary of NWFP.

1.4 Demography and Water Resources

Population of NWFP according to the 1998 census was 17.7 million, which has nowescalated to 22 million by the year 2007. Population density accordingly is 288 persons persq. km as compared with the national density of 193 persons per sq. km. In addition, 2.5million Afghan refugees after the outbreak of war in 1979 have settled in NWFP. Populationdensity wise, it is the second most thickly populated province of Pakistan, Punjab has thehighest population density.

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This increase in population will have directimpact on the water sector, which has tocater the increased domestic, industrial andagricultural demands. The quality ofsurface-water is already poor and is furtherdeteriorating because the increasedmunicipal, industrial, and agricultural useshave boosted up yield of waste water, whichis disposed of unchecked and untreated intonatural streams. Marble industry is rapidlygrowing along river banks and nullas and isadding into natural water bodies thesubstantial amount of mineral impuritiessuch as salts of calcium, magnesium andsodium etc. Ground water is limited, andwhere available is being over exploitedcausing groundwater mining, which activateoxidation of otherwise inactive mineralsresulting into mineralogical contaminationor intrusion of contaminated water intootherwise fresh and sweet water aquifers.Water quality monitoring and informationsharing is lacking, even though it is crucialto any water quality management program.

1.5 Northern Areas of Pakistan

Geography and Demography

As the name implies, Northern Areas are situated in the extreme north of Pakistan. It bordersthe Wakhan corridor of Afghanistan to the northwest, the Xingjian province of China to thenortheast, the Indian held Kashmir to the east and southeast, the Azad Kashmir to thesoutheast and NWFP to the south and west. Most of the area comprises rugged mountains,the higher elevations having permanent snow cover and extensive glaciers. Northern Areas,having total geographical area of 72971 sq. km, are dominated with one of the mostmountainous landscapes on earth, with an arm of the Hindu Kush to the south-west, theHimalaya to the south east, the Karakuram to the north-east and the Palmir range to thenorth-west. It is junction of the three highest mountain ranges in the world. More than half ofthe Northern Areas is located above 4500 meters and several of the snow covered highestpeaks of the world are located therein – K2, Nanga Parbat and Raka Poshi are among thehighest in the area.

Figure 1: IWCP Project Area of NWFP

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According to the 1998 census, the population of the areawas 0.88 million, which has now escalated to 1.5 million(2007), indicating population density of 20 persons per sq.km, of which only 10% is urban while the remaining issettled in rural areas. The population of the region isscattered in small valleys along the riverbanks among thehigh peaks of the Himalaya, Karakorum, and Hindu-kushmountain ranges.

1.6 Climate and Water Resources

Climatic condition varies widely in Northern Areas, ranging from the monsoon-influencedmoist temperate zone in the western Himalaya, to the arid and semi-arid cold desert in thenorth Karakuram and Hindu Kush. Below 3000 meters, precipitation is minimal, rarelyexceeding 200 millimetres per annum. However there is strong gradient with altitude and at6000 meters, an equivalent of 2000 millimetres per year falls as snow. The NAs contain thegreatest area (22,000 sq. km) of perennial glaciers outside the polar regions and estimatesare that as much as 28% of the region is glaciated; the area of winter snow cover reaches upto 30-40% (Ahmed and Joyia, 2001). There are more than 100 glaciers that are over 10 km inlength and many go beyond 50 km. Hence glaciers and seasonal snow constitute a hugereservoir of freshwater in the area and contribute 60% to 80% waters of the River Indus,which with its several tributaries such as the River Gilgit, Hunza, Ishkoman, Yasim, and theRiver Shiok pass through it.

Ground water is almost non existent. Therefore, water supply in Northern Areas dependslargely on surface water, which is conveyed through open channels and thus prone tocontamination. Although official statistics exhibit that over 40 per cent of the Northern Areasrural population has access to piped water supplies, but many systems are out of order, andactual coverage may be as low as 20 per cent. The majority of the region has no proper watersupply and the people are bound to consume raw water of springs, streams, khawars andnullas. That is adversely affecting health of the inhabitants and precious man-hours arewasted due to illness (IUCN 2003).

1.7 Water Quality Implications

Safe water is not only a vital health factor for life, but has also an important role in socio-economic development of population. The high death rate, sickness and poor standards ofhealth are mostly due to unsafe water. Water quality is therefore crucial for the prevention ofdiseases and promotion of health of individuals and communities. In 1981, the 34th WorldHealth Assembly in a resolution stressed that safe drinking water is a basic element ofprimary health care, which is the key to attainment of “Health for All”. PCRWR (1985) andWHO (1972-73) reported that after installation of new water supply pipes alone in 30 ruralsettlements of Japan, communicable intestinal diseases were reduced by 72% and that of

Figure 2: Geographical Map of NAs

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trachoma by 64% while the infants and young children death rate fell by 52%. Similarly inUttarpardesh (PCRWR, 1985) after carrying out improvements in water works, sewerage,and sanitation, the cholera caused death rate decreased by 74%, typhoid rate by 63.3%, anddysentery by 23%. Additionally, 10% productive time of each person, wasted due to water-related diseases, was also saved. WHO estimates exhibit that only in Asia some 500 milliondiarheal cases occur every year. These figures therefore reveal an alarming impact of unsafewater on public health, thus demanding an immediate attention.

1.8 Water Quality Monitoring of NWFP and Northern Areas

Previously, PCRWR collected data of surface and groundwater quality only in a few districtsof NWFP, under “National Water Quality Monitoring Program”. As such, no comprehensivedata set became available on quality of drinking water pertaining to most parts of NWFP andthe entire Northern Areas. Different organizations including Pakistan Council of Research inWater Resources (PCRWR), Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA),Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and some individual consultants also haveconducted short-term water quality assessment studies, but that too pertains to a few districtsonly.

Pakistan Council of Research in Water Resources (PCRWR) therefore launched an exclusiveproject entitled “Improved Water Conservation Practices for NWFP and Northern Areas ofPakistan” on 1st July 2004. The program aims at, inter alia, undertaking water qualitymonitoring in mountainous areas comprising five northern districts of NWFP (Mardan,Bunner, Swat, Lower Dir, and Upper Dir) and entire NAs (Diamer, Gilgit, Ghizer, Skardu,and Ghanche).

1.9 Objectives

The general objective of water quality monitoring under the project “IWCP” is to provide theinformation on the level of pollution in the water resources of the project area. It is expectedthat this information would help in identifying the problem areas for initiating appropriateremedial measures. The specific objectives of the water quality monitoring under the projectare:

To monitor the surface and ground water quality of the mountainous areas, which so farremained more or less out of the water quality monitoring network.

To provide a feed back to the consumers and policy makers for adopting precautionarymeasures well in time.

To prepare national water quality map for researchers and planners for conserving thewater quality in the upper tracts of the Indus Basin.

1.10 Scope of the Study

To tackle the alarming scenario of water quality concerns in Pakistan, several studies tomonitor the drinking water quality have been carried out, but the remote, rugged and povertystricken mountainous areas remained least monitored or almost neglected. After observing

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the gravity of the situation at national level, the Pakistan Council of Research in WaterResources (PCRWR) launched a project entitled “Improved Water Conservation Practices forNWFP and Northern Areas of Pakistan” on 1st July 2004. Water quality monitoring of theproject area was one of the objectives of the project. The phase-I and phase-II of the programhave been completed over the years 2004-05 and 2005-06. This report pertains to both theyears of water quality monitoring. Analytical data has been incorporated and presentedcovering five districts (Mardan, Buner Swat, Upper Dir and Lower Dir) of NWFP and theentire Northern Areas of Pakistan (Gilgit, Skardu, Ghanche, Diamar and Ghizer).

The information regarding water quality problems/issues all over the districts would beavailable free of cost on Water Quality Website of PCRWR for researchers, policy makers,planners and citizens for utilization in preparation of development schemes on water supply,agriculture, livestock and fisheries etc.

1.11 Relationship of the Project to PCRWR

The PCRWR, with its headquarters at Islamabad, is a national research institution, which ismandated to conduct, organize, coordinate and promote research on all aspects of waterresources including drinking water quality. The Council has five regional offices stationed atLahore, Peshawar, Quetta, Bahawalpur, and Tandojam and 18 district water qualitylaboratories to address regional problems related with water resources and give feed back topolicy makers. The central office at Islamabad has established National Water QualityLaboratory, which has secured accreditation of ISO 17025. Regional Water QualityLaboratories have also been set at all the regional offices. The regional laboratories haverecently been strengthened with latest equipment and state of the art technology such asAtomic absorption spectrophotometers. All the laboratories are capable of carrying outanalysis of parameters pertaining to issues of water quality assessment, water pollution, andenvironmental and waste water management. ISO accreditation of the regional laboratories isalso being sought. PCRWR has so far undertaken numerous studies and facilitated differentorganizations including educational institutes in the area of water quality research. RecentlyPCRWR undertook a mega project of consultancy regarding water quality assessment surveyof the sites for installation of water filtration plants at Union Council level all over thecountry under the project “Clean Drinking Water for All.” Water supply schemes assessmentsurvey all over the country is also being carried out by the organization under another projectentitled “Provision of Safe Drinking Water.”

7

CCHHAAPPTTEERR--22

LLIITTEERRAATTUURREE RREEVVIIEEWW

The water quality parameters being studied by WRRC, Peshawar, for Water QualityMonitoring in NWFP and Northern Areas of Pakistan under the project “Improved WaterConservation Practices for NWFP and Northern Areas of Pakistan” are reviewed in thischapter which are mainly focused on natural sources of contaminations and the health effectsin respect of various Physical, Aesthetic, Chemical, Trace Elements and Microbiologicalparameters.

2.1 Natural Sources of Contaminations and its Health Effects

In under developed and developing countries of the world; most of transmissible diseases arewater borne due to drinking of unsafe water which- cause morbidity and mortality. Indeveloping countries, the mortality rate especially in the infants is very high. In Pakistanmore than 1,100 children less than five years of age die everyday, about 600 of them areunder one month of age. This means that in Pakistan an estimated 423,000 children underfive years of age die every year. The most common causes of death amongst children underfive, aside from newborns, are pneumonia and diarrhea. Simply ensuring clean drinkingwater, sanitation and hygienic practices for everyone can cut deaths by diarrhea by half andprevent the spread of disease (UNICEF). Unfortunately public and decision makers of themost developing world are not well aware of the gravity of the situation. In all developedcountries drinking water quality is considered a very serious issue and improvementmeasures were taken about a century ago. For the evaluation of water pollution, water qualityparameters are used for analytical purpose and also provision of safe drinking water to thecitizens or public. The general public of these countries are aware of water quality impacts onhuman health, hence they are very conscience about it. For the reduction of pollution orimprovement in quality of water used for human consumption depend on reliable analyticalmeasurements of contaminants. So analytical water quality parameters are utmost importantand are playing a key role for water pollution assessment. The prime objective of this chapteris to know about natural sources of contaminations, health effects and guideline values ofsome basic drinking water quality parameters.

2.2 Physical and Aesthetic Parameters

2.2.1 pH

The pH of a sample of water is a measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions.Mathematically it is the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration and theterm pH was derived from the manner in which the hydrogen ion concentration is calculated.The term implies that at higher pH, there are fewer free hydrogen ions and vice versa, andthat a change of one pH unit reflects a tenfold change in the concentration of the hydrogenions. The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14. A pH of 7 is considered to be neutral. Substanceswith pH less that 7, are acidic and those with greater than 7 are basic. The diagram below

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reflects pH of various common solutions and substances. The pH of most raw water sourceslies within the range of 6.5-8.5. Chlorination tends to lower the pH, whereas water softeningusing the excess lime/soda ash process raises the pH level. A direct relationship betweenhuman health and pH of drinking water is difficult to ascertain because pH is also closelyassociated with other aspects of water quality. In so far as pH affects the various processes inwater treatment that contribute to the removal of viruses, bacteria and other harmfulorganisms, it can be claimed that pH has an indirect effect on human health. WHOrecommended guideline value for pH is 6.5-8.5, although it is recognized that some problemscan arise within a distribution system with water having pH level below 7.0 because the pHof water determines the solubility of chemical constituents. In the case of heavy metals, thedegree to which they are soluble determines their toxicity. Metals therefore tend to be moretoxic at lower pH because they are more soluble. It has also been reported that drinking waterat high pH level acquires bitter taste. The efficiency of coagulation and flocculation processis also markedly dependent on pH (Kahlown et. al. 2006).

2.2.2 Electrical Conductivity (EC) and Total Dissolved Salts (TDS)

Pure water free of ions is an excellent insulator, but even the deionized water is not free ofions. As water is a good solvent, it almost always has dissolved mineral salts in the form ofions. These ions make it to transmit electric current by the phenomenon what is known asionic conduction. The electrical conductivity of water is therefore used as indirect measure ofionic activity of dissolved mineral salts. The electrical conductivity of aqeous solutiondepends on concentration of ions, their nature and temperature of measurement. Themeasurement at 25 oC are used as reference. The unit of electrical conductivity is Siemen permeter (S/m) but dS/m, or mS/cm, is commonly used for better covering the range of

9

measurement in case of water. In dilute solutions, Total Dissolved salts (TDS) and electricalconductivity are reasonably comparable. The TDS of a water sample based on the measuredEC value can be calculated using the following equation.

TDS (mg/l) = 640 x EC (dS/m) = 640 x EC (mS/cm)

The above relationship can applied EC rangeing from 0.5 to 5 dS/m (Kahlown and Khan2002). It does not however apply to wastewater.

Total Dissolved Salts (TDS) consist mainly of carbonates, bicarbonates, chlorides, sulfates,phosphates, nitrates, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, iron, manganese, and a fewothers. They do not include gases, colloids, sediment or other minerals found on the earth’ssurface. The dissolved minerals can produce an unpleasant taste or appearance and cancontribute to scale deposits on pipe walls. There is no consensus on the negaetive, orotherwise, impacts on human health of TDS in excess of 1,000 mg/1.It has been reportedelsewhere that excess TDS in drinking water may even have beneficial health effects.Extremely low TDS level may also be unacceptable owing to its flat insipid taste (Kahlownet. al. 2006). WHO however has recommended permissible range of 500 mg/l and admissiblerange of 1000 mg/l for drinking purpose.

2.2.3 Turbidity

Turbidity is the cloudiness or haziness of water caused by suspended individual particles thatare generally invisible to the naked eye and do not settle down easily, or may be caused bygrowth of phytoplankton. In drinking water, the higher the turbidity level, the higher the riskthat people may develop gastrointestinal diseases. This is especially problematic for immune-compromised people, because contaminants like viruses or bacteria can become attached tothe suspended solids. The suspended solids interfere with water disinfection with chlorinebecause the particles act as shields for the virus and bacteria. Similarly, suspended solids canprotect bacteria from ultraviolet (UV) sterilization of water. In case of filtration plants, higherturbidity also requires frequent replacement of filtration material. The turbidity is therefore akey parameter of water quality and is measured in terms of light absorbing or light scatteringproperty of water. It is expressed by US Environmental Monitoring Standard unit what iscalled Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTU). Public health services drinking waterstandards (1962) stated that turbidity excess of the guideline value of 5 NTU is generallyunacceptable to consumers. In water supplied through pipe distribution system, presence ofhigh turbidity at consumer end as compared to that at source may indicate on the wayintrusion of contaminants or corrosion of pipes etc (Kahlown et al).

2.2.4 Colour

Clean water is supposed to be clear without any noticeable colour. Color of water may becharacterized as true or apparent. The apparent blue color of water bodies is owing toselective absorption and scattering of light spectrum. The true colors in water may be due tosuspended material, dissolved mineral salts such as ferric hydroxide and manganese, anddissolved organic substances such as humic acids, corrosive material, colored industrialwaste or other substances from anthropogenic sources. Colour can also indicate the presence

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of certain runoff or discharges into the water. These colored impurities undermine aestheticvalue of drinking water. As reviewed by Kahlown et al. (2006), Washington AdministrativeCode for Public Water Supplies has set a maximum limit of 15 color units for physicalcharacteristics of water under use for drinking purpose. WHO (1996) recommended level is15 TCU above which consumer complaints start arising because of unacceptable appearance.

2.2.5 Taste

Taste (or, more formally, gustation) is a form of direct chemoreception and is one of thetraditional five senses. It refers to the ability to detect the flavor of substances such as food,certain minerals, and poisons. Traditionally identified taste sensations are: sweet, salty, sour,bitter, piquance (the sensation provided, among other things, by chili peppers) and savoriness(also known as umami). Taste is a sensory function of the central nervous system. Thereceptor cells for taste in humans are found on the surface of the tongue, along the softpalate, and in the epithelium of the pharynx and epiglottis (Wikipedia). As reviewed byKahlown et al (2006), Taste threshold in distilled water for the major cations of drinkingwater i.e. calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium have been reported to beapproximately 100, 30,100 and 300 mg/l respectively (National Academy of Sciences, 1973).

2.2.6 Odor

Pure water is odorless. An odor in water is caused by one or more volatilized chemicalcompounds, generally at a very low concentration, that humans or other animals can sense.The most minimal concentration of a substance that can be detected by a human nose istermed as odor threshold value. Odors are also called smells, which are categorized bothpleasant and unpleasant Pleasant odor are primarily used in food and cosmetic industry. Incontrast, an unpleasant odor refers to malodor or stink. Kahlown et. al. (2006) reviewed thata great number of organic and some inorganic substances contribute to the odor of waters.The non-specific fishy, grassy and musty odors normally associated with biological growthtend to occur most frequently in warm surface water in the warmer months of the year. Odorin potable water is almost invariably indicative of some form of pollution of the water source,malfunction during distribution or water treatment. Chlorinated water may have some odordue to residual chlorine which is rather indicator of proper chlorination. Drinking watershould however have no observable odor to any consumer (WHO, 1984).

2.3 Chemical Parameters

2.3.1 Alkalinity (Alk)

The Alkalinity may be defined as the capacities of some of its components to accept protonsor to bind an equivalent amount of a strong acid (Kahlown et al 2006). It is therefore ameasure of the ability of a solution to neutralize acids to the equivalence point of carbonateor bicarbonate and is equal to the stoichiometric sum of the bases in solution. In naturalenvironment, carbonate alkalinity tends to make up most of the total alkalinity due to thecommon occurrence and dissolution of carbonate rocks and presence of carbon dioxide in theatmosphere. Other common natural components that can contribute to alkalinity includeborate, hydroxide, phosphate, silicate, nitrate, dissolved ammonia, the conjugate bases of

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some organic acids and sulfide. Limestone is rich in carbonates, so waters flowing throughlimestone regions generally have high alkalinity — hence its good buffering capacity.Conversely, granite does not have minerals that contribute to alkalinity. Therefore, areas richin granite have low alkalinity and poor buffering capacity. Alkalinity is sometimesincorrectly used interchangeably with basicity. For example, the pH of a solution can belowered by the addition of CO2 which will reduce the basicity; however, the alkalinity willremain unchanged. The common unit of alkalinity is m.Eq/L (milliequivalent per liter) butthe other unit as ppm (parts per million) still prevails.

Alkalinity is not a pollutant. Its measurements are however used in the interpretation andcontrol of water and waste water treatment processes. Raw domestic waste water has analkalinity less than or slightly greater than that of the water supply. Jaffer et al. (1985), asreported by Kahlown et al (2006), gave the maximum permissible level/range of alkalinity as50 to 500 mg/1 as CaCO3.

2.3.2 Bicarbonate (HCO3)

The bicarbonate ion (hydrogenated-carbonate ion) is an anion with a charge of negative onewith empirical formula HCO3

− it is the conjugate acid of CO32− . The weathering of rocks

contributes to bicarbonate content in water as mostly these are soluble in water. However,their concentration in water depends on water pH and is generally less than 500 mg/l ingroundwater. It is a principal alkaline constituent in almost all water sources, thereforeinfluences hardness and alkalinity of water. Many types of bicarbonate are soluble in water atstandard temperature and pressure, particularly sodium bicarbonate and magnesiumbicarbonate; both of these substances contribute to total dissolved salts, a common parameterfor assessing water quality. The flow of bicarbonate ions from weathered rocks by carbonicacid in rainwater is an important part of the carbon cycle.

Bicarbonate is vital component of the pH buffering system of the body (maintaining acid-base homeostasis) as 70%-75% of CO2 of the body is converted into carbonic acid (H2CO3,)with carbonic acid as the central intermediate specie. Bicarbonate, in conjunction with water,hydrogen ions, and carbon dioxide forms this buffering system which is required to provideprompt resistance to drastic pH changes in the body. This is especially important forprotecting tissues of the central nervous system and heart throb rate. Bicarbonate also servesin the digestive system. It raises the internal pH of the stomach, after highly acidic digestivejuices have finished their digestion of food. Ammonium bicarbonate is used in digestivebiscuit manufacture. The blood value of bicarbonate is one of several indicators of the stateof acid-base physiology in the body. The parameter Standard bicarbonate concentration(SBC) is the measure of bicarbonate concentration in the blood. The major intake ofbicarbonate into the human body is through drinking water, however, there is no guidelinevalue set for concentration of bicarbonate in drinking water.

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2.3.3 Carbonate (CO3)

Carbonate is a salt of carbonic acid, characterized by the presence of the carbonate ion(CO2

−3) which originates from dissolving of carbonate minerals. The carbonate minerals areextremely varied and ubiquitous in chemically-precipitated sedimentary rocks. The mostcommon are calcium carbonate (CaCO3 - the main constituent of limestone), mollusk shells,coral skeletons, dolomite, and siderite etc. A carbonate salt forms when a positively chargedion, attaches to the negatively charged oxygen atoms of the carbonate ion. Metal carbonatesgenerally decompose on heating. Calcium carbonate, on burning in a lime kiln, liberatescarbon dioxide through a process called calcination and leaves behind an oxide of calcium(CaO) which is known as quicklime. The most carbonate salts are insoluble in water atstandard temperature and pressure with exceptions of sodium, potassium and ammoniumcarbonates including many uranium carbonates.

In aqueous solution, carbonate, bicarbonate, carbon dioxide, and carbonic acid exist togetherin a dynamic equilibrium. In strongly basic conditions, the carbonate ion predominates, whilein weakly basic conditions, the bicarbonate ion is prevalent. In more acid conditions, aqueouscarbon dioxide, is the main form, which, with water is in equilibrium with carbonic acid - theequilibrium lies strongly towards carbon dioxide. Thus sodium carbonate is basic; sodiumbicarbonate is weakly basic, while carbon dioxide itself is a weak acid.

Carbonated water is formed by dissolving CO2 in water under pressure. When the partialpressure of CO2 is reduced, for example when a can of soda is opened, the equilibrium foreach of the forms of carbonate (carbonate, bicarbonate, carbon dioxide, and carbonic acid)shifts until the concentration of CO2 in the solution is equal to the solubility of CO2 at thattemperature and pressure.

2.3.4 Calcium (Ca)

Calcium is soft gray alkaline earth metal, and is the fifth most abundant element by mass inthe Earth's crust as well as the fifth most abundant dissolved ion in seawater. Calcium isessential for living organisms, particularly in cell physiology and mineralization of bones andshells. It is the most abundant metal by mass in many animals. Approximately ninety-ninepercent of the body's calcium is stored in the bones and teeth. The rest of the calcium in thebody has other important uses, such as some exocytose, especially neurotransmitter release,muscle contraction and cardiac action. Long-term calcium deficiency can lead to rickets andpoor blood clotting and in case of a menopausal woman, it can lead to osteoporosis, in whichthe bone deteriorates and there is an increased risk of fractures. While a lifelong deficit canaffect bone and tooth formation, over-retention can cause hypercalcemia (elevated levels ofcalcium in the blood), impaired kidney function and decreased absorption of other mineralshowever, vitamin D is essential for absorption of calcium.

High calcium intakes or high calcium absorption were previously thought to contribute to thedevelopment of kidney stones however, this notion has been nullified by the latest research.However, in most studies strong co-relation have been found between cardiovasculardiseases and exceeding calcium concentration. The presence of calcium in water suppliesresults from deposits of limestone, dolomite, calcite, gypsum and gypsiferous shale. The

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calcium minerals and compounds are not easily soluble in pure water, the presence of carbondioxide readily increases their solubility and sources of water containing up to 100 mg/literare fairly common in arid regions having pH above 7.0. WHO (1996) and PSI (1987)recommended 75 mg/l as permissible amount of calcium in drinking water, whereas PSQCA(2002) recommends 200 mg/l. However the body demand of an adult is 1000 mg/day.

2.3.5 Magnesium (Mg)

Magnesium is an alkaline earth metal and the eighth most abundant element in the Earth'scrust by mass and is the third most abundant element dissolved in seawater. It is the 11thmost abundant element by mass in the human body where 60% is in the skeleton, 39%intracellular (20% in skeletal muscle), and 1% extracellular. Its ions are essential to all livingcells, where they play a major role in manipulating important biological polyphosphatecompounds like ATP, DNA, and RNA. Hundreds of enzymes thus require magnesium ions inorder to function. Magnesium is a common constituent of natural water. Michael (1981)found that magnesium and calcium both produce the property of hardness in water.Magnesium (Mg+2) hardness is usually approximated at 33% of the total hardness of aparticular water supply. Magnesium is found in many minerals, including dolomite,magnesite, and many types of clay. Acu-Cell (2003) had reported that about 19g ofmagnesium per 70kg human body weight is involved in the synthesis of protein as well asacts as co-factor in 300 enzymatic reactions. WHO recommends the maximum permissiblelimit for magnesium in water to be 150 mg/l.

2.3.6 Hardness

Hard water is water with high mineral contents. It primarily contains excessive calcium andmagnesium metal cations, and sometimes other dissolved compounds such as bicarbonatesand sulfates. Hard water is generally not harmful to one's health. The measurements ofhardness can be obtained through a wet titration. Although water hardness usually measuresonly the total concentrations of calcium and magnesium (the two most prevalent, divalentmetal ions), iron, aluminum, and manganese may also be present at elevated levels in somegeographical locations. Iron in this case is important for, if present, it will be in its trivalentform. Water becomes hard during its movement through soil and rock; it dissolves smallamounts of these naturally-occurring minerals and carries them into the groundwater. Hardwater forms precipitates on boiling or when soap is added to it. Total hardness is expressedas mg/l of calcium carbonate because calcium and carbonate are the dominant ions in mosthard waters. The following table gives the concentration of CaCO3 dissolved in water by itsdegree of hardness.

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Degree of Hardness mg/l as CaCO3

Soft 0-60

Moderately Hard 60-120

Hard 120-180

Very Hard Greater than 180

Bokina (1965) found increased incidence of urolithiasis due to hard water in the USSR wherethe local domestic tubewell contained 300-500 mg of calcium per liter. Guidelines forCanadian drinking water quality (1979) documented that there is no firm evidence that waterhardness causes ill effects in man. Marier (1979) observed that there is a close associationbetween death rates from strokes and the acidity of river derived drinking water. Since thattime, a number of studies in various parts of the world have demonstrated that there is highstatistically significant negative association between water hardness and cardiovasculardisease. Very hard water can cause household pipes choking, scaling, incrustations onkitchen utensils and increasing soap consumption. Hard water can create both nuisance andeconomic burden to community. A hardness level of about 100 mg/l provides an acceptablebalance between corrosion and the problems of incrustation, although, from drinkingconsiderations 500 mg/1 is recommended as a guideline value.

2.3.7 Sodium (Na+)

Sodium is a soft, silvery-white, highly reactive metal which does not occur naturally inelemental form on earth as it quickly oxidizes in air and is violently reactive with water, so itmust be stored in an inert medium, such as liquid hydrocarbon. Sodium is present inabundance or in less quantity in natural waters. Seawater contains relatively high levels ofsodium about 10 g/l (WHO, 1979). The sodium salts are highly soluble in water and foundabundance in mineral deposits. Sodium is the principal cation (Na+) in the extra-cellular fluid(ECF) and it has several physiological roles including maintaining acid-base balance,generating transmembrane gradients (which allow cells to take up nutrients) maintenance ofECF volume and osmotic pressure and in the electro-physiology of nerve and muscle cells(Healthnet, 2003). Acu-Cell (2003) reported that deficiency of sodium in the body mayappear as mental apathy, low blood pressure, fatigue, depression, seizures, dehydration etc.,whereas overdose can cause edema, hypertension, stroke, headaches, kidney damages,stomach problems and nausea. The co-relation of sodium intake with cardiovascular diseasesand hypertension is so well established that such persons are advised to desist from sodiumsalts (sodium chloride). WHO (1984) reported that in most of the countries, the majority ofwater supplies contain less than 20 mg/l but in some countries sodium levels can exceed 250mg/l. According to WHO (1979) water treatment chemicals such as sodium fluoride,sodiumsilico fluoride, sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate and sodiumhypochlorite can add significant amounts of Na (30 mg/l) in drinking water. WHO (1996)recommended the 200 mg/l to be the maximum permissible limit for drinking water.

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2.3.8 Potassium (K+)

Potassium is a soft silvery-white metallic alkali metal that oxidizes rapidly in air and is veryreactive with water. Potassium in nature occurs only as ionic salt. As such, it is founddissolved in seawater, and as a part of many minerals. Potassium ion is necessary for thefunction of all living cells, and is thus present in all plant and animal tissues. It is found inespecially high concentrations in plant cells and fruits.

Though potassium and sodium are chemically similar yet their functions in organisms arequite different, especially potassium content of drinking water varies greatly depending on itssource and it tends to be larger in mineral and seawaters than ordinary tap water. However,on average the daily water consumption by adults, the K intake is less than 0.1% of their diet.Potassium abundance in drinking waters can reach upto 20 mg/l (APHA, et al., 1992). Thepotassium is very significant body mineral important to both cellular and electrical function.The total potassium in the body and blood serum varies from 4-5 mg/100 ml. An amount of1600 to 3500 mg of potassium consumption per day has been recommended by Anderson &Young (2002). Potassium deficiency causes irregular and rapid heart beat, hypertension,muscle weakness, bladder weakness, kidney disease and asthma whereas over dose mayappear as irregular/rapid heart beat, cystitis, bladder infection, ovarian cysts, and weakenedimmune system (Acu-Cell, 2003). An increased level of potassium in the blood is known ashyper-kalemia appears as reduced renal function, an abnormal breakdown of protein andsevere infection (Aparna, 2001). WHO recommend the maximum permissible limit ofpotassium in drinking water as 12 mg/l.

2.3.9 Chloride (Cl-)

Chloride is an anion mainly derived from dissociation of salts of hydrochloric acid such asNaCl, KCl and CaCl2 originating from geological formations. It is also added throughpollution with sewage, industrial waste, sea water or saline water intrusion. Surface waternormally has low concentration of chlorides as compared to groundwater. Chloride is achemical the human body needs for metabolism (the process of turning food into energy). Italso helps keep the body's acid-base balance. The amount of chloride in the blood is carefullycontrolled by the kidneys. Chloride ions have important physiological roles. For instance, inthe central nervous system, the inhibitory action of glycine and some of the action of GABArelies on the entry of Cl− into specific neurons. Also, the chloride-bicarbonate exchangerbiological transport protein relies on the chloride ion to increase the blood's capacity ofcarbon dioxide, in the form of the bicarbonate ion. The normal blood reference range ofchloride for adults in most labs is 95 to 105 mili equivalents (m. Eq) per liter. The normalrange may vary slightly from lab to lab. Normal ranges are usually shown next to your resultsin the lab report.

The major source of chloride for humans is table salt (NaCl) which is recommended to be 1 gper person per day for normal health. For children up to 18 years of age, a daily dietaryintake of 45 mg chloride per kg of body weight is sufficient. The other major source ofchloride for human body is drinking water. The salty taste produced by chloride depends onthe chemical composition of water. The salty taste with chloride concentration of 250 mg/1

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may be detectable in water containing sodium ions, but the taste may be absent in watercontaining 1000 mg/1 chloride when calcium and magnesium ions are predominant. Highchloride content has a deleterious effect on metallic pipes and structures. WHO (1984)recommended 250 mg/1 as the maximum permissible value of chloride for drinking water(Kahlown et al 2006).

2.3.10 Sulphate (SO4-)

Sulfate (SO4) is polyatomic anion mostly derived from the dissociation of the salts ofsulphuric acid Na2SO4, Ca SO4, K2SO4 etc and occurs in almost all natural water due to highsolubility. Most sulfate compounds originate from the oxidation of sulfite ores, the presenceof shales, and the existence of industrial wastes. Sulfate is one of the major dissolvedconstituents in rain, but one of the least toxic anions. The lethal dose for humans aspotassium or zinc sulphate is 45 g. The reported minimum lethal dose of magnesium sulphatein mammals is 200 mg/kg. (Faust and Osman, 1983). The major physiological effectsresulting from the ingestion of large quantities of sulphate are catharsis and gastrointestinalirritation (Mckee and Wolf, 1963). Water containing magnesium sulphate at levels above1000 mg/L acts as a purgative in adults. Lower concentrations may affect bottle-fed infantsand adults who have just been introduced to the water (Wikipedia). Sulphates can interferewith disinfection efficiency by scavenging residual chlorine in the distribution system(Arther, 1971). The presence of sulphate salts in drinking water could increase corrosion ofmild steel in the delivery system (Larson 1971) Bacteria, which attack and reduce sulfates,causes hydrogen sulfide gas (H2S) formation. No symptoms of sulphate deficiency have beenreported in humans. No optimum dietary intake for inorganic sulphate has been suggested.Fingl (1980) reported the dehydration as a common side effect due to the ingestion of largeamounts of magnesium or sodium sulphate. The taste threshold concentrations of sulphatesalts are 250-500 mg/l for sodium sulphate, 250 to 900 mg/l for calcium sulphate and 400 to600 mg/l for magnesium sulphate (NAS, 1977). WHO (1996) has set the sulphate level of250 mg/l in drinking water above which consumer may feel problem in taste (Kahlown et al.2006).

2.3.11 Nitrate (NO3-)

The nitrate is a polyatomic ion with molecular formula NO3- . Nitrogen trioxide is an

alternative name for nitrate. It is one of the important diseases causing drinking water qualityparameter. The major sources of Nitrate are nitrogen cycle, nitrogenous fertilizers, decay oforganic matter, solid waste, domestic and industrial effluent etc. Nitrate is reduced to nitritein the body. As early as 1940, it was recognized that consuming waters with high nitratelevels contributed to methemoglobinemia ("blue baby" syndrome). This condition, usually ininfants, impairs the ability of blood to carry oxygen. Nitrate toxicities in humans occurthrough enterohepatic metabolism of nitrates to ammonia, with nitrite being an intermediate.Nitrites oxidize the iron atoms in hemoglobin from ferrous iron to ferric iron, rendering itunable to carry oxygen. This process can lead to generalized lack of oxygen in organ tissuesand a dangerous condition called methaemoglobinaemia. Infants in particular are especiallyvulnerable to methaemoglobinaemia due to nitrate metabolizing triglycerides present athigher concentrations than at other stages of development. Furthermore, pregnant women areat greater risk as compared to other adults due to nitrate induced Methaemoglobinaemia. The

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disease can be treated with methylene blue, which reduces ferric iron in affected blood cellsback to ferrous iron. Gastric cancer as cause of comparatively high mortality rate has beenreported in China in the areas having high levels of nitrates and nitrites in drinking water aswell as vegetables of the area. Maximum permissible limit for nitrate in drinking water, asper WHO Standard (1986), is 10 mg/1 (Kahlown et. al., 2006).

2.4 Trace Elements

2.4.1 Arsenic (As)

Arsenic is a metalloid, present naturally in surface and ground water due to erosion of rocks.It is concentrated in shale, clays, phosphorites, coal, sedimentary iron and manganese ores.The chemical form of arsenic depends on its source. Arsenic is notoriously poisonouselement and its toxicity depends on its chemical form. It is more commonly found as arsenideand in arsenate compounds. Arsenic and its compounds are used in pesticides, herbicides,insecticides and in various alloys. Aqueous arsenic in the form of arsenite, arsenate andorganic arsenicals may result from mineral dissolution, industrial discharges or theapplication of herbicides.

The arsenic in the groundwater is predominantly of natural origin, and is released from thesediment into the groundwater owing to the anoxic conditions of the subsurface. Arseniccontamination of ground water has led to a massive epidemic of arsenic poisoning inBangladesh. Many other countries such as Vietnam, Cambodia, China, Thailand and SouthEast Asia have geological environments conducive to generation of high-arsenicgroundwater. Arsenic has also been reported in the groundwaters of the several states ofUSA. PCRWR studies have revealed arsenic contamination in several districts of SouthernPunjab and Central Sindh (Kahlown et. al. 2006). Presently 42 major incidents around theworld have been reported on groundwater arsenic contamination. It is estimated thatapproximately 57 million people are drinking groundwater with arsenic concentrationselevated above the WHO standard of 10 ppb. Lamm et. al. (2006) after a study of cancerrates in Taiwan suggested that significant increases in cancer mortality appear only at levelsabove 150 parts per billion. Pakistan’s standard of Arsenic contamination is 50 ppb againstWHO standard of 10 ppb.

Early evaluations of the removal of dissolved arsenic by drinking water treatment processesdemonstrated that arsenic is very effectively removed by co-precipitation with either iron oraluminum oxides. The use of iron as a coagulant, in particular, was found to remove arsenicwith efficiencies exceeding 90%. (O,Coner and Gulledge 1973). A methodology termed asSubterranean Arsenic Removal (ARS) Technology for in situe remediation of Arsenic hasbeen introduced in West Bengal whereby arsenic is left as an insoluble form in thesubterranean zone by recharging aerated water into the aquifer and thus developing anoxidation zone to support arsenic oxidizing micro-organisms (Wikipedia). Magneticseparations of arsenic at very low magnetic field gradient have been demonstrated in point-of-use water purification with high-surface-area and monodisperse magnetite (Fe3O4)nanocrystals (Yavuz et al. 2005). PCRWR has recently developed a low cost householdArsenic Removal Technology which has proved very effective.

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2.4.2 Iron (Fe)

Iron is fourth most abundant element on the earth making up about 5% of its crust. It isessential to nearly all organisms. Iron in water occurs in the ferrous and ferric forms. Thesolubility in natural waters is dependent upon the pH and the oxidation-reduction potential.In reducing conditions; iron exists in the ferrous state. On exposure to air oxidized to theferric form and with water hydrolyzes to insoluble hydrated ferric oxide that makes iron-laden waters objectionable. As concentrations increase visible orange/brown staining appearsand any increase in concentrations may create conditions where complex insoluble oxides,hydroxides and carbonates of iron start precipitating out producing a semi-gelatinous anddense floc carpeting the river bed. Such conditions are very deleterious to most organismsand can cause serious damage in a river system. Iron in water can cause staining of laundryand porcelain, deposit a slimy coating on the piping.

In drinking water a concentration above 1 mg/l., a bittersweet astringent taste is detectable. Itis an essential element in human nutrition and is contained in a number of biologicallysignificant proteins as hemoglobin and cytochromes. Iron also promotes the growth of “ironbacteria” which derive their energy from the oxidation of ferrous iron to ferric iron. Irondeficiency can lead to anemia and fatigue. However, its distribution is heavily regulated inmammals, partly because it has a high potential for biological toxicity. The higher iron intakethrough drinking water/food may produce symptoms of anorexia, dizziness, nausea,vomiting, headache, weight loss, shortness of breath and possibly a graying color to the skin.Therefore iron supplements are not considered appropriate unless iron deficiency isdiagnosed (Wikipedia). WHO (1996) have recommended the guideline value for iron indrinking water as 0.3 mg/l (Kahlown et al. 2006).

2.4.3 Fluoride (F)

Fluoride is the anion F−, the reduced form of element fluorine. Compounds containingfluoride anions and in many cases those containing covalent bonds to fluorine are calledfluorides. Fluorine containing compounds range from potent toxins such as sarin to life-saving pharmaceuticals (Wikipedia).Traces of fluorides occurrence are widespread in watersand higher concentrations are often associated with groundwater sources in areas wherefluoride-bearing minerals are common. Edmunds and Smedley (1996) have found highfluoride concentrations in groundwater from calcium-poor aquifers and where exchange ofsodium for calcium occurs. In areas that are rich in fluoride containing minerals e.g.flourapatite, the groundwater may contain up to 10 mg of fluoride per liter or even more(Bulusu et al, 1979). Most of the waters contain below 1 mg of fluoride per liter (WHO,1970). Drinking water is typically the largest single contributor to the daily fluoride intake(WHO, 1986). However, this is not necessarily true in every case. Optimal concentrations are1 mg/l, however, chronic ingestion greater than 1.5 mg/l (WHO guideline value) is linkedwith development of dental fluorosis and in extreme cases, skeleton fluorosis. Linkage ofcancer to high doses of Fluoride have also been reported (Kahlown et al. 2006).

British Geological Survey (2003) has found that a minor concentration of fluoride in drinkingwater is beneficial due to having significant mitigating effect against dental cavities. Peterson

19

and Lennon (2004) also reported that mild concentration of fluoride reduces tooth decay andcavities in both children and adults. Therefore, the developed countries, such as USA, UK,Canada and Australia etc, carry out water fluoridation, which is the controlled addition offluoride to a public water supply. Fluoridation of water is, however, still controversial andmany developed nations have abandoned it. A 1994 WHO expert committee suggested alevel of fluoride from 0.5 to 1.0 mg/l depending on climate. Bottled water typically hasunknown fluoride levels, and some domestic water filters remove some or all fluoride.(Hobson et al. 2007).

2.5 Biological Parameters

2.5.1 Total Coliforms

Coliforms are facultatively anaerobic rod-shaped Gram-negative non-spore formingorganisms of Enterobacteriaceae family and are commonly used bacterial indicator ofsanitary quality of foods and water. Coliforms are abundant in the feces of warm-bloodedanimals, but can also be found in the aquatic environment, in soil, on vegetation, in decayingmatter, and can even grow in water distribution system. Total Coliforms include genera thatoriginate in feces (Fecal Coliforms e.g. Escherichia) as well as genera not of fecal origin(non-Fecal Coliforms e.g. Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Citrobacter). However, total coliformsare an indicator of fecal contamination and subsequently of Escherichia coliform, which is anindicator microorganism for other pathogens, such as viruses, protozoa and manymulticellular parasites that may be present in feces. Almost all surface waters have someform of bacteria, but ground water is normally free of that unless some sort of contaminatedor wastewater gets intruded into it. Symptoms of exposure to the bacteria include, inter alia,abdominal cramps and diarrhea. For safe drinking water, WHO standard requires zerocoliforms per 100 ml of water sample (Kahlown et al. 2006).

2.5.2 Fecal Coliforms

Fecal coliforms are sub set of total coliforms. They are capable of growth in the presence ofbile salts or similar surface agents, oxidase negative, and produce acid and gas from lactosewithin 48 hours at 44 ± 0.5ºC. The presence of fecal coliforms in aquatic environment mayindicate that the water has been contaminated with the fecal material of concern. It isconsidered an indicator of Escherichia coliform, which is further indicator microorganism forother fecal oriented pathogens. However, presence of fecal coliforms in water may not bedirectly harmful, and does not necessarily indicate the presence of feces. In general,increased levels of fecal coliforms provide a warning of failure in water safety from possiblecontamination with pathogens.

Fecal coliform bacteria can enter surface water bodies through several routs such as directdischarge of waste from mammals and birds, from agricultural and storm runoff and frommunicipal sewage. Their presence may also be the result of plant material, and paper milleffluent. Failing home septic systems can allow coliforms to flow into groundwater aquifers,drainage ditches and nearby surface water. Sewerage system that carry both sewage andstorm water can cause intrusion of sewage into surface waters during high rainfall periods.Runoff from roads, parking lots, and yards can carry animal wastes to streams through storm

20

sewers. Birds and waterfowl can elevate bacterial counts, especially in wetlands, lakes, pondsand rivers. Allowing livestock grazing near water bodies, spreading manures on fields, usingsewage sludge biosolids and watering livestock in streams can all contribute to fecalcoliforms contamination. Large quantities of fecal coliforms bacteria in water are not harmfulaccording to some authorities, but may indicate a higher risk of pathogens being present inthe water. Some waterborne pathogenic diseases that may coincide with fecal coliformcontamination include ear infections, dysentery, typhoid, viral and bacterial gastroenteritis,and hepatitis A (Wikipedia, 2010).

2.5.3 Escherichia Coli (E.Coli)

Escherichia coliform are unicellular microorganisms, virtually always associated with fecalcontamination of water. It appears as straight rods, single or in pairs forms, and can grow onsimple nutrient media. It is the fecal coliform group of bacteria found in much higherconcentration than other coliforms. Waite (1985) estimated that E. Coliform could be 95%of all coliforms found in human feces. Chiang (2003) found that Escherichia coli is a specificsubset of thermotolerant coliform bacteria which possess the enzymes B-galactosidase, B-glucuronidase and hydrolyzes 4-methyl-umbelliferyl-B-D-glucuronidase. Sewage, treatedeffluents, all natural water which was subjected to recent fecal contamination from humansor wild animals will contain E. Coliform. Usually it cannot multiply in any natural waterenvironment and is, therefore, used as specific indicator for fecal contamination (WHO,1996). The presence of E. Coliform can cause diarrhea, nausea and other problems especiallyfor infants, children and those with weak immune systems and may become fatal. An acutedisease caused by E. Coliform is Hemorrhagic colitis which results in severe abdominalcramps, watery diarrhea, and lower intestinal bleeding; with occasional vomiting and fever.In severe cases, hemolytic uremic syndrome or renal failure can occur. E. Coliform istransmitted through fecal-oral ingestion of the bacteria by direct ingestion (i.e. drinking),primary contact recreation (i.e. swimming), or secondary contact (i.e. fishing). WHOstandards require zero E. Coliform to be found per 100 ml of safe drinking water (Kahlownet al. 2006).

2.6 Causes of Water Pollution

2.6.1 Sanitation

Sanitation coverage in urban areas of Pakistan has been reported as 92% including 42% withsever connections. The coverage in rural areas was 41% including 6% with sewerconnections. Situation is rather poor in NWFP and Northern Areas. Solid and liquid excretaare the major source of water pollution in the country and resultantly fundamental cause ofwidespread waterborne diseases (UNICEF & META-META 2009).

2.6.2 Masses and Institutional Awareness

Contaminated or even turbid water is consumed for drinking purpose in many rural areas ofPakistan. That exhibit lack of awareness among the general public about water quality relatedhealth risks. That awareness is lacking even at institutional level as per PCRWR (2006)survey reports indicate. The concerned agencies such as PHED restrict themselves to the

21

execution of development schemes for provision of water without bothering whether, or not,it is safe. No doubt such institutions have their own water quality laboratories, but suchlaboratories are either not functional or ill equipped with required apparatus and manpower.Very often water supply operators are found not well acquainted with chlorination techniquesand dosage. Water in many rural areas is found safe at source but poor water handling due tolack of aware ness renders it unsafe for drinking purpose. Widespread awareness campaign isrequired for improving the situation.

2.6.3 Leakage of Pipelines

The water at the source is usually safe if groundwater, or fit for human consumption iftreated from surface water, but it gets contaminated and polluted in the transmission systemwhen pipelines are tempered for illegal connections or when abandoned hydrants are notproperly closed or left unattended. The old, rusted, substandard and exposed distributionpipelines can trigger holes and cracks in the network and pave the way for intrusion ofsewage or polluted water.

2.6.4 Location of Pipelines

Drinking water supply lines are often laid close to, parallel and beneath the sewerage systemor wastewater channels. That practice is very common especially in unplanned towns andlocalities. Resultantly, the seepage from sewerage system being towards lower level envelopethe supply lines and intrude into it through holes, cracks or damaged parts especially whenback pressure develops in the system. Under rationing of water compel consumers to pumpwater from supply lines which promotes development of back pressure and contaminatedwater intrusion. Personal experience has shown that at the time of installation of servicesupply lines, the consumers prefer to get the service line passed through wastewater disposaldrains holes instead of drilling a new hole for the purpose. Any damage or leakage in theservice line becomes a regular passage for easy access of bacterial contamination.

2.6.5 Clogging of Sewerage System

Uncollected or improperly disposed off municipal solid waste makes its way towardssewerage drains and manholes which, causes their choking. Very often sewerage serves thedual purpose of wastewater and storm water disposal and remains blocked due to poormaintenance and overloading resulting in overflows which gets mixed with natural waterchannels and municipal water works. In severe storm conditions, polluted water may enterinto bore holes, open wells and domestic water tanks. Proper cleansing and disinfection aftersuch events is seldom carried out. Solid waste and storm water disposal require dueconsideration right at the stage of planning and designing sewerage systems.

2.6.6 Growing of Field Crops and Vegetables

In the urban peripheries, farmers adjoining municipal disposal drains prefer to irrigate theiragricultural fields with untreated wastewater due to its easy, reliable, free of cost availabilityand high fertility without awareness of health risks involved and long term soil degradationimpact. Waste water is even used for fish farms. Kahlown et al (2006) carried out a case

22

study of Faisalabad and found that crops grown and fish raised with municipal and industrialwaste were highly contaminated with heavy metals. Soil fertility was also found degradingby irrigation with the wastewater. Crop production with wastewater without its primarytreatment is restricted under United Nations Environmental Programme whereas less thanone percent industries in Punjab are equipped with wastewater treatment facilities. Theauthors further reported that about 20 million hectares in 50 countries are being irrigated withraw or partially treated wastewater.

2.6.7 Groundwater Pollution

Groundwater is major source of drinking water in Pakistan and about 70% population relieson it for domestic purpose. However, over the last three decades, agriculture has become themajor consumer of groundwater and strength of tubewells which was one lakh in 1970s hasnow gone above ten lakh. Out of total groundwater potential of about 63 BCM, an estimatedamount of 50 BCM is being abstracted per annum (Kahlown and Majeed 2004). Industrialuse of groundwater has also grown accordingly. However, groundwater development islargely un-managed and unmonitored activity in Pakistan. Resultantly serious threats areemerging such as groundwater mining, saline water ingression, secondary salinization andsodification and rising levels of arsenic and fluoride. Quality of groundwater is, therefore,under sever threat and major concern. In many urban areas and around industries,groundwater is polluted by wastewater, oil residuals and several heavy metal contaminants.Arsenic and fluoride problem is rising in many areas of Sindh and Punjab. The mostwidespread problem however is biological contamination leading to a high child mortalityrate of 128 per 1000 (UNICEF & Meta-Meta).

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CCHHAAPPTTEERR--33MMEETTHHOODDOOLLOOGGYY

The methodology adopted for water quality monitoring under the project “Improved Waterconservation Practices for NWFP and Northern Areas of Pakistan” was more or less the sameas designed by Kahlown et al (2006) in National Water Quality Monitoring Programme. Itconsisted of establishing a network for collection of water samples, monitoring stations, andsample size and details of analysis etc. A brief description of these components ofmethodology follows.

3.1 Grid Size and Number of Samples

Grid size was designed keeping in view population density, access, extent and ruggedness ofthe area. As such grid size increased from fine to coarse while moving from thicklypopulated lower district of NWFP to thinly populated and scattered districts of northernNWFP and Northern Areas of Pakistan. Accordingly a grid size of 16 km2 for thicklypopulated district of Mardan, 100 and 169 km2 for scattered districts of Swat, Bunner andDir, and 225 km2 for thinly populated, remote and rugged Northern Areas was adopted.Sampling points were chosen preferably those under regular public use. A minimum distanceof 3 to 4 km was endeavored to maintain between the two sampling points. Sample ID formonitoring purpose was marked according to prescribed sequence to avoid amalgamation ofcollected samples. Following identifications as per prevailing practice were marked onsamples collected for different analytical purposes from each of the selected sampling points:

1. A for bacterial analysis; 3. C for Nitrate (NO3) analysis;2. B for trace element analysis; 4. D for other water quality parameters;

The details regarding grid size and sampling points (number) are shown in Table 3.1.

Table 3.1: Details of Water Quality Monitoring Network

Sr. # District District code Grid size (Km2) Grid No.No. of

samples

No. ofsamplescollected

1. Mardan MAR 16 70 70 36

2. Buner BUN 100 34 34 33

3. Swat SWA 100 30 30 30

4. Lower Dir L.DIR 169 11 11 12

5. Upper Dir U.DIR 169 10 10 11

6. Gilgit GLT 225 36 18 14

7. Skardu SKD 225 22 22 14

8. Ghanche CHE 225 15 15 8

9. Diamar DIM 225 21 21 9

10. Ghizer GHR 225 24 24 8

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3.2 Monitoring Area

The water quality monitoring program under the project (IWCP) covered five districts ofNWFP and the entire Northern Areas. The details of the districts covered for sampling andcorresponding grid size, number of grids, sampling code and number of samples collected aregiven in table 3.1. All samples were collected and data compiled by WRRC, Peshawarcentre. Samples for the first year (2005) of monitoring were got analyzed from NationalWater Quality Laboratory, PCRWR, Islamabad as by then the Water Quality Laboratory atWRRC Peshawar was not yet commissioned. However analyses for the second year (2006)were carried out at Peshawar after duly commissioning the PCRWR Regional Water QualityLaboratory over there.

3.3 Sample Collection and Preservation

Water samples were collected for physical, chemical, bacteriological and for analysis of traceelements. Sampling was carried out in bottles of 0.5 to 1 liter capacity. Due care was takenthat the sampling bottles are washed several times with clean water followed by washingwith distilled water before collection of samples. The samples for bacterial analysis werecollected in duly sterilized containers of 100 ml capacity. Nitric acid as preservative wasused in sampling bottles for trace elements and similarly boric acid was used in samplingbottles for nitrates. These preservations were added in duly marked respective bottles wellbefore sample collection. Furthermore, recommended practices and protocol were observedfor sample collection in the field.

3.3.1 Tap Water

For collection of water samples, the un-rusted and undamaged taps were selected. Theselected taps were duly washed, cleaned and allowed to run for a couple of minutes beforecarrying out sample collection.

Sample Collection from Tap

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3.3.2 Tube Well Water

In case of tubewells, water samples were collected after running the tubewell for at least tenminutes so that the best representative sample of groundwater could be collected. Additionaldata of tube well location and depth to water table were also recorded.

Water Sample from Source (Tube Well)

3.3.3 Water from Distribution Network

Water samples from distribution network were collected both at source and at the consumerend for evaluating the impact of distribution network on water quality. Samples at sourcewere from the point where there was least possibility of contamination in original quality atthe source. The samples at consumer end were collected from the point the water wassupposed to have passed enough time or distance in the system so that the functionality of thesystem could be evaluated.

Sample Collection from Distribution Network and Field Testing

3.3.4 Hand Pump/Open Well Water

Samples from hand pumps were collected after ensuring that water columns hanging in thesuction pipe and strainer has adequately been pumped out. That was carried out adopting ausual practice of at least ten full strokes per foot length of the water column. The purposewas to get best representative sample without trace of corrosive material from pumpingsystem.

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Water Sample from the Hand Pump and Open Well

3.3.5 Stream Water

Samples from stream water were endeavored to be collected from cross sectional centeroid ofthe stream. Neither too wide nor too narrow stream section was selected to avoid floatingmaterial or stream turbulence. Sampling bottles were kept well above the stream bed tominimize chances of intrusion of bed material into the sampled water.

Sample Collection from Stream

3.3.6 Spring Water

Water samples from springs were also endeavored to collect from almost mid point of thecross section of the spring pond but not exactly over the point of turbulence.

Water sample collection from the spring

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3.3.7 Microbiological Samples

For the microbiological contamination analysis, water samples were collected in dulysterilized clean plastic bottles. Sterilization of taps was carried out by flame. Due care wastaken to avoid contamination during sampling or post sampling. Therefore sampling wasavoided from taps which were damaged or leaking due to inadequate repair and maintenancefor avoiding the risk of secondary contamination. Microbiological testing was carried out inthe field for presence of coliform, and E. Coli bacteria using Colitag test kits.

Sample Taking for Microbiological Analysis

3.3.8. Type of Water Samples and Preservatives

As stated earlier, four categories of samples were collected comprising those formicrobiological analysis, for trace elements, for nitrates, and for other chemical water qualityparameters. Samples categories and preservatives used for each of the category are detailedhereunder.

Type A – All sites – Sterilized sampling bottles for microbiological analysis; Type B – All sites – 2+10 ml/litre HNO3 as preservative for trace elements; Type C – All sites – 1 ml/100 ml, 1 M Boric acid as preservative for Nitrate (N); and Type D – All sites – No preservative for other water quality parameters.

These types of samples pertain to single sampling point. Items required and things needed todo before proceeding on sampling has been well documented by Kahlown et al. (2006) whichwas followed for sampling.

3.4 Analytical Methods

The collected water samples were analyzed either in Water Quality Laboratory, WaterResources Research Centre, Peshawar, or in the National Water Quality Laboratory,PCRWR, Islamabad. The methods of analysis adopted for individual water qualityparameters are summarized in table below, whereas the details of a few in the subsequentsections.

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Table 3.2: Water Quality Parameters and Methods Used for Analysis

S. # Parameters Test Method1 Alkalinity (m.mol/l as CaCO3) 2320, Standard method (1992)

2 Bicarbonate 2320, Standard method (1992)3 Calcium (mg/l) 3500-Ca-D, Standard Method (1992)4 Carbonate (mg/l) 2320, Standard method (1992)

5 Chloride (mg/l) Titration (Silver Nitrate), Standard Method (1992)6 Conductivity (mS/cm) E.C meter, Hach-44600-00, USA

7 Fluoride (mg/l) 8029, SPADNS Method (Hach) by Spectrophotometer

8 Hardness (mg/l) EDTA Titration, Standard Method (1992)9 Iron (mg/l) TPTZ Method (Hach-8112) by Spectrophotometer

10 Magnesium (mg/l) 2340-C, Standard Method (1992)

11 Nitrate Nitrogen (mg/l) Cd. Reduction (Hach-8171) by Spectrophotometer12 pH at 25oC pH Meter, Hanna Instrument Model 8519, Italy

13 Potassium (mg/l) Flame photometer PFP7, UK

14 Sodium (mg/l) Flame photometer PFP7, UK15 Sulfate (mg/l) SulfaVer4 (Hach-8051) by Spectrophotometer16 Total Coliform and E.Coli ONPG and MUG-Colitag kits by CPI International, USA

17 TDS (mg/l) 2540C, Standard method (1992)18 Turbidity (NTU) Turbidity Meter, Lamotte, Model 2008, USA19 Arsenic (mg/l) AAS, varios Analytic AG,Germany

3.4.1 Alkalinity

Alkalinity can be measured by titrating a sample with a strong acid until all the bufferingcapacity of the aforementioned ions above the pH of bicarbonate or carbonate is consumed.This point is functionally set to pH 4.5. At this point, all the bases of interest have beenprotonated to the zero level species; hence they no longer cause alkalinity.

The method used for analysis of alkalinity parameter was 2320 Standard Method (1992).Chemicals used for the analysis included:

i. Carbon dioxide free distilled water;ii. Sodium carbonate solution, 0.05 mol/l;

iii. HCl 0.02 M;iv. Phenolphthalein indicator; andv. Methyl orange indicator.

A 100 ml sample was mixed with 2-3 drops of phenolphthalein indicator in a conical flask.The alkalinity due to phenolphthalein was considered zero in case no color was producedafter addition of few drops of phenolphthalein. In case of the otherwise, the phenolphthaleinalkalinity of the sample was determined by titrating with standard acid (HCl 0.02 M) until thedisappearance of pink color. The methyl orange alkalinity of the sample was determined bytitrating with standard acid (HCl 0.02 M) until the color changes from yellow to orange. Thetotal alkalinity as carbonates was calculated by:

29

Total alkalinity as CaCO3 (m.mol/l) = 1000 x B x CV

where:

B = standard acid solution to reach the end point of methyl orange (ml);C= Concentration of acid in mol/l; andV= sample volume (ml).

Using 100 ml of sample and 0.1 mol/l standard acid solutions, the numerical value ofalkalinity is directly expressed in m.mol/l by the volume (ml) of titrant consumed.

3.4.2 Arsenic

Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (Hydride Generation mode) was used for the analysis ofarsenic in water samples. All samples were analyzed on HS 55 Mercury/Hydride system, anaccessory (AAS, Vario 6 Analytic Jena AG) for the matrix free determination of the hydrideforming elements such as As, Bi, Sb, Se, Sn and Te. The Hydride technique makes use of thefact that hydrogen liberated in the reaction of the weakly acidic sample solutions with sodiumboro-hydride combines with metal ions to form gaseous hydrides. These are carried to the hotquartz cell by the carrier gas and decomposed by collision processes in a series of steps, untilfree As atoms were obtained. For the analysis of arsenic the Atomic AbsorptionSpectrophotometer (AAS Vario 6 Analytik Jena AG), Mercury/Hydride System HS55(Analytik Jena AG), and Argon Gas with 99.99% purity were used. The following commonreagents were used for the analysis;

i. Sodium borohydride (NaBH4, 98% purity)ii. Sodium hydroxide, NaOH

iii. Hydrochloric Acid (Concentrated 37% HCl)iv. Arsenic Standard (1007 mg/ml, As in 2% HNO3, BDH)

In order to make reducing solution (Reductant), 15 g sodium borohydride (NaBH4) and 5 g ofsodium hydroxide were dissolved in 500 ml distilled water. This reagent was used asreducing agent for Arsenic analysis. The HS 55 Mercury/Hydride system consisting of abasic unit and the cell unit was operated and controlled from PC. Basic unit consists of threeaccessories. These include batch module, single channel-peristaltic pump and gas valve box.The gas valve box supplied argon gas for scavenging and for transporting the metal hydridesto the system.

Pressure of the argon gas cylinder was adjusted at 3-5 bars. After attaining the necessarytemperature (950 oC), reducing agent was fed by the peristaltic pump. A 10 ml sample wastaken into reaction cell and 0.8 ml of concentrated HCl was dispensed into sample andreaction cell was adjusted properly at its place. Calibration standards of arsenic withconcentrations (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 ppb) and (50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100 ppb) were prepared.New method of calibration was developed using these standards under the operation ofsoftware, and then the method developed was loaded for analysis of actual samples. HS 55hydride system analyzes the water samples in the following sequences:

30

Pre-wash time Reaction time Rewash time

The detection limit of this method is 0.1 ppb.

3.4.3 Bicarbonates

The method used for this analysis was 2320 Standard Method (1992).

The reagent used for the analysis included:

i. Methyl orange indicator; andii. Standard acid (HCl) 0.02 N.

A 50 ml sample was taken in a flask and added one drop of methyl orange. The sample wasthen titrated against the standard acid until its color changed from yellow to orange. Thevolume of the acid consumed was recorded as “R2”. Concentration of Bicarbonate wasdetermined using the expression:

Bicarbonate (mg/l) = R2 x20-R1x20x2

where:

R1= Volume of acid used for phenolphthalein alkalinity.

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CCHHAAPPTTEERR--44

WWAATTEERR QQUUAALLIITTYY SSTTAANNDDAARRDDSS

The basic purpose of making guidelines or standards is to ensure safe drinking water to allcitizens. The World Health Organization (WHO) has provided guidelines for drinking water,which are advisory in nature, and are based on scientific research and epidemiologicalfindings. The values of various water quality parameters recommended by WHO are thegeneral guidelines. That is why; different countries have established their own water qualitystandards to meet their national priorities taking in to account their economic, technical,social, cultural, and political requirements. The PCRWR and Pakistan Standard Institution(PSI) have already drafted drinking water quality standards; however, the enforcement ofthese standards is still pending. This matter needs to be addressed on top priority basis. TheWHO guidelines and standards proposed by national agencies like PCRWR, PakistanStandard Institution (PSI), International Bottled Water Association (IBWA), FoodDevelopment Authority (FDA), Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and other countriesare given in this chapter.

4.1 WHO Guidelines

A. Biological Qualities

Source/Organisms Guideline Value All water intended for drinking (E. Coli or

thermo tolerant Coliform bacteria) Treated water entering the distribution

system (E. Coli or thermo tolerantcoliform and total coliform bacteria)

Treated water in the distribution system(E. Coli or thermo tolerant coliform andtotal coliform bacteria)

Must not be detectable in any 100 ml sample

Must not be detectable in any 100 ml sample

In the case of large supplies, wheresufficient samples are examined, must not bepresent in 95% of samples taken throughoutany 12-month period.

B. Chemicals of Health Significance

Inorganic mg/l Inorganic mg/l Inorganic mg/lAntimony 0.005 Copper 2.000 Molybdenum 0.070Arsenic 0.010 Cyanide 0.070 NickelBarium 0.700 Fluoride 1.500 Nitrate(NO3) 0.020Boron 0.300 Lead 0.010 Nitrite(NO2) 50.00Cadmium 0.003 Manganese 0.500 Selenium 03.00Chromium 0.050 Mercury 0.001 0.010

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C. Other Parameters

Inorganic mg/l Inorganic mg/l Inorganic mg/lColourTaste, Odour.TurbidityTolueneXylenesEthyl-benzeneStyreneMonochlorobenzene

15 TCU-

5 NTU24-170

20-18002.4-2004-260010-120

1,2 dichlorobenzene1,4-dichlorobenzeneDichlorobenzeneSynthetic detergentsAluminumAmmoniaChlorideCopper

1-100.3-305-50

-0.21.52501

Hardness, pH,DOHydrogen sulfideIronManganeseSodiumSulfateTDSZinc

-

0.050.30.1200250

10003

D. Disinfectants and Disinfectant by-Products

Name Value Name ValueChlorine chlorophenol2,4-dichlorophenol

600-10000.3-40

2,4,6-trichlorophenol2-chlorophenol

2-3000.1-10

4.2 Standards Drafted by PCRWR

A. Biological Standards (Urban and Rural water supplies)Categories Standards

A. Piped Water SuppliesA-1 Treated water entering the distribution system· Faecal Coliform· Coliform organismsA-2 Un-treated water entering the distribution system· Faecal Coliform· Coliform organismsA-3 Water in the distribution system· Faecal Coliform· Coliform organismsB. Un-piped Water Supplies· Faecal Coliform· Coliform Organisms

0/100 ml0/100 ml

0/100 ml0/100 ml

0/100 ml0/100 ml

0/100 ml10/100 ml

B. Standards for Inorganic Health Related ConstituentsConstituent Unit HDL* MPL** Toxic Effects

Fluoride mg/l 1.000 1.500 Dental fluorosis in children, excessiveconcentrative may cause crippling skeletalfluorosis.

Nitrate (NO3) mg/l 45.000 45.000 Infantile methaemoglobinaemia.Lead mg/l 0.050 0.050 Children particularly susceptible to effects of lead

on central nervous systemMercury mg/l 0.001 0.001 Neurological effects

* Highest Desirable Level. ** Maximum Permissible Level.

33

C. Other Parameters

Constituent Unit HDL* MPL** Undesirable EffectsTurbidity NTU 2.5 5 Un-aesthetic, decrease in efficiency of disinfectionsColour PCU 5 15 Un-aestheticTaste & Odour - Unobjectionable Taste & OdourTDS mg/l 500 1500 Fault or salty taste, corrosion or instructionIron mg/l 0.1 0.3 Taste, discolorationManganese mg/l 0.05 0.5 Taste, discolorationMagnesium mg/l 30 150 Stomach disturbancesCopper mg/1 0.05 1.5 Taste, corrosion of pipes and utensils tasteZinc mg/l 5 15.0 TasteSulfate mg/l 200 400 Corrosion, Laxative effectChloride mg/l 200 600 Taste, CorrosionpH - 7.0-8.5 6.5-9.2 Taste, CorrosionHardness mg/l 200 500 Corrosion or scale formationPhenolic substances mg/l 0.001 0.002 Taste* Highest Desirable Level. ** Maximum Permissible Level.

4.3 Pakistan Standard Institution

Drinking Water Quality Standards

A. Physical Requirements

S. # Characteristics Unit MAC* MAC**

1. Turbidity NTU 5 25

2. Colour TCU 5 50

3. Taste & Odour - Unobjectionable

4. pH - 7.0-8.5 ³ 6.5- £ 9.2

B. Chemical Requirements1. Total Dissolved Salts mg/l 1000 15002. Chloride (Cl) mg/l 200 6003. Sulfate (SO4) mg/l 200 4004. Nitrate (NO3) mg/l - 455. Total Hardness (CaCO3) mg/l 20 5006. Nitrite (NO2) mg/l Nil Nil7. Magnesium (Mg) mg/l 500 10008. Total Ammonia mg/l 0.1 0.59. Hydrogen Sulfide mg/l Undetectable odor10. Fluoride (F) mg/l - 1.511. Iron (Fe) mg/l 0.3 1.012. Zinc (Zn) mg/l 5.0 15.013. Manganese (Mn) mg/l 0.1 0.514. Copper (Cu) mg/l 1.0 1.515. Calcium (Ca) mg/l 75 20016. Magnesium (Mg) mg/l 50 15017. Phenolic Substances mg/l 0.001 0.00218. Alkyl Benzyl Sulfates mg/l 0.5 1.019. Carbon Chloroform Extract mg/l 0.2 0.5

34

C. Limits of Toxic Substances

1. Arsenic (As) mg/l 0.01 -2. Cadmium (Cd) mg/l 0.01 -3. Chromium (Cr) mg/l 0.05 -4. Cyanide (Cn) mg/l 0.20 -5. Lead (Pb) mg/l 0.05 -6. Selenium (Se) mg/l 0.20 -7. Radionaclider Uo/l 1000 -

D. Biological Requirements (Chemical Indicators of Pollution)

1. Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) mg/l 10 -2. Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) mg/l 6 -3. Ammonia (NH3) mg/l 0.5 -4. Grease mg/l 1 -

E. Limits for Biological Contaminants

Acceptable bacterial standards for potable water supplies:i) Standard plate count (SPC)/mlsii) Presumptive test for Coliformiii) Most probable number (MPN)

No more than 100Negative< 101 subject to the frequency of opportunity forwater analysis.

* Maximum Acceptable Concentration. ** Maximum Allowable Concentration.

4.4 International Bottled Water Association (IBWA) Standards

A. Chemical Quality

Characteristics Unit Standard Characteristics Unit Standard

Arsenic (As) mg/l 0.05 Mercury (Hg) mg/l 0.001

Barium (Ba) mg/l 1 Nitrate (NO3) mg/l 10

Cadmium (Cd) mg/l 0.005 Nitrite (NO2) mg/l 1

Chromium (Cr) mg/l 0.05 Selenium (Se) mg/l 0.01

Chloride (Cl) mg/l 250 Silver (Ag) mg/l 0.025

Copper (Cu) mg/l 1 Sulfate (SO4) mg/l 250

Cyanide (Cn) mg/l 0.1 Phenolic mg/l 0.001

Fluoride (F) mg/l 4 PCB mg/l 0.0005

Iron (Fe) mg/l 0.3 TDS mg/l 500

Lead (Pb) mg/l 0.005 Zinc (Zn) mg/l 5

Manganese (Mn) mg/l 0.05 Turbidity NTU 0.5

35

B. Biological Quality

Escherichia Coli MPN/100 ml Nil Coliform MPN/100 ml Nil

4.5 Food Development Authority (FDA) Water Standards

Characteristics Unit Standard Characteristics Unit StandardArsenic (As) mg/l 0.05 Nitrate (NO3) mg/l 10Barium (Ba) mg/l 1 Selenium (Se) mg/l 0.01Cadmium (Cd) mg/l 0.01 Silver (Ag) mg/l 0.05Chromium (Cr) mg/l 0.05 Sulfate (SO4) mg/l 250Chloride (Cl) mg/l 250 Phenolic mg/l 0.001Copper (Cu) mg/l 1 Ra 226 activity (pCi/l) - 5Iron (Fe) mg/l 0.3 Total Beta activity (pCi/l) - 8Lead (Pb) mg/l 0.05 TDS mg/l 500Manganese (Mn) mg/l 0.05 Zinc (Zn) mg/l 5Mercury (Hg) mg/l 0.002 Coliform (MPN/100 ml) <2,20

4.6 National Environmental Quality Standards by EPA (Liquid Industrial Effluents)

Sr.# Parameter Standards1. Temperature 40 °C2. pH Value (acidicity/basicity) 6-10 pH3. 5-day Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) at 200C 80 mg/l4. Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) 150 mg/l5. Total Suspended Solids 150 mg/l6. Total Dissolved Salts 3500 mg/l7. Grease and Oil 10 mg/l8. Phenolic Compounds (as phenol) 0.1 mg/l9. Chloride (as Cl) 1000 mg/l10. Fluoride (as F) 20 mg/l11. Cyanide (as Cn) 2 mg/l12. An-ionic detergents (as MBAS) 3 20 mg/l13. Sulfate (SO4) 600 mg/l14. Sulfide (S) 1.0 mg/l15. Ammonia (NH3) 40 mg/l16. Pesticides, herbicides, fungicides and insecticides 6.15 mg/l17. Cadmium 0.1 mg/l18. Chromium (trivalent and hexavalent) 1.0 mg/l19. Copper 1.0 mg/l20. Lead 0.5 mg/l21. Mercury 0.01 mg/l22. Selenium 0.5 mg/l23. Nickel 1.0 mg/l24. Silver 1.0 mg/l25. Total Toxic Metals 2.0 mg/l26. Zinc 5.0 mg/l27. Arsenic 1.0 mg/l28. Barium 1.5 mg/l29. Iron 2.0 mg/l30. Manganese 1.5 mg/l31. Boron 6.0 mg/l32. Chlorine 1.0 mg/l

36

4.7 Indian Water Quality Standards

A. Physical and Chemical Standards

Sr.#.

Characteristics(mg/l)

Acceptable MarginalSr.#.

Characteristics(mg/l)

Acceptable Marginal

1 Turbidity (NTU) 2.5 10 7 Fluoride 1.0 1.52 Colour (TCU) 5 25 8 Nitrate (N) 45 453 Taste & Odour Unobjectionable 9 Calcium 75 200

4 pH 7-8.5 6.5-9.2 10 Magnesium 30 1505 TDS 500 1500 11 Iron 0.1 1.0

The figures indicated under the column “Acceptable” are the limits up to whichthe water is generally acceptable to the consumers.

Figures in excess of those mentioned under “acceptable” render water notacceptable, but still may be tolerated in absence of alternative and better sourcebut up to the limits indicated under column “Marginal” above which the supplywill have to be rejected.

B. Biological Standards

Water entering the distribution system should have a coliform count of zero in anysample of 100 ml.

Water in the distribution system shall satisfy all the three criteria indicatedbelow:

E.Coli count in 100 ml of any sample should be zero; Coliform organisms no more than 10 per 100 ml shall be present in any

sample; and Coliform organisms should not be detectable in 100 ml of any two

consecutive samples or more than 50% of the samples collected for the year. Individual or small community supplies. E.Coli count should be zero in any sample of 100 ml and coliform organisms

should not be more than 3 per 100 ml.

C. Virological Aspects

A level of 0.5 mg/l of free chlorine residual for one hour is sufficient to inactivatevirus, even in water that was originally polluted. This free chlorine residual is tobe insisted in all disinfected supplies in areas suspected of endemicity ofinfectious hepatitis to take care of the safety of the supply from virus point ofview, which incidentally takes care of the safety from the bacteriological point ofview as well. For other areas 0.2 mg/l of free chlorine residual for half an hourshould be insisted.

The water quality standards developed and enforced by various countries aregiven below:

37

4.8 Water Quality Standards of Indonesia, Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand,Philippines and Brunei.

A. Chemical Quality

S. # Substances Unit Indonesia Singapore Malaysia Thailand Philippines Brunei1 Arsenic (As) mg/l 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 <0.0032 Barium (Ba) mg/l - 1 - 1 - <0.023 Borate (BO3) mg/l - 0.03 30 - - 0.24 Cadmium (Cd) mg/l 0.1 0.01 0.01 0.005 0.01 <0.0025 Chromium (Cr) mg/l - 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 <0.016 Chloride (Cl) mg/l 250 0.05 - 250 - -7 Chlorine (Cl2) mg/l - - 1 1 - -8 Copper (Cu) mg/l 0.5 - - 0.1 1 <0.019 COD mg/l - - 0.01 1 - -10 Cyanide (CN) mg/l 0.05 0.01 2 - 0.01 -11 Fluoride (F) mg/l 1 2 - - 2 0.0912 Hardness (CaCO3) mg/l 170 - - 100 - -13 Iodine (I) mg/l - 1 - 0.3 - -14 Iron (Fe) mg/l 0.1 - - 0.05 1 -15 Lead (Pb) mg/l 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 <0.0116 Manganese (Mn) mg/l 0.05 2 2 0.002 0.1 0.0117 Mercury (Hg) mg/l 0.001 1 0.001 - 0.001 <0.00518 Mineral Oil mg/l - ND ND - - -19 Nitrate (NO3) mg/l ND 45 45 4 45 <0.0120 Nitrite (NO2) mg/l ND 0.005 0.005 - 0.01 -21 Organic Matter mg/l 1 0.003 3 - 5 -22 Selenium (Se) mg/l - 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 -23 Silver (Ag) mg/l - - - 0.05 - -24 Surfactant mg/l - ND ND - 2 -25 Sulfide (S) mg/l ND 0.05 0.05 - - -26 Sulphate (SO4) mg/l 200 - - 250 - -27 Phenolic mg/l - ND ND 0.001 0.001 -28 Ra 226 activity pCi/l - 30 - - - -29 Total Beta activity pCi/l - 1 - - - -30 TDS mg/l 500 - - 500 - -31 Zinc (Zn) mg/l - - 5 5 5 -

B. Microbiological Quality

1 Total Plate Count/ml CFU/ml Max 1x104 Max.1x105 - - - -2 Coliform(MPN/100 ml) MPN/100ml <2.20 0/250 ml Max.10 <2,20 <2.20 Nil3 Escherichia coli MPN/100ml 0 0 0 Negative - Nil4 Salmonella/100 ml CFU/100ml - 0 - - - -

5StaphylococcusAureus/250 ml

CFU/250ml - 0 - - - -

6PseudomonasAeruginosa/250 ml

CFU/250ml 0 0 - - - -

7 Fecal Streptococci/20 mlMPN/20ml - - - -

1/100ml

-

38

4.9 Water Quality Standards of Vietnam, Japan, China, Hong Kong, Korea andTaiwan

A. Chemical Quality

Sr. # Substances Unit Vietnam Japan China H. Kong Korea Taiwan1 Arsenic (As) mg/l 0.05 <0.2 0.05 0.01 0.05 0.052 Ammonium (NH4) mg/l - <0.5 - 1.5 0.5 -3 Barium (Ba) mg/l - - - 0.7 - -4 Borate (BO3) mg/l 10 - - 0.3 - -5 Cadmium (Cd) mg/l 0.01 <0.05 0.01 0.003 0.01 0.016 Chromium (Cr) mg/l - <0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.057 Chloride (Cl) mg/l - <350 250 250 150 2508 Chlorine (Cl2) mg/l - - - - - 19 Copper (Cu) mg/l 1 <0.05 1 2 1 0.01

10 COD mg/l - - - - - 0.811 Cyanide (Cn) mg/l 0.01 <0.01 0.01 0.07 ND -12 Fluoride (F) mg/l 2 <1.5 0.8 1.5 1 -13 Hardness (CaCO3) mg/l - 100-500 250 - 300 25014 Iodine (I) mg/l - - - - - 0.315 Iron (Fe) mg/l - <0.1 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.0516 Lead (Pb) mg/l 0.05 <0.1 0.05 0.01 0.1 0.0517 Manganese (Mn) mg/l 2 <0.1 0.05 0.5 0.3 0.00118 Mercury (Hg) mg/l - - 0.001 0.001 ND -19 Nitrate (NO3) mg/l 45 <5.0 10 50 10 1020 Nitrite (NO2) mg/l - - ND 3 - ND21 Organic Matter mg/l 3 - 0.1 - - 0.122 Selenium (Se) mg/l - <0.05 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.0123 Silver (Ag) mg/l 0.01 - 0.05 - 0.0524 Sulphate (SO4) mg/l - <250 250 250 200 25025 Phenolic mg/l - <0.001 - - 0.005 -26 Total Beta activity pCi/l - - - 1.0 Bq/I - -27 TDS mg/l - <1000 500 1000 - 50028 Zinc (Zn) mg/l 5 <5 5 3 1 5

B. Microbiological Quality

1 Total Plate Count/ml CFU/ml <10 - 100 - <100 -2 Coliform (MPN/100 ml) MPN/100ml - <15.100 3 <2.2 0 -3 Escherichia coli MPN/100ml 2.2 - - - - 0/100 ml

39

4.10 Water Quality Standards of Saudi Arabia, Guam, Australia, Argentina, Mexicoand Canada

A. Chemical Quality

Sr.# Substances Unit S. Arabia Guam Australia Argentina Mexico Canada

1 Arsenic (As) mg/l 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.0252 Ammonium (NH4) mg/l - - - 0.2 0.5 -3 Barium (Ba) mg/l 1 1 1 - 0.7 14 Borate (BO3) mg/l - - 30 - - 55 Cadmium (Cd) mg/l 0.01 0.01 0.005 0.01 0.005 0.0056 Chromium (Cr) mg/l 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 - 0.057 Chloride (Cl) mg/l 250 250 - 350 250 -8 Chlorine (Cl2) mg/l - - 0.01 0.5 0.1 -9 Copper (Cu) pCi/l 1 1 1 2 1 -

10 COD mg/l - 3 - - -11 Cyanide (Cn) mg/l 0.05 - 0.1 0.10 - 0.212 Fluoride (F) mg/l - - 1.5 2 2 -13 Iron (Fe) mg/l 0.3 0.3 - 2 0.3 -14 Lead (Pb) mg/l 0.05 0.05 - 0.05 0.02 0.0115 Manganese (Mn) mg/l 0.05 0.05 2 0.1 0.05 -16 Mercury (Hg) mg/l - 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.00117 Nitrate (NO3) mg/l - 10 45 45 10 4518 Nitrite (NO2) mg/l - - 0.01 0.1 - 3.219 Selenium (Se) mg/l - 0.01 0.01 - 0.05 0.0120 Silver (Ag) pCi/l 0.05 0.05 - 0.05 - -21 Surfactant mg/l - - - - 0.5 -22 Sulfide (S) mg/l - - 0.05 - - -23 Sulphate (SO4) mg/l 250 250 - 500 250 -24 Phenolic mg/l 0.001 0.001 - - 0.001 -25 Ra 226 activity pCi/l 3 5 1 - - -26 Total Beta activity pCi/l - 8 - - - -27 TDS mg/l - 500 - 1500 500 -28 Zinc (Zn) mg/l 5 5 5 5 3 -

B. Microbiological Quality

1 Total Plate Count/ml CFU/ml - - <1 500 100 1002 Coliform (MPN/100

ml)MPN/100ml

- <2.20 Max.10 3 <2 -

3 Escherichia coli MPN/100ml - - - Negative - 04 Pseudomonas

Aeruginosa/250 mlCFU/250ml

- - - Negative - 0

40

CHAPTER-5

RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS

This chapter is pertaining to the results and discussion of IWCP Water Quality MonitoringProgram conducted over the years 2004-05 and 2005-06. The IWCP is a project of PCRWR,covering water quality monitoring program in five northern districts of NWFP and the entireNorthern Areas. The five districts of NWFP include: Mardan, Bunner, Swat, Lower Dir andUpper Dir, and the Northern Areas comprising districts of Gilgit, Skardu, Ghanche, Diamarand Ghizer. The sampling water sources locations in all the districts were selected fromwhere the people get water largely for drinking purpose. During 2004-05, altogether 186locations from ten districts were selected for water sampling, while in 2005-06 total 181locations from the ten districts were chosen for water sampling. Hence a total of 367 Nos. ofwater samples were collected for water quality testing during the two years from fivenorthern districts of NWFP and Northern Areas of Pakistan. Number of water samplescollected from each of the districts of NWFP and NAs are given in Table 5.1 and 5.2respectively.

Table 5.1: No. of Samples Collected from Five Districts of Northern NWFP

S.No.

Name of districtNo. of samples

collected 2004-2005No. of samples

collected 2005-2006Total No. of samples of

both the years1 Mardan 51 36 87

2 Bunner 31 33 64

3 Swat 30 30 60

4 Lower Dir 11 12 23

5 Upper Dir 10 11 21

Total No. of samples 133 122 255

Table 5.2: No. of Samples Collected from Five Districts of Northern Areas.

S.No.

Name of districtNo. of samples

collected 2004-2005No. of samples

collected 2005-2006Total No. of samples of

both the years1 Gilgit 14 14 282 Skardu 14 14 283 Ghanche 08 09 174 Diamar 09 14 235 Ghizer 08 08 16

Total No. of samples 53 59 112

Distribution of water sources from where the samples were collected in each district aregiven in Table 5.3 and 5.4. These water sources mostly include groundwater, surface water,community and public water supply schemes, hand pumps, open wells and springs etc. Themajor water sources available in Mardan and Bunner districts are domestic wells, in Swatand Lower Dir are tube wells, while in Upper Dir the major water sources are springs.

41

Table 5.3: Distribution of Samples Across Water Sources Among the Northern Districts ofNWFP

Glacier and snow deposits are the principal sources of all water in the Northern Areas. Themelted water enters streams, which subsequently feed man-made channel -Kuhls- that bringwater into the settlements for agriculture, livestock and domestic requirements.

Surface water based water supply schemes are constructed in most parts of the NorthernAreas except in Diamer where surface water is directly consumed. According to Muneeba etal. (1994) most villages use the same channel for irrigation and domestic use. In somevillages the people go up the channel to get water for drinking since they realize that waterpassing through the village can be contaminated. This has a basis in fact since most of thechannels are open and wastewater from homes and feces can flow into them, plus clothes anddomestic utensils are also washed in these channels.

Table 5.4: Distribution of Samples Across Water Sources in all the Districts of Northern Areas

Water quality analytical parameters evaluated in the water samples of the aforementionedareas can be divided into following three categories,

1. Physical and Aesthetic Parameters:

Parameters evaluated under the name physical and aesthetic include qualitative andquantitative examination of pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Turbidity, Colour,Taste and Odour.

2. Chemical Parameters:

These include Bicarbonate (HCO3), Carbonate (CO3), Nitrate (NO3), Sulphate (SO4),Hardness, Calcium (Ca), Alkalinity (Alk), Magnesium (Mg), Potassium (K), Sodium

S.No. District Tube well Open well

Domestictube well

Spring Hand pumpTap

(WSS)Surfacewater

2004-05 2005-06 2004-05 2005-06 2004-05 2005-06 2004-05 2005-06 2004-05 2005-06 2004-05 2005-06 2004-05 2005-06

1. Mardan 03 09 - 06 30 16 04 02 02 02 12 01 - -2. Bunner 01 02 - 02 13 16 07 04 - 03 01 03 09 033. Swat 11 12 01 01 02 03 08 08 - 02 03 04 05 -4. Dir Lower 06 06 - - 02 04 01 02 - - 02 0 - -5. Dir Upper - - - - - - 04 08 - - 05 03 01 -

Total 21 29 01 09 47 39 24 24 02 07 23 11 15 03

S.No.

DistrictDomestic tube well Spring

Tape (WSS basedOn surface water)

Surface water

2004-05 2005-06 2004-05 2005-06 2004-05 2005-06 2004-05 2005-061. Gilgit - - 01 - 09 09 04 052. Skardu - - - - 10 12 04 023. Ghanche - 01 01 01 01 03 06 044. Diamar - 01 - 01 - 02 09 105. Ghizer - - 01 01 04 04 03 03

Total - 02 03 3 24 30 26 24

42

(Na), Chloride (Cl-), Total dissolved salts (TDS), Arsenic (As), Fluoride (F), Iron (Fe)and trace elements.

3. Biological Parameters:

Evaluation of bacteriological or microbiological parameters depicts qualitativeexamination of Protozoan/Microbes present in water which are the potential carriersof various types of health hazards.

All the analyzed parameters were compared with permissible limits given by PSI reproducedin Table 4.3, to evaluate as “Safe” or “Unsafe” for drinking purpose. Before presenting theresults of each district, a brief of the geography, demography, climate, water resources andland use statistics is given so that the results could be seen and discussed in the context andprospective of these indicators as they may have direct impact on ecology and water qualityof the area.

5.1 Mardan

The district lies at the longitude 71o 48’ to 72 o

52’ E and latitude 34o 05’ to 34o 32’ N. Averagealtitude of the district is 750 m. Geographicalmap of the district is given in Figure-5.1. As isevident from the Figure, Malakand and Bunnerare its northern neighbours, district Charsaddafalls in the west, while Swabi and Nowsheraform its eastern and southern boundariesrespectively. Geographical area of the district is1632 sq. km and its population according to1998 census was 1.46 million and populationdensity of 895 persons per sq. km which nowhas escalated to 1.93 million in 2007. As suchthe current population density becomes 1180persons per sq. km.

Climatically Mardan can be divided into two sharp zones, south-eastern part and north-western part. South-eastern part falls under the climatic range of semi arid subtropicalcontinental low land where annual rainfall is 340 mm, most of which (up to 60%) occurs inwinter. Maximum temperature is 41oC in summer and minimum winter temperature is 4.5 oC.The north-western part lies in the climatic range of sub-humid sub-tropical continental lowland, annual rainfall ranges from 500 to 1000 mm. Land use statistics of the district are givenin Table 5.5

Figure 5.1: Geographical Map of District Mardan

43

Table 5.5: Land Use Statistics of the District Mardan

Land utilization Area in (000) hectares Percentage ofgeographical area

Percentage ofreported area

Geographical Area 163 - -Reported Area 163 100 -Cultivated 113 69 69Irrigated area 80 49 49Cropped area 126 77 77Uncultivated area 49 30 30Culturable waste 3 2 2Forest area 8 5 5Not available for cultivation 38 23 23Cropping intensity: 112.2%Land use intensity: 97.2%

Altogether 51 samples were collected in 2004-05 and 36 samples in 2005-06 from varioussources in the entire district. Sources of these samples are given in Table 5.6, which indicatesthat domestic pump, and WSS tube wells are the common sources from where the publicfulfil its domestic water requirements, whereas at some places spring water is also used. Dueto availability of ground water at shallow depth and of acceptable quality, surface/river waterconsumption for domestic purposes is not in practice in the district.

Table 5.6: Types of water Sources and Number of Samples Taken thereof in Mardan (2004-06)

Analytical results of the samples are presented in the Table 5.7 and graphical representationis given in Figure 5.2, which exhibit that major contaminants in the area are bacteria,calcium, nitrate and fluoride. Analytical results of the water samples collected during theyear 2004-05 show that 88% water samples were microbiologically polluted, 14% of thewater samples have turbidity beyond permissible limit of WHO standard, 18% have slightlymore concentration of NO3 against 10 mg/l acceptable level of WHO, 10% samples havehigher concentration of Sodium (Na), 16% samples exceed in respect of calcium value,whereas 2% samples were identified possessing higher levels of chloride and hardnesscompared with international permissible water quality standards. Fluoride and TDS werefound beyond permissible range in 6% and 4% samples respectively. On the overall basis,92% samples were found to be unsafe for drinking purpose with respect to the either testedparameters.

However out of 36 samples tested in 2005-06, 67% were biologically contaminated, followedby 15% samples having calcium excess of permissible limit. Each of fluoride and nitrate wasfound having concentration beyond permissible limits only in 3 % samples. On the overallbasis, 80% samples were detected as unsafe against only 20% samples which were found

SourceNo of samples

SourceNo. of samples Total No. of samples

2004-05 2005-06 2004-05 2005-06 2004-05 2005-06Tube well 08 09 Open well - 06

51 36Domestic tube well 30 16 Spring 04 02Tap (WSS) 07 01 Hand pump 02 -

44

safe. Combined results of 2004-5 and 2005-6 indicate 87% samples unsafe and only theremaining 13 % samples safe for drinking purpose as shown in Figure 5.3.

Table 5.7: Water Quality Parameters Found Having Impermissible Values in Water SamplesCollected From District Mardan (2004-06)

S.No. Parameters

No. of unfit samplesout of total 51

(2004-05)

No. of unfit samplesout of total 36

(2005-06)

Percentage Overall%age

2004-062004-05 2005-06

1 Bact. Cont. 45 24 88 67 79

2 Calcium (Ca) 8 5 16 15 15

3 Fluoride (F) 3 1 6 3 5

4 Nitrate (NO3) 9 1 18 3 11

5Total DissolvedSalts (TDS) 2 0 4 0 2

6 Chloride (Cl) 1 0 2 0 1

7 Sodium (Na) 5 0 10 0 6

8 Hardness 1 0 2 0 1

9 Turbidity 7 0 14 0 8

Mardan is one of the most populated areas and population wise the second largest district ofNWFP. Overall geographical area is comparatively small and of which most of the area isfertile and cultivated. Cropping intensity in Mardan, which falls in Peshawar valley, is 112%as given in Table 5.5, which is amongst the highest in the country. Water table is shallow andground water exploitation is common. The leakage within the distribution network and thelocation of drinking water sources being close to septic tanks etc. together with shallow watertable seem common reasons of contaminants intrusions into the water source and watersupply network. At the same time, high population density and high cropping intensitynecessitate use of nitrate fertilizers, which also appears to be the source feeding highconcentration of nitrate and hence bacteria that are major contaminants getting intruded intothe supply network. Low literacy level (36.45%) and poor economic condition of the area areapparent reasons of lack of awareness, poor hygienic conditions and improper maintenance,which are certainly adding to contaminants yield and intrusion.

45

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Bact. Cont. Calcium Fluoride Nitrate TDS Chloride Sodium Hardness Turbidity

Parameters

Perce

ntage

2004-05

2005-06

Figure 5.2: Percentage of Samples Having Impermissible Values for different parameters in District Mardan

Percentage of safe and unsafe water samples2004-05

Unsafe92%

Safe8%

Percentage of safe and unsafe water samples2005-06

Unsafe80%

Safe20%

Overall %age of safe and unsafe water samples2004-06

Unsafe87%

Safe13%

Figure 5.3: Graphical Presentation of Safe and Un-Safe Water Sources in District Mardan.

46

5.2 Buner

The district lies at the longitude 72o 30’ to 72 o

40’ E and latitude 34o 08’ to 34o 29’ N. Averagealtitude of the district is 1500 m. As is evidentfrom the geographical map given in Figure-5.4,that district Swat and Shangla are its northernneighbours, district Mardan lies towards itswest, while district Mansehra and Swabi formits eastern and southern boundaries respectively.

Geographical area of the district is 1865 sq. km.According to 1998 census, its population was0.51 million with population density of 271persons per sq. km which now has escalated to0.73 million in 2007. As such the currentpopulation density becomes 393 personsper sq. km.

Climatically Bunner falls in sub humid and subtropical continental high land where averageannual rainfall ranges from 750 mm to 1000 mm. Bunner is comparatively colder thandistrict Mardan. Maximum temperature is 38oC in summer and minimum winter temperatureis 2oC. Land use statistics of the district are given in Table 5.9.

Table 5.8: Land Use Statistics of the District Bunner

Land utilization Area in (000) hectaresPercentage of

geographical areaPercentage ofreported area

Geographical area 186 - -Reported area 172 92 -Cultivated 55 30 32Irrigated area 16 9 9Cropped area 100 54 58Uncultivated area 117 63 68Culturable waste 6 3 3Forest area 41 22 24Not available for cultivation 70 38 41Cropping intensity: 181%Land use intensity: 91%

In district Buner, altogether 64 locations were selected for water sampling during the twoyears (2004-06) keeping in view the source where most of the population consume water fordrinking purpose. Sources of these samples are given in the Table 5.9 which indicates thatdomestic pump, and water supply schemes based on springs are the common sources fromwhere the public fulfil their domestic water requirements. Whereas at some hilly terrainsurface water is also used as ground water exploration is not possible in those areas of thedistrict.

Figure 5.4: Geographical Map of District Bunner

47

Table 5.9: Types of Water Sources and Number of Samples Collected from District Buner

SourceNo. of samples

SourceNo. of samples Total No of samples

2004-05 2005-06 2004-05 2005-06 2004-05 2005-06

Tube well 01 02 Surface water 09 03

31 33Domestic tube well 13 16Spring 07 04Open well - 02

Tap (WSS) 01 03 Hand pump - 03

Water quality results of the samples are presented in Table 5.10 and graphical representationis given in Figure-5.5, which exhibit that major contaminants in the area are bacteria,calcium, hardness and turbidity. Processing and compilation of water quality data revealedthat out of total 64 samples (2004-06), 86% samples were found unfit for humanconsumption either chemically or biologically as shown in Figure 5.6. Out of 31 samplescollected during the year 2004-05, 71% samples were found contaminated biologically; 19%samples had turbidity higher than the admissible range; 3% with high level of , calcium,sodium and hardness, 13% samples had high concentration of Nitrate, whereas 6% sampleswere found with objectionable muddy colour. On the overall basis, 84% samples were foundas unsafe either biologically or chemically against the survey of the year 2004-05.

Whereas 33 samples were collected from district Bunner during the next year 2005-06, onthe overall basis 88% samples were found contaminated either chemically or biologically asin Figure 5.6. However 70% samples were found contaminated biologically; 27% sampleshad turbidity higher than the admissible range; 12% with high level of hardness, 30%samples had high concentration of Calcium (Ca), 3% samples had high concentration ofNitrate, whereas 6% samples were found having excessive concentrations of Potassium,Total Dissolved Salts (TDS) or with objectionable muddy colour.

Table 5.10: Water Quality Parameters Found Having Values Beyond Permissible Limits inWater Samples Collected from District Buner (2004-06)

Sr.No. Parameters

No. of unfit samples outof total 31(2004-05)

No. of unfit samplesout of total 33

(2005-06)

Percentage Overall%age

2004-062004-05 2005-061 Bact. Cont. 22 23 71 70 702 Turbidity 6 9 19 27 233 Color 2 2 6 6 6

4 Nitrate (NO3) 4 1 13 3 85 TDS 1 2 3 6 56 Calcium (Ca) 1 10 3 30 177 Sodium (Na) 1 0 3 0 28 Hardness 1 4 3 12 89 Potassium 0 2 0 6 3

48

Figure 5.5:

Percentage of Samples Having Impermissible Values in District Buner

Buner is one of the thinly populated district of NWFP, where almost entire population is ruraland population density is comparatively low. Almost the entire district is mountainous. Outof total 0.17 million hectares reported area, 9% of land is irrigated. Cropping intensity inBunner, which falls in Swat valley, is 181%, which is amongst the highest in the country.Generally ground water aquifer is deep. Due to scattered population, water supply schemes inthe area are not well planned and well maintained, that combined with low literacy ratio(23%), poor hygienic condition and lack of awareness seem the probable reasons ofbacteriological contamination. At the same time scattered population and high croppingintensity necessitate use of nitrate fertilizers, which also appear to be source feeding highconcentration of bacteria and nitrate which, are major contaminants getting intruded intowater resources. Marble stone cutting is an important industry of the district which seems tobe the cause of high concentration of calcium & hardness. Low literacy level and pooreconomic condition of the area are apparent reasons of lack of awareness, poor hygienicconditions and improper maintenance, which are certainly adding to contaminants yield andintrusion.

0

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

5 0

6 0

7 0

8 0

9 0

1 0 0

B a c t . C o n t . T u r b id i ty C o lo r N i t r a t e ( T D S ) C a lc iu m S o d iu m H a r d n e s s P o ta s s iu m

P a r a m e t e r s

% a

g e

2 0 0 4 - 0 5

2 0 0 5 - 0 6

Figure 5.6: Graphical Presentation of Safe and Un-Safe Water Sources in District Bunner

Percentage of safe and unsafe water samples2004-05

Safe16%

Unsafe84%

Percentage of safe and unsafe water samples2005-06

Unsafe88%

Safe12%

Overall % age of safe and unsafe water samples2004-06 Safe

14%

Unsafe86%

49

5.3 Swat

District Swat lies at the longitude 71o 19’ to 72 o

35’ E and latitude 34o 40’ to 35o 20’ N. Averagealtitude of the district is 1500 m. Geographicalmap of the district is given in Figure-5.7. As isevident from the Figure, Chitral and NorthernAreas are its northern neighbours, Kohistan andDir lies on its east and west side respectively,while Bunner and Shangla form its southern andeastern boundaries respectively. Geographicalarea of the district is 5337 sq. km and itspopulation according to 1998 census was 1.26million which now has escalated to 1.74 millionin 2007. As such the current population densitybecomes 326 persons per sq. km.

Climatically Swat lies in sub-humid-subtropical continental highland. Average annual rainfall in district Swat is about 800 mm. Maximum temperatures is 35oC in summer, whileminimum winter temperature is 3oC in south-western part. North eastern part (Kalam area) ismuch colder where temperature in winter frequently falls below zero. Winter snow fall iscommon in that area and melting of seasonal snow pack feeds river Swat from April to July.Land use statistics of the district are given in the Table 5.11

Table 5.11: Land Use Statistics of the District Swat

Land utilization Area in (000) hectaresPercentage of

geographical areaPercentage ofreported area

Geographical area 534 - -Reported area 506 95 -Cultivated 96 18 19Irrigated area 90 17 18Cropped area 185 35 37Uncultivated area 401 75 79Culturable waste 80 15 16Forest area 135 25 27Not available for cultivation 194 36 38Cropping intensity: 193%Land use intensity: 54%

Altogether 30 samples were collected each year (2004-06) from various sources in the entiredistrict. Sources of these samples are given in Table5.12, which indicates that tube wells andsprings are the common sources used for domestic water requirements. Most of the ruralpopulation is scattered in mountainous areas and use water from domestic water supplyschemes based on springs. Due to availability of ground water at affordable depth and ofadequate quality, surface water consumption for domestic purposes is not normally inpractice in south-western part of the district. However in north-eastern Swat, spring orsurface water is commonly used.

Figure 5.7: Geographical Map of District Swat

50

Table 5.12: Types of Water Sources and Number of Samples Taken Thereof in Swat

Analytical results (Annexure-03-a) of the samples are presented in Table 5.13 and graphicalrepresentation is given in Figure 5.8, which exhibit that major contaminants in the area arebacteria, calcium, nitrate and turbidity. Out of 30 samples collected during 2004-05, 73%were biologically contaminated, followed by 17% samples having nitrate excess ofpermissible limit. Ten percent of samples were found having turbidity and calcium beyondthe permissible limits. Each of hardness and potassium was found having value beyondpermissible limits only in 3 % samples. On the overall basis, 77% samples were detected asunsafe against only 23% samples which were found safe during 2004-5 as depicted in Figure5.9.

During the year 2005-06, altogether 30 samples were collected from various sources in theentire district. It is evident from the analysis reports (Annexure-03-b) that 77% samples werebiologically contaminated, followed by 20% samples having calcium and nitrate excess ofpermissible limit. Turbidity was found in excess in 10% of samples. Each of hardness andcolour was found having value beyond permissible limits only in 3 % samples. On the overallbasis, 87% samples were detected as unsafe against only13% samples which were found safepertaining to the year as shown in Figure 5.9.

Table 5.13: Water Quality Parameters Found Having Impermissible Values in Water SamplesCollected From District Swat (2004-06)

Swat is one of the famous tourist resort and population wise third largest district in NWFP.Overall geographical area is comparatively large and of which only 18% is cultivated. WaterTable is at moderate depth in inter mountainous valleys where tube well is the main source ofwater. Population is scattered in most of hilly areas where domestic water supply schemesare installed on springs having no regular employees for their maintenance. Water supplylines at places are damaged or punctured allowing intrusion of pollutants, which is the main

SourceNo. of samples

SourceNo. of samples Total No. of samples

2004-05 2005-06 2004-05 2005-06 2004-05 2005-06Tube well 11 12 Open well 01 01

30 30Domestic tube well 02 03Spring 08 08Surface water 05 -

Tap (WSS) 03 04 Hand pump - 02

Sr.No. Parameters

No. of unfit samplesout of total 30

(2004-05)

No. of unfit samplesout of total 30

(2005-06)

Percentage Overall%age

2004-062004-05 2005-061 Bact. Cont. 22 23 73 77 752 Nitrate (NO3) 5 6 17 20 183 Calcium (Ca) 3 6 10 20 154 Hardness 1 1 3 3 35 Turbidity 3 3 10 10 106 Colour 0 1 0 3 27 Potassium 1 0 3 0 2

51

cause of poor water quality condition. Similarly spring water is also distributed unplannedlocally with out due care of the schemes.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Bact.Cont.

Nitrate Calcium Hardness Turbidity Colour PotassiumParameters

% a

ge

2004-05

2005-06

Figure 5.8: Percentage of Samples Having Impermissible Values in District Swat

Percentage of unsafe and safe water samples2004-05

Unsafe77%

Safe23%

Percentage of safe and unsafe water samples2005-06

Unsafe87%

Safe13%

Overall %age of safe and unsafe water samples2004-06

Safe18%

Unsafe82%

Figure 5.9: Graphical Presentation of Safe and Un-Safe Water Sources in District Swat.

52

5.4 Dir (Lower)

The district lies at the longitude 71o 47’ to 72 o 05’E and latitude 33o 59’ to 34o 58’ N. Averagealtitude of the district is 1800 m. Geographicalmap of the district is given in Figure-5.10, whichshows that Malakand and Bajaur agency forms itssouthern and south-western boundaries, districtSwat and Upper Dir are its north-eastern andnorthern districts respectively, whereas a smallpart of its western boundary forms Durand linewith Afghanistan. Geographical area of thedistrict is 1583 sq. km and its populationaccording to 1998 census was 0.72 million, whichnow has escalated to 1 million in 2007. As suchthe current population density becomes 631persons per sq. km.

Climatically Lower Dir falls under the climatic range of sub humid subtropical continentalhighland, where annual rainfall is up to 875 mm, 60% of which falls in late summer. Maximumtemperature is in the range of 32-38 oC in summer, while average minimum winter temperatureis 3 oC. Land use statistics of the district Dir Lower are given in the Table 5.14.

Table 5.14: Land Use Statistics of the District Dir Lower

Land utilization Area in (000)hectares

Percentage ofgeographical area

Percentage ofreported area

Geographical area 158 - -Reported area 142 90 -Cultivated 45 71 79Irrigated area 41 50 56Cropped area 54 80 89Uncultivated area 49 31 35Culturable waste 1 0.6 0.7Forest area 8 5 6Not available for cultivation 39 25 27Cropping intensity: 120%Land use intensity: 98%

Altogether 23 samples, 11 samples in 2004-05 and 12 samples in 2005-06, were collectedduring the two years from different sources in the entire district. Sources of these samples aregiven in Table5.15, which shows that domestic pump and tube wells are the common sourcesfrom where the public fulfil their domestic water requirements, whereas at some placesspring water is also used. Due to availability of ground water at shallow depth and ofacceptable quality, surface water consumption for domestic purposes is not normally inpractice in the district.

Figure 5.10: Geographical map of district Dir Lower

53

Table 5.15: Types of Water Sources and Number of Samples Taken Thereof in Dir Lower

Analytical results of the samples are presented in Table 5.16, which is graphically represented inFigure 5.11. The data revealed that major contaminants in the area are bacteria, nitrate and calcium.Out of 11 samples collected in 2004-05, all were biologically contaminated, followed by 54%samples having nitrate excess of permissible limit. Iron was found having concentration beyondpermissible limits in 18 % samples. One out of 11 samples (9%) was found having calciumconcentration beyond permissible limits.

Over the year 2005-06, all the 12 samples (100%) were found biologically contaminated, followed by33% samples having calcium excess of permissible limit. Each of turbidity and nitrate was foundhaving concentration beyond permissible limits only in 8 % samples.

Table 5.16: Water Quality Parameters Found Having Impermissible Values in Water SamplesCollected From District Dir Lower (2004-06)

Lower Dir is one of the districts of the province having much scattered population. Out of0.16 million hectares area, 71% is cultivated. Water table is at affordable depth and groundwater exploitation is common. High cropping intensity (120%) necessitate use of fertilizers,which appear to be source feeding high concentration of bacteria and nitrate, which are majorcontaminants getting intruded into supply network. Reason of high concentration of calciumappears geological strata of the district. Low literacy level (30%) and poor economiccondition of the area are apparent reasons of lack of awareness, poor hygienic conditions andimproper maintenance, which are certainly adding to contaminants yield and intrusion.

SourceNo. of samples

SourceNo. of samples Total No. of samples

2004-05 2005-06 2004-05 2005-06 2004-05 2005-06Tube well 06 06 Tap (WSS) 02 0

11 12Domestic tube well 02 04 Spring 01 02

S.No. Parameters

No. of unfit samplesout of total 11 (2004-05)

No. of unfit samples outof total 12 (2005-06) Percentage Overall

%age2004-062004-05 2005-06

1 Bact. Cont. 11 12 100 100 100

2 Calcium (Ca) 1 4 9 33 22

3 Iron (Fe) 2 0 18 0 9

4 Nitrate (NO3) 6 1 54 8 30

5 Turbidity 0 1 0 8 4

54

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Bact. Cont. Calcium Iron Nitrate Turbidity

Parameters

% a

ge

2004-05

2005-06

Figure 5.11: Percentage of Samples Having Impermissible Values in District Dir Lower

5.5 Dir (Upper)

The district is one of the remote northerndistricts of the NWFP which lies at longitude71o 00’ to 72 o 07’ E and latitude 34o 20’ to34o 24’ N. Average altitude of the district is1800 m. Geographical map of the district isgiven in Figure-5.12, which shows that districtDir (U) lying on Afghanistan boarder. DistrictChitral and Swat form its north-western andnorth-eastern boundaries respectively,whereas Dir Lower makes its southernboundary. Its total geographical area is 3699sq. km with rugged mountainous topography.

Population of the district according to 1998 census was 0.58 million and population density156 person per sq. km, which have now increased to 0.75 million 2007 with populationdensity 203 person per sq. km. Upper Dir falls under the climatic range of sub humidsubtropical continental highland, where annual rainfall is up to 875 mm, 60% of which fallsin late summer. Maximum temperature in summer is 32-38 oC while minimum wintertemperature is 3 oC. Land use statistics of the district is summarized in Table 5.17.

Figure 5.12: Geographical Map of District Dir (Upper)

55

Table 5.17: Land Utilization Statistics Among Various Sectors of District Dir Upper

Land utilizationArea in (000)

hectaresPercentage of

geographical areaPercentage ofReported area

Geographical Area 370Reported Area 127 34Cultivated 42 11 33Irrigated area 22 6 17Cropped area 49 13 39Uncultivated area 85 23 67Culturable waste 0.6 0.2 0.5Forest area 80 22 63Not available for cultivation 51 14 40Cropping intensity: 118%Land use intensity: 98%

Dir Upper has hard and rugged mountainous terrain. Most of the population is scattered,where well-planned water distribution infrastructure is not normally possible. Poor economiccondition, low literacy ratio (21%) and rugged mountainous topography persuade the peopleto use easily available spring water sources.

Altogether 21 water samples, ten in 2004-05 and 11 in 2005-06, were collected fromdifferent sources in the entire district. Sources of these samples are given in Table 5.18,which indicates that springs are the common sources from where the public fulfil theirdomestic water requirements, whereas at some places water supply schemes are also in use.

Table 5.18: Distribution of the Water Sources in District Upper Dir

Analytical results of the samples are presented in Table 5.19 and are graphically representedin Figure-13, which exhibit that major contaminants in the district are bacteria, nitrate andturbidity. In 2004-05 out of 10 water sources, 80% were found biologically contaminated.Data processing revealed that all the water samples were contaminated biologically; 40%samples were either turbid or with high concentration of nitrate.

While over the year 2005-06, out of 11 water sources, none was supplying safe drinkingwater. Data processing revealed that all the water samples were contaminated biologically;9% (1 sample) were either turbid or with high concentration of calcium and 27% samples hadexcess of nitrate.

SourceNo. of samples Total No. of samples

2004-05 2005-06 2004-05 2005-06Tube well 05 03

10 11Spring 04 08Surface water 01 -

56

Table 5.19: Water Quality Parameters Found Having Values Beyond Permissible Limits inWater Samples Collected from District Dir Upper 2004-06

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

Bact. Cont. Calcium Nitrate TurbidityParameters

% a

ge

2004-05

2005-06

Figure 5.13: Percentage of Samples Having Impermissible Values in District Dir Upper

The deteriorated microbiological water quality in district Dir (U) seems due to poorlymaintained water supply schemes. Population is scattered and people mostly consume waterdirectly from springs which being open are prone to contamination. Water supply schemes ifexist have no regular employees for their maintenance. Leaked and contaminated water wasfound accumulated around the leakage points, hence further deteriorating the supply. Lack ofawareness and poor hygienic condition in such a rugged and remote area are other reasons ofhighest level of contamination.

S.No. Parameters

No. of unfit samples outof total 10 (2004-05)

No. of unfit samples outof total 11 (2005-06) Percentage Overall

%age2004-062004-05 2005-06

1 Bact. Cont. 8 11 80 100 90

2 Calcium (Ca) 0 1 0 9 5

3 Nitrate (NO3) 4 3 40 27 33

4 Turbidity 4 1 40 9 24

57

Gilgit

Gilgit, the administrative capital of NAs, is animportant city on ancient silk route, which is afamous passage from China to other countries ofthe world, lies at the longitude 74o 17’ to 76o

50’ E and latitude 35o 55’ to 36o 32’ N. Averagealtitude of the district is 1700 m. Geographicalmap of the district is given in Figure 5.14,which indicate that China and Afghanistanmakes its northern and northern-east boundaries,district Ghizer lies towards its west, whiledistrict Skardu and Diamer makes its southernboundary. Geographical area of the district is21300 sq. km. According to 1998 census,population of the district was 0.24 million and

population density 11 person per sq. km. Maximum summer temperature is 33 oC whereasthe minimum goes down to 16 oC, while maximum winter temperature is 28 oC and aminimum of -11 oC.

Altogether 28 samples were collected from different sources in the entire district during twoyears 2004-06. Sources of these samples are given in Table 5.20, which shows that directsurface water and water supply schemes (based on surface water) are the common sourcesfrom where public fulfil their domestic water requirements. Due to rugged topography androcky underground strata, exploring of ground water is difficult and therefore ground waterconsumption for domestic purposes is not normally in practice in the district.

Table 5.20: Types of Water Sources and Number of Samples Collected from District Gilgit(2004-06)

Analytical results of the samples are presented in Table 5.21 and graphical representation isgiven in Figure 5.15, which exhibit that major contaminants in the area are bacteriologicalcontamination, turbidity and color. Out of 14 samples collected during 2004-05, 57%samples show objectionable colour, taste and turbidity followed by 7% samples havingpotassium excess of permissible limit, while biologically all the samples were foundcontaminated (see annexure-06-a). In the following year (2005-06), the same 14 No. ofsamples were collected, analytical results of which show that, 29% samples haveobjectionable colour and taste, followed by 50% samples having turbidity excess ofpermissible limit, while biologically all the samples were found contaminated (see annexure-06-b).

SourceNo. of samples Total No. of samples

2004-05 2005-06 2004-05 2005-06Surface water 04 05

14 14Spring 01 -Water supply scheme 09 09

Figure 5.14: Geographical Map of District Gilgit

58

Table 5.21: Water Quality Parameters Having Impermissible Values in Water SamplesCollected from District Gilgit (2004-06)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

Bact. Cont. Turbidity Color Taste Potassium

Parameters

% a

ge

2004-05

2005-06

Figure 5.15: Percentage of Samples Having Impermissible Values in District Gilgit (2004-06)

Glacier and snow deposits are the principal sources of water in the district. Groundwater usefor domestic purpose is not common except in some low lying settlements in Gilgit town,where people draw water from shallow wells. People depend mainly on their irrigationchannels for the supply of water for domestic consumption. Water from these channels isstored in small pits, which is generally reserved for drinking and cooking purposes. Thesupply during winter is reduced due to minimal snow and glacier melt, which affect waterquality of stored water. In summer months, the pit water is replenished more frequently, butturbulent flow and frequent landslides in the district induce high turbidity and muddy colourinto the water. It was also noted that the contamination levels in the delivery systems werecomparatively lower during the winter season. The important factor affecting the waterquality is the human and the animal activities in the surrounding of the water deliverysystem. Water pits also contribute to the contamination primarily due to inappropriatelocation and lack of proper disposal of animal and human waste especially in rainy season.

Sr.No. Parameters

No. of unfit samplesout of total 14

(2004-05)

No. of unfit samplesout of total 14

(2005-06)

Percentage Overall %age2004-06

2004-05 2005-061 Bact. Cont. 14 14 100 100 1002 Turbidity 8 7 57 50 543 Color 8 4 57 29 434 Taste 8 4 57 29 435 Potassium 1 0 7 0 4

59

Skardu

Skardu is the capital of Baltistan, lying atlongitude 75º38’24” E and latitude35º17’31” N, is situated at an altitude of2438 meters above sea level in the lap ofthe great peaks of the Karakurammountain range. Geographical map of thedistrict is given in Figure 5.16, whichindicates that it borders district Gilgit andthe Xinjiang autonomous region of Chinato the north and northwest respectively,the district Ghanche to the east, the Indianheld Kashmir to the southeast, the districtDiamer to the west.

Most of the area consists of rugged mountains, the higher elevation remaining snow coveredthroughout the year. Geographical area of the district is 18000 sq. km. Climate of the districtduring summer is moderate (maximum 27 oC) due its high altitude mountain setting, whichalso block monsoon. Winter temperature can drop to -10 oC. Population of the district,according to the 1998 census, was 0.21 million and population density 12 persons per sq. km.Satpara Tso, Katzura Tso, Phooq Tso are the important lakes of the district. Skardu is thedistrict where Indus River enters the NAs from the Indian occupied Kashmir.

Water quality survey was conducted in 2004-05 and 2005-06. Altogether 28 samples werecollected from various sources in the entire district. Sources of these samples are given inTable 5.26, which indicates that surface water either directly or in the form supply schemesare the principal sources of drinking water in the district. Due to unavailability ofgroundwater at shallow depth and of acceptable quality, groundwater consumption fordomestic purposes is not in practice in the district.

Table 5.22: Types of Water Sources and Number of Samples Collected from District Skardu

Analytical results of the samples are presented in the Table 5.23 and graphical representationis given in Figure 5.17, which exhibits that major contaminants in the area are bacteria,calcium, turbidity, taste and fluoride. Out of 14 samples collected during 2004-05, it wasfound that all of the sample were biologically contaminated, 64% samples were found havingturbidity excess of permissible limit, followed by 50% samples having objectionable color,14% samples show objectionable taste, while one sample out of 14 found having fluorideconcentration beyond permissible level. On the overall basis, one or more parameter(s) werefound falling in the range of non-acceptable guideline values, Annexure-07-a.

SourceNo of samples Total No. of samples

2004-05 2005-06 2004-05 2005-06Surface water 04 02

14 14Water supply scheme 10 12

Figure 5.16: Geographical Map of District Skardu

60

Over the year 2005-06, 14 samples were collected. Out of 14 samples, 86% were biologicallycontaminated, followed by 28% samples having turbidity excess of permissible limit. Each offluoride, taste and colour was found having concentration beyond permissible limits only in 3samples (21%), (annexure-07-a).

Table 5.23: Water Quality Parameters Found Having Values Beyond Permissible Limits inWater Samples Collected from District Skardu (2004-06)

Glacier and snow deposits are the principal sources of all water in the district. People dependmainly on their irrigation channels for the supply of water for domestic purpose. Water fromthese channels is stored into small pits, which is generally reserved for drinking and cookingpurposes. The supply during winter is reduced due to minimal snow and glacier melt, whichaffects water quality of stored water. In summer months, the pit water is replenished morefrequently, but turbulent flow and frequent landslides in the district induce high turbidity andmuddy colour into the water. Water pits also contribute to the contamination primarily due toinappropriate location, improper protection, cleaning and maintenance, and lack of properdisposal of animal and human waste especially in rainy season. It was also noted that thecontamination levels in the delivery systems were comparatively lower during the winterseason probably due to the environment less conducive to bacterial growth. The importantfactor affecting the water quality is the human and the animal activities in the surrounding ofthe water delivery system.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

Bact. Cont. Turbidity Color Taste Fluoride

Parameters

% a

ge

2004-05

2005-06

Figure 5.17: Percentage of samples having impermissible values in district Skardu

Sr.No. Parameters

No. of unfit samplesout of total 14

(2004-05)

No. of unfitsamples out of

total 14 (2005-06)

Percentage Overall%age

2004-062004-05 2005-061 Bact. Cont. 14 12 100 86 932 Turbidity 9 4 64 28 463 Color 7 3 50 21 364 Taste 2 3 14 21 185 Fluoride 1 3 7 21 14

61

Ghanche

Ghanche district is the easternmostdistrict of the Northern Areas ofPakistan. Average altitude of thedistrict is 1454 m. Geographicalmap of the district is given inFigure 5.18, which indicates that toits northeast is China, to the northand northwest is Skardu district, toits west is Astore district and to itssouth is the Indian held Sate ofJammu and Kashmir.

Figure 5.18: Geographical Map of District Ghanche

The line of control along the eastern most region of Ghanche district cuts through theSiachen Glacier. This is the coldest district within Pakistan with winter temperature reachingbelow -20 oC. Geographical area of the district is 9400 sq. km. According to 1998 populationcensus, population of the district was 88366, indicating population density of 9 person per sq.km.

Agriculture production is based essentially on irrigation, with water supply from the streamsand rivers that are fed by snow melt from areas high in the mountain ranges. The area fallsjust outside the monsoon rainfall system, in a partial rain shadow area, and receives anannual precipitation of 100 to 500 mm, mainly as snow during the winter months. Theaverage household has more than 6 members, 1.5 acres of farmland, of which 60% is suitablefor annual crops.

From Ghanche district, altogether 17 samples were collected during the two years, keeping inview the source where most of the population consume water for drinking purpose. Sourcesof these samples are given in the Table 5.24, which indicates that surface water directly or inwater supply schemes are common sources from where public fulfil their domestic waterrequirements.

Table 5.24: Types of Water Sources and Number of Samples Collected from District Ghanche(2004-06)

Water quality results of the samples are presented in Table 5.25 and graphical representationis given in Figure-5.19, which exhibit that major contaminants in the area are bacteria, taste,

SourceNo. of samples Total No. of samples

2004-05 2005-06 2004-05 2005-06

Surface water 6 4

08 09Spring 1 1

Water supply scheme 1 3

Domestic tube well 0 1

62

colour and turbidity. Out of the 8 samples collected in the year 2004-05, none of the sourcewas found safe for drinking purpose. After processing the analytical data it was found that allthe samples were found contaminated biologically. Turbidity was found beyond permissiblelevel in 50% samples while 25% samples were found having objectionable colour and taste(annexure-10-a).

Processing and compilation of water quality data of samples collected during 2005-06,revealed that all the samples were unfit for human consumption. Out of 9 samples, 44%samples had turbidity higher than the admissible range; 11% (one sample) was found havingobjectionable taste and muddy colour. All the samples were found microbiologicallycontaminated (annexure-10-b).

Table 5.25: Water Quality Parameters Found Having Values Beyond Permissible Limits inWater Samples Collected from District Ghanche (2004-06)

Ground water exploitation is uncommon in the district due to rocky strata and deep wateraquifer. Glaciers and seasonal snow deposits are the principal source of surface water in thedistrict. Snow melt and seasonal torrential rain result in land sliding and resultant increase inturbidity of water. Normally water flows in open channels and pipeline system is seldom laid.Nearby inhabitants fetch water for domestic consumption from the channel and activities likewashing are carried out along the channel bank. Due to lack of proper drainage system,wastewater as well as grey water from households is directly drained into nearby small waterrills and ultimately to water channels, which contaminate the water body. Therefore,intruding wastes are the causes of high microbiological contamination

Figure 5.19: Percentage of Samples Having Impermissible Values in District Ghanche

Sr.No. Parameters

No. of unfitsamples out of

total 8 (2004-05)

No. of unfitsamples out of

total 9 (2005-06)

Percentage Overall%age

2004-062004-05 2005-061 Bact. Cont. 8 9 100 100 1002 Turbidity 4 4 50 44 473 Color 2 1 25 11 184 Taste 2 1 25 11 18

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

Bact. Cont. Turbidity Color Taste

Parameters

% a

ge

2004-05

2005-06

63

Diamer

Diamer district was divided into Diamer andAstore districts in 2004. The Diamer districtis bounded by Astore district in the east,NWFP in the south / south west (separatedby Babusar Pass or Babusar Top), Ghizerdistrict in the north / northwest and Gilgitdistrict in the north / north east.Geographical map of the district is given inFigure 5.20. Diamer valley has a moderateclimate during summer. In winter it receivessnow up to 6 inches in the main valleys andup to 5 feet on the mountains. Geographicalarea of the district is 142861 sq. km.

Total population of the district according to the 1998 population census was 0.2 million withpopulation density of 1.4 persons per sq. km - the lowest in the area. Water quality surveywas conducted during two years 2004-06; altogether 23 samples were collected fromdifferent locations covering major residential areas of the district. Sources of the samples aregiven in Table 5.26

Table 5.26: Types of Water Sources and Number of Samples Collected from District Diamer(2004-06)

In 2004-05 water samples were collected from 9 locations covering the major residentialareas of the district. Being a mountainous area all sources were surface water and altogetherall the sources were found biologically contaminated.

Similarly in 2005-06, all the 14 sources were found microbiologically contaminated, 50%samples had turbidity values beyond permissible limits, 14% samples showed excessivefluoride value than the highest desirable and 7% samples were found having calcium beyondpermissible limits and objectionable color. The information regarding percentage of samplescontaminated beyond permissible limits of different water quality parameters are given inTable 5.27, whereas water quality status of district Diamer is graphically represented inFigure 5.21.

SourceNo. of samples Total No. of samples

2004-05 2005-06 2004-05 2005-06Surface water 09 10

09 14Spring - 01Water supply scheme - 02Domestic tube well - 01

Figure 5.20: Geographical Map of District Diamer

64

Table 5.27: Water Quality Parameters Found Having Values Beyond Permissible Limits inWater Samples Collected from District Diamer (2004-06)

Figure 5.21: Percentage of Samples Having Impermissible Values in District Diamer

Ghizer

District Ghizer lies at the longitude73º45’29” E and latitude 36º10’36” N.Geographical map of the district is given inFigure 5.22, which shows that Ghizerdistrict lies in north-west part of theNorthern Areas of Pakistan. It joins withWakhan strip on its north-west and China onits north most corner. On its west, there isChitral district of NWFP; and towards eastis situated Gilgit. Diamer and district Swatof NWFP are on its south. Population of thedistrict according to 1998 census was 0.12million. Total geographical area of thedistrict is 9635 sq. km. with populationdensity of 13 persons per sq. km

Sr.No. Parameters

No. of unfitsamples out of

total 9 (2004-05)

No. of unfitsamples out of total

14 (2005-06)

Percentage Overall%age 2004-

062004-05 2005-061 Bact. Cont. 09 14 100 100 1002 Calcium 0 1 0 7 43 Fluoride 0 2 0 14 84 Turbidity 0 7 0 50 305 Color 0 1 0 7 4

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

Bact. Cont. Calcium Fluoride Turbidity Color

Parameters

% a

ge

2004-05

2005-06

Figure 5.22: Geographical Map of District Ghizer

65

Altogether sixteen water samples were collected from entire district during the years 2004-06, sources of which are given in Table 5.28. It is evident that surface water, either directlyor through water supply schemes, is the main source of water consumption for domesticrequirements in the district.

Table 5.28: Types of Water Sources and Number of Samples Collected from District Ghizer(2004-06)

In 2004-05 water samples were collected from 8 locations covering the major parts of thedistrict. Out of the 8 locations no source was found satisfactory for supplying potable andsafe drinking water as all were found biologically contaminated and 25% samples had highturbidity compared to WHO guide line values (annexure-10-b). However in 2005-06 samelocations were re-sampled to ascertain the water quality of the area. Again all the sampleswere found contaminated biologically, 14% samples showed turbidity beyond permissiblelimit and objectionable colour and taste (annexure-10-b). The information regardingpercentage of samples contaminated beyond permissible limits of different water qualityparameters are given in Table 5.29, whereas water quality status of district Ghizer isgraphically represented in Figure5.23.

Table 5.29: Water Quality Parameters Found Having Values Beyond Permissible Limits inWater Samples Collected From District Ghizer (2004-06)

SourceNo. of samples Total No. of samples

2004-05 2005-06 2004-05 2005-06Surface water 3 3

08 08Spring 1 1Water supply scheme 4 4

Sr.No. Parameters

No. of unfitsamples out of total

8 (2004-05)

No. of unfitsamples out of

total 8 (2005-06)

Percentage Overall%age

2004-062004-05 2005-061 Bact. Cont. 8 8 100 100 1002 Turbidity 2 1 25 14 193 Color 0 1 0 14 64 Taste 0 1 0 14 6

Figure 5.23: Percentage of Samples Having Impermissible Values in District Ghizer

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

Bact. Cont. Turbidity Color Taste

Parameters

% a

ge

2004-05

2005-06

66

In the district Ghizer, water channels which bring water for irrigation also serve for supply ofwater for domestic purpose (Muneeba et al. 1994). These channels are open and prone tocontamination with feces and wastewater from residential area. In addition to that, clothesand domestic utensils are also washed in the same channels. To overcome uncertain andscare availability of water, pits are used for storage of water. The storage in pits facilitatesremoval of turbidity, but poor maintenance and cleaning of pits seems promoting bacterialcontamination, the major cause of unsafe water in the area.

Overall Water Quality Situations in NWFP and Northern Areas

Over the years 2004-06, altogether 367 water samples were collected from five northerndistricts of NWFP and the entire Northern Areas of Pakistan. Out of 367 water samples, 186were collected in 2004-05 and remaining 181 were sampled in 2005-06. Type of watersource, number of samples taken thereof and percentage are given in table 5.30 and 5.31 forthe years 2004-05 and 2005-06 respectively.

Table 5.30: Type of Source and Number of Samples Taken from All over the 10 Districts during2004-05

Table 5.31: Type of Source and Number of Samples Taken from All over the 10 Districts during2005-06

Overall situation regarding the type of water source, number of samples taken thereof duringthe two years in the project area is presented in table 5.32 and graphical representation isgiven in Figure 5.24, which exhibit that domestic tube well and public water supply schemesare the major sources of drinking water in the project area followed by surface water, springsand tube wells.

Source Number of samples PercentageTube well 21 11Domestic tube well 47 25Tap (WSS) 47 25Hand pump 02 1Open well 01 1Spring 27 15Surface water 41 22

Total 186

Source Number of samples PercentageTube well 29 16Domestic tube well 41 23Tap (WSS) 41 23Hand pump 07 4Open well 09 5Spring 27 15Surface water 27 15

Total 181

67

Table 5.32 Overall Types of Source and Number of Samples Taken from All Over 10 Districtsduring 2004-06

Source Number of samples PercentageTube well 50 14Domestic tube well 88 24Tap (WSS) 88 24Hand pump 9 2Open well 10 3Spring 54 15Surface water 68 19

Total 367

Figure 5.24: Overall Percentage of Sources Sampled during 2004-06

Number and percentage of safe and unsafe water sources either biologically or chemicallyare enumerated in table 5.33 which show the existence of biological contamination in all the10 districts together with summary of contaminants.

Spring15%

Tube well14%

Surface water19%

Open well3%

Hand pump2%

Tap (WSS)23%

Domestic tubewell

24%

68

Table 5.33: Overall Water Quality Situation of 10 Districts and Causes of Contamination (2004-06)

Data analysis has also exhibited the fact that four water quality parameters i.e. Bacteria,Nitrate, Fluoride, and Turbidity are found more problematic than the rest of the physico-chemical parameters as presented graphically in figure 5.25.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Mardan Buner Swat Dir (L) Dir (U)

District

% a

ge

Bacter.Cont. Nitrate Calcium Turbidity Hard.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Gilgit Skardu Ghanche Diamar Ghizer

District

% a

ge

Bacter.Cont. Turbidity Color Taste Fluoride

Figure 5.25: %age of Unfit Water Samples against Different Water Quality Parameters (2004-06)

Sr.No.

District TotalNo. of

samples

Safe samples Unsafe samples Major causes ofcontaminationNo. %age No. %age

NWFP

1 Mardan 87 18 21 69 79Bacteriological, F, Ca,turbidity and NO3

2 Bunner 64 19 30 45 70Bacteriological, turbidity, Ca,hardness and TDS

3 Swat 60 15 25 45 75Bacteriological, Ca, turbidityand NO3

4 Dir (L) 23 0 0 23 100Bacteriological Ca, iron andNO3

5 Dir (U) 21 2 10 19 90Bacteriological, turbidityand NO3

Sub Total 255 54 21 201 79Bacteriological, (Ca), NO3

and turbidity

NORTHERN AREAS

1 Gilgit 28 0 0 28 100Bacteriological, turbidity,taste and color

2 Skardu 28 2 0 26 93Bacteriological, turbidity,taste color and fluoride

3 Ghanche 17 0 0 17 100Bacteriological turbidity,taste and color

4 Diamer 23 0 0 23 100Bacteriological, turbidity andfluoride

5 Ghizer 16 0 0 16 100 Bacteriological and turbidity

Sub Total 112 2 2 110 98Bacteriological, turbidity andfluoride

Grand Total 367 21 12 160 88Bacteriological, turbidity andtaste

69

On the other hand highest percentage of unsafe water sources was found in Dir (U), DirLower, Gilgit, Ghanche, Diamer and Ghizer where none of the source was found safe fordrinking purpose mostly due to bacteriological contamination or chemical contaminations asindicated in figure 5.26

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Mardan Buner Swat Dir (L) Dir (U) Gilgit Skardu Ghanche Diamar Ghizer

District

Per

cent

age

Safe Unsafe

Figure 5.26: Overall Water Quality Situation in NWFP and Northern Areas (2004-06)

Summing up the complete information generated from this monitoring make us to concludethat only 14 % out of 181 water sources were “Safe” and the rest of the 86 % were ”Unsafe”as shown below in figure 5.27. Parameter wise summaries of contaminants in all thesurveyed districts are also given in tables 3.34 and 3.35 for NWFP and Northern Areasrespectively.

Safe15%

Unsafe85%

Figure 5.27: Water Quality Status of NWFP and Northern Areas of Pakistan (2004-06)

70

Table 5.34: Summary of Over All Water Samples Collected the Five Districts of NWFP and Status of Contaminants

SrNo.

DistrictTotalNo. of

Samples

Bacteria Turbidity Nitrate Fluoride Calcium TDS Hardness Chloride SodiumUnsafe

Samples

No ofunfit

samples

%age

No ofunfit

samples

%age

No ofunfit

samples

%age

No ofunfit

samples

%age

No ofunfit

samples

%age

No ofunfit

samples

%age

No ofunfit

samples

%age

No ofunfit

samples

%age

No ofunfit

samples

%age

No ofunfitsamples

%age

1 Mardan 87 69 79 7 8 10 11 4 5 13 15 2 2 1 1 1 1 5 6 76 87

2 Bunner 64 45 70 15 23 5 8 * * 11 17 3 5 5 8 - - 1 2 51 80

3 Swat 60 45 75 6 10 11 18 * * 9 15 * * 2 3 * * * * 49 82

4 Dir (L) 23 23 100 1 4 7 30 * * 5 22 * * * * * * * * 23 100

5 Dir (U) 21 19 90 5 24 7 33 * * 1 5 * * * * * * * * 21 100

Sub Total 255

Table 5.35: Summary of Over All Water Samples Collected from Entire Northern Areas and Status of Contaminants.

SrNo.

DistrictTotalNo. of

Samples

Bacteria Turbidity Nitrate Fluoride Calcium TDS Potassium Colour TasteUnsafe

Samples

No ofunfit

samples

%age

No ofunfit

samples

%age

No ofunfit

samples

%age

No ofunfit

samples

%age

No ofunfit

samples

%age

No ofunfit

samples

%age

No ofunfit

samples

%age

No ofunfit

samples

%age

No ofunfit

samples

%age

No ofunfit

samples

%age

1 Gilgit 28 28 100 15 54 * * * * * * * * 1 4 12 43 12 43 28 1002 Skardu 28 26 93 13 46 * * 4 14 * * * * * * 10 36 5 18 26 93

3 Ghanche 17 17 100 8 47 * * * * * * * * * * 3 18 3 18 17 1004 Diamer 23 23 100 7 30 * * 2 8 1 4 * * * * 1 4 * * 23 1005 Ghizer 16 16 100 3 19 * * * * * * * * * * 1 6 1 6 16 100

Sub Total 112

Grand Total 367

71

CCHHAAPPTTEERR--66

FFIINNDDIINNGGSS,, CCOONNCCLLUUSSIIOONNSS && RREECCOOMMMMEENNDDAATTIIOONNSS

6.1 Findings

The water sources in all the districts were selected from where the people were gettingwater mainly for drinking purpose. The water samples for analysis were collected fromaltogether 181 different water sources (locations). Based on the survey, water qualitystatus of the project area and findings thereof are summarized as below:

1. Bacteriological contamination (83% of samples) and Turbidity (20% of samples)are major problems of the area followed by minor percentage of Nitrate (2%), andFluoride (1% of samples).

2. Bacteriological contamination in the water sources of project area was lowest insouthern foothill plain district of Mardan where it was 67% of samples, butincreased to 100% in mountainous districts of Dir Lower, Dir Upper, Gilgit,Ghanche, Diamar and Ghizer.

3. After bacterial contamination, turbidity was the major contaminant both in NWFPand Northern Areas. The range of samples having turbidity beyond permissiblelimits in NWFP varied from 8% to 23%, whereas the same varied from 19% to54% in Northern Areas.

4. Significant percentage of samples was found having colour and taste (6% to 43%of samples) beyond admissible limits in Northern Areas. The highest percentagewas found in Gilgit. These parameters were found within admissible limits in allthe five surveyed districts of NWFP.

5. Nitrate contamination was found only in the five district of NWFP wherepercentage of samples contaminated with it was highest in Dir Upper (33%)followed by Dir Lower (30%), Swat (18%), Mardan (11%) and Bunner (8%).Nitrate contamination was not detected anywhere in Northern Areas.

6. Similar to Nitrates, calcium beyond admissible limits was found only in thesurveyed five districts of NWFP where its concentration was found 22%, 17%,,15%, 15% and 5% in Dir Lower, Bunner, Mardan, Swat and Dir Upperrespectively.. The same was not found in Northern Areas except 45 samples ofDiamer.

7. In all the 10 districts, out of 181 water sources, no water source was found havingarsenic beyond permissible limits.

8. In NWFP, Fluoride contamination was detected only in 3% samples of Mardan,whereas in Northern Areas the same was found in 14% samples of Skardu and 8%samples of Diamer only.

72

9. The survey findings revealed that 80% to 100% water sources were unsafe fordrinking purpose in NWFP and 93% to 100% were in Northern Areas. Majorproblem in the entire surveyed area was microbiological contamination resultingfrom water pollution, turbidity due to use of surface water and poor sanitary andhygienic conditions.

6.2 Conclusions:

1. Chemical water quality of the five northern mountainous districts of NWF andNorthern Areas were found generally good.

2. Nitrate contamination was found in all the five districts of NWFP which seems tobe due to high relief of the area causing high runoff, more erosion of top soilbringing with it agricultural fertilizers into surface water bodies, which still remaina substantial source of potable water.

3. Colour and taste were found the problematic esthetical parameters in the drinkingwater sources of Northern Areas. The reason was obviously the completedependence, one way or the other, on surface water sources in the entire NorthernAreas of Pakistan.

4. Biological contamination was the fundamental reason of rendering the waterunsafe in almost all the mountainous districts of NWFP and the entire NorthernAreas of Pakistan. That seems to be due to unprotected water sources, poorcleanliness and hygienic conditions, poor water handling, poverty, low literacy rateand lack of awareness.

6.3 Recommendations

Following recommendations are made based on the survey carried pertaining to theproject area, and experience gained thereof and from earlier national level studies carriedout by PCRWR:

1. Chemical quality of water is quiet fit in most parts of the surveyed area, but almostall the water sources have become biologically contaminated due to increased levelof pollution, poor sanitary and hygienic conditions, and improper water handling.An intensive awareness campaign may, therefore, be launched especially in remoteand poverty stricken areas to improve the situation.

2. Strict legislation and its implementation may be carried for protection of waterbodies and relevant agencies must be strengthened accordingly to improve thewater governance.

3. Water supply agencies should not restrict themselves to merely provision of waterbut provision of safe water must be ensured. For that water safety plan for eachwater supply scheme or consumer source must be devised and implemented.

4. In mountainous areas, water supply agencies restrict themselves to construction ofcommunity water supply tanks or construction of tubwell. Fetching supply fromthe source remains the responsibility of consumer which is carried out with poor

73

material and workmanship. The relevant agencies should ensure the permission forlaying self managed service lines only with material of standard specifications andworkmanship for avoiding contamination during transmission.

5. Small water supply schemes should be implemented with due participation of theconsumers for ensuring after construction operation, maintenance and repair.Water rations and water tariff of safe water be implemented to generate finance forefficient operation and maintenance of the schemes.

6. Comprehensive plans should be made and implemented to meet the human needsof safe drinking water and to prevent the occurrence of all water-borne and waterrelated diseases.

7. Protection of upstream surface water bodies may be given special emphasis ascontamination of upstream water bodies have widespread water qualityimplications both for upstream and downstream consumers.

8. Growing urbanization and resultant price hike of urban residential plots hascompelled the public for making best use of available urban land. That hasdeveloped a culture of construction of basement. Sewerage facility is difficult forbasements and therefore ground sink wells for disposal of sewage are constructed.That is highly objectionable practice and must be curbed to avoid contamination ofground water.

9. Municipal as well as industrial waste must be disposed of after due treatmentaccording to the prevailing regulation.

10. Uncollected solid waste is major source of blockage of surface drains whichinundate the residential areas during heavy rainstorms and results in contaminationof community water sources. Therefore collection and proper disposal of solidwaste must be improved.

11. Basic health, environment and hygienic education must be a mandatory part ofcurriculum especially at school level. That should also include development oflocal level water safety plan.

12. Rapidly expanding poultry farms along the river banks are a major threat to thebacteriological contamination of water sources in upstream mountainous reachesof surface water bodies, because in those areas such activities remain confinedonly to the valleys falling along the river banks due to unavailability of othereasily accessible lands.

13. High erosion rate due to high relief and terraced farming coupled with substantialannual precipitation bring agricultural fertilizers down to the surface water bodies.Controlled and well managed application of fertilizers is therefore required to bepracticed in such areas.

14. Sand filters for removing sand and silt particles and appropriate treatment formicrobiological disinfection of surface water diverted, or pumped, for drinkingpurpose may be introduced to improve the quality of water consumed by thecommunity.

74

15. Improving the conveyance of water in the Kuhl (Channels) system constructed forsupply of water for drinking purposes by avoiding entry of sanitary andagricultural effluents and other wastes may be ensured.

16. Water quality monitoring should not remain responsibility of only the supplyagencies, rather a third party monitoring and evaluation must be obligatory forensuring provision of safe drinking water.

17. Economical and simple technologies, such as those developed by PCRWR, forwater purification at household level should be introduced on war footing. Thismay initially be subsidized by the government.

75

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Annexure-01-(a)Water quality analysis results of samples collected from district Mardan, NWFP (2004-05)

DTW - Domestic tube well, TW – Tube well, OW - Open well, HP - Hand pump 79

Continued

Sr.#

Location Source Bact.Cont. Color E.C Odor pH Taste Turb. Alk. As. HCO3 Cl Hard Ca CO3 F Fe Mg NO3 K Na SO4 TDS

Units - μS/cm - - - NTU m.mol/l ppb mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/lMaximum Permissible limits - NGVS - 6.5-8.5 - 5 NGVS 50 NGVS 250 500 75 NGVS 1.5 0.3 150 10 12 200 250 1000

1Bekat Ganj Union Counciloffice.

TW -veColorless

107Odorless

6.7 Unob. 0.12 0.9 0.6 45 10 55 12 0 0 0.1 6.08 1 1 2 0 63

2Allah dad Khel, P. SchoolHoti

TW -veColorless

1197Odorless

8.2 Unob. 0.3 8 0.5 400 92 250 60 0 0 0 24.3 4 2 166 113 715

3Water Supply schemeWazirabad Mayyar

TW -veColorless

568Odorless

8.1 Unob. 0.2 4.4 0.7 220 21 105 12 0 0 0.1 18.2 5 2 78 36 321

4Fiqarabad Masque Mardanroad Shamatpur

DTW +veColorless

729Odorless

7.6 Unob. 0.4 6 0.4 300 39 220 24 0 0 0.1 38.9 8 1 98 26 442

5Masque Mhubat KhanTuru.

DTW -ve Turbid 120Odorless

7.4 Unob. 12 1 0.7 50 7 50 12 0 0 0.1 4.86 2 1 8 5 77

6Tameere Neher Shakh No.9Sheikh Multoon. road Turu

DTW +veColorless

557Odorless

7.8 Unob. 0.01 5.4 0.6 270 21 210 4 0 0 0.1 48.6 5 1 48 0 307

7Mosque, Hathiyan Bazaar

DTW +veColorless

469Odorless

7.5 Unob. 6.29 4.2 0.8 210 25 210 48 0 0.5 0.1 21.9 9.6 4 31 20 318

8Darul Uloom Hanfia, Jalalabridge, Jalala DTW +ve

Colorless

410 Odorless

7.2 Unob. 0.01 4.4 0.3 220 11 240 48 0 0.2 0 29.2 2.9 1.2 6 15 255

9Zahir Shah Hujra, Vill:Takar

DTW +veColorless

2100Odorless

7.9 Unob. 3.01 8 0.6 400 227 410 44 0 1 0 72.9 12.2 7.7 375 405 1426

10Baraf Khana, near ShahbazGarhi Police station

DTW +veColorless

1200Odorless

7.1 Unob. 0.3 5.2 0.3 260 132 300 60 0 0 0 36.5 22.3 2.2 150 95 730

11Siraj Khan Mosque, WosaiKely, Garyala

DTW +veColorless

210Odorless

7.8 Unob. 0.01 1.6 0.6 80 12 100 20 0 0 0 12.2 3 0.8 5 8 119

12Govt. Degree College,Kherabad

WSS +veColorless

3200Odorless

7.6 Unob. 0.02 4.8 0.7 240 652 640 160 0 0.1 0 58.3 20.8 1.1 410 360 1878

13Digital TelephoneExchane, Rustum

DTW +veColorless

410Odorless

7.6 Unob. 0.03 3.2 3.3 160 11 100 30 0 0.4 0 6.1 3.5 2 47 25 233

14Govt. Middle School forGirls, Jafar Candao,Jafarabad

DTW +veColorless

560Odorless

7.3 Unob. 32.1 5 0.8 250 41 220 52 0 0 0.1 21.9 7.3 2 47 23 369

15St: Machinan, Vill: Machi,Syed ul Ameen Shop

DTW +veColorless

460Odorless

7.1 Unob. 34.1 3.6 0.5 180 20 200 44 0 0.1 0 21.9 4.2 1.3 20 20 254

Annexure-01-(a)Water quality analysis results of samples collected from district Mardan, NWFP (2004-05)

DTW - Domestic tube well, TW – Tube well, OW - Open well, HP - Hand pump 80

Continued

Sr.#

Location Source Bact.Cont. Color E.C Odor pH Taste Turb. Alk. As. HCO3 Cl Hard Ca CO3 F Fe Mg NO3 K Na SO4 TDS

Units - μS/cm - - - NTU m.mol/l ppb mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l

Maximum Permissible limits - NGVS - 6.5-8.5 - 5 NGVS 50 NGVS 250 500 75 NGVS 1.5 0.3 150 10 12 200 250 1000

16Dr. Zahir Shah home,Soorkavey stop

Spring +ve Colorless 850

Odorless

8.2 Unob. 0.064.4

0.5220 92 270 12

0 0.5 058.3 18.4 0.7 116 84 577

17Police check post,Shaheedan

Spring +ve Colorless 730

Odorless

6.4 Unob. 0.294.8

0.5240 71 280 68

0 0.5 026.7 11.6 1.8 61 34 458

18Sher Khan WSS, Vill:Meerzage

WSS +ve Colorless 160

Odorless

7.3 Unob. 0.51.4

0.170 7 70 16

0 1 07.29 0.8 1.3 9 5 91

19Behrooch cheena, Vill:Behrooch

Spring +ve Colorless 250

Odorless

7.3 Unob. 0.011.8

0.190 11 110 44

0 0.4 00 5.5 0.8 7 11 152

20Qamroosh house,Budhai Qabar, NakhtarBanda

DTW +veColorless

430

Odorless

7.4 Unob. 10.84.3

0.3215 11 220 40

0 0.3 0.229.2 3.8 1.2 11 10 248

21Qaseem Khan WSS,Saleemabad

WSS +ve Colorless 390

Odorless

7.4 Unob. 0.044.2

0.2210 9 220 68

0 0.4 0.112.2 1.8 0.6 2 9 235

22Govt. Girls HigherSecondary School,Gujrat

DTW +veColorless

410

Odorless

7.2 Unob. 3.54.4

0.8220 12 230 56

0 0.4 021.9 2.6 1.5 17 28 280

23Quba Mosque, RajaKelley

WSS +ve Colorless 432

Odorless

7.8 Unob. 0.024.5

0.5225 11 220 52

0 0.5 0.121.9 3.6 2.5 20 21 279

24Manga Police Station DTW +ve Color

less 1453Odorless

8 Unob. 0.0112

0.9600 57 210 52

0 0.6 0.119.4 8.7 2.2 270 51 850

25Afzalabad mosque,vill:Afzalabad

DTW +ve Colorless 1142

Odorless

7.5 Unob. 2.6211.2

1.3560 28 140 24

0 0.7 019.4 0.7 4.2 235 7.6 657

26Tahir home, Near NoorDad Banda Mosque,Gulibagh

DTW +veColorless

693

Odorless

7.1 Unob. 0.386

1.6300 11 220 20

0 0.9 0.141.3 12 3.2 79 11 399

27Near Abdul AkbarHome(Ex-Speaker),Vill: Spinke

WSS +veColorless

532

Odorless

8 Unob. 1.294.2

0.8210 14 270 80

0 0 0.117 9 1.1 8 18 304

28M.Younis home,vill:Petaie, Shahkertangi

DTW +ve Colorless 750

Odorless

7.3 Unob. 2.695.8

1.6290 18 330 88 0 0.4 0.1

26.7 12.9 0.7 28 22 415

29Near Ifthikhar shop,vill: Kungh

DTW +ve Colorless 205

Odorless

7.6 Unob. 0.341.3

1.365 9 95 28

0 0.2 06.08 4.9 0.4 3 10 117

30Rural Health Center,Katlang

DTW +ve Colorless 563

Odorless

7.8 Unob. 0.014.8

0.3240 14 260 52

0 0.6 0.131.6 6.5 0.6 19 24 314

Annexure-01-(a)Water quality analysis results of samples collected from district Mardan, NWFP (2004-05)

DTW - Domestic tube well, TW – Tube well, OW - Open well, HP - Hand pump 81

Continued

Sr.#

Location Source Bact.Cont. Color E.C Odor pH Taste Turb. Alk. As. HCO3 Cl Hard Ca CO3 F Fe Mg NO3 K Na SO4 TDS

Units - μS/cm - - - NTU m.mol/l ppb mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l

Maximum Permissible limits - NGVS - 6.5-8.5 - 5 NGVS 50 NGVS 250 500 75 NGVS 1.5 0.3 150 10 12 200 250 1000

31Digital Telephone ExchangeMiankhan, Sangahu

WSS +ve Colorless 950

Odorless

7.4 Unob. 4.597

0.7350 20 250 68

0 0.5 0.119.4 6.3 86 64 50 545

32Gul Awais home, Near Govt.Degree Collage for Boys,Babozai

WSS +veColorless

523

Odorless

7.2 Unob. 0.514.8

2.2240 14 260 76

0 0.2 0.117 9 0.6 26 17 334

33Gundoo Shamozai watersupply scheme, vill:Inzergahi Banda

DTW +veColorless

543

Odorless

7.3 Unob. 0.874.4

0.8220 12 250 74

0 0.3 015.8 7.8 2.7 8 27 306

34Jahfar Khan Hujra, vill:Saeedabad, Shamozai

WSS +ve Colorless 493

Odorless

7.3 Unob. 0.484.5

0.3225 9 270 78

0 0.2 018.2 7 0.6 3 16 291

35Noorani Masjid, Mohallah:Hajiabad, Kas Koroona, KhoiBarmaol

WSS +veColorless

579

Odorless

7.5 Unob. 0.025.4

0.2270 11 260 78

0 0.4 015.8 3.4 1.2 29 20 332

36Mosque, vill: Badar Tandeel /Ilahabad

DTW +ve Colorless 435

Odorless

7 Unob. 16.014.6

0.3230 12 240 72

0 0.3 014.6 4 2.3 11 11 279

37Vill: Ghala, Dehri-Lakpani DTW +ve Color

less 514Odorless

7 Unob. 0.033.6

0.4180 18 240 80

0 0.4 09.72 9.2 1.6 16 44 318

38Mulla house, Likpani chowk,Dehri-Likpani

DTW +ve Colorless 521

Odorless

7.4 Unob. 0.014.2

0.3210 12 230 64

0 0.4 017 2.5 1.7 27 32 291

39Madrasa Taleem ul Quran,vill: Zareef Khan Dehri

DTW +ve Colorless 526

Odorless

8.2 Unob. 0.025

0.3250 12 300 84

0 0.4 021.9 8.7 1.6 13 32 353

40Abdul Akbar house, SawatoKely, Bazo Kharki

DTW +ve Colorless 590

Odorless

7.1 Unob. 2.45.2

0.1260 14 260 64

0 0.7 0..224.3 3.6 0.7 31 24 330

41Near Govt. Girls PrimarySchool, vill: Alam Khan Kely

DTW +ve Colorless 174

Odorless

7.5 Unob. 0.81.6

180 7 90 20

0 0.3 0.19.72 1.3 0.3 4 3 98

42Umer bin Khitab Masjid, vill:Ghala Dehr

WSS +ve Colorless 212

Odorless

8.2 Unob. 0.022

0.6100 9 110 36

0 0.7 04.86 1.6 0.5 4 5 126

43Madrasa Faiz ul Quran, vill:Sokai Keley

WSS +ve Colorless 863

Odorless

7.8 Unob. 0.378.2

0.4410 43 240 68

0 0.5 017 4.4 2.1 120 32 548

44Govt.Primary School forBoys, Asmat Ullah ThekedarKeley

DTW +veColorless

561

Odorless

7.6 Unob. 0.225.2

7.9260 11 20 4

0 1.6 02.43 0.8 2.2 125 6 310

45Vill: Qasim, near hospital Spring -ve Color

less 568Odorless

7.4 Unob. 0.014.8

0.3240 18 190 64

0 0 07.29 3.7 5.7 57 36 348

Annexure-01-(a)Water quality analysis results of samples collected from district Mardan, NWFP (2004-05)

DTW - Domestic tube well, TW – Tube well, OW - Open well, HP - Hand pump 82

Sr.#

Location Source Bact.Cont. Color E.C Odor pH Taste Turb. Alk. As. HCO3 Cl Hard Ca CO3 F Fe Mg NO3 K Na SO4 TDS

Units - μS/cm - - - NTU m.mol/l ppb mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l

Maximum Permissible limits - NGVS - 6.5-8.5 - 5 NGVS 50 NGVS 250 500 75 NGVS 1.5 0.3 150 10 12 200 250 1000

46Bilal Bacha home,Qandar

DTW +veColorless

1123Odorless

7.9 Unob. 0.32 10.6 3 530 11 150 16 0 2.9 0 26.7 14.7 4.1 210 21 672

47Khowara Banda,Main Bazaar,Dohbian

DTW +veColorless

381Odorless

7.9 Unob. 0.42 3 1.7 150 14 170 48 0 0.1 0 12.2 12.8 5.2 28 12 266

48

Tooth Keley Stop,Jangai ChockMasjid, BakhaliRoad

DTW +veColorless

623Odorless

7.3 Unob. 1.53 5.4 2.7 270 32 95 20 0 2.8 0 10.9 3.3 3.1 135 34 412

49

Gandi bazaar, SalikDevelopmentFoundation,Malakand Gandi

HP-veColorless

356Odorless

7.7 Unob. 10.3 3.4 1.7 170 14 120 24 0 0.1 0 14.6 2 4.5 33 8 209

50Noor Bacha Home,Dhako Baba

HP+veColorless

645Odorless

7.6 Unob. 0.01 5.8 0.7 290 25 290 56 0 0.5 0.1 36.5 0.8 1.6 48 33 378

51BHU, Sari Bahlol,Jehangirabad

WSS+veColorless

612Odorless

8.2 Unob. 0.02 5.6 1.9 280 11 160 20 0 0.3 0.1 26.7 2.1 5.4 80 24 344

%age of sample exceedingpermissible limit

88 2 - 0 - 14 - 0 - 2 2 16 - 6 0 0 18 0 10 8 4

Max. Concentration - - 3360 - 8.2 - 34.1 12 7.9 600 652 640 160 0 2.9 0.2 73 22.3 86 410 405 2015Min. Concentration - - 107 - 6.4 - 0.01 0.9 0.1 45 7 20 4 0 0 0 0 0.7 0.3 2 0 62

Annexure-01-(b)

Water quality analysis results of samples collected from district Mardan, NWFP (2005-06)

DTW - Domestic tube well, TW – Tube well, OW - Open well, BDL – Below detectable limits 83

Continued

Sr.#

Location Source Bact.Cont.

Color E.C Odor pH Taste Turb. As. HCO3 Cl Hard Ca CO3 F Fe Mg NO3 K Na SO4 TDS

Units - μS/cm - - - NTU ppb mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l

Maximum Permissible limits - NGVS -6.5-8.5 - 5 50 NGVS 250 500 75 NGVS 1.5 0.3 150 10 12 200 250 1000

1.Allah dad Khel, P.School Hoti

DTW +veColorless

587Odorless

7.5 Unob. 0.02 BDL 250 21 230 28 Nil 0.31 0.01 39 0.2 1 56 69 364

2.Water Supplyscheme WazirabadMayyar

DTW +veColorless

1085Odorless 8 Unob. 0.1 BDL 200 142 130 24 Nil 0.56 0.003 19 8.8 4 170 86 602

3.Fiqarabad MasqueMardan roadShamatpur

TW +veColorless

20 0Odorless 7.9 Unob. 0.5 BDL 70 11.6 100 36 Nil 0.3 0.007 2.4 3.2 1 3 13 124

4.Masque MhubatKhan Turu.

DTW -veColorless

840Odorless

7.3 Unob. 0.02 BDL 280 89 420 88 Nil 0.58 0.012 48 3.5 3 60 101 573

5.Mosque, HathiyanBazaar

OW +veColorless

735Odorless

7.7 Unob. 0.09 BDL 260 34 200 44 Nil 1.24 0.032 21 2.3 2 70 31 372

6.Darul Uloom Hanfia,Jalala bridge, Jalala

DTW +veColorless

555Odorless

7.8 Unob. 2.1 BDL 250 17 250 50 Nil 0.53 0.002 18 0.6 3 37 26 311

7.Zahir Shah Hujra,Vill: Takar

DTW +veColorless

410Odorless

7.7 Unob. 1.3 BDL 190 21 200 56 Nil 0.73 0.001 15 1.8 2 29 31 276

8.Siraj Khan Mosque,Wosai Kely, Garyala

TW -veColorless

820Odorless

7.4 Unob. 0.03 BDL 300 42 300 80 Nil 0.85 0.008 24 1.3 3 55 66 456

9.Govt. DegreeCollege, Kherabad

DTW +veColorless

250Odorless

7.7 Unob. 0.08 BDL 90 25 110 32 Nil 0.17 0.021 7 0 1 14 21 154

10.Digital TelephoneExchane, Rustum

HP +veColorless

813Odorless

7.7 Unob. 1.05 BDL 270 46 180 44 Nil 0.67 0.005 17 4.6 2 114 59 464

11.St: Machinan, Vill:Machi, Syed ulAmeen Shop

HP +veColorless

258Odorless

6.6 Unob. 1.1 BDL 90 9 140 24 Nil 1.08 0.002 19 8.1 1 7 29 179

12.Dr. Zahir Shahhome, Soorkaveystop

DTW -veColorless

535Odorless

7.5 Unob. 0.21 BDL 230 14 250 68 Nil 0.19 0.001 19 1.3 1 25 30 301

13.Police check post,Shaheedan

TW +veColorless

390Odorless

7.5 Unob. 1.02 BDL 140 51 240 48 Nil 0.21 0.006 29 2.5 0.5 2 19 245

14.Behrooch cheena,Vill: Behrooch

DTW +veColorless

480Odorless

7.7 Unob. 2.3 BDL 160 20 200 72 Nil 0.23 0.013 5 3.4 1 25 35 269

15.Qamroosh house,Budhai Qabar,Nakhtar Banda

TW +veColorless

836Odorless

7.7 Unob. 0.01 BDL 310 35 370 120 Nil 0.33 0.012 17 3 2 39 56 468

Annexure-01-(b)

Water quality analysis results of samples collected from district Mardan, NWFP (2005-06)

DTW - Domestic tube well, TW – Tube well, OW - Open well, BDL – Below detectable limits 84

Continued

Sr.#

Location Source Bact.Cont.

Color E.C Odor pH Taste Turb. As. HCO3 Cl Hard Ca CO3 F Fe Mg NO3 K Na SO4 TDS

Units - μS/cm - - - NTU ppb mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l

Maximum Permissible limits - NGVS -6.5-8.5 - 5 50 NGVS 250 500 75 NGVS 1.5 0.3 150 10 12 200 250 1000

16.Qaseem Khan TW,Saleemabad

OW +veColorless

480Odorless

7.5 Unob. 2.65 BDL 180 24 110 24 Nil 0.19 0.01 12 1.5 1 63 27 266

17.Govt. Girls HigherSecondary School,Gujrat

DTW -veColorless

560Odorless

7.5 Unob. 2.01 BDL 250 18 200 48 Nil 1.68 0.001 19 2.6 2 56 23 328

18.Quba Mosque, RajaKelley

Spring +veColorless

768Odorless

7.3 Unob. 0.05 BDL 260 24 200 48 Nil 0.39 0.014 19 1.6 2 82 99 438

19.Manga Police Station

TW +veColorless

712Odorless

7.4 Unob. 2.54 BDL 330 14 150 40 Nil 0.48 0.004 12 2 2 104 13 392

20.Afzalabad mosque,vill:Afzalabad

Spring +veColorless

313Odorless

7.3 Unob. 3.69 BDL 110 14 150 36 Nil 0.24 0.00 15 2.2 3 13 37 193

21.Near Abdul AkbarHome(Ex-Speaker), Vill:Spinke

OW +veColorless

507Odorless

7.4 Unob. 4.02 BDL 210 11 170 40 Nil 0.18 0.003 17 1 2 42 38 280

22.Near Ifthikhar shop, vill:Kunj

TW -veColorless

465Odorless

7.3 Unob. 0 BDL 220 14 220 52 Nil 0.12 0.009 22 3.2 1 28 19 282

23.Rural Health Center,Katlang

DTW -veColorless

805Odorless

7.4 Unob. 0.21 BDL 360 31 380 70 Nil 0.07 0.001 50 2.9 1 44 30 455

24.Digital TelephoneExchange Miankhan,Sangahu

DTW +veColorless

720Odorless

7.9 Unob. 0.95 BDL 260 21 310 96 Nil 0.18 0.019 17 2.6 2 31 65 400

25.Gul Awais home,Govt.Degree Collage Babozai

DTW -veColorless

529Odorless

7.7 Unob. 1.08 BDL 180 17 230 52 Nil 0.28 0.005 24 2.7 2 21 60 296

26.Gundoo Shamozai WSS,vill: Inzergahi Banda

DTW -veColorless

814Odorless

7.3 Unob. 1.32 BDL 250 48 250 76 Nil 0.26 0.015 15 1.6 4 70 80 450

27.Jahfar Khan Hujra, vill:Saeedabad, Shamozai

DTW -veColorless

905Odorless

7.3 Unob. 1.05 BDL 380 31 300 54 Nil 0.2 0.008 40 1.4 1 98 51 509

28.Mosque, vill: BadarTandeel / Ilahabad

DTW +veColorless

740Odorless

7.6 Unob. 2.3 BDL 320 25 220 52 Nil 0.73 0.007 22 4.3 1 81 23 415

29.Vill: Ghala, Dehri-Lakpani

OW +veColorless

412Odorless

7.3 Unob. 1.05 BDL 150 25 140 44 Nil 0.45 0.003 6.7 3.9 3 30 15 232

30.Mulla house, Likpanichowk, Dehri-Likpani

OW +veColorless

757Odorless

8 Unob. 4.02 BDL 300 31 250 40 Nil 0.58 0.01 36 1.6 2 80 47 424

Annexure-01-(b)

Water quality analysis results of samples collected from district Mardan, NWFP (2005-06)

DTW - Domestic tube well, TW – Tube well, OW - Open well, BDL – Below detectable limits 85

Sr.#

Location Source Bact.Cont.

Color E.C Odor pH Taste Turb. As. HCO3 Cl Hard Ca CO3 F Fe Mg NO3 K Na SO4 TDS

Units - μS/cm - - - NTU ppb mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l

Maximum Permissible limits - NGVS -6.5-8.5 - 5 50 NGVS 250 500 75 NGVS 1.5 0.3 150 10 12 200 250 1000

31.Madrasa Taleem ulQuran, vill: ZareefKhan Dehri

DTW +veColorless

509Odorless

7.7 Unob. 0.02 BDL 190 14 160 64 Nil 0.24 0.008 0 3.3 3 51 47 308

32.Abdul Akbar house,Sawato Kely, BazoKharki

TW -veColorless

810Odorless

7.2 Unob. 0.06 BDL 180 52 190 64 Nil 0.25 0.013 7 19 2 82 70 470

33.Near Govt. GirlsPrimary School, vill:Alam Khan Kely

TW -veColorless

784Odorless

8.3 Unob. 0.95 BDL 230 60 190 64 Nil 0.73 0.001 7 4.6 2 94 50 436

34.Umer bin KhitabMasjid, vill: GhalaDehr

TW -veColorless

606Odorless

8.2 Unob. 0.32 BDL 240 36 180 40 Nil 0.34 0.001 19.4 5.2 2 94 64 423

35.Madrasa Faiz ulQuran, vill: SokaiKeley

OW +veColorless

368Odorless

8.3 Unob. 2.98 BDL 130 18 150 48 Nil 0.09 0.007 7.3 6.1 2 16 21 217

36.GPS for Boys, AsmatUllah Thekedar Keley

WSS +veColorless

390Odorless

8.3 Unob. 1.3 BDL 120 17 140 44 Nil 0.18 0.004 7.3 1.3 2 27 48 223

%age of sample exceedingpermissible limit

67 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 0 0 14 - 3 0 0 3 0 0 0 0

Max. Concentration - - 1085 - 8.3 - 4.02 - 380 142 420 120 - 1.68 0.032 50 19 4 170 101 602Min. Concentration - - 200 - 6.6 - 0 - 70 9 70 24 - 0.07 0 0 0 0.5 2 13 124

Annexure-02-(a)

Water quality analysis results of samples collected from district Buner, NWFP (2004-05)

DTW - Domestic tube well, TW – Tube well, SW – Surface water, HP – Hand pump 86

Continued

Sr.#

Location Source Bact.Cont. Color E.C Odor pH Taste Turb. Alk. As. HCO3 Cl Hard Ca CO3 F Fe Mg NO3 K Na SO4 TDS

Units - μS/cm - - - NTU m.mol/l ppb mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l

Maximum Permissible limits - NGVS - 6.5-8.5

- 5 NGVS 50 NGVS 250 500 75 NGVS 1.5 0.3 150 10 12 200 250 1000

1Nazim Anwar Iqbalhome Gokand

Spring +veColorless

210Odorless

8.2 Unob. 0.03 2.4 0.2 120 9 130 26 0 0 0 15.8 1 1 4 8 140

2Gokand Police chowkinear Nala

SW +veColorless

235Odorless

8.2 Unob. 5.6 2.4 0.3 120 9 135 30 0 0 0 14.6 2 2 4 13 153

3G.M.School shalban,Shelbandai

Spring +veColorless

321Odorless

8.1 Unob. 0.57 2.8 1.1 140 13 145 20 0 0 0 23.1 4 3 10 7 178

4Matwanani Nala,Salman MosqueDewana Baba

TW -veColorless

237Odorless

8 Unob. 0.1 2.2 0.3 110 9 105 30 0 0 0 7.29 1 1 8 9 135

5Matwani near NalaDewana Baba

SW +ve Muddy 642Odorless

7.7 Unob. 85 4.6 0.7 230 56 175 36 0 0 0 20.7 2 2 70 31 363

6Buddal Thana newBattara

Spring +veColorless

365Odorless

8 Unob. 0.16 3.6 0.3 180 9 195 24 0 0 0 32.8 3 1 3 12 203

7 Dab Market Soray Spring -veColorless

110Odorless

7.4 Unob. 0.98 0.6 0.5 30 9 45 12 0 0 0 3.65 2 1 5 10 68

8Gul Bandai nala,nearmain bazaar

SW +veColorless

365Odorless

8.2 Unob. 3.61 3.2 3.9 160 12 180 52 0 0 0 12.2 3 1 6 17 209

9 Pirabai Ziarat Gadizai DTW -veColorless

322Odorless

8.1 Unob. 8.16 2.6 1 130 13 140 38 0 0 0 10.9 2 2 9 18 178

10Gadazai Jabar MarbleFactory Gadizai

SW +veColorless

190Odorless

8.2 Unob. 17.6 1.4 0.2 70 9 70 22 0 0 0 3.65 2 1 13 9 109

11Pir baba Hafizcorporation shop PachaKeley

DTW +veColorless

236Odorless

7.9 Unob. 0.01 2 0.7 100 9 100 32 0 0 0 4.86 1 2 7 11 130

12G.G.P school,Malakpur Malak pur

Spring +veColorless

102Odorless

8 Unob. 14.6 0.9 0.4 45 6 45 8 0 0 0 6.08 1 1 4 3 60

13Near the G.G.P school,Malapur Malak pur

SW +veColorless

98Odorless

7.3 Unob. 1.26 0.8 0.6 40 9 50 14 0 0 0 3.65 1 1 3 0 59

14Char village, Allah-Hu-Akbar Mosque MalliKhel

SW -veColorless

756Odorless

7.7 Unob. 3.18 6.4 0.5 320 34 320 25 0 0 0 62.6 13 4 63 29 467

15Ghaniabad, TargalKarapa

WSS +veColorless

376Odorless

8.2 Unob. 0.15 2 0.4 100 25 150 36 0 1 0 14.6 11 1 12 18 215

16 W.M officer Rega DTW +veColorless

200Odorless

8 Unob. 0.02 2.2 0.3 110 9 130 24 0 1 0 17 2 1 7 6 139

17 Kalpani, N.B.P, main road GagraSpring +veColorless

586Odorless

7.9 Unob. 0.77 6 1.3 300 21 300 33 0 0 0 52.9 9 1 43 28 399

Annexure-02-(a)

Water quality analysis results of samples collected from district Buner, NWFP (2004-05)

DTW - Domestic tube well, TW – Tube well, SW – Surface water, HP – Hand pump 87

Sr.#

Location Source Bact.Cont. Color E.C Odor pH Taste Turb. Alk. As. HCO3 Cl Hard Ca CO3 F Fe Mg NO3 K Na SO4 TDS

Units - μS/cm - - - NTU m.mol/l ppb mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l

Maximum Permissible limits - NGVS - 6.5-8.5 - 5 NGVS 50 NGVS 250 500 75 NGVS 1.5 0.3 150 10 12 200 250 1000

18 G.H.S Chenar DTW -veColorless

355Odorless

8.4 Unob. 0.8 3.2 0.6 160 9 160 36 0 0 0 17 5 12 11 12 215

19Ambela chowk, mainbazaar

DTW -veColorless

349Odorless

8.3 Unob. 0.02 3.2 0.5 160 13 160 40 0 0 0 14.6 3 5 13 13 208

20Jamal kala, markazimasjid

DTW +veColorless

1242Odorless

8.3 Unob. 0.33 2.2 0.6 110 82 340 104 0 0 0 19.4 85 1 91 63 803

21 U.C Makhranai Spring +veColorless

234Odorless

8.2 Unob. 0.55 2.2 0.3 110 9 110 18 0 0 0 15.8 1 2 16 9 140

22Pathak and C.B.R.M,Boral

SW +veColorless

396Odorless

8.2 Unob. 0.11 3.3 1.5 165 9 165 44 0 0 0 13.4 2 2 18 26 220

23 G.B.School, Makhranai DTW +veColorless

536Odorless

8.3 Unob. 2.63 5 1.6 250 21 180 14 0 0 0 35.2 4 2 70 17 327

24PSO, Kuscorona, mainroad

SW +veColorless

1155Odorless

8.2 Unob. 0.01 9 2 450 67 230 12 0 0 0 48.6 1 9 156 80 647

25Near pos Kascoronanala

DTW +veColorless

750Odorless

8.2 Unob. 0.02 5.2 0.9 260 42 190 14 0 0 0 37.7 2 3 100 58 420

26Ghurghusto mainbazaar

DTW -veColorless

430Odorless

8.2 Unob. 0.34 3 3.1 150 34 150 8 0 0 0 31.6 1 2 34 43 247

27Panjtar, Abdul Qayyumhouse

SW +veColorless

1156Odorless

8.3 Unob. 0.01 9.2 1.4 460 59 430 5 0 0 0 101 4 6 149 128 742

28Near Abdul Qayyumhouse, nala, Panjtar

DTW +veColorless

180Odorless

7.8 Unob. 0.26 1.4 1.4 70 13 90 18 0 0 0 10.9 2 1 4 2 100

29Jalal mosque, mainbazaar, chinglai

DTW -ve Muddy 569Odorless

7.6 Unob. 135 5.2 3.9 260 21 180 14 0 0 0 35.2 1 3 62 23 319

30 Ambella chowk DTW +veColorless

2045Odorless

8.2 Unob. 0.02 17 1.9 850 88 600 12 0 0 0 139 2 3 310 230 1300

31Usman shah house,shalbandai

DTW -veColorless

1656Odorless

8 Unob. 0.23 8 1 400 109 400 8 0 0 0 92.3 52 8 170 90 948

%age of sample exceedingpermissible limit

71 6 - 0 - 0 19 - 0 - 0 3 3 0 0 0 13 3 0 3

Max. Concentration - - 1745 - 8.4 - 135 13.6 3.9 680 109 680 104 0 0 0 52 85 12 345 128 1012

Min. Concentration - - 98 - 7.3 - 0.01 0.8 0.2 40 6 30 5 0 0 0 1 1 1 3 0 55

Annexure-02-(b)

Water quality analysis results of samples collected from district Buner, NWFP (2005-06)

DTW - Domestic tube well, TW – Tube well, OW - Open well, HP – Hand pump, WSS – Water supply scheme, SW – Surface water, BDL – Below detectable limits 88

Continued

Sr.#

Location Source Bact.Cont.

Color E.C Odor pH Taste Turb. As. HCO3 Cl Hard Ca CO3 F Fe Mg NO3 K Na SO4 TDS

Units - μS/cm - - - NTU ppb mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l

Maximum Permissible limits - NGVS -6.5-8.5 - 5 50 NGVS 250 500 75 NGVS 1.5 0.3 150 10 12 200 250 1000

1Zaidan Arishdhouse near Nalapar Daggar

TW +ve Color less 1824Odorless

7.1 Unob. 5 BDL 720 80 830 290 BDL 0.03 0.007 26 5 3.1 80 120 1053

2Nazim AnwarIqbal home

Spring +ve Color less 402Odorless

8.1 Unob. 0 BDL 180 21 200 60 BDL 0.06 0.06 12 3 1.2 4 10 230

3Gokand Policechowki near Nala

Spring +ve Color less 572Odorless

8.2 Unob. 0 BDL 250 23 310 48 BDL 0.21 0.001 46 6 1.5 12 17 324

4G.M.Schoolshalban,Shelbandai

DTW +ve Color less 402Odorless

8.1 Unob. 2.4 BDL 180 8 200 60 BDL 0.11 0.008 12 3 1.3 6 22 231

5Matwanani Nala,Salman Mosque

HP +ve Color less 384Odorless

8.1 Unob. 0 BDL 170 15 200 48 BDL 0.17 0.01 19 1.5 1.7 8 22 229

6Matwani nearNala

DTW -ve Color less 946Odorless

7.2 Unob. 3.4 BDL 400 33 510 148 BDL 0.26 0.01 34 4.8 5 17 55 553

7Buddal Thananew

OW +veSlightlymuddy

602Odorless

7.9 Unob. 20.1 BDL 250 37 350 64 BDL 0.02 0 46 4.9 2.1 13 30 364

8Dab Market

HP +ve Color less 620Odorless

7.5 Unob. 4.36 BDL 250 21 320 52 BDL 0.25 0.01 46 8 1.6 9 37 352

9Gul Bandainala,near mainbazaar

HP +ve Color less 177Odorless

7.4 Unob. 0 BDL 60 11 80 20 BDL 0.15 0.02 7 4 1.5 8 16 118

10Pirabai Ziarat

WSS +ve Color less 440Odorless

7.5 Unob. 0 BDL 160 23 200 60 BDL 0.11 0.01 12 3 2 16 21 243

11Gadazai JabarMarble Factory

TW -ve Color less 559Odorless

8.2 Unob. 2.9 BDL 260 15 320 60 BDL 0.15 0.01 41 7 1.4 5 12 322

12Pir baba Hafizcorporation shop

DTW +ve Muddy 321Odorless

8.1 Unob. 40 BDL 140 10 170 34 BDL 0.21 0.01 21 4 3.7 7 17 194

13G.G.P school,Malakpur

WSS +ve Color less 245Odorless

8.1 Unob. 0 BDL 70 14 100 24 BDL 0.14 0 10 7 2.4 9 9 141

14Near the G.G.Pschool, Malapur

DTW -ve Color less 384Odorless

7.3 Unob. 0 BDL 140 28 170 48 BDL 0.19 0.02 12 6 7 11 18 235

Annexure-02-(b)

Water quality analysis results of samples collected from district Buner, NWFP (2005-06)

DTW - Domestic tube well, TW – Tube well, OW - Open well, HP – Hand pump, WSS – Water supply scheme, SW – Surface water, BDL – Below detectable limits 89

Continued

Sr.#

Location Source Bact.Cont.

Color E.C Odor pH Taste Turb. As. HCO3 Cl Hard Ca CO3 F Fe Mg NO3 K Na SO4 TDS

Units - μS/cm - - - NTU ppb mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l

Maximum Permissible limits - NGVS -6.5-8.5 - 5 50 NGVS 250 500 75 NGVS 1.5 0.3 150 10 12 200 250 1000

15Char village,Allah-Hu-AkbarMosque

OW +veColorless

331Odorless

7.9 Unob. 0.4 BDL 70 32 150 36 BDL 0.22 0.002 15 5 3.4 8 25 183

16Ghaniabad,Targal

DTW+ve Color

less436

Odorless

8.2 Unob. 0.6 BDL 130 43 220 60 BDL 0.14 0.001 17 8.2 2.6 8 20 265

17W.M officer

Spring+ve Color

less1830

Odorless

7.4 Unob. 8.9 BDL 430 100 880 300 BDL 0.59 0.001 32 3 3 70 360 1136

18Kalpani, N.B.P,main road

DTW+ve Color

less487

Odorless

8.2 Unob. 0 BDL 210 19 260 56 BDL 0.21 0.009 29 12 2 7 12 304

19G.H.S Chenar

DTW-ve Color

less1620

Odorless

7.6 Unob. 7.3 BDL 690 46 830 180 BDL 0.22 0.005 92 10 14 44 70 905

20Ambela chowk,main bazaar

DTW-ve Color

less758

Odorless

8.2 Unob. 4.9 BDL 310 26 350 100 BDL 0.19 0.02 24 6 2.6 25 40 431

21Jamal kala,markazi masjid

DTW-ve Color

less767

Odorless

7.2 Unob. 9.6 BDL 300 31 310 100 BDL 1.27 0.01 15 4 3 35 45 426

22U.C Makhranai

Spring+ve Color

less698

Odorless

7.5 Unob. 10.5 BDL 270 21 340 88 BDL 0.39 0.001 29 4 1.9 17 50 387

23Pathak andC.B.R.M, Boral

SW+ve Color

less338

Odorless

8.1 Unob. 10.9 BDL 130 17 150 36 BDL 0.46 0.002 15 3.2 3.5 15 15 193

24G.B.School,Makhranai

DTW+ve Color

less535

Odorless

8.3 Unob. 9.9 BDL 220 28 230 60 BDL 0.89 0.01 19 2 3 28 22 301

25PSO,Kuscorona, mainroad

SW+ve

Colorless

471Odorless

7.6 Unob. 0 BDL 160 43 200 48 BDL 0.45 0.007 19 3.1 7 25 34 286

26Near posKascorona nala

DTW-ve Color

less405

Odorless

8.2 Unob. 2.5 BDL 160 35 180 56 BDL 0.5 0.01 10 2.2 5.4 23 30 265

27Ghurghustomain bazaar

DTW+ve Color

less1307

Odorless

7.2 Unob. 0 BDL 420 85 450 120 BDL 0.52 0.003 36 2.1 5 104 110 722

28Panjtar, AbdulQayyum house

SW+ve Color

less662

Odorless

7.1 Unob. 9.3 BDL 270 39 280 72 BDL 0.26 0.02 24 3 2.4 32 25 370

Annexure-02-(b)

Water quality analysis results of samples collected from district Buner, NWFP (2005-06)

DTW - Domestic tube well, TW – Tube well, OW - Open well, HP – Hand pump, WSS – Water supply scheme, SW – Surface water, BDL – Below detectable limits 90

Sr.#

Location Source Bact.Cont. Color E.C Odor pH Taste Turb. As. HCO3 Cl Hard Ca CO3 F Fe Mg NO3 K Na SO4 TDS

Units - μS/cm - - - NTU ppb mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l

Maximum Permissible limits - NGVS - 6.5-8.5

- 5 50 NGVS 250 500 75 NGVS 1.5 0.3 150 10 12 200 250 1000

29Near Abdul Qayyumhouse, nala, Panjtar

DTW -ve Colorless

552Odorless

8 Unob. 2.6 BDL 220 35 210 44 BDL 0.69 0.06 24 1.5 16.2 28 21 370

30Jalal mosque, mainbazaar, chinglai

DTW -ve Colorless

300Odorless

8.1 Unob. 1 BDL 120 14.2 130 32 BDL 1.37 0.01 12 1 2.1 20 18 175

31Ambella chowk DTW +ve Color

less303

Odorless

7.2 Unob. 4.9 BDL 120 17 140 40 BDL 0.69 0.01 10 2.5 2.4 11 20 183

32Usman shah house,shalbandai

WSS +ve Colorless

560Odorless

7.7 Unob. 0 BDL 230 25 300 100 BDL 0.09 0.005 12 3.1 2.3 7 26 324

33Rauf Khan house,pirau area

DTW -ve Colorless

627Odorless

7.8 Unob. 0 BDL 230 45 240 78 BDL 0.1 0.03 11 3.5 2.4 35 25 350

%age of sample exceedingpermissible limit

70 06 0 0 0 - 27 - 0 0 12 30 0 0 0 0 3 6 0 3 6

Max. Concentration - - 1830 - 8.3 - 40 - 720 100 880 300 - 1.37 0.06 92 12 16.2 104 360 1136Min. Concentration - - 177 - 7.1 - 0 - 60 8 80 20 - 0.02 0 7.3 1 1.2 4 9 107

Annexure-03-(a)

Water quality analysis results of samples collected from district Swat, NWFP (2004-05)

DTW - Domestic tube well, TW – Tube well, OW - Open well, SW – Surface water 91

Continued

Sr.#

Location Source Bact.Cont. Color E.C Odor pH Taste Turb. Alk. As. HCO3 Cl Hard Ca CO3 F Fe Mg NO3 K Na SO4 TDS

Units - μS/cm - - - NTU m.mol/l ppb mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l

Maximum Permissible limits - NGVS - 6.5-8.5

- 5 NGVS 50 NGVS 250 500 75 NGVS 1.5 0.3 150 10 12 200 250 1000

1Gulkada wazer maincolony Mingora

TW -veColorless

640Odorless

7.1 Unob. 0.02 5 0 250 35 290 64 0 1 0 31.6 12 6 28 43 411

2Huibaba GHS #2Mingora

TW -veColorless

721Odorless

7 Unob. 0.03 6 1 300 28 310 68 0 0 0 34 9 4 26 32 412

3Near the PSO pumpMingora

TW +veColorless

1150Odorless

7.1 Unob. 0.04 7.8 0 390 30 430 106 0 0 0 40.1 23 12 50 76 650

4Near primary school# 4 Mingora

TW +veColorless

1186Odorless

7 Unob. 0.02 8.4 1 420 81 390 90 0 0 0 40.1 15 17 88 65 700

5G.T road Barikot

TW +veColorless

763Odorless

6.9 Unob. 0.03 6 0 300 35 280 68 0 0 0 26.7 10 4 44 33 435

6Chinar colonyMingora

TW -veColorless

805Odorless

7.3 Unob. 0.02 6.6 0 330 30 290 71 0 0 0 27.3 4 6 53 51 454

7Umar Mosque mainKalam road

TW -veColorless

70Odorless

7 Unob. 0.56 0.6 0 30 4 35 10 0 0 0 2.43 1 1 2 3 45

8Bahrain Muhammadkhan house Kalamroad

Spring +veColorless

72Odorless

7 Unob. 13.9 0.6 0 30 4 35 11 0 0 0 1.82 1 1 3 3 46

9Madyan UmarMadrasa Kalam road

Spring +veColorless

1282Odorless

7.2 Unob. 0.02 6.4 0 320 8 530 152 0 0 0 36.5 70 9 40 81 829

10Shin Main BazzarShin Hotel

WSS +veColorless

198Odorless

7.6 Unob. 13.24 1.8 0 90 4 80 24 0 0 0 4.86 3 2 15 11 128

11Khawazkhel mainchowk

WSS +veColorless

440Odorless

7.4 Unob. 2.01 4.2 0 210 8 205 60 0 0 0 13.4 5 1 9 10 250

12Gulibagh main roadkalam

SW +veColorless

312Odorless

7.7 Unob. 3.08 2.6 0 130 6 140 34 0 0 0 13.4 5 1 7 15 177

13Charbagh main roadkalam

SW +veColorless

856Odorless

7.4 Unob. 0.05 6.6 1 330 55 320 64 0 0 0 38.9 10 2 57 40 499

14Kotanai bazzar

TW +veColorless

338Odorless

7.4 Unob. 4.7 3.2 1 160 5 150 40 0 0 0 12.2 3 2 17 8 193

15Shalpin near the floormills

SW +veColorless

487Odorless

7.4 Unob. 3.27 3.8 0 190 12 230 62 0 0 0 18.2 6 1 6 31 271

16Jano High school

WSS +veColorless

216Odorless

8 Unob. 0.01 1.8 0 90 4 90 34 0 0 0 1.22 4 1 14 12 138

17Pirkalay Main road

TW -veColorless

360Odorless

6.5 Unob. 0.04 2.2 0 110 16 155 40 0 0 0 13.4 8 2 7 20 200

Annexure-03-(a)

Water quality analysis results of samples collected from district Swat, NWFP (2004-05)

DTW - Domestic tube well, TW – Tube well, OW - Open well, SW – Surface water 92

Sr.#

Location Source Bact.Cont. Color E.C Odor pH Taste Turb. Alk. As. HCO3 Cl Hard Ca CO3 F Fe Mg NO3 K Na SO4 TDS

Units - μS/cm - - - NTU m.mol/l ppb mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l

Maximum Permissible limits - NGVS - 6.5-8.5

- 5 NGVS 50 NGVS 250 500 75 NGVS 1.5 0.3 150 10 12 200 250 1000

18Matta main road

OW+ve Color

less544

Odorless

7.6 Unob. 0.02 5.4 0 270 21 245 70 0 0 0 17 4 1 26 8 323

19Baidara Mosque

DTW-ve Color

less433

Odorless

7.6 Unob. 0.03 4 0 200 26 200 40 0 0 0 24.3 3 1 14 7 246

20Bara Bandai PSO

DTW-ve Color

less380

Odorless

7.4 Unob. 0.03 3 0 150 24 160 58 0 0 0 3.65 4 1 15 8 217

21Kuzabandai

SW+ve Color

less350

Odorless

8.1 Unob. 0.12 3.2 0 160 13 170 28 0 0 0 24.3 1 2 6 21 195

22Water supply scheme,Totano Bandai, Swat

TW-ve Color

less317

Odorless

8.2 Unob. 0.36 2.3 0.7 115 14 150 22 0 0.1 0.1 23.1 10 0.5 6 8 187

23Jobagai bazaar, U.CQalagai

SW+ve Color

less230

Odorless

8.3 Unob. 0.17 1.4 0.2 70 11 100 18 0 0.2 0.1 13.4 8.4 0.7 7 8 137

24

Water supply scheme,public health engg.Depth. Aboha, U.CKota

TW

+veColorless

350Odorless

8.1 Unob. 0.01 1.9 0.2 95 20 170 28 0 0.1 0.1 24.3 13.1 1.6 11 23 223

25Aushu bazaar, U.CMataltan

Spring+ve Color

less210

Odorless

8.1 Unob. 2.3 1.2 1.2 60 8 100 16 0 0.1 0.1 14.6 8.4 1.3 3 8 124

26Forest check postBatanar, U.C Utror

Spring+ve Color

less82

Odorless

7.8 Unob. 0.01 0.3 0.4 15 6 40 14 0 0 0.1 1.22 4.6 0.4 2 4 57

27Near Torwal mosque,U.C Balakot

Spring+ve Color

less189

Odorless

7.2 Unob. 2.82 1.4 0.4 70 5 90 10 0 0.1 0.1 15.8 6.3 0.6 4 3 108

28Chail mosque, U.CMadain

Spring+ve Color

less83

Odorless

7.6 Unob. 14.7 0.4 0.3 20 7 40 16 0 0 0.1 0 4 0.5 2 0 55

29Biha bazaar/Adda,U.C Biha

Spring+ve Color

less104

Odorless

7.6 Unob. 0.5 0.5 0.1 25 7 50 14 0 0.2 0.1 3.65 5.5 0.4 2 0 66

30Look Mera, Cheena,U.C Jambeel

Spring+ve Color

less170

Odorless

8.1 Unob. 0.2 1.4 0.2 70 12 90 24 0 0.1 0.1 7.29 2 1.7 7 12 115

%age of sample exceedingpermissible limit

73 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 3 10 0 0 0 0 17 3 0 0 0

Max. Concentration - - 1282 - 8.3 - 14.7 8.4 1.2 420 81 530 152 0 1 0.1 40.1 70 17 88 81 829Min. Concentration - - 70 - 6.5 - 0.01 0.3 0 15 4 35 10 0 0 0 0 1 0.4 2 0 45

Annexure-03-(b)

Water quality analysis results of samples collected from district Swat, NWFP (2005-06)

DTW - Domestic tube well, TW – Tube well, HP – Hand pump, WSS – Water supply scheme, OW - Open well, BDL – Below detectable limits 93

Continued

Sr.#

Location Source Bact.Cont.

Color E.C Odor pH Taste Turb. As. HCO3 Cl Hard Ca CO3 F Fe Mg NO3 K Na SO4 TDS

Units - μS/cm - - - NTU ppb mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l

Maximum Permissible limits - NGVS - 6.5-8.5

- 5 50 NGVS 250 500 75 NGVS 1.5 0.3 150 10 12 200 250 1000

1WSS,Thotanobandai, Swat

TW -veColorless

468Odorless

7.1 Unob. 0.1 BDL 220 17.7 250 48 Nil 0.1 0.001 32 8 0.7 15 12 293

2Jobagai bazaar UCQalaghai

TW +veColorless

182Odorless

7.6 Unob. 7.7 BDL 50 7 80 20 Nil 0.03 0 7 7 0.8 5 13 112

3WSS, Kota

TW +veColorless

611Odorless

7.4 Unob. 0 BDL 280 24.8 290 44 Nil 0.12 0.02 44 9 5.8 18 21 365

4Ausho Mosque,Mathalthan Kalam

Spring +veColorless

163Odorless

8.1 Unob. 0 BDL 70 6 60 20 Nil 0.3 0 2.4 1 0.4 10 6 91

5Batandar spring nearforest check post,Athror

Spring +veColorless

101Odorless

7.3 Unob. 0.2 BDL 20 7.6 30 12 Nil 0.04 0 0 4 0.6 10 10 70

6Thorwal China,Balakot

Spring +veColorless

166Odorless

7.5 Unob. 0 BDL 50 10.6 50 20 Nil 0.02 0.001 0 5 0.6 16 8 108

7Chail mosque,Madian

Spring +veColorless

174Odorless

7.2 Unob. 0.7 BDL 60 7 90 20 Nil 0.06 0.003 10 5 0.9 4 10 90

8Akbar Khan house,Beha Bazar

Spring +veColorless

280Odorless

7 Unob. 1.2 BDL 100 14.2 140 28 Nil 0.08 0.01 17 9 0.4 5 9 173

9Doke Mera china,Jambil

Spring +veColorless

343Odorless

6.9 Unob. 0 BDL 140 10.6 160 48 Nil 0.1 0 10 3 1.7 7 17 192

10TW, Wazirmalcolony, Gulqada,Mingora

WSS +veColorless

625Odorless

7.2 Unob. 0 BDL 230 28.3 270 76 Nil 0.09 0.005 19 9 2.2 24 25 353

11Haji baba high school#2, Mingora

WSS +veColorless

776Odorless

7.4 Unob. 0.9 BDL 320 46.1 360 72 Nil 0.2 0.008 44 7 2.7 18 28 434

12Near PSO pump,Mingora

TW +veColorless

1206Odorless

7 Unob. 0 BDL 380 48 520 120 Nil 0.15 0.009 53 35 7.2 48 80 740

13Primary School # 4,Mingora, T.W # 2

TW +veColorless

871Odorless

7.2 Unob. 0 BDL 260 46.1 380 100 Nil 0.1 0.001 32 20 5.5 36 43 509

14WSS, Brila

TW -veColorless

623Odorless

7.3 Unob. 0 BDL 220 24.8 270 88 Nil 0.02 0 12 13 3 18 22 358

15Chinar colony,Mingora, Aman Kot

TW -veColorless

696Odorless

7.2 Unob. 0 BDL 250 28.3 300 72 Nil 0.07 0.007 30 12 2.7 24 26 385

Annexure-03-(b)

Water quality analysis results of samples collected from district Swat, NWFP (2005-06)

DTW - Domestic tube well, TW – Tube well, HP – Hand pump, WSS – Water supply scheme, OW - Open well, BDL – Below detectable limits 94

Sr.#

Location Source Bact.Cont.

Color E.C Odor pH Taste Turb. As. HCO3 Cl Hard Ca CO3 F Fe Mg NO3 K Na SO4 TDS

Units - μS/cm - - - NTU ppb mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l

Maximum Permissible limits - NGVS -6.5-8.5 - 5 50 NGVS 250 500 75 NGVS 1.5 0.3 150 10 12 200 250 1000

16Swao mosque, mainKalam road, Bandai

DTW-ve

Colorless

522Odorless

7.3 Unob. 0 BDL 200 21.3 280 64 Nil 0.1 0.003 29 11 1 6 11 301

17Water tank near Forestcheck post, Bahrain

Spring+ve

Colorless

256Odorless

7.5 Unob. 0 BDL 120 7 130 24 Nil 0.12 0.007 17 5 0.5 7 8 158

18Madrassa Kalam roadMadian

Spring+ve

Colorless

99Odorless

7.3 Unob. 0 BDL 15 7 30 12 Nil 0.01 0.005 0 4 1.5 10 10 67

19Shin main bazaar, shinhotel

WSS+ve

Colorless

151Odorless

7.3 Unob. 8 BDL 35 7.1 50 20 Nil 0.01 0.002 0 5 1.5 10 13 95

20Khwazakhela chowk,Ahmad house, Besham

WSS-ve

Colorless

355Odorless

7.1 Unob. 0 BDL 140 10.6 170 42 Nil 0.04 0.007 16 7 0.6 10 12 206

21Gulibagh, Kalam DTW

-veColorless

520Odorless

7.2 Unob. 0.4 BDL 240 21.3 230 56 Nil 0.06 0.001 24 6 0.7 18 16 299

22Charbagh main roadKalam, T.W # 1

TW+ve

Colorless

632Odorless

7.3 Unob. 0 BDL 220 25 280 80 Nil 0.08 0.007 19 9 1.3 22 28 348

23Kotanai Bazar,Saeedullah House

TW-ve

Colorless

292Odorless

7.3 Unob. 2.7 BDL 130 8 140 40 Nil 0.02 0.005 10 4 1 7 12 165

24Shalpin road, Panchaqi,Qochigram

TW+ve

Colorless

150Odorless

8.3 Unob. 4.4 BDL 40 6 90 12 Nil 0.29 0 10 6 0.5 5 11 95

25Jano High School,Mingora

OW+ve

Colorless

199Odorless

7.4 Unob. 0 BDL 60 12 100 16 Nil 0.1 0 15 9 1.5 5 12 137

26WSS, Pir kalay TW

+veColorless

504Odorless

7.2 Unob. 0 BDL 240 11 270 44 Nil 0.45 0.004 39 5 1.2 6 10 277

27H. Pump nearKhwazakhela ChockMatta

HP+ve

Colorless 355

Odorless

7.7 Unob. 0.6 BDL 100 25 150 36 Nil 0.2 0.02 15 8 0.8 10 18 200

28Mosque, badagra DTW

+veColorless

901Odorless

6.7 Unob. 0.7 BDL 210 71 400 88 Nil 0.21 0.001 44 35 1.8 18 40 544

29H. Pump, opposite toPSO, Bara Bandai

HP+ve

Muddy163

Odorless

7.2 Unob. 24.3 BDL 60 9 80 20 Nil 0.03 0.002 7 5 3.1 6 15 119

30TW, Zargaran korona TW

+veColorless

486Odorless

8 Unob. 0 BDL 210 14 250 40 Nil 0.08 0.021 36 8 0.6 7 12 272

%age of sample exceeding permissiblelimit

70 3 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 3 20 Nil 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 0

Max. Concentration - - 1206 - 8.3 - 24.3 - 380 71 520 120 Nil 0.45 0.021 53 35 7.2 48 80 740Min. Concentration - - 99 - 6.7 - 0 - 15 6 30 12 Nil 0.01 0 0 1 0.4 4 6 50

Annexure-04-(a)

Water quality analysis results of samples collected from district Dir (lower), NWFP (2004-05)

DTW - Domestic tube well, TW – Tube well, BDL – Below detectable limits 95

Sr.#

Location Source Bact.Cont. Color E.C Odor pH Taste Turb. Alk As. HCO3 Cl Hard Ca CO3 F Fe Mg NO3 K Na SO4 TDS

Units - μS/cm - - - NTU ppb mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l

Maximum Permissible limits - NGVS - 6.5-8.5

- 5 NGVS 50 NGVS 250 500 75 NGVS 1.5 0.3 150 10 12 200 250 1000

1Near OdhigramTubwell

Spring +veColorless

421Odorless

8.2 Unob. 0.04 3.4 0.34 170 18 190 36 0 0.28 0.7 24.3 8 0.9 11 9 237

2Vill:Kotki Dehri Dr.Khista RehmanClinic

DTW +veColorless

1009Odorless

8.3 Unob. 2.3 1.8 0.62 90 32 460 132 0 0.25 0.08 31.6 75 0.7 13 64 660

3Munda DigitalExchange

DTW +veColorless

452Odorless

7.9 Unob. 0.3 3.6 0.28 180 11 200 52 0 0.28 0.09 17 12.4 0.9 11 5 260

4Jan Filling StationFaqirabad Talash

WSS +veColorless

346Odorless

8.2 Unob. 0.49 1.8 0.16 90 14 150 40 0 0.42 0.01 12.2 15.3 1 8 8 205

5Malakand UniversityStaff hostle

WSS +veColorless

526Odorless

7.9 Unob. 0.01 3 0.24 150 21 240 23 0 0.45 0.06 44.3 21.6 2.3 13 26 315

6Timergera nearvillage Bandugar

TW +veColorless

481Odorless

7.6 Unob. 0.01 4.2 0.3 210 9 170 48 0 0 0.2 12.2 4 2 35 16 266

7Gurguragai NearMean road servicestation

TW +veColorless

305Odorless

7.3 Unob. 0.2 2.6 0.3 130 9 130 24 0 0 0 17 5 1 17 13 181

8Balambat Govt.colony Timargara

TW +veColorless

907Odorless

7.4 Unob. 0.03 6.2 0.2 310 39 300 72 0 0 0.1 29.2 19 1 64 47 522

9Sadu Timargara road.

TW +veColorless

886Odorless

7 Unob. 1.8 6.2 0.6 310 39 290 68 0 0 0.4 29.2 11 9 63 68 511

10Noor khal villageTimargara

TW +veColorless

330Odorless

7.1 Unob. 0.03 3 0.2 150 7 140 24 0 0 0.1 19.4 5 1 29 12 205

11Koto G.T roadTimargara

TW +veColorless

560Odorless

6.6 Unob. 0.05 4 0.2 200 46 190 32 0 0 0.1 26.7 2 2 53 23 312

%age of sample exceedingpermissible limit

100 0 - 0 - 0 0 0 - 0 0 9 0 0 18 0 54 0 0 0 0

Max. Concentration - - 1009 - 8.3 - 2.3 0.62 310 46 460 132 0 0.5 0.7 44 75 9 64 68 658Min. Concentration - - 33 - 6.6 - 0.01 0.3 162 21 210 48 0 0.1 0.15 22 15 1.9 23 25 311

Annexure-04-(b)

Water quality analysis results of samples collected from district Dir (Lower), NWFP (2005-06)

DTW - Domestic tube well, TW – Tube well, BDL – Below detectable limits 96

Sr.#

Location Source Bact.Cont.

Color E.C Odor pH Taste Turb. As. HCO3 Cl Hard Ca CO3 F Fe Mg NO3 K Na SO4 TDS

Units - μS/cm - - - NTU ppb mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l

Maximum Permissible limits - NGVS -6.5-8.5

- 5 50 NGVS 250 500 75 NGVS 1.5 0.3 150 10 12 200 250 1000

1 Near Odhigram Tubwell Spring+ve Color

less462

Odorless

7.7 Unob. 0 BDL 180 28 220 54 Nil 0.26 0.02 20.6 4.1 1.3 16 10 256

2Dr. Sardar Ali House,Mainial Maidan

Spring+ve Color

less374

Odorless

7.5 Unob. 0.4 BDL 210 12 210 56 Nil 0.38 0.01 17 0.9 1.7 12 12 241

3Munda DigitalExchange

DTW+ve Color

less506

Odorless

7.5 Unob. 0.2 BDL 220 16 240 62 Nil 0.4 0.01 15.8 5.2 1 15 14 284

4Jan Filling StationFaqirabad Talash

DTW+ve Color

less396

Odorless

7.7 Unob. 1.2 BDL 170 12 180 44 Nil 0.53 0.03 17 4.5 1.4 10 12 218

5Malakand uni. Staffhostel

DTW+ve Color

less843

Odorless

7.3 Unob. 0 BDL 350 27 380 116 Nil 0.56 0.09 22 4.8 5 32 37 470

6Dr. Qamar Rehmanhouse near Chakdara

TW+ve Color

less460

Odorless

7.5 Unob. 0 BDL 190 11 210 52 Nil 0.19 0.05 19 8.5 1.4 9 12 257

7Bandagay nearThimergara

TW+ve Color

less524

Odorless

7.3 Unob. 0.5 BDL 250 11 250 16 Nil 0.38 0.07 51 4 1.6 18 26 291

8Gugorai near roadservice station

TW+ve Color

less643

Odorless

7.3 Unob. 0.4 BDL 200 32 260 90 Nil 0.28 0.02 8.5 18.4 1 30 31 394

9Balambut, Govt. colonyThimergara

TW+ve Color

less800

Odorless

7.4 Unob. 0.4 BDL 320 35 320 124 Nil 0.49 0.08 2.4 6.9 2.6 36 22 445

10 Sudu, Thimergara TW+ve Color

less787

Odorless

7.3 Unob. 6.6 BDL 310 22 320 96 Nil 0.27 0.06 19 9.6 9.7 32 29 437

11Village Noor khaiTihmargara

TW+ve Color

less372

Odorless

7.5 Unob. 1.1 BDL 160 11 170 56 Nil 0.29 0.07 7 2.4 1.2 10 14 206

12Dr. Khista Rehmanhouse Kotkay Dehri

DTW+ve Color

less443

Odorless

7.4 Unob. 0 BDL 210 16 240 40 Nil 0.22 0.09 34 5.7 1.8 13 13 269

%age of sample exceeding permissiblelimit

100 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 33 Nil 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0

Max. Concentration - - 843 - 7.7 - 6.6 - 350 35 380 124 Nil 0.56 0.09 34 18.4 9.7 36 37 470Min. Concentration - - 372 - 7.3 - 0 - 160 11 170 16 Nil 0.19 0.01 2.4 0.9 1 9 10 206

Annexure-05-(a)

Water quality analysis results of samples collected from district Dir (Upper), NWFP (2004-05)

DTW - Domestic tube well, WSS – Water supply scheme, SW – Surface water 97

Sr.#

Location Source Bact.Cont. Color E.C Odor pH Taste Turb. Alk As. HCO3 Cl Hard Ca CO3 F Fe Mg NO3 K Na SO4 TDS

Units - μS/cm - - - NTU m.mol/l ppb mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l

Maximum Permissible limits - NGVS - 6.5-8.5

- 5 NGVS 50 NGVS 250 500 75 NGVS 1.5 0.3 150 10 12 200 250 1000

1Tandeel, ChitralTunnel, Dir

WSS -veColorless 26

Odorless

6.7 Unob. 14.20.1

0.25 3 10 4

0 0.2 0.10 0.8 0.3 1 1 16

2 DHQ, DirBala WSS -veColorless 96

Odorless

6.9 Unob. 4.730.3

0.415 7 45 4

0 0.1 08.51 6 0.4 1 0 56

3Patrak Bazar,Bridge, Gowaldairiver

SW +veColorless

108

Odorless

7 Unob. 920.26

0.213 7 50 4

0 0.1 09.72 9 1 1 0 70

4

Gul Amad JannearChenna,Sheringalbazaar

Spring +veColorless

359

Odorless

8.2 Unob. 0.73

1.9

1.2

95 18 160 40

0 0.3 0

14.6 16.1 1.3 10 5 217

5ShingaralMosque

Spring +veColorless 479

Odorless

8.2 Unob. 0.092.2

0.6110 21 200 52

0 0.2 0.117 21 3.9 7 11 271

6Baraul BandaMosque

WSS +veColorless 250

Odorless

8.2 Unob. 531.6

0.480 11 100 36

0 0.3 0.12.43 7.2 2.3 6 0 138

7Shah ZameenShop, vill: GorKhohi,

WSS +ve Muddy118

Odorless

8.3 Unob. 5940.6

0.230 7 60 4

0 0.2 0.112.2 6.4 0.3 1 0 71

8Khan Toti House,vill: Kas Banda

Spring +veColorless 310

Odorless

7.2 Unob. 0.32.6

2.3130 18 170 40

0 0.4 0.117 5.5 0.9 7 6 191

9Akhgram PoliceChowki

Spring +veColorless 373

Odorless

8 Unob. 0.032.3

0.1115 18 160 36

0 0.2 0.117 12.7 0.5 12 7 216

10Haji ShereenZada home villDamanai,

WSS+ve

Colorless

479

Odorless

7.8 Unob. 0.63

0.2150 14 210 52

0 0.4 0.119.4 15 0.4 9 24 275

%age of sample exceedingpermissible limit

80 10 - 0 - 0 40 - 0 - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 40 0 0 0 0

Max. Concentration - - 553 - 8.3 - 594 3 2.3 165 21 210 52 0 0.4 0.1 19 21 3.9 12 24 290Min. Concentration - - 26 - 6.7 - 0.03 0.1 0.1 5 3 10 4 0 0.1 0 0 0.8 0.3 1 1 16

Annexure-05-(b)

Water quality analysis results of samples collected from district Dir (Upper), NWFP (2005-06)

DTW - Domestic tube well, TW – Tube well, BDL – Below detectable limits 98

Sr.#

Location Source Bact.Cont.

Color E.C Odor pH Taste Turb. As. HCO3 Cl Hard Ca CO3 F Fe Mg NO3 K Na SO4 TDS

Units - μS/cm - - - NTU ppb mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l

Maximum Permissible limits - NGVS -6.5-8.5 - 5 50 NGVS 250 500 75 NGVS 1.5 0.3 150 10 12 200 250 1000

1Tandeel, ChitralTunnel, Dir

Spring +veColorless

80Odorless

7.2 Unob. 2.8 BDL 25 5 20 4 Nil 0.12 0.04 2.4 0.8 4.6 11 7 53

2DHQ, DirBala

DTW +veColorless

79Odorless

7.1 Unob. 12.6 BDL 30 4 30 4 Nil 0.13 0.03 5 0.6 2.4 8 8 52

3Patrak Bazar,Bridge, Gowaldairiver

DTW +veColorless

120Odorless

7.3 Unob. 4 BDL 50 11 50 4 Nil 0.09 0.01 10 0.4 1.5 10 6 74

4Gul Amad Jannear ChennaSheringal bazaar

Spring +veColorless

457Odorless

7.5 Unob. 0 BDL 240 11 230 32 Nil 0.29 0.05 36 0.5 1.5 24 7 258

5Shingaral Mosque

Spring +veColorless

360Odorless

7.6 Unob. 2 BDL 120 16 170 44 Nil 0.17 0.01 14.5 7.9 4 6 22 214

6Baraul BandaMosque

DTW +veColorless

585Odorless

8.2 Unob. 2.6 BDL 280 14 300 88 Nil 0.3 0.09 19 2.2 12 7 19 337

7Shah ZameenShop, vill: GorKhohi

Spring +veColorless

455Odorless

8.1 Unob. 0 BDL 170 16 200 60 Nil 0.21 0.03 12 12.2 2.8 17 15 279

8Khan Toti House,vill: Kas Banda

Spring +veColorless

365Odorless

8.1 Unob. 0.1 BDL 160 11 190 52 Nil 0.3 0.01 14 7 1.5 12 14 232

9Akhgram PoliceChowki

Spring +veColorless

520Odorless

8 Unob. 0 BDL 220 17 210 48 Nil 0.25 0.07 22 6.1 0.4 30 14 290

10Haji Shereen Zadahome villDamanai,

Spring +veColorless

715Odorless

7.5 Unob. 1.2 BDL 320 35 360 64 Nil 0.24 0.05 41 16 0.3 23 17 451

11MalakandUniversity campusShirengal

Spring +veColorless

767Odorless

7.6 Unob. 0.7 BDL 295 40 320 64 Nil 0.27 0.03 39 11 1.4 36 16 422

%age of sample exceedingpermissible limit

100 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 27 0 0 0 0

Max. Concentration - - 767 - 8.2 - 12.6 - 320 40 360 88 0 0.3 0.09 41 16 12 36 22 451Min. Concentration - - 79 - 7.1 - 0 - 25 5 20 4 0 0.09 0.01 2.4 0.4 0.3 6 6 52

Annexure-06-(a)

Water quality analysis results of samples collected from district Gilgit, Northern Areas (2004-05)

WSS – Water supply scheme, SW – Surface water 99

Sr.#

Location Source Bact.Cont. Color E.C Odor pH Taste Turb. Alk As. HCO3 Cl Hard Ca CO3 F Fe Mg NO3 K Na SO4 TDS

Units - μS/cm - - - NTU ppb mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l

Maximum Permissible limits - NGVS - 6.5-8.5 - 5 NGVS 50 NGVS 250 500 75 NGVS 1.5 0.3 150 10 12 200 250 1000

1 Misqar village Spring +veColorless 227

Odorless

8 Unob. 3.61.2

2.660 7 100 24

0 0.3 0.079.72 3.7 0.7 12 50 156

2Muhammad MusaKhanhouse(Numberdar), Khudaabad

WSS +veColorless

450

Odorless

8.2 Unob. 1.062.4

2.6120 9 200 24

0 0.1 0.0834 3.4 1.1 8 91 254

3 Chapersan Nala SW +ve Muddy250

Odorless

8.2 Obj. 1281.6

17.480 7 120 20

0 0 0.0417 5.4 3.3 2 28 149

4 Morkhram SW +ve Muddy90

Odorless

7.2 Obj. 850.3

5.415 5 20 7

0 0.1 0.020.61 4.6 12 2 5 61

5Karim house,Karimabad

SW +ve Muddy120

Odorless

7.2 Obj. 4400.4

0.5320 4 30 2

0 0.1 0.076.08 8.1 13 4 5 82

6 Aliabad main bazaar WSS +veColorless 302

Odorless

8.2 Unob. 0.021.6

0.7480 5 120 32

0 0.4 0.19.72 4.2 7.8 9 60 190

7 Bar Nala SW +ve Muddy199

Odorless

8 Obj. 2651

0.5750 7 90 16

0 0.2 0.0912.2 4.9 2.4 2 21 112

8 Chalt village WSS +veColorless 131

Odorless

6.7 Unob. 0.720.5

0.5925 5 60 16

0 0.2 0.074.86 8.1 1.2 1 8 87

9 Juglot village WSS +veColorless 360

Odorless

8.1 Unob. 0.033

0.62150 7 180 56

0 0.4 0.069.72 4.7 7.2 4 16 211

10 Juglot village WSS +ve Muddy57

Odorless

7.4 Obj. 1490.2

0.4910 3 25 4

0 0.1 0.023.65 3.2 2.1 1 4 38

11 Shatot WSS +ve Muddy86

Odorless

7.3 Obj. 2470.2

0.8210 5 30 8

0 0.1 0.042.43 4.2 3.1 5 11 59

12 Gilgit district WSS +veColorless 87

Odorless

7 Unob. 2.90.2

0.5910 7 40 12

0 0.2 0.072.43 5.4 0.6 1 4 57

13Nomal village WSS +ve

Muddy158

Odorless

8 Obj. 2020.7

0.5835 7 50 17

0 0.1 0.081.82 4.3 2.7 11 22 102

14Haider house,Jutal WSS +ve

Muddy258

Odorless

7.9 Obj. 1050.8

0.7240 6 110 36

0 0.1 0.054.86 8.1 2.6 3 48 160

%age of sample exceedingpermissible limit

100 57 - 0 - 57 57 0 - 0 0 0 - 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0

Max. Concentration - - 505 - 8.2 - 440 17.4 120 9 200 56 0 0.4 0.1 32 8.1 13 8 91 303Min. Concentration - - 57 - 6.7 - 0.02 0.38 10 3 20 2 0 0 0.02 2 3.2 0.6 1 4 36

Annexure-06-(b)

Water quality analysis results of samples collected from district Gilgit, Northern Areas (2005-06)

WSS- Water supply scheme, SW – Surface water 100

Sr.#

Location Source Bact.Cont. Color E.C Odor pH Taste Turb As. HCO3 Cl Hard Ca CO3 F Fe Mg NO3 K Na SO4 TDS

Units - μS/cm - - - NTU ppb mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l

Maximum Permissible limits - NGVS - 6.5-8.5

- 5 50 NGVS 250 500 75 NGVS 1.5 0.3 150 10 12 200 250 1000

1Misqar village

WSS +ve Muddy 397Odorless

8 Obj. 61 9.96 110 7 170 40 Nil 0.49 0.01 17 0.0 1.6 12 80 224

2Muhd. MusaKhan house,Khudaabad

SW +veColorless

553Odorless

7.9 Unob. 1.3 9.41 190 11 230 60 Nil 0.30 0.05 19 0.5 0.7 20 86 313.4

3Chapersan Nala

SW +veColorless

368Odorless

8.1 Unob. 3.8 0.01 100 9 150 40 Nil 0.29 0.03 12 0.2 1.2 20 84 227

4Morkhram

SW +ve Muddy 71Odorless

7.7 Obj. 29 2.96 25 3 35 5 Nil 0.00 0.00 5 0.6 3.0 1 11 46

5Karim house,Karimabad

SW +ve Muddy 246Odorless

7.7 Obj. 39.3 3.82 40 9 140 32 Nil 0.28 0.01 14.5 0.2 3.0 2 81 167

6Aliabad mainbazaar

WSS +veColorless

298Odorless

8.2 Unob. 10.6 0.01 80 9 120 40 Nil 0.29 0.02 5 0.0 5.0 1 68 188

7Bar Nala

SW +ve Muddy 380Odorless

8.1 Obj. 187 34.40 120 7 170 40 Nil 0.15 0.00 17 1.0 2.8 8 70 221

8Chalt village

WSS +veColorless

166Odorless

8.1 Unob. 0.6 7.99 60 5 80 28 Nil 0.05 0.01 2 0.6 1.1 1 16 92.2

9Juglot village

WSS +veColorless

386Odorless

8.2 Unob. 0 0.95 80 7 180 40 Nil 0.28 0.01 19 0.6 5.1 3 98 223

10Juglot village

WSS +veColorless

134Odorless

7.5 Unob. 9.3 0.31 50 7 80 20 Nil 0.11 0.00 7 0.8 1.8 2 20 92

11Shatot

WSS +veColorless

44Odorless

7.7 Unob. 4.1 0.01 10 2 15 4 Nil 0.15 0.04 1 0.7 2.5 1 5 25

12Gilgit district

WSS +veColorless

133Odorless

7..9 Unob. 0.9 0.01 45 9 55 16 Nil 0.01 0.01 4 0.6 1.3 6 14 29

13Nomal village

WSS +veColorless

233Odorless

8.3 Unob. 9.5 1.17 80 7 90 30 Nil 0.08 0.05 4 0.6 3.0 10 31 135

14Haiderhouse,Jutal

WSS +veColorless

506Odorless

8 Unob. 1.8 0.77 70 7 260 60 Nil 0.39 0.01 27 0.5 6.0 11 195 350

%age of sample exceedingpermissible limit 100 29 0 0 0 29 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Max. Concentration - 553 - 8.3 - 187 34.4 190 11 260 60 0 0.49 0.05 27 1.0 6.0 20 195 350Min. Concentration - 44 - 7.5 - 0 .01 10 2 0 4 0 0.00 0.00 1 0.0 0.7 1 5 46

Annexure-07-(a)

Water quality analysis results of samples collected from district Skardu, Northern Areas (2004-05)

WSS – Water supply scheme, SW – Surface water 101

Sr.#

Location Source Bact.Cont. Color E.C Odor pH Taste Turb. Alk As. HCO3 Cl Hard Ca CO3 F Fe Mg NO3 K Na SO4 TDS

Units - μS/cm - - - NTU m.mol/l ppb mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l

Maximum Permissible limits - NGVS - 6.5-8.5 - 5 NGVS 50 NGVS 250 500 75 NGVS 1.5 0.3 150 10 12 200 250 1000

1 Thorga main road SW +veColorless

110Odorless

7.7 Unob. 1.9 1 1.7 50 7 70 12 0 0.2 0.03 9.72 3 1.8 2 0 76

2Gumba Makpummarket

WSS +veColorless

330Odorless

7.9 Unob. 1.5 2.2 0.7 110 7 160 40 0 0.2 0.04 14.6 3 3.7 5 35 185

3 Kushura barige WSS +veSlightlymuddy

90Odorless

7.1 Unob. 24.8 0.4 0.4 20 7 40 12 0 0.2 0.05 2.43 3.1 1.2 1 3 52

4Shengous Anathotel, main roadSkardu

WSS +veColorless

530Odorless

8.1 Unob. 0.3 2 0.4 100 4 210 56 0 0.2 0.03 17 6.7 8.9 13 140 329

5 Astak Nala WSS +veColorless

665Odorless

8.2 Unob. 0.06 1.7 0.4 85 11 220 60 0 1.7 0.03 17 5.8 6.5 37 160 368

6Dampu DasHospital

WSS +veColorless

150Odorless

7.1 Unob. 11.5 0.6 0.4 30 7 60 16 0 0.1 0.02 4.86 3.1 3.8 2 22 87

7

Haji GhulamMuhammadhouse,Ustar,Skardu

WSS +ve Muddy 151Odorless

7.7 Obj. 155 0.8 7.8 40 11 80 16 0 0.1 0.04 9.72 3.4 1.3 2 20 99

8Manthomul mainbazaar

SW +veSlightlymuddy

59Odorless

7.2 Unob. 26.3 0.3 1.2 15 5 30 8 0 0.1 0.08 2.43 2.4 1.1 1 3 40

9 Bagicha village WSS +veColorless

150Odorless

6.9 Unob. 0.66 0.8 3.2 40 7 80 16 0 0.2 0.06 9.72 7.3 1.4 2 5 97

10Olding ArmyBase camp

WSS +veColorless

80Odorless

6.3 Unob. 8.09 0.4 0.9 20 7 40 10 0 0.2 0.05 3.65 3.9 1.2 3 0 54

11 Indus river SW +ve Muddy 180Odorless

8 Obj. 390 1.4 1.1 70 7 100 24 0 0.1 0.06 9.72 3.6 1.7 3 21 124

12MuhammadAshrafhouse,Chhurka

WSS +veSlightlymuddy

352Odorless

7.5 Unob. 50 1.6 0.5 80 7 160 28 0 0.3 0.14 21.9 5.7 4.4 12 85 232

13Shigar MadarasaImamia

WSS +veSlightlymuddy

310Odorless

8.2 Unob. 26.6 1.9 0.4 95 7 140 28 0 0.2 0.07 17 5.4 2.9 14 65 215

14 Tissar main road SW +veSlightlymuddy

155Odorless

7.6 Unob. 33.6 0.8 2.1 40 7 80 12 0 0.3 0.09 12.2 5.1 0.9 2 15 96

%age of sample exceedingpermissible limit

100 50 - 0 - 14 64 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Max. Concentration - - 665 - 8.2 - 390 2.2 7.8 110 11 220 60 0 1.7 0.14 21.9 7.3 8.9 37 160 368Min. Concentration - - 59 - 6.3 - 0.06 0.3 0.4 15 4 30 8 0 0.1 0.02 2.43 2.4 0.9 1 0 40

Annexure-07-(b)

Water quality analysis results of samples collected from district Skardu, Northern Areas (2005-06)

WSS- Water supply scheme, SW – Surface water 102

Sr.#

Location Source Bact.Cont. Color E.C Odor pH Taste Turb As. HCO3 Cl Hard Ca CO3 F Fe Mg NO3 K Na SO4 TDS

Units - μS/cm - - - NTU ppb mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l

Maximum Permissible limits - NGVS - 6.5-8.5 - 5 50 NGVS 250 500 75 NGVS 1.5 0.3 150 10 12 200 250 1000

1Thorga mainroad

SW +veColorless

114Odorless

7..3 Unob. 2.5 0.3 30 4 40 8 Nil 0.32 0.01 5 0.6 2.2 10 25 75

2GumbaMakpum market

WSS +veColorless

345Odorless

8 Unob. 1.8 0 140 7 160 56 Nil 0.31 0.02 5 0.7 3.1 8 31 208

3Kushura barige

WSS +veColorless

344Odorless

7.9 Unob. 3.5 0.1 170 11 170 52 Nil 0.2 0.01 10 0 2.5 7 9 193

4Shengous Anathotel, main roadSkardu

WSS +veColorless

536Odorless

8.1 Unob. 2 0 120 5 240 74 Nil 2.02 0.01 12 0.4 8.4 15 158 348

5Astak Nala

WSS +veColorless

675Odorless

8.1 Unob. 0.9 0 170 11 250 60 Nil 0.95 0.06 24 0 6 33 170 406

6Dampu DasHospital

WSS +ve Muddy 223Odorless

8 Obj. 25.7 0 60 7 100 28 Nil 0.28 0 7 0.4 4.4 8 50 143

7

Haji GhulamMuhammadhouse,Ustar,Skardu

WSS +veColorless

117Odorless

7.9 Unob. 6.3 7.2 40 5 55 16 Nil 0.19 0.01 3.6 0 0.8 2 14 66

8Manthomulmain bazaar

WSS +veColorless

72Odorless

7.6 Unob. 1.3 3.8 25 3 30 10 Nil 0.14 0 12 0.2 1 3 8 42

9Bagicha village

WSS +veColorless

114Odorless

8.1 Unob. 1.8 0.4 40 5 50 18 Nil 0.16 0.2 1 1 1.3 5 9 68

10Olding ArmyBase camp

WSS +veColorless

39Odorless

7.4 Unob. 1.5 0 15 3 10 4 Nil 0.15 0.01 0 0.3 0.6 5 6 26

11Indus river

SW +ve Muddy 149Odorless

7.8 Obj. 57 0.5 60 5 60 20 Nil 0.18 0.04 2.4 0.3 0.9 8 12 86

12MuhammadAshrafhouse,Chhurka

WSS -veColorless

505Odorless

8.3 Unob. 4.9 0.2 130 7 240 48 Nil 4.3 0 17 0.5 5.2 5 120 295

13ShigarMadarasaImamia

WSS -ve Muddy 297Odorless

8.1 Obj. 95 1.7 90 5 130 40 Nil 0.25 0 7 0.6 2.8 2 80 206

14Tissar main road

WSS +veColorless

310Odorless

8.2 Unob. 4.7 2.4 100 7 150 40 Nil 2.7 0.01 12 0.5 3 6 67 197

%age of sample exceedingpermissible limit

86 21 0 0 0 21 28 0 0 0 0 7 0 21 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Max. Concentration - - 675 - 8.3 - 95 7.2 170 11 250 76 0 4.3 0.2 24 1 8.4 33 170 406Min. Concentration - - 39 - 7.4 - 0.9 0 15 3 10 4 0 0.14 0 0 0 0.6 1 6 26

Annexure-08-(a)

Water quality analysis results of samples collected from district Ghanche, Northern Areas (2004-05)

WSS – Water supply scheme, SW – Surface water 103

Sr.#

Location Source Bact.Cont. Color E.C Odor pH Taste Turb. Alk As. HCO3 Cl Hard Ca CO3 F Fe Mg NO3 K Na SO4 TDS

Units - μS/cm - - - NTU ppb mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l

Maximum Permissible limits - NGVS - 6.5-8.5

- 5 50 NGVS 250 500 75 NGVS 1.5 0.3 150 10 12 200 250 1000

1 Siksa village Spring +veColorless

178Odorless

7.3 Unob. 1.7 1.2 0.5 60 7 100 16 0 0 0.1 14.6 5.6 2 2 14 116

2Zamin hotel Piun

SW +veColorless 105

Odorless

7 Unob. 6.70.4

0.120 7 50 4

0 0.1 0.19.72 5.7 1 1 3 63

3Dumsum, AbdulRehman house

SW +ve Muddy124

Odorless

7.3 Obj. 2340.4

0.120 4 50 16

0 0.1 02.43 4.4 3 2 14 73

4Thagas, main bazaar

SW +ve Muddy170

Odorless

7.1 Obj. 1560.4

0.120 7 80 16

0 0.1 0.19.72 4.8 3 2 37 108

5Haldi main bazaar

SW +veColorless 90

Odorless

6.7 Unob. 7.90.3

0.115 7 40 4

0 0.1 0.17.29 5.1 1 2 1 54

6Kapul Mahala,Kabon

WSS +veColorless 250

Odorless

7.9 Unob. 3.41.4

0.270 4 120 32

0 0.2 0.19.72 4.7 2 8 40 159

7Hushe Nala

SW +veColorless 190

Odorless

7.1 Unob. 0.110.9

0.245 7 80 16

0 0.2 0.19.72 7.4 2 2 14 111

8Doghani SW +ve

C Less196

Odorless

7.5 Unob. 1.71.4

0.270 7 100 24

0 0.2 09.72 2.6 2 2 19 117

%age of sample exceedingpermissible limit

100 25 - 0 - - 50 0 - 0 0 0 - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Max. Concentration - - 250 - 7.9 - 234 0.5 70 7 120 32 0 0.2 0.1 14 7.4 3 8 40 169Min. Concentration - - 76 - 6.7 - 0.11 0.1 15 4 40 4 0 0 0 1 2.6 1 1 1 44

Annexure-08-(b)

Water quality analysis results of samples collected from district Ghanche, Northern Areas (2005-06)

WSS- Water supply scheme, SW – Surface water, DTW – Domestic tube well 104

Sr.#

Location Source Bact.Cont.

Color E.C Odor pH Taste Turb As. HCO3 Cl Hard Ca CO3 F Fe Mg NO3 K Na SO4 TDS

Units - μS/cm - - - NTU ppb mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l

Maximum Permissible limits - NGVS -6.5-8.5 - 5 50 NGVS 250 500 75 NGVS 1.5 0.3 150 10 12 200 250 1000

1Siksa village

Spring +veColorless

229Odorless

7.6 Unob. 8.5 0 65 12 120 28 Nil 0.22 0 12 0.4 2.2 5 40 140

2Zamin hotel Piun

WSS +veColorless

70Odorless

7 Unob. 0.1 0 15 3 30 6 Nil 0.11 0.01 4 3 1 2 8 46

3Dumsum, AbdulRehman house

WSS +ve Muddy 111Odorless

7.3 Obj. 140 0.6 40 9 50 8 Nil 0.08 0 7 0 2.1 2 9 61

4Thagas, mainbazaar

SW +veColorless

216Odorless

7.2 Unob. 6.3 0.1 30 5 90 36 Nil 0.35 0 1.2 0.3 2.1 10 76 148

5Haldi main bazaar

SW +veColorless

314Odorless

7.8 Unob. 0 0.1 90 18 140 36 Nil 0.4 0 12 0 4.5 10 58 193

6Kapul Mahala,Kabon

WSS +veColorless

243Odorless

7.9 Unob. 0 0 70 8 110 32 Nil 0.2 0.03 7 0.6 3.8 5 50 151

7Hushe Nala

SW +veColorless

225Odorless

7.3 Unob. 5.5 0.1 45 7 80 28 Nil 0.34 0 2.4 0.4 2.7 16 70 155

8Doghani

SW +veColorless

180Odorless

7.8 Unob. 4.9 0.1 60 5.3 70 20 Nil 0.25 0.06 5 0.4 1.2 10 22 103

9Gowri main bazar

DTW +veColorless

290Odorless

8.1 Unob. 0.6 0.5 120 7 110 32 Nil 0.45 0.07 7.2 0.8 3 15 22 162

%age of sample exceedingpermissible limit 100 11 0 0 0 11 44 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Max. Concentration - - 314 - 8.1 - 140 0.6 120 18 140 36 Nil 0.45 0.07 12 3 4.5 16 76 193Min. Concentration - - 70 - 7 - 0 0 15 3 30 6 Nil 0.08 0 1.2 0 1 2 8 46

Annexure-09-(a)

Water quality analysis results of samples collected from district Diamar, Northern Areas (2004-05)

WSS – Water supply scheme, SW – Surface water 105

Sr.#

Location Source Bact.Cont.

Color E.C Odor pH Taste Turb. Alk As. HCO3 Cl Hard Ca CO3 F Fe Mg NO3 K Na SO4 TDS

Units - μS/cm - - - NTU m.mol/l ppb mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l

Maximum Permissible limits - NGVS - 6.5-8.5 - 5 NGVS 50 NGVS 250 500 75 NGVS 1.5 0.3 150 10 12 200 250 1000

1Vill:Gatot,Goharabad SW +ve

Colorless

242Odorless

7.6 Unob. 0.25 1.2 1.2 60 3 110 24 0 0.1 0 12.2 3.8 3.1 3 38 136

2PSO, GonarFarm,Goharabad SW +ve

Colorless

210Odorless 7.6 Unob. 0.7 1.2 9.9 60 5 90 22 0 1.6 0.2 8.51 0.1 4.3 8 39 123

3Vill: Ginni,Main road Gilgit

SW +veColorless

152Odorless

8.2 Unob. 1.03 1.4 24 70 3 80 18 0 0.1 0.1 8.51 1.1 1.9 7 18 103

4Vill: Thalpan

SW +veColorless

96Odorless

7.6 Unob. 1.48 0.9 15 45 3 45 8 0 0.1 0.1 6.08 0.2 2.4 4 6 57

5Thor Nala, nearRest House,Thor

SW +veColorless

83Odorless

7.2 Unob. 1.07 0.6 0.8 30 5 40 5 0 0.1 0 6.68 0.9 0.9 3 4 47

6Vill:Nimi,Khanbari Nala

SW +veColorless

81Odorless

7.1 Unob. 0.5 0.6 1 30 4 35 5 0 0.1 0 5.47 1.2 1.6 3 4 46

7

Near Chilasbridge, mainroad Gilgit,Chilas

SW +veColorless

250Odorless

8.3 Unob. 4.13 2.4 5 120 5 120 28 0 0.1 0 12.2 1.3 2.2 12 11 148

8Vill: Kotoch,Fovoj, Darailvalley

SW +veColorless

150Odorless

7.3 Unob. 4.8 1.2 0.9 60 4 90 8 0 0 0 17 5.2 2 1 4 95

9Vill:Jaglot,Tangir valley

SW +veColorless

170Odorless

6.9 Unob. 0.86 1 1.4 50 5 90 12 0 0 0 14.6 5.9 1 1 8 98

%age of sample exceedingpermissible limit

100 0 - 0 - 0 0 0 - 0 0 0 - 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Max. Concentration - - 301 - 8.3 - 4.8 0.8 30 3 35 5 0 0 0 5 0.1 0.9 1 4 48Min. Concentration - - 81 - 6.9 - 0.25 24 120 5 120 28 0 1.6 0.2 14 5.9 4.3 12 39 168

Annexure-09-(b)

Water quality analysis results of samples collected from district Diamar, Northern Areas (2005-06)

WSS- Water supply scheme, SW – Surface water, DTW – Domestic tube well 106

Sr.#

Location Source Bact.Cont.

Color E.C Odor pH Taste Turb As. HCO3 Cl Hard Ca CO3 F Fe Mg NO3 K Na SO4 TDS

Units - μS/cm - - - NTU ppb mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l

Maximum Permissible limits - NGVS -6.5-8.5 - 5 50 NGVS 250 500 75 NGVS 1.5 0.3 150 10 12 200 250 1000

1Vill:Gatot,Goharabad

SW +veColorLess

89Odorless

7.2 Unob. 8 0.1 25 5.3 40 8 Nil 0.13 0.03 5 0.7 1.1 2 13 52

2PSO, GonarFarm,Goharabad

WSS +veColorLess

809Odorless

7.8 Unob. 0.6 4.3 230 5.9 290 104 Nil 2.03 0.02 7 1.7 10.2 43 145 461

3Vill: Ginni, Mainroad Gilgit

SW +veColorLess

201Odorless

8.1 Unob. 4.5 1.9 65 9 80 24 Nil 0.14 0 5 0.8 1.7 10 21 113

4Vill: Thalpan

SW +veColorLess

140Odorless

7.6 Unob. 9 1.2 40 9 40 12 Nil 0.1 0.02 2 1.2 2.3 15 17 87

5Thor Nala, nearRest House, Thor

SW +veColorLess

104Odorless

7.4 Unob. 3.1 0 30 7 30 6 Nil 0.17 0.01 3 1.2 0.8 10 9 60

6Vill:Nimi,Khanbari Nala

SW +veColorLess

70Odorless

7.3 Unob. 8.3 0 25 5 25 8 Nil 0.07 0.05 1.2 0.8 1.1 6 9 49

7Near Chilasbridge, main roadGilgit, Chilas

SW +veColorLess

295Odorless

8.3 Unob. 0 0 120 11 120 40 Nil 0.22 0 5 2 1.8 15 17 165

8Vill: Kotoch,Fovoj, Darailvalley

DTW +veColorLess

93Odorless

6.9 Unob. 0.7 1.3 35 5 30 10 Nil 0.07 0.03 1 1 1.5 12 9 64

9Vill:Jaglot, Tangirvalley

SW +veColorLess

82Odorless

7.3 Unob. 8.7 0.4 20 7 25 8 Nil 0.13 0.05 1.2 0.8 1.2 8 9 50

10Astore mushkeentoram

Spring +veColorLess

304Odorless

8.1 Unob. 5.9 1 110 7 130 28 Nil 2.22 0.05 15 0.5 11 9 41 179

11Astore city

SW +veColorLess

189Odorless

7.5 Unob. 5.7 1.5 60 11 70 24 Nil 0.68 0.01 2.4 0.6 2.5 8 13 100

12Mian KalaMuhammad House

WSS +ve Muddy 88Odorless

7.8 Unob. 19.6 0.3 25 7 30 8 Nil 0.1 0.01 2.4 0.4 1 7 7 49

13Dass Bala, Astore

SW +veColorLess

71Odorless

7.9 Unob. 1.3 0 20 3.5 15 4 Nil 0.06 0.03 1.2 0.2 0.2 10 10 42

14Village ChaghamValley

SW +veColorLess

154Odorless

7.8 Unob. 3.4 0.5 35 8 45 14 Nil 0.22 0 2 0.3 1.8 12 30 91

%age of sample exceedingpermissible limit

100 7 0 0 0 0 50 0 0 0 0 7 0 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Max. Concentration - - 809 - 8.3 - 19.6 4.3 230 11 290 104 Nil 2.22 0.05 15 2 11 43 145 461Min. Concentration - - 70 - 6.9 - 0 0 20 3.5 15 4 Nil 0.06 0 1 0.2 0.2 2 7 42

Annexure-10-(a)

Water quality analysis results of samples collected from district Ghizer, Northern Areas (2004-05)

WSS – Water supply scheme, SW – Surface water 107

Sr.#

Location Source Bact.Cont.

Color E.C Odor pH Taste Turb. Alk As. HCO3 Cl Hard Ca CO3 F Fe Mg NO3 K Na SO4 TDS

Units - μS/cm - - - NTU ppb mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l

Maximum Permissible limits - NGVS - 6.5-8.5 - 5 NGVS 50 NGVS 250 500 75 NGVS 1.5 0.3 150 10 12 200 250 1000

1Vill:Dilnat,Tehsil:Poonial,Natco hotel

WSS +veColorless

103Odorless

7.2 Unob. 0.14 1 2.2 50 9 50 12 0 0 0 4.86 0.3 1.3 8 5 71

2

Vill:Gulmuti,Bubur Bridge,main roadGhizer

WSS +veColorless

150Odorless

8.1 Unob. 0.8 0.9 0.36 45 4 45 8 0 0.1 0 6.08 5.1 1 15 8 92

3

Dain bazaar,Chatorkhand#1,Tehsil:Askoman

SW +veColorless

246Odorless

7.9 Unob. 21.2 2.2 16.1 110 4 120 20 0 0.1 0 17 5 1.3 13 26 169

4Jehanzaib shop,vill:Yangal,Tehsil: Gupis

WSS +veColorless

140Odorless

6.9 Unob. 1.05 0.8 3.84 40 5 40 8 0 0.1 0 4.86 2.8 1 11 11 77

5

Near Aair Khanhome,vill:Dehimal,Yaseenvalley road

Spring +veColorless

465Odorless

7.2 Unob. 0.23 4.2 3.3 210 9 210 32 0 0.1 0.1 31.6 3.7 2.6 19 40 277

6

Aga KhanGoldern JubleMiddle school,Yaseen

WSS +veColorless

127Odorless

7.4 Unob. 1.94 0.6 3.18 30 9 60 16 0 0.2 0.1 4.86 2.2 1 1 14 74

7Adina Baighome, Phundar

SW +veColorless

80Odorless

7.6 Unob. 8.7 0.5 7.2 25 6 40 8 0 0.1 0 4.86 1.9 1 2 8 53

8

Near telephoneexchange, vill:Gul Aktari,Terro,Tehsil: Gupis

SW +veColorless

280Odorless

7.4 Unob. 3.5 1.8 0.73 90 8 160 12 0 0.1 0.2 31.6 1.8 0.3 4 44 162

%age of sample exceedingpermissible limit

100 - - 0 - 0 25 0 0 - 0 0 0 - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Max. Concentration - - 465 - 8.1 - 21.2 4.2 16.1 210 9 210 32 0 0.2 0.2 32 5.1 2.6 4 44 180Min. Concentration - - 89 - 6.9 - 0.14 0.5 0.36 25 4 40 8 0 0 0 5 0.3 0.3 1 5 55

Annexure-10-(b)

Water quality analysis results of samples collected from district Ghizer, Northern Areas (2005-06)

WSS- Water supply scheme, SW – Surface water 108

Sr.#

Location Source Bact.Cont.

Color E.C Odor pH Taste Turb As. HCO3 Cl Hard Ca CO3 F Fe Mg NO3 K Na SO4 TDS

Units - μS/cm - - - NTU ppb mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l

Maximum Permissible limits - NGVS - 6.5-8.5 - 5 50 NGVS 250 500 75 NGVS 1.5 0.3 150 10 12 200 250 1000

1Vill:Dilnat,Tehsil:Poonial,Natco hotel

SW +veColorless

114Odorless

7.3 Unob. 0.9 0 30 5 60 20 Nil 0.22 0 2 0.4 2.1 3 24 76

2Vill:Gulmuti,Bubur Bridge,main road Ghizer

WSS +veColorless

124Odorless

7.6 Unob. 0.9 1.1 35 5 50 18 Nil 0.09 0 1.2 0.5 1.8 5 23 77

3Dain bazaar,Chatorkhand#1,Tehsil: Askoman

SW +ve Muddy 262Odorless

7.6 Obj. 168 12 80 12 120 40 Nil 0.18 0.01 4.9 1.3 2.5 5 30 148

4Jehanzaib shop,vill:Yangal,Tehsil: Gupis

WSS +veColorless

248Odorless

8.3 Unob. 0.3 0.2 70 5 100 36 Nil 0.25 0.02 2.4 0.7 2.5 8 40 139

5

Near Aair Khanhome,vill:Dehimal,Yaseen valleyroad

Spring +veColorless

456Odorless

7.8 Unob. 0.2 0.1 150 14 170 52 Nil 0.17 0.01 10 0.6 2.2 23 58 252

6

Aga KhanGoldern JubleMiddle school,Yaseen

WSS +veColorless

72Odorless

7.8 Unob. 0.5 0 20 8 25 8 Nil 0.22 0.03 1.2 0.5 0.7 8 10 50

7Adina Baig home,Phundar

SW +veColorless

180Odorless

7.7 Unob. 0.6 9.4 70 9 60 20 Nil 0.41 0 2.4 0.5 1 15 12 104

8

Near telephoneexchange, vill:Gul Aktari, Terro,Tehsil: Gupis

WSS +veColorless

256Odorless

7.2 Unob. 0.4 0 90 12 110 36 Nil 0.29 0 5 0.7 0.2 12 21 143

%age of sample exceedingpermissible limit 100 14 0 - - 14 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Max. Concentration - - 456 - 8.3 - 168 12 150 14 170 52 Nil 0.41 0.03 10 1.3 2.5 23 58 143Min. Concentration - - 72 - 7.2 - 0.2 0 20 5 25 8 Nil 0.09 0 1.2 0.4 0.2 3 10 50