Putting CBT in a Strategic Context: Development,

Conservation, and Investment TNRF/KTF Community-based Tourism Info-Fair

Fred Nelson

Tourism’ Triple Bottom Line

Community-based

Tourism

The Macro-economic picture• Per capita GDP Growth upwards of 7% in recent years

•MKUKUTA calls for 6-8% annually

•But limited impact on rural poverty•MKUKUTA: ‘Need for much stronger macro-micro linkages’

Growth without Poverty Growth without Poverty Reduction?Reduction?

THEMATICPICTURE

Source: IMF, World Economic Outlook

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Year

GD

P G

row

th

Source: 2003 Tanzania Poverty and Human Development Report

•Tourism is a major ‘growth engine’ nationally

•Goal is to keep growing:official target of 1 million visitors by 2010

•Objective is also to broaden the benefits- ‘macro-micro linkages’

Tourism: More and Better Tourism: More and Better GrowthGrowth

THEMATICPICTURE

Tanzania Tourism Arrivals andReceipts, 1995-2004

0

100,000

200,000

300,000

400,000

500,000

600,000

700,000

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Year

Vis

itors

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

Rec

eipt

s (M

illio

ns o

f US

$)

Visitors

Receipts

Data: Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism

• Tourism growth 1990-present relatively concentrated

•National Parks: •Northern Circuit•Southern Circuit

•New growth opportunities increasingly limited inside parks in core circuits

Tourism and National ParksTourism and National Parks THEMATICPICTURE

Tarangire NP Visitors

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

1987/88 1997/98 2004/05

Year

Vis

ito

rs Tarangire NP

Serengeti NP

CBT and ConservationCBT and ConservationTHEMATICPICTURE

The Case of Tarangire

• •Park dependent on land outside its boundaries for sustainable wildlife conservation

If wildlife is not valuable to local landholders, it is likely to disappear

#

Arusha NP

#

Kilimanjaro NPNgorongoro

Conservation Area

Serengeti NP

#

Lake Manyara NP

Tarangire NP

50 0 50 100 Miles

Migration routes from Tarangire in the 1960sMigration routes LOST (in red)

Wildlife densities in Tarangire National Park 1994/95 and 2003 (dry seasons)

0.3 0.6

4.8

22.6

2.5

8.4

0.9 0.20.0 0.9 0.4

5.7

15.8

5.7

1.50.1

4.0

0

5

10

15

20

25

Ani

mal

s se

en p

er k

m d

riven

1994-95

2003

Source: Tarangire Elephant Project

CBT and ConservationCBT and Conservation

•CBT is the longest-running model in Tanzania for voluntary local land use decisions supporting wildlife conservation and protected area management

•CBT has a major strategic importance in the context of national conservation policy

#Y

#Y

#Y

#Y

#Y

#Y

#Y

#Y

#Y

#Y

#Y

#Y

#Y

#Y

#Y

#Y

#Y

#Y

#Y

#Y

#Y

#Y

#Y

#Y

#Y

#Y

#Y

#Y

#Y

#Y

;

;

;

#Y

#Y

Minjingu

Makuyuni

TarangireNational Park

Lake Manyara National Park

Manyara Ranch

Kibaoni

Lake Manyara

MaguguSukuro

Emboret

Esilalei

Lolkisale

Loibor Soit

Naitolia Camp

Tree Tops Lodge

Boundary Hill Lodge

;Porini Camp

Lake Burungi

10 0 10 20 Kilometers

N

Tourist Camp;

Village#Y

Manyara Ranch

Lolkisale GCA

Main road

Swamp

Lake

Major river

Lolkisale Conservation Area

Naitolia Concession Area

Makuyuni Elephant Area

Lolkisale livestock & wildlife zone

Emboreet Tourism Concession Area

Conservation Areas

135,000 acres set asideby Lolkisale village

Source: Tarangire Elephant Project

The Case of Ololosokwan Village

CBT- Conservation and CBT- Conservation and

DevelopmentDevelopment THEMATICPICTURE

05,00010,00015,00020,00025,00030,00035,00040,000

1999/2000 2000/01 2001/02 2002/03

Year

Income (US$)Campsite

Lodge

Source: Nelson and Ole Makko (2005), Turning Natural Resources into Assets

Ololosokwan Village Income

3,000

58,866

1,586

832

Hunting

Tourism

District Council Funds

Other

CBT: The Triple Bottom Line

•Tourism sector growth needs to diversify and be able to expand its products outside core areas

•Communities need alternative sources of income in rural areas

•Wildlife depends on village lands

Conservation

Tourism Investment

Rural Development

Looking Ahead…Looking Ahead…

•Can Tourism’s Growth be Community-based?

Legal and Institutional Barriers

Informational Barriers

Cultural and Communication Barriers

•Ultimately, Growth Must be Community-based