Dia 1PV solar energy in the built environment Angèle Reinders University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands, a.h.m.e.reinders@utwente.nl
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PV solar energy in the built environment
Energy in the built environment PV technologies Solar irradiance PV applications in the built environment R&D colored PV modules Some advice for BIPV
Source: Energiekoplopers, 2016 KNAW, 14-12-2016
Energy in the built environment
Dutch ambition for 2050: built environment should be energy neutral
European targets: 20% CO2 emission reduction in 2020, 40% in 2030 en 80% in 2050 compared to CO2
emissions in 1990.
Buildings:
Emissions from houses and office buildings can be almost completely cut – by around 90% in 2050.
Energy performance will improve drastically through:
•passive housing technology in new buildings
•refurbishing old buildings to improve energy efficiency
•substituting electricity and renewables for fossil fuels in heating, cooling & cooking
Sources: http://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/strategies/2020_en & https://ec.europa.eu/energy/en/topics/energy-efficiency/buildings
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Energy in the built environment: transitions
Wind
All electric energy systems Conversion from AC to DC
Hydrogen and fuel cells
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
C ap
ac ity
(G W
Global increase of renewables
Figure: Global investments in power capacity, Source: Bloomberg, 2016 Figure: PV and wind capacity installed world wide, data REN21, 2016
End of 2016 approximately 300 gigawatts of solar energy systems installed world wide (cumulative), out of which 1,5 gigawatts in the Netherlands.
This market grows with 20% to 40% each year depending on year and location.
Still ongoing reduction of costs of PV modules to 0,50 USD/W leading to electricity prices for PV systems as low as 3 ct/kWh.
Source: Campbell, 2016
Figure: 1 GW PV plant, Yanchi, Ningxia, China Source: Huawei
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=
A G
P is power (in Watt), A is area (in m2) and G is irradiance (in Watt/m2)
For a PV module of 1 m2 : = 15 % at G = 1000 W/m2, P = 150 W/m2
= 15 % at G = 100 W/m2 , P = 15 W/m2
= 20 % at G = 1000 W/m2, P = 200 W/m2
The rated power production of PV modules is given in Wattpeaks (Wp) this is the power (P) of a PV module at standard irradiance G of 1000 W/m2.
PV efficiency
Source: PV solar cell efficiency chart, Larry Kazmerski, NREL, 2016
Average efficiency commercial PV modules
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Some facts:
Energy Pay Back Time of PV systems 2.1 years for the Netherlands 1.2 years for Mediterrenean countries
(De Wild-Scholten, 2013)
Total avoided green house gas emissions Positive impacts of sustainable energy production PV systems exceed the negative impacts of production of PV modules PV is the most sustainable energy alternative for fossil fuels at present
(Louwen et al., Nature Communications, 2016)
Figure: Comparison of CO2 emissions of various energy technologies. Overview of data from various literature sources. Note the logarithmic y-scale.
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Solar irradiation
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Source: KNMI, Weather station Twente, Monthly global horizontal irradiation, period 1987-2014
Month Figure by Arend Jan Kamphuis, 2016
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0
20
40
60
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Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Yi el
d E
(k W
h/ kW
p)
Month
Monthly yield 1 kWp PV system, Amsterdam 37 - South 37 - East
Source: PVGIS simulation, 2016
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Sources: PVGIS simulation, Liander Open Data, 2016
20 40 60 80
100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380 400 420 440 460 480 500 520 540 560 580 600 620 640 660 680 700 720 740
3:36 4:48 6:00 7:12 8:24 9:36 10:48 12:00 13:12 14:24 15:36 16:48 18:00 19:12 20:24
Irr ad
ia nc
e (W
/m 2 )
Time (h)
Irradiance on 37o tilted plane, Amsterdam
South - June East - June West - June South - Dec E-Demand - Household (Wh/15min)KNAW, 14-12-2016
PV applications in the built environment
Buildings
Mobility
Urban furniture
Source: Stad van de Zon, Heerhugowaard Jan Tuijp, 2013Figure: Eindhoven, 2016 KNAW, 14-12-2016
Where PV technologies and the built environment meet… In buildings: Exterior, in the building envelop, facades, roof elements Interior, in daylight components, atrium, skylights
Copenhagen International School, Moller Architects, 2016 Skylights in roof airport Marrakech, 2016
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BAPV BIPVBAPV/BIPV ?
Coloring 3D shaping Transparancy
Source: Chromatix PV modules, http://www.swissinso.com/PVSEC-26, October 28, 2016
In mobility: Integrated at surfaces of e-vehicles To charge batteries of e-vehicles, f.i. solar charging
of electric cars, electric bikes etc.
Figure: Solar racing car, University of Twente, 2015
Where PV technologies and the built environment meet…
Figure: Tesla car with Tesla home with Tesla solar roof, 2016 Figure: Solar sports boat, NHL & UT, 2014
Where PV technologies and the built environment meet… In urban furniture: Lighting products Parking meters, trash bins and bus shelters etc…
Figure: Solar powered lighting by Ross Lovegrove
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Product development
Design & styling - Form-giving - Aesthetics - Meaning - Lifestyles
Human factors - Use &
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2010 2012 2016 Source: Kiwitz, Solid GraySource: Tepas, TU DelftSource: Verhoeven, DeMakersVan
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LSC PV LEAF ROOF Roof tile
Source: Leaf roof, 3TU Bouw
Collaborators in the LeafRoof project: Zachar Krumer1, Guillaume Doudart de la Grée2, Argyrios Papadopoulos2, Alexander Rosemann2, Michael G. Debije2, Mark Cox2, Angèle Reinders1
1) University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands, and, 2) Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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What is LSC PV?
A luminescent solar concentrator (LSC) is usually comprised of a transparent, thin plate acting as a lightguide with
a large surface area. This lightguide consists of a material with a refractive index higher than air to enable total
internal reflections. A LSC contains luminescent pigments, usually called a ‘dye’, resulting in spectral conversions of
the incoming irradiance which better match to the spectral response of solar cells than incoming irradiance.
Several configurations for LSC PV - Solar cells attached to edges of lightguide - Solar cells at backside of LSC
Lightguide materials: PMMA, polycarbonate or other polymers Often reflectors are attached to the lightguide where necessary
Dyes: - Organic dyes, e.g. perylenes, coumarines etc - Non-organic dyes, e.g. Cr3+ Eu3+
- Quantum dots, e.g. PbS
Record efficiency in laboratory set-up: 7,1% (Slooff et al, 2008) for a small 5 × 5 × 0.5 cm PMMA LSC with Lumogen F Red305 and Fluorescence Yellow CRS040, reflector sheet and 4 GaAs cells attached to all 4 edges
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Efficiency can be increased from 2.8 % to 3,4 % by bending
Figure from B. Vishwanathan, A.H.M.E. Reinders, D.K.G. de Boer, L. Desmet, A.J.M. Ras, F. H. Zahn and M.G. Debije, “A comparison of performance of flat and bent photovoltaic luminescent solar concentrators”, Solar Energy, Vol. 112, pp. 120-127, 2015
Increasing light harvesting by bending of LSC PV elements
Increasing aesthetics of BIPV by coloring of PV modules
LSC PV in BIPV: cells behind LSC lightguide
Efficiency similar to commercial PV module + slight boost by LSC
Render with artist impression of LSC PV modules by Reinders
LSC PV in greenhouses, keeping large areas transparent
Efficiency zig zag pattern LSC PV module: 3,8%
Figure from Carley Corrado, Shin Woei Leow, Melissa Osborn, Ian Carbone, Kaitlin Hellier, Markus Short, Glenn Alers, and Sue A. Carter, “Power generation study of luminescent solar concentrator greenhouse”, Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy, Vol 8, 2016
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LSC PV in BIPV: cells at edges of LSC light guide
Creating a special atmosphere by colored windows and facades Efficiency in the order of 0.1 – 2.0% depending in dye concentration and size
Photo taken from W. van Sark and P. Moraitis, The Electric MondrianTM Toolbox Concept - a Luminescent Solar Concentrator Design Study, Proceedings of PVSC-43, 2016
LSC PV in a sound barrier system Render by Heijmans, 2015, Photo by Branko de Lang, 2016 SONOB project
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LSC PV in BIPV: buildings that could be equiped by LSC PV
Figure: Palais de Congrès, Montréal, Canada Figure: Artist impression of LSC PV roof in village of Laarbeek
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Leaf Roof Concept
Luminescent solar concentrator (LSC) combined with silicon PV cells at back of LSC.
In this project LSCs are made of PMMA sheet material containing Lumogen dyes.
Lumogen 305 Lumogen Green 850 Violet 570 Yellow 083 Orange 240 Red 305
4 ppm
500 ppm
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Simulations
To identify the most suitable features of an LSC for use as a roof tile
Three-dimensional models of light guides with a focus on
• Shape of a Leaf Roof LSC PV element,
• Position and size of the PV cells,
• Tile size and tile thickness [1], 4 to 6 mm,
• Dye content, absorption and emission characteristics [1], 80 ppm.
Modeling in LightTools ray tracing software, in which propagation of irradiance is controlled by the mean free path
using Lambert Beer’s law:
Where I (W/m2) the irradiance after passing through a medium, Io (W/m2) the initial irradiance, ε is the absorption
coefficient, c (ppm) is the dye concentration, d (m) the distance propagated by the irradiance.
= 0e
[1] G.C.H. Doudart de la Gree, A. Papadopoulos, M.G. Debije, M.G.D.M. Cox, Z. Krumer, A.H.M.E. Reinders and A. Rosemann. “A new design for luminescent solar concentrating PV roof tiles”, 42nd IEEE PVSC, 2015
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Source: Zachar Krumer, 2015
Assumptions: LSC made of PMMA LSC’s thickness: 4 mm LSC’s refractive index: 1.49 Dye: Lumogen Red 305 Luminescence quantum efficiency: 95% Silicon PV solar cells Dimensions: 125 x 42 mm PV cells’ refractive index: 4.08
Each simulation involves 50000 rays at 550 nm to be traced. The amount of rays absorbed by the solar cell determines the performance of the LSC.
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Variation of positions of cells in six cells’ configuration.
Please compare rays per cell to a bare cell which will receive 2200.
Final choice for greater distance between cells instead of largest value for rays harvested per cell. Hence, better spreading of effects of heating of PV cells over LSC.
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First prototypes of Leaf Roof LSC PV elements
Sunpower C60 cells back contact cells cut in three. Next 6 cut cells connected in series, leading to following specs for a module with bare cells:
PMMA front sheet of 0,11 m2 with 80 ppm Lumogen Red 305. Metallic back reflector made from copper sheet
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Some advice for BIPV
General advice: designing with PV instead of simply applying PV technology
Make an effort to integrate PV in buildings in an appealing manner
Adapt PV technologies to what consumers want and like
Similar advice for architects
Maybe some color and some imagination can help in this respect
And please avoid (self-)shading of PV in the built environment
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Energy in the built environment
Slide Number 4
Sustainability of PV technology
PV yield on a monthly basis
PV yield on a daily basis
PV applications in the built environment
Where PV technologies and the built environment meet…
Building added and building integrated PV
Slide Number 17
The more integration of technology, the more design factors
Designing with PV
What is LSC PV?
Slide Number 24
Slide Number 25
LSC PV in BIPV: cells at edges of LSC light guide
LSC PV in BIPV: buildings that could be equiped by LSC PV
Leaf Roof Concept