PV System Safety - Energy Consultants Group · PV installer safety includes considerations for a safe work area, safe use of tools and equipment, safe practices for personnel protection,

2012 Jim Dunlop Solar

Chapter 16

PV System Safety

Hazards and Avoidance ● Personal Protective Equipment ● Fall Protection ● Electrical Safety

Presenter

Presentation Notes

This section covers some of the basic safety requirements for PV systems and for workers who install them. The materials presented in this section are intended only as an overview, and do not present the complete requirements for compliance with installation safety codes or standards, nor does it replace recognized OSHA safety training. References: Photovoltaic Systems, Chap. 3 National Electrical Code® (NEC), NFPA 70 Standard for Electrical Safety in the Workplace, NFPA 70E CFR 29 Part 1910 -- Occupational Safety and Health Standards CFR 29 Part 1926 -- Safety and Health Regulations for Construction

2012 Jim Dunlop Solar PV System Safety: 16 - 2

Overview

Identifying the elements of the electrical safety system, and the codes and standards that help ensure the safety of PV installers and installations.

Understanding the importance of a hazard assessment and safety training.

Identifying the various safety hazards associated with PV systems and how to avoid them.

Listing different types of personal protective equipment (PPE) commonly required for installing and maintaining PV systems.

Identifying OSHA standards for electrical safety and for the use of ladders, stairways, guardrails, fall protection systems and power tools.

Presenter

Presentation Notes

References: Photovoltaic Systems, Chap. 3 National Electrical Code® (NEC), NFPA 70 Standard for Electrical Safety in the Workplace, NFPA 70E CFR 29 Part 1910 -- Occupational Safety and Health Standards CFR 29 Part 1926 -- Safety and Health Regulations for Construction


PV System Safety

A safe PV system is installed according to applicable building

codes and standards.

PV installer safety includes considerations for a safe work area, safe use of tools and equipment, safe practices for personnel protection, and awareness of safety hazards and how to avoid them.

The installation of PV systems involves a number of safety

hazards, principally electrical and fall hazards.

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Installing PV systems can be one of the more dangerous construction jobs, involving electrical and fall hazards, among others. Every year in the U.S., there are nearly 6,000 workplace fatalities, 50,000 deaths from workplace-related illnesses, and 5.7 million non-fatal workplace injuries. Injuries alone cost U.S. businesses over $125 billion (Source: OSHA). PV system safety involves the safety of workers and the safety of the equipment installed. A safe PV system is installed according to applicable building codes and standards. PV installer safety includes considerations for a safe work area, safe use of tools and equipment, safe practices for personnel protection, and awareness of safety hazards and how to avoid them.


The Electrical Safety System

Worker Safety, Installation & Building Codes

(NEC, ICC & OSHA)

Inspection, Code Compliance & Approval

(AHJ & Utilities)

Product Standards, Testing & Certification

(ANSI, ISO/IEC & NRTLs)

Safer Equipment & Systems

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Solar photovoltaic systems are principally electrical power generation equipment, and all aspects including their components, systems design and installation are governed by the electrical safety system. References: Photovoltaic Systems, Chap 13 2008/2011 National Electrical Code®, NFPA 70 OSHA Safety Standards for the Construction Industry


Standards, Testing and Certification Bodies

ANSI: American National Standards Institute

ISO: International Organization for Standardization

IEC: International Electrotechnical Commission

NRTL: Nationally Recognized Testing Laboratory

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Organizations involved in setting standards and testing and certifying PV system equipment include the following: The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) oversees the development and use of consensus voluntary standards in the United States for products, services and personnel. ANSI accredits standards promulgated by standards making organizations, governments, companies and others. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) is the international standards-setting body consisting of member national standards organizations. The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is an international standards organization for electrical and electronic equipment, and develops many standards for PV systems and equipment. A Nationally Recognized Testing Laboratory (NRTL) is an OSHA-recognized provider of product safety testing and certification services conducted in accordance with ANSI or other recognized standards. Commonly known NRTLs include Underwriters Laboratories (UL), Canadian Standards Association (CSA), Intertek Testing Services NA, Inc. (ITSNA, ETL SEMKO), TUV Rheinland of North America, Inc. (TUV), MET Laboratories, Inc. (MET) and Wyle Laboratories, Inc. (WL).


Worker Safety, Installation and Building Codes

OSHA: Occupational Safety and Health Administration

NEC: National Electrical Code (NFPA 70)

ICC: International Code Council

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Organizations that set safety standards for workers and PV system installations include the following: The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) is the U.S. federal agency that regulates and enforces standards for workplace safety and health in the public and private sectors. OSHA also approves recognized product safety testing and certification laboratories. The National Electrical Code, NEC (NFPA 70) is the U.S. standard governing the safe installation of electrical wiring and equipment. The NEC is adopted as law by states and local governments in building codes. The International Code Council (ICC) develops international model building codes adopted by all 50 states. I-Codes are a comprehensive and coordinated set of building safety, fire prevention and energy efficiency codes.


Inspection and Approval

AHJ: Authority Having Jurisdiction

The local government agency charged with enforcing building codes. The AHJ regulates, oversees and approves all construction activities,

including plan review, permitting and inspection.

Electric utilities review and approve the interconnection of customer-owned power generation to their electrical distribution system. Dictated by public utility commissions and state laws. Interconnection requires AHJ approval and usually includes provisions for

size, fees, rates, metering and other requirements as applicable.

Presenter

Presentation Notes

The inspection and approval for PV system installations is governed by the Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ) in accordance with building codes. Electric utilities review and approve the interconnection of interactive PV systems to their distribution systems. Reference: Photovoltaic Systems, Chaps 12 & 13


OSHA Regulations

OSHA regulations applicable to PV installations are covered in the following standards: Part 1910 -- Occupational Safety and Health Standards Part 1926 -- Safety and Health Regulations for Construction

These standards address many safety categories, including:

Hazard Assessment and Training Personal Protection Equipment Employer and Employee Responsibilities Electrical Hazards Fall Hazards Stairways and Ladders Scaffolding Power Tools Materials Handling Excavations

Presenter

Presentation Notes

References: CFR 29 Part 1910 -- Occupational Safety and Health Standards CFR 29 Part 1926 -- Safety and Health Regulations for Construction


Hazard Assessment and Safety Training

The employer must provide for frequent and regular inspections

of the work areas, materials, and equipment to identify all safety hazards employees may be exposed to.

The employer shall instruct each employee in the recognition and

avoidance of unsafe conditions and the regulations applicable to his work environment to control or eliminate any hazards or other exposure to illness or injury.

Presenter

Presentation Notes

The employer is responsible for designating a competent individual to conduct an assessment of the work area, materials and equipment to identify all safety hazards prior to the commencement of any work and throughout construction, alterations or maintenance. The employer is also responsible for training each affected employee on the recognition and avoidance of the safety hazards present and possible, and on the proper use and care of PPE. References: 29 CFR 1926 Subpart C 29 CFR 1910 Subpart I App B


Hazard Assessment Checklist

Use a hazard assessment checklist to document and describe the

hazards and sources: Electrical, falls and falling objects, impacts, penetrations, heat, chemical,

etc.

Select the appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) when all engineering controls and work practices can not eliminate the hazards. Protection for the head, eyes, face, hands, feet and other parts of the

body. Fall arrest equipment

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Use a hazard assessment checklist to document and describe the hazards present or anticipated. Select the appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) when all engineering controls and work practices can not eliminate the hazards. The employer is responsible for training each affected employee on the recognition and avoidance of the safety hazards present and possible, and on the proper use and care of PPE. References: 29 CFR 1926 Subpart C 29 CFR 1910 Subpart I App B


Occupational Injuries and Illness

OSHA requires employers to record and report work-related

fatalities, injuries and illnesses.

Unless exempt, employers with more than ten (10) employees must keep OSHA injury and illness records.

All employers must report to OSHA any workplace incident that results in a fatality or the hospitalization of three or more employees.

Presenter

Presentation Notes

References: 29 CFR 1904: Recording and Reporting Occupational Injuries and Illness OSHA Injury & Illness Recordkeeping Forms 300, 300A, 301


Personal Protective Equipment

PPE: Personal Protective Equipment

Includes protective clothing, gloves, footwear, helmets, goggles, respirators, aprons or other garments designed to protect workers from injury to the body by impacts, electrical hazards, heat and chemicals, and other job-related safety hazards.

PPE is the last measure of control when worker exposure to the

safety hazards cannot be totally eliminated by feasible work practices or engineering control.

Presenter

Presentation Notes

References: 29 CFR 1926 Subpart E – Personal Protective and Lifesaving Equipment


PPE Responsibilities

Employer Responsibilities

Assess workplace for hazards, and define PPE requirements. Provide personal protective equipment (PPE). Determine when to use. Provide PPE training for employees and instruction in proper use.

Employee Responsibilities

Use PPE in accordance with training received and other instructions. • Inspect daily and maintain in a clean and reliable condition.

Presenter

Presentation Notes

References: 29 CFR 1926 Subpart E – Personal Protective and Lifesaving Equipment OSHA Publication 3151, Assessing the Need for Personal Protective Equipment: A Guide for Small Business Employers.


Head Protection

The employer shall ensure that each affected employee wears a

protective helmet when working in areas where there is a potential for injury to the head from falling objects, or exposure to electrical hazards.

Type I hard hats provide protection from blows only to the top of the head.

Type II hard hats have a full brim and provide protection from blows to the

top or sides of the head.

Presenter

Presentation Notes

ANSI Z89.1-2009 American National Standard for Personal Protection -Protective Headwear for Industrial Workers requires hardhats to be labeled with the manufacturer's name, type and class designation, and date of manufacture. Instructions with user information on sizing, care and service life must also accompany the hard hat. Optional certifications include reverse donning, low temperature (LT), and high visibility (HV). References: 29 CFR 1910.135, 1926.100


Hard Hat Classifications

Class G (General)

Class E (Electrical) Class C (Conductive)

Type II, Class E Hard Hat

Lab Safety Supply

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Class G (General) hardhats are intended to reduce the danger of contact exposure to low voltage conductors and are proof tested to 2,200 volts. Class E (Electrical) are intended to reduce the danger of exposure to high voltage conductors and are proof tested to 20,000 volts. Class C (Conductive) hardhats provide no electrical insulation and not intended to provide protection against contact with electrical conductors.


Occupational Noise Exposure

OSHA Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL)

Any eight-hour time-weighted-average (TWA) exceeding 90 decibels (dBA) requires the employer to implement control measures to reduce the exposure to 90 dBA or below.

Noise levels above 115 dBA require control measures for any duration.

Action Level OSHA also recognizes an 85 dBA TWA as an action level to monitor noise

levels. • Noise levels likely exceed 85dBA if one has to raise their voice to

converse with another person 3 feet away. • Requires baseline and annual audiometric testing programs for

affected employees.

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Employers shall provide hearing protection when an employee’s noise exposure exceeds an 8-hour TWA of 90 dBA after implementing engineering and work practice controls. Sound level meters measure noise levels in decibels at any moment. The decibel scale is logarithmic; 10 dBA is 10 times greater than 1 dBA, 20 dBA is 100 times greater, 30 dBA is 1000 times greater, and so on. Noise dosimeters are worn by employees over a shift and used to calculate TWA exposure. References: 29 CFR 1926.52, 1926.101, 1910.95


Types of Hearing Protection

Earmuffs Fit over the ear and seal against

the side of the head.

Earplugs Inserted directly into the ear canal.

All approved hearing protectors

have an assigned Noise Reduction Rating (NRR) in decibels. Reduces decibel exposure.

Reusable Earplugs

Ear Muffs Hearing Bands

Disposable Foam Plugs

Lab Safety Supply

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Hearing protection should be used whenever using machinery or power tools with noise levels exceeding 85 dB, such as drills, saws, compressors, generators, etc.


Eye and Face Protection

The employer shall ensure that each affected employee uses

appropriate eye or face protection when exposed to eye or face hazards from flying particles (side protection required), molten metal, liquid chemicals, acids or caustic liquids, chemical gases or vapors, or potentially injurious light radiation (filter lenses required).

Types of eye and face protection include:

Safety glasses (required for most PV installation tasks) Goggles Face shields

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Eye and face protection is required when employees are exposed to any of the listed hazards. The employer must ensure that each affected employee who wears prescription lenses wear eye protection that incorporates the prescription in its design, or wears or wears eye protection that can be worn over the prescription lenses without disturbing the proper position of the prescription lenses or the protective lenses. References: ANSI Z87.1-2003, American National Standard for Occupational and Educational Eye and Face Protection Devices 29 CFR 1926.102 29 CFR 1910.33


Types of Eye and Face Protection

Vented and Indirect-Vent Goggles

Impact Splash-Resistant Goggles

Safety Glasses

Face Shield

Lab Safety Supply

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Types of eye and face protection include: Safety glasses: Single or double lens; close and comfortable fit important. Prescription lenses available. Goggles: Offer the most complete protection from impacts, chemicals and vapors by sealing around the eye area. Vented types allow air flow and reduce the chance for fogging, but protect from impacts only. Non-vented and indirect-vent types protect from impacts as well as splash, vapors or particles; use lens coatings for better anti-fog performance. Many types fit over prescription eyeglasses. Face shields: A supplementary, secondary protective device to protect a worker’s face from certain chemical and welding radiation hazards. Must use with safety glasses for impact protection. Special lenses and shade number required for specific welding operations. Reference: OSHA Fact Sheet 93-03, Eye Protection in the Workplace


Respiratory Protection

When employees are exposed to harmful atmospheres, dust or

vapors, the employer shall provide respirators which are applicable and suitable for the purpose intended.

Although not generally required, certain tasks related to a PV installation may require respiratory protection.

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Most PV system installation tasks do not require respiratory protection. However, certain tasks related to a PV installation, such as working in attics with insulation products, or sawing and other operations creating harmful dust or vapors may require respiratory protection. References: 29 CFR 1926.103 29 CFR 1910.134


Foot Protection

The employer shall ensure that each affected employee uses

protective footwear when working in areas where there is a danger of foot injuries due to falling or rolling objects, or objects piercing the sole, and where such employee's feet are exposed to electrical hazards.

Lab Safety Supply

Presenter

Presentation Notes

All types protective footwear must include an identification code listing the applicable standard, manufacturer, and specifications. All protective footwear must provide impact and compression resistance. Impact resistance (I) is rated for 75, 50 or 30 foot-pounds. Compression resistance (C) is rated for 75, 50 or 30 which correlates to 2500, 1750 or 1000 pounds of compression resistance. Protective footwear must comply with either: ASTM F-2413-2005, Standard Specification for Performance Requirements for Protective Footwear, or ANSI Z41-1999/1991, American National Standard for Personal Protection -- Protective Footwear Reference: 29 CFR 1910.136


Types of Protective Footwear

Steel toe: ASTM F2413-05 I/75 C/75 EH Impact and Compression-Resistant, Electrical Hazard Rated

Lab Safety Supply

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Protective footwear may also meet the following specifications as labeled: Metatarsal resistance (Mt) is rated for 75, 50 or 30 foot-pounds. Conductive (Cd) footwear is used to dissipate static electricity in explosive environments. Electrical hazard (EH) footwear has non-conductive soles and provides secondary protection from live electrical equipment. Puncture resistant (PR) footwear provides integral protection from sharp objects penetrating the sole. Static dissipative (SD) footwear reduces the accumulation of excess static electricity for electronics environments. Chain saw cut resistant (CS) footwear. Dielectric insulation (DI) footwear is designed to provide additional insulation for contact with energized electrical conductors. Reference: 29 CFR 1910.136


Hand Protection

Employers shall select and require employees to use appropriate

hand protection when employees' hands are exposed to hazards such as those from skin absorption of harmful substances; severe cuts or lacerations; severe abrasions; punctures; chemical burns; thermal burns; and harmful temperature extremes.

Types of gloves vary widely in materials and application, including: Durable gloves made of mesh, leather or high-performance materials like

Kevlar® to protect from cuts, burns and heat. Chemical-resistant rubber gloves to protect from burns and irritation Electrical insulating gloves for exposure to live voltage

Presenter

Presentation Notes

A variety of glove standards apply to different applications. Employers shall base the selection of the appropriate hand protection on an evaluation of the performance characteristics of the hand protection relative to the tasks to be performed, conditions present, duration of use, and the hazards and potential hazards identified. Correct glove size and fit is important for comfort and dexterity. Glove size is determined by diameter of hand at widest point. Men’s sizes: S: 7½-8”, M: 8½-9”, L: 9½-10”, XL: 10 ½-11”. Reference: 29 CFR 1910.138


Types of Gloves

Level 2 Cut-Resistant Kevlar® Gloves Level 5 Cut-Resistant Leather Gloves

Chemical-Resistant Gloves

Class 0, Low Voltage Gloves

Lab Safety Supply

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Gloves are rated for six levels of abrasion, cut and puncture resistance tested to ANSI/ASTM standards. Lightweight gloves protecting from cuts and abrasions are typically more flexible, heavier styles provide greater protection. Chemical protective gloves are tested and rated in three categories for chemical compatibility: degradation, breakthrough time and permeation rate. Common materials Include natural rubber, latex, neoprene, nitrile and vinyl (PVC) and Viton® in various styles, thicknesses and sleeve lengths. Electrical protective gloves offer high dielectric and physical strength, and protection from live voltage (ASTM D120): Low-voltage: Class 00: 500 VAC / 750 VDC, Class 0: 1000 VAC / 1500 VDC. High-voltage: Class 1-4: 7,500 to 36,000 VAC


Fall Protection

Falls are the leading cause of deaths in the construction industry.

Most fatalities occur when employees fall from open-sided floors and

through floor openings. Many PV arrays are installed on rooftops or elevated structures.

Each employee on a walking/working surface with an

unprotected side or edge 6 feet (1.8 m) or more above a lower level shall be protected from falling by the use of guardrail systems, safety net systems, or personal fall arrest systems.

Presenter

Presentation Notes

There are many different types of work environments that contribute to fall hazards. The requirements for fall protection are quite complex and vary depending on the situation. Working on roofs, ladders, scaffolding and lifts all require fall protection considerations. References: 29 CFR 1926 Subpart E: Personal Protective Equipment (safety belts, lifelines, lanyards and safety nets) 29 CFR 1926 Subpart M, Fall Protection


Skylights

Skylights must be protected from fall hazards by covers.

California Dept. of Public Health

A PV installer fell to his death through this skylight.

National Electric

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Each employee on walking or working surfaces shall be protected from falling through holes (including skylights) more than 6 feet (1.8 m) above lower levels, by personal fall arrest systems, covers, or guardrail systems. Reference: 29 CFR 1926.501


Fall Protection Options and Training

Fall protection options:

Guardrails • Minimum height, openings, and support strength required

Safety nets • Installed no more than 30 feet below working level

PFAS: Personal Fall Arrest System • Includes anchorage, lifeline and body harness • Required employee training on proper use and care

The employer shall provide a training program for each employee

who might be exposed to fall hazards.

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Fall protection options include guardrails, safety nets and personal fall arrest systems. The employer shall provide a training program for each employee who might be exposed to fall hazards. The program shall enable each employee to recognize the hazards of falling and shall train each employee in the procedures to be followed in order to minimize these hazards, including: The nature of fall hazards in the work area; The correct procedures for erecting, maintaining, disassembling, and inspecting the fall protection systems to be used; The use and operation of guardrail systems, personal fall arrest systems, safety net systems, warning line systems, safety monitoring systems, controlled access zones, and other protection to be used; The role of each employee in the safety monitoring system when this system is used; The limitations on the use of mechanical equipment during the performance of roofing work on low-sloped roofs; The correct procedures for the handling and storage of equipment and materials and the erection of overhead protection; and The role of employees in fall protection plans; The standards contained in this subpart. References: 29 CFR 1926.502 and 1926.503


Roofing Work and Fall Protection

Low-slope roofs (≤ 4 in 12 pitch)

Each employee engaged in roofing activities on low-slope roofs, with unprotected sides and edges 6 feet (1.8 m) or more above lower levels shall be protected from falling.

On roofs 50-feet or less in width, the use of a safety monitoring system alone [i.e. without the warning line system] is permitted.

Safety-monitoring system requires a competent person responsible for recognizing and warning employees of fall hazards.

Steep roofs (> 4 in 12 pitch)

Each employee on a steep roof with unprotected sides and edges 6 feet (1.8 m) or more above lower levels shall be protected from falling by guardrail systems with toeboards, safety net systems, or personal fall arrest systems.

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Falls from rooftops are a leading cause of construction worker fatalities. Each employee engaged in roofing activities on low-slope roofs (≤ 4 in 12 pitch), with unprotected sides and edges 6 feet (1.8 m) or more above lower levels shall be protected from falling by either: Guardrail systems, safety net systems, personal fall arrest systems, or A combination of warning line system and guardrail system, warning line system and safety net system, or A warning line system and personal fall arrest system, or A warning line system and safety monitoring system. On roofs 50-feet or less in width, the use of a safety monitoring system alone [i.e. without the warning line system] is permitted. Each employee on a steep roof (> 4 in 12 pitch) with unprotected sides and edges 6 feet (1.8 m) or more above lower levels shall be protected from falling by guardrail systems with toeboards, safety net systems, or personal fall arrest systems. Reference: 29 CFR 1926.501


Warning Lines

A warning line system is a

barrier erected on a roof to warn employees that they are approaching an unprotected roof side or edge.

Designates an area in which roofing work may take place without the use of guardrail, body belt, or safety net systems.

Warning Line

National Electric

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Reference: 29 CFR 1926.501


Personal Fall Arrest Systems

Lanyard, Lifeline and Roof Anchors

Body Harnesses

Jim Dunlop

Jim Dunlop

Presenter

Presentation Notes

A personal fall arrest system (PFAS) consists of an anchorage and connectors, a body harness, and a lanyard/deceleration device. A personal fall arrest system places the employee into a body harness that is fastened to a secure anchorage so that he/she cannot fall. Body belts are not acceptable for fall arrest. References: 29 CFR 1926.502(d) Guardian Fall Protection: www.guardianfall.com


Personal Fall Arrest Systems

Alameda County JATC/Mel Switzer

NREL/Rob Williamson

Presenter

Presentation Notes

References: 29 CFR 1926 Subpart E: Personal Protective Equipment (safety belts, lifelines, lanyards and safety nets) 29 CFR 1926 Subpart M, Fall Protection


Anchorage Points

Removable/Reusable Roof Anchors Permanent Roof Anchor with Cap

Concrete Dee-ring Anchor

Guardian Fall Protection

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Safety line anchorages must be independent of any platform anchorage and capable of supporting at least 5,000 pounds per worker.


Protection from Falling Objects

When an employee is exposed to falling objects, the employer

shall have each employee wear a hard hat and shall implement one of the following measures: Erect toeboards, screens, or guardrail systems to prevent objects from

falling from higher levels; or, Erect a canopy structure; or, Barricade and prohibit employees from entering area to which objects

could fall.

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Reference: 29 CFR 1926.501(c)


Stairways and Ladders

A stairway or ladder is required at points of access to a construction site where there is a break in elevation of 19 inches or more. At least one point of access must be kept clear.

OSHA

Presenter

Presentation Notes

References: Photovoltaic Systems, p. 63 29 CFR 1926 Subpart X: Ladders 29 CFR 1910 Subpart D: Walking-Working Surfaces


Stairrails and Handrails

Must be able to withstand 200 pound force. Stairways with four or more risers, or higher than 30 inches, must

be equipped with at least one handrail, and a stairrail along each unprotected side or edge.

OSHA

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Presentation Notes



Stairways

Permanent or temporary stairways used on construction sites

must meet the following requirements: Be installed between 30-50 degrees. Must have uniform riser height and tread depth, with less than 1/4-inch

variation. Landings must be at least 30 inches deep and 22 inches wide at every 12

feet or less of vertical rise. Unprotected sides of landings must have standard 42 inch guardrail

systems. Platforms must extend at least 20 inches beyond the outward swing of a

door. Free of projections which may cause injuries or snag clothing.

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Presentation Notes



Ladders

Ladders must be kept in a safe condition

and free from slipping hazards. Area around the top and bottom of a ladder

must be kept clear. Rungs, cleats, and steps must be level

and uniformly spaced. Rungs spaced 10 to 14 inches apart Side rails 11-1/2 inches apart

Use ladders only for designated purpose.

Do not use for scaffolding Double-cleated ladders required for 25 or

more employees or two-way traffic.

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Presentation Notes



Portable Ladder Types

Stepladders: Self-supporting portable ladder of fixed length, with flat steps and hinged back support. Stepladders longer than 20 feet are prohibited.

Straight ladders: Non self-supporting fixed-length single,

consisting of one section. Straight (single) ladders longer than 30 feet are prohibited.

Extension ladders: Non self-supporting portable ladder

adjustable in length. Extension ladders longer than 60 feet are prohibited.

Ladder construction materials

Wood, metal, reinforced plastic and fiberglass

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Presentation Notes



Ladder Type and Duty Rating

Type IAA 375 lbs Super Heavy Duty

Type IA

300 lbs Extra Heavy Duty

Type I 250 lbs Heavy Duty Industrial

Type II

225 lbs Medium Duty Commercial

Type III 200 lbs Light Duty Household

Presenter

Presentation Notes

ANSI ratings for ladders cover load ranges from 200 to 375 pounds. Reference: CFR 1926 Subpart X - Ladders


Ladder Angle

Position non-self-supporting

ladders at an angle where the horizontal distance from the top support to the foot of the ladder is 1/4 the working length of the ladder.

When using a portable ladder for access to an upper landing surface, the side rails must extend at least 3 feet above the upper landing surface.

3 ft

4 ft

16 ft

OSHA

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Presentation Notes



Ladder Safety

Never Use ladders beyond their maximum rated load capacity. Use a ladder as a scaffold or for any purpose except what was intended. Tie ladders together to make longer sections or use single rail ladders

Always

Secure ladders and use on level and stable surfaces to prevent accidental movement.

Carry tools in pockets, belt bag or raised and lowered by a rope. Keep areas around the top and bottom of ladder clear. Use only double-insulated or properly grounded electrical tools on a metal

ladder. Use ladders with nonconductive siderails when exposed energized

electrical equipment. Inspect ladders routinely for damage or defects Train employees on the proper procedures to minimize ladder hazards.

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Ladder safety involves proper training on their use and maintenance. The employer shall provide a training program for each employee using ladders and stairways, as necessary. The program shall enable each employee to recognize hazards related to ladders and stairways, and shall train each employee in the procedures to be followed to minimize these hazards. Reference: 29 CFR 1926.1053


Electrical Hazards

Four main types of electrical injuries:

Electrocution or death due to electrical shock Electrical shock Burns Falls (caused by shock)

Electrical accidents are caused by a combination of three factors:

Unsafe equipment and/or installation, Workplaces made unsafe by the environment, and Unsafe work practices.

Presenter

Presentation Notes

There are four main electrical hazard categories. Electrocution or death due to electrical shock, electrical shock, burns and falls (caused by shock). The severity of the electrical shock depends on the path, amount and duration of current through the body. Currents above 10 mA can contract muscles, and currents above 75 mA can cause a rapid, ineffective heartbeat. Shock-related injuries include burns, which can cause tissue damage, or ignite clothing. Arc flash burns are associated with electrical arcs and explosions. Electric shock can also cause indirect injuries by workers falling from elevated locations. About 5 workers are electrocuted every week, causing 12% of young worker workplace deaths (OSHA). Reference: 29 CFR 1926 Subpart K


Preventing Electrical Hazards

Wear nonconductive Class E hardhat.

Wear electrical hazard (EH) rated foot protection.

Use properly grounded or double-insulated power tools.

Tools with damage or worn power cords should be removed from service.

Work on electrical equipment and circuits in a de-energized state using lockout and tagout procedures. When working on energized equipment is unavoidable, use the appropriate PPE,

including helmets, face shields, gloves and flame-resistant clothing.

Beware of overhead power lines and buried electrical conductors.

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Preventing electrical hazards involves wearing the appropriate PPE, including Class E electrical hardhat and electrical hazard rated footwear. It also involves safe work practices and the safe use of power tools. Whenever possible, work on electrical systems and equipment should be conducted with the equipment in a de-energized state, using lockout and tagout procedures. If working on energized equipment is unavoidable, the appropriate PPE must be used.


Lockout & Tagout

Lockout

The placement of a lockout device on an energy-isolating device, in accordance with an established procedure, ensuring that the energy-isolating device and the equipment being controlled cannot be operated until the lockout device is removed.

Tagout:

The placement of a tagout device on an energy-isolating device, in accordance with an established procedure, to indicate that the energy-isolating device and the equipment being controlled may not be operated until the tagout device is removed.

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Lockout & Tagout (LOTO) are standards and procedures to protect workers from the unexpected energizing and startup of machinery and equipment, or the release of hazardous energy during service and maintenance activities. Requires employer practices and procedures to shut down equipment, isolate it from its energy sources, and prevent the release of potentially hazardous energy while maintenance and servicing activities are being performed. Applies to the construction, installation, inspection, service or maintenance of any machines or equipment supplied by electrical, mechanical, hydraulic, pneumatic, chemical, thermal, or other energy forms. References: 29 CFR 1910.147 29 CFR 1926.417


Energy Control Program

Employer must provide policies, procedures, documentation, equipment, training, inspection and maintenance for LOTO program and equipment to authorized employees.

Presenter

Presentation Notes



Power Tool Safety

All hand and power tools and similar equipment, whether

furnished by the employer or the employee, shall be maintained in a safe condition.

Must be fitted with guards and safety switches. Hand-held power tools must be equipped with a constant pressure switch or on-off switch.

Power tools are extremely hazardous when used improperly. Eye protection is usually required.

Presenter

Presentation Notes

References: 29 CFR 1926 Subpart I: Tools – Hand and Power 29 CFR 1910 Subpart P: Hand and Portable Powered Tools and Other Hand-Held Equipment


Power Tool Precautions

Disconnect tools when not in use, before servicing and cleaning, and

when changing accessories.

Secure work with clamps or a vise, freeing both hands to operate the tool.

Keep tools sharp and clean.

Do not wear loose clothing and jewelry that can get caught in moving parts.

Do not use electric cords to carry, hoist or lower tools.

Keep cords and hoses away from heat, oil, and sharp edges.

Remove damaged electric tools & tag them: “Do Not Use.”

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Power tool hazards are usually associated with improper use or maintenance. Inspecting the tool before each use and use appropriate PPE and guards. References: 29 CFR 1926 Subpart I: Tools – Hand and Power 29 CFR 1910 Subpart P: Hand and Portable Powered Tools and Other Hand-Held Equipment


Fire Protection and Prevention

The employer is responsible for developing a fire protection

program.

Providing access to firefighting equipment at all times without delay. All firefighting equipment shall be conspicuously located. Periodically inspections and maintenance required. Defective equipment shall be immediately replaced.

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OSHA requires the employer to develop a fire protection program to be followed throughout all phases of construction, and must provide ready access to firefighting equipment at all times without delay. All firefighting equipment must be conspicuously located and must be periodically inspected and maintained in proper operating condition. Defective equipment shall be immediately replaced. As warranted, the employer shall provide a trained and equipped firefighting organization to assure protection of life. References: 29 CFR 1926 Subpart F 29 CFR 1910 Subpart L


Fire Extinguisher Classifications

Class A: For fires involving ordinary combustible

materials such as paper and wood.

Class B: For fires involving flammable or combustible

liquids or gases, greases and similar materials.

Class C: For fires involving energized electrical

equipment.

Class D: For fires involving combustible metals.

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OSHA requires that employers select and distribute fire extinguishers based on the classes of anticipated workplace fires and also on the size and degree of the hazard which would affect their use. The fire extinguisher classification is a letter classification to designate the class or classes of fire on which an extinguisher will be effective. A Class A fire means a fire involving ordinary combustible materials such as paper, wood, cloth, and some rubber and plastic materials. A Class B fire means a fire involving flammable or combustible liquids, flammable gases, greases and similar materials, and some rubber and plastic materials. A Class C fire means a fire involving energized electrical equipment where safety to the employee requires the use of electrically nonconductive extinguishing media. Some fires may involve a combination of these classifications, and extinguishers should have ABC ratings. A Class D fire means a fire involving combustible metals such as magnesium, titanium, zirconium, sodium, lithium and potassium. Class D extinguishers do not have multi-purpose ratings. OSHA requirements for classes of fires and travel distance to an extinguisher are as follows: Class A: 75 ft. (22.9m) or less Class B: 50 ft. (15.2m) Class C: Based on appropriate A or B Hazard Class D: 75 ft. References: 29 CFR 1910 Subpart L 29 CFR 1926 Subpart F


Flammable and Combustible Liquids

Only approved containers and portable tanks 5 gallons or less

may be used for storage and handling of flammable and combustible liquids.

Indoor storage requirements:

Never store in areas used for exits or stairways. Quantities in excess of 25 gallons must be stored in an approved storage

cabinet. Cabinets shall be labeled "Flammable-Keep Fire Away." Not more than 60 gallons of flammable or 120 gallons of combustible

liquids shall be stored in any one storage cabinet; no more than three such cabinets in a single storage area.

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OSHA requires flammable and combustible liquids to be stored in approved containers. Approved containers may be used to store quantities of 5 gallons or less, and may not be stored in areas used for exits or stairways. Indoor storage of quantities in excess of 25 gallons of flammable or combustible liquids must be in an approved storage cabinet, and cabinets must be labeled “Flammable – Keep Fire Away.” No more than 60 gallons of flammable liquids or no more than 120 gallons of combustible liquids may be stored in any one cabinet, and no more than three such storage cabinets may be located in any single indoor storage area. Reference: 29 CFR 1926.152


Signs, Signals and Barricades

Barricade means an obstruction to deter the passage of persons or vehicles.

Signs are the warnings of hazard, temporarily or permanently affixed or placed, at locations where hazards exist.

Signals are moving signs, provided by workers, such as flaggers, or by devices, such as flashing lights, to warn of possible or existing hazards.

Tags are temporary signs, usually attached to a piece of equipment or part of a structure, to warn of existing or immediate hazards.

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Reference: 29 CFR 1926 Subpart G


Signs and Tags

Danger signs:

Used only where an immediate hazard exists.

Caution signs:

Used only to warn against potential hazards or to caution against unsafe practices.

Other common warning signs: Exit signs, safety instruction signs,

directional signs, traffic signs, accident prevention tags.

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OSHA and ANSI defines certain standards and colors associated with warning signs. Danger signs have red as the predominate color for the upper panel; black outline on the borders; and a white lower panel for additional sign wording. Caution signs use yellow as the predominate color; black upper panel and borders: yellow lettering of "caution" on the black panel; and the lower yellow panel for additional wording. Safety instruction signs, shall be white with green upper panel with white letters. References: 29 CFR 1926 Subpart G 29 CFR 1926.200 ANSI Z35.1-1968, Specifications for Accident Prevention Signs ANSI Z35.2-1968, Specifications for Accident Prevention Tags


First Aid Program

First aid is emergency care provided for injury or sudden illness before emergency medical treatment is available. A workplace first-aid program includes:

Management Leadership and Employee Involvement Worksite Analysis Hazard Prevention and Control Safety and Health Training

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Reference: Best Practices Guide: Fundamentals of a Workplace First-Aid Program: http://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA3317first-aid.pdf


Medical and First Aid

Provisions shall be made prior to commencement of the project for prompt medical attention in case of serious injury.

In the absence of reasonably accessible emergency facilities, a person certified in first-aid, from recognized organizations such as the American Red Cross, shall be available at the worksite to render first aid.

First aid supplies shall be easily accessible when required. Employers should determine the need for additional first aid kits at larger worksites.

Certain OSHA standards for confined spaces, and electrical power transmission and distribution also require training in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR).

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First-aid and CPR training and certification is usually required for commercial construction workers by employers, insurers and customers. References: 29 CFR 1926 Subpart D 29 CFR 1910 Subpart K ANSI Z308.1-1998 Minimum Requirements for Workplace First-aid Kits


OSHA 10-Hour Construction Industry Training Program

Intended to provide entry level construction workers general awareness on recognizing and preventing hazards on a construction site.

Workers must receive additional training on hazards specific to their job.

OSHA

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Reference: www.osha.gov


OSHA 30-Hour Construction Industry Training Program

The 30-hour Construction Outreach Training Program is intended to provide a variety of training to workers with some safety responsibility.

OSHA

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Reference: www.osha.gov


Summary

PV safety involves the safety of the workers installing the system

and the safety of all others who may come in contact with the system after it is installed.

OSHA regulations help keep workers safe.

NEC requirements and AHJ inspections help ensure a safe system is installed.

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Questions and Discussion

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Documents

PV System Safety - Energy Consultants Group · PV installer safety includes considerations for a safe work area, safe use of tools and equipment, safe practices for personnel protection,