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Pyramid Societies in China and France in the 17th-18th Centuries
Reading: Smith (on France and Europe), 658-670, 673-679
France and Qing China Worldwide depression in the 17th c
caused by global cooling
Decline in central control leads to peasant rebellions, banditry, religious wars and wars with invaders
China- rebels take over Beijing- Ming ruler invites Mongols to help him regain control, instead they assume power in all of China
France- Religious wars- Catholics vs. Protestants (1562-1598). Thirty Years War- (1618-1648), Fronde (civil war)
Sovereignty in France and China: Reconstituted after Turmoil
A. Semi-divine monarch- the “sun gods” Louis XIV Qianlong
Kangxi Emperor
Qianlong
Centralization of formal state government
China- Civil service bureaucrats was expanded
and Confucianized during the Ming period. (1368-1644). Competitive jinshi exam largest - education system in the world.
- Court eunuchs and censorate (surveillance)
France- Venal Offices- Cardinal Richelieu- crushes nobles,consolidates power and creates intendants (32 district system)
Enforcing Absolutism
A. Large standing army
B. Intellectual Theory- French Philosophs Bodin and Bousset write about
divine right of kings and the need for one ruler- In China, Confucianism and “Mandate of Heaven”
divine, absolutist emperor
Display of Power – Art, Architecture, Imperial Cities