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7/31/2019 QR Codes Whitepaper(040511)
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WIPRORetail | Consumer Packaged Goods | Transportation | Government
QR CODES
The Next Big Leap in Mobile Web
Author:Senthil Kumar SundaramurthyArchitect, Business Engineering & Architecture, Wipro Technologies
www.wipro.com
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Table of Contents
03. Origin
03. About QR Codes
03. Overview
04. Barcodes Vs QR Codes
04. Features
06. How QR Codes work?
06. How to create QR Codes?
07. How to read QR Codes?
08. QR Codes and Mobile Phones
09. Factsheet
10. Where QR Codes are used?
11. How QR Codes can be used?
11. Points to Ponder
11. Future of QR Codes
02
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This is the time to scan or read a QR code with your iPhone, Android or other camera-enabled Smartphone and link to digital
content on the web; activate a number of phone functions including email, IM and SMS; and connect the mobile device to a web
browser. Yes, Black-and-white barcodes in the size of a postage stamp are connecting people with smartphones to Internet sites,
delivering immediate information and marking another advance in the world of the mobile web.
Origin
In 1994, QR Code was a kind of two dimensional symbology
created by Toyota subsidiary Denso-Wave as one of the most
popular types of two-dimensional barcodes.
QR Codes originated within the technology hungry country of
Japan and have merely only recently began to become popular in
the Middle East and Europe.
About QR Codes
The acronym QR is derived from the term Quick Response. The
company Denso Wave originally spawned the term QR as the
creator intended that such barcodes and their contents were to
be decoded at high speed electronically.
QR Codes are similar to the barcodes used by retailers to track
inventory and price products at the point of sales.
The key difference between the two is the amount of
data they can hold or share.
Overview
QR Codes first hit mainstream when they were initially used for
tracking parts by vehicle manufacturers. After a while, companies
began to see the scope for where QR Codes could be used
elsewhere within the world. The most commercial use for
QR Codes is in the telecommunications industry where the
mobile phone seems to be the biggest driver of their popularity.
QR Codes are two-dimensional (2D) matrix barcodes
that can hold thousands of alphanumeric characters of
information whereas barcodes are linear one-dimensional
codes and can only hold up to 20 numerical digits.
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Barcodes Vs QR Codes
QR Codes have become more popular than the typical barcode
as the typical barcode can only hold a maximum of 20 digits,
whereas the QR Code can hold up to 7,089 characters. This
makes the use and diversity of QR Codes much more appealing
than their older counter part, the barcode.
Partially part of the reason QR Codes can hold more data, is
because if you compare a typical barcode to a QR Code, you can
see one major difference; barcodes only span horizontally
whereas QR Codes can span horizontally and vertically.
Statistic - QR Codes are capable of encoding the same amount
of data in approximately one-tenth the space of a traditional bar
code. Such minute QR Codes are called Micro QR Codes.
Features
QR Code is capable of handling several dozen to several hundred
times more information while conventional bar codes are
capable of storing a maximum of approximately 20 digits.
High Capacity Encoding of Data
A QR Code symbol of this size can encode 300 alphanumeric characters
Small Printout Size
QR Code is capable of encoding the same amount of data in
approximately one-tenth the space of a traditional bar code since
QR Code carries information both horizontally and vertically.
QR Code is a matrix barcode or 2-dimensional code that can be read by QR Code readers as well as camera phones. The code consists of
black modules arranged in a square pattern on the white background. The information encode can be text, URL or any other data.
QR Code (2D Code) contains information in both the vertical and horizontal directions, whereas a bar code contains data in one
direction only. QR Code holds a considerably greater volume of information than a barcode.
Kanji and Kana Capability
QR Code is capable of Japanese encoding JIS Level 1 and Level 2
kanji character set.
Dirt and Damage Resistant
QR Code has error correction capability. Data can be restored
even if the symbol is partially dirty or damaged. A maximum 30%
of code words can be restored.
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Position
A great feature of QR Codes is that you do not need to scan
them from one particular angle. QR Codes are capable of Omni
directional (360 degrees) high-speed reading. QR Codes
scanners are capable of determining the correct way to decode
the content within the QR Code due to the three specific
squares that are positioned in the corners of the symbol. System Configuration
Standards
License
A QR Code system is used in combination with a
QR Code printer (or QR Code creation software) and
QR Code scanner.
The Japanese standard for QR Codes devised by Denso
Wave is JIS X 0510 which was released in January of 1999.
The corresponding ISO International Standard, ISO/IEC
18004, was then approved in June of 2000. The standard
was then updated back in 2006. (ISO/IEC 18004:2006).
The use of QR Codes is free of any license. The QR Code
is clearly defined and published as an ISO standard.
Denso Wave owns the patent rights on QR Codes, but
has chosen not to exercise them.
The term QR Code itself is a registered trademark of
Denso Wave Incorporated.
Data Capacity
QR Codes are capable of handling of sorts of data, including
numbers, alphabetic characters, Kanji, Kana, Hiragana, symbols,
binary, and control codes.
A total of 7,089 characters can be
encoded in one symbol alone.
Numeric only: Max 7,089 characters /
Alphanumeric: Max 4,296 characters
Binary (8-bits): Max 2,953 bytes / Kanji, full-
width Kana: Max 1,817 characters
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How QR Codes work?
Take a mobile phone such as the iPhone; nearly every mobile phone has a digital camera in todays world. The camera, along with decoding
software can be used to capture a picture of the QR Code of which the QR Code software decoder then transform the data held with the
QR Code to a meaningful action for the mobile phone:
*Connect to a web address *Download a MP3 *Dial a telephone number *Prompt your email client with a sender address
This can all be done within a matter of milliseconds making the transformation from a users mobile phones browser to the mobile
web instantaneous.
How to create QR Codes?
The following sections talks about how to encode with an
easy example, and no complex function(like structured
append) is:
Capacity - Capacity of a QR Code is determined by
version, error correcting level and encoding mode
(e.g. numeric, alphanumeric etc)
Encode to data code words- 8-bit data is treated as
a code word
Example: To encode source data "ABCDE123" to QR Code
in version1- error correcting level H (below 1-H)
Mode indicator- Mode indicator is created in 4-bit long
as binary representation. (numeric mode: 0001 / alphanumeric
mode: 0010 / 8-bit byte mode: 0100 / KANJI mode : 1000)
Example data is alphanumeric, and we select an alphanumeric
mode - 0010
Character count indicator - Character count
indicator is character counts stored in each mode. (numeric :
10-bit long / alphanumeric : 9-bit long / 8-bit byte : 8-bit long /
KANJI mode : 8-bit long)
Example data have 8 characters, we encode 8 in 9-bit long
binary representation for alphanumeric mode.
0010 000001000
Encoding data in binary representation
Alphanumeric mode: each character is converted to value in
rule of below table. Next we consider delimited data by 2
numbers. First value increase 45 times and second value is
added to it. Result value is encoded in 11bit long binaryrepresentation. When length of delimited data is 1, 6-bit long
are used.
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How to read QR Codes?
QR Readers help us to quickly scan them with camera and either launch a web site, show product info, display plain text, send an
SMS message and much more.
The following is the list of software vendors:
KAYWA Reader Nokia Reader i-nigma Reader Lynkee Reader UpCode QuickMark
SnapMaze BeeTagg NeoReader ScanLife MobileTag
In example data
"AB" "CD" "E1" "23"
45*10+11 45*12+13 45*14+1 45*2+3
461 553 631 93
0010 000001000 00111001101 01000101001
01001110111 00001011101
Terminator
Add 0000 to result data in section: Encoding data in binary
representation When length of encoded data is full in this
version and error correcting level, terminator is not needed.
0010 000001000 00111001101 01000101001
01001110111 00001011101 0000
Encode to code words
Result data in section: Terminator are delimited by 8bit.
00100000 01000001 11001101 01000101 00101001
11011100 00101110 10000
If last data length is less than 8, padded 0.
00100000 01000001 11001101 01000101 00101001
11011100 00101110 10000000
If count of code words is less than symbol's capacity, thenwe alternately put "11101100" and "00010001" until full
capacity. Now capacity of 1-H are 9,
00100000 01000001 11001101 01000101 00101001
11011100 00101110 10000000 11101100
To decimal representation - 32 65 205 69 41 220 46 128
236 (Source: http://www.swetake.com/qr/qr2_en.html)
Note:
There are many resources which can help you to generate a
QR Code, in Ubuntubuzz.com you can use application
called 'qrencode', the qrencode could help you to generate
your own QR Code complete with what size do you like
(Large, Medium, or Small), a manual how to use a qrencode
can be completely found here.
Another way , you can v i s i t th i s webs i te
(http://qrcode.kaywa.com/) to generate your own
QR Code.
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Libraries
.Net - QR Code library
(source: http://www.codeproject.com/KB/cs/qrcode.aspx)
Encode content into a QR Code image which can be saved
in JPEG, GIF, PNG, or Bitmap formats and Decode a QR
Code image
PHP - PHP QR Code
(source: http://hirokawa.netflowers.jp/entry/4900/)
Supports QR Code versions (size) 1-40 / Numeric,
Alphanumeric, 8-bit and Kanji encoding.
Implemented purely in PHP, no external dependencies
except Gd2
Exports to PNG, JPEG images, also exports as bit-table /
TCPDF 2-D barcode API integration
Easy to configure / Data cache for calculation speed-up /
Provided merge tool helps deploy library as a one big
dependency-less file, simple to "include and do not worry"
Debug data dump, error logging, time benchmarking / 100%
Open Source, LGPL Licensed
Java - QR Code decode/encode library under GPL v2
(source: http://qrcode.sourceforge.jp/)
Supports decoder for Java (J2SE, J2ME MIDP2.0/CLDC1.0)
Pre-process Camera-captured image for better
performance
Filtering image noise / recognize angle of image
automatically CUI / GUI / MIDlet
Real time QR Code reader by Java Media Framework(JMF)
and PC camera
Python - Pyqrcode
(source: http://pyqrcode.sourceforge.net/)
To encode and decode the QR Code
The encoder is based on Fukuchi Kentaro's libqrencode,
with a small python hack from Stefano Pedemonte's
PyQrCodec.
The decoder is based on the best free and open source
qrcode decoder written by Yusuke Yanbe, in java. It's built
with Andi Vajda's JCC.
Ruby (source: http://nycrb.rubyforge.org/qrencoder)
This Gem is a wrapper around a useful open-source library
for creating QR Codes, a two-dimensional bar code format
popular in Japan (and readable by cell phones even) created
by the Denso-Wave Corporation in 1994.
QR Codes and Mobile Phones
With the technology of mobile phones constantly expanding,
especially within mobile internet, QR Codes seemed the perfect
solution to quickly and efficiently bring mobile phone users onto
the mobile web. QR Codes can be used to store all kids of data
including such data such as a URL (Universal Resource Locator)
or as most people know them; web addresses. This then allowed
offline publications such as: Magazines/Papers/Business
Cards/Buses/Signs/T-shirts.
Or basically any medium that can accept the print of a QR Code
to advertise their online product which would then direct the
user to the medium.
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Factsheet
Best Buys Mood QR Codes
Best Buys use of QR Codes has become a benchmark for other retailers and their latest
experiment is no exception. Posters (image right) have gone up at Best Buy Headquarters to
test the viability of mood sampling. The relevant QR Code when scanned inputs a single value
good or bad and a running total of goods and bads is displayed to the user. At the back end
Best Buy techies can see the running totals and because each code is location specific they can
attribute a mood to that location. I would not be surprised if this experiment is successful and
rolled out to the stores. (Source: http://2d-code.co.uk/best-buy-mood-qr-code/)
Changing The Way Business Works With QR Codes
Are Americans past the point of treating QR Codes as merely a trend? I think we are seeing
too many evidences in the recent past to continue treating QR Codes as a flash in the pantrend for the young and trendy. With QR Codes popping up everywhere in the country
(especially in New York), we can safely deduce that QR Codes is most likely here to stay and
that we now have to take a deeper look at how the not-so-new technology will affect our lives
on a personal and professional level. (Source: http://www.beqrious.com/)
Nintendo 3DS Makes Mii Sharing Easy With QR Codes
Nintendo 3DS recently made a big, bold move towards making the device even more fun and
interactive. You need to be in on the Nintendo game train in order to understand what a Mii is.
(Source: http://www.beqrious.com/)
Basically, it is an avatar or icon that you can create with the device. Mii was first introduced
through Nintendo Wii. Kids, being the creative beings that they are, love to play around with
the options to come up with an avatar that they can be proud of.
Make User-friendliness Top Priority When Launching QR
Codes Campaigns
Because QR Codes technology is a relatively new technology in the United States, there is all
the more reason to pay special attention to how we introduce it to consumers. Strictly
speaking, there is no right or wrong way to use them. But there is an effective and interesting
way to use them... and one that puts the interested consumers off. (Source:
http://www.beqrious.com/)
We've Exceeded the 1,000 Friends Mark!
Today, we are just super excited because we have finally reached and exceeded the 1,000 'likes'
or 'friends' on Facebook. It's something that we have been working really hard on. The blood,
sweat and tears are well worth it. Understandably, every one of us here in the BeQRious office
is a celebrative mood. What do we do in celebration, here we have a custom-made QR Code.
Want to know what it does and where it leads to... why don't you whip out your smart phoneand scan it and then let US know. (Source: http://www.beqrious.com/)
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Where QR Codes are used?
At Chukyo Coca-Cola Bottling - Product code, expiration
date, manufacturing history, and other data are encoded
into QR Codes. The data is used for logistics management
of food products.
At Daido Limited Shipping destination, product code,
color, size, and other data are encoded into QR Codes for
printing on shipping instructions of garment products. The
data is used for shipping control.
(Source: http://www.denso-wave.com)
Dicks Sporting Goods displayed a QR Code on theJumboTron during a football game. The fans took pictures
of the QR Code which connected them to a website
where they were offered discounts on purchases.
McDonald uses QR Codes on its packaging in Japan
so consumers can access nutritional information, and
review the amount of calories, fat, and carbohydrates in
their meal
A couple of years ago, Ralph Lauren began placing QR
Codes in print ads, store placements, and mailers. The QR
Codes gave consumers access to their style guides, limited
edition collections and exclusive video content.
Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull movie
posters were printed with QR Codes, giving users access
to movies trailers. The user also received a QR Code
discount coupon for their next concession purchase.
Pepsi printed QR Codes on bottles that redirected users
to a custom landing page to view content
CSI recently used QR Codes as a plot twist in a TV
episode
The Nonprofit Technology Network used QR Codes to
conduct a scavenger hunt at the recent NTEN
conference
Google is using QR Codes to highlight "Favorite Places"
in search results
Editoras Online published a book that contained nothing
but QR Codes (no text what so ever) that when
decoded provided content about love and hate
Audi made a giant QR Code out of people holding black
and white squares in a video advertisement
Lego created QR Code advertisement using Lego blocks
Calvin Klein displayed a large QR Code on a billboard
that launched a racy advertisement
Real estate agents are putting QR Codes on "house for
sale" signs
Best Buy has a QR Code iPhone app that provides
product information
QR Codes are showing up on Japanese tombs providing
information about the deceased
QR Codes were used in the NBA all-star game
Fox TV is using QR Codes to advertise TV programs
Starbucks is using QR Codes for micro payments.
(Source: http://searchengineland.com)
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How QR Codes can be used?
Encode contact information or a short white paper on
the back of a business card. This enables a paper to digital
transfer of information. Also enables an easy connection
by a mobile device to your website. You could also encode
a map with directions for company visitors, or encode
company info for display in Google maps.
Track print-based media effectiveness-tracking which ad
or poster drove traffic to custom landing pages. Users can
also interact with other printed media such as offers on
paper-based gift cards and coupons. QR Codes can be
printed on receipts with additional offers, or provide
customer service contact information.
Users can interact with digital ads e.g. they can scan digital
coupons and discount offers on a webpage. You could also
place QR Codes in an email newsletter for additional
offers or for event-based information.
You can develop loyalty programs-providing special
offers on landing pages from paper-based content that is
not accessible from any other source. You could push
consumers to a website to view the daily offer, to see if
they won a free prize or perhaps to participate in a
contest. You could also conduct surveys where a user
scans one of multiple choice codes and the select
response is automatically sent back to the company.
You can enable product purchase offers, and provide
easy access to product information and reviews. You can
also provide easy connections to down load applications
and content. You could also register a bookmark, append
a QR Code to a tweet using Bit.ly or encode access to a
special webinar.
You could print codes with product or contact
information on business swag such as coffee cups,
t-shirts and hats. Ive also seen several examples where
QR Codes were tattooed on a mans arm.
Nokia's Symbian operating system is also provided with
a barcode scanner, which is able to read QR Codes whilembarcode is a QR Code reader for the Maemo
operating system.
In the Apple iOS, a QR Code reader is not natively
included, but over 50 free Apps are available with reader
and metadata browser URI redirection capability.
Points to Ponder
Google's mobile Android operating system supports
QR Codes by natively including the barcode scanner
(ZXing) on some models, and the browser supports URI
redirection, which allows QR Codes to send metadata to
existing applications on the device.
Future of QR Codes
The future of QR Codes is exciting and extremely bright with the capability of taking the social networking media in an upward direction.
Not far are the days of QR Codes overtaking the Internet by embedding all the contents into the codes. Just scan and read.
About Wipro Technologies
Wipro Technologies, the global IT business of Wipro Limited (NYSE:WIT) is a leading Information Technology, Consulting and
Outsourcing company, that delivers solutions to enable its clients do business better. Wipro Technologies delivers winning business
outcomes through its deep industry experience and a 360 degree view of Business through Technology helping clients create successful
and adaptive businesses. A company recognized globally for its comprehensive portfolio of services, a practitioners approach to delivering
innovation and an organization wide commitment to sustainability, Wipro Technologies has 120,000 employees and clients across 54
countries. For more information, please visit www.wipro.com
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