DANH MC CH CI VIT TT MCC Mu chun i chng GHTCP Gii hn tc ng cho
php IAEA C quan Nng lng Nguyn t Quc t ISO T chc Tiu chun Quc t P p
sut KLN Kim loi nng PA Tinh khit loi phn tch QA Bo m cht lng QC Kim
sot cht lng t0 Nhit TB Trung bnh TCVN Tiu chun Vit Nam WHO T chc Y
t Th gii PXMT Phng x mi trng V Th tch Bq Becoren Bq/m3 Becoren/mt
khi Ci Curi Sv/h Sut liu bc x gamma/gi U Uran Th Thori Ra Radi K
Kali Cs Czi Sr Strnxi Rn Radon Pb Ch Be Beri Bi Bismut Tl Tali Ac
Actini Po Poloni Pu Plutoni H3 Triti
Alpha Bta Gamma MC LC M U 1 1. Tnh cp thit ca vn 1 2. Mc tiu xy
dng s tay quan trc phng x mi trng 2 3. Phm vi p dng 2 PHN I: PHNG X
MI TRNG VIT NAM 3 1. nh gi khi qut v phng phng x mi trng ca Vit Nam
3 2. i tng thnh phn phng x mi trng 3 PHN II: TNG QUAN V K THUT QUAN
TRC PHNG X MI TRNG 4 Chng 1: MT S YU CU CHUNG 4 1.1. Yu cu chung
trong k thut quan trc phng x mi trng 4 1.2. Yu cu khoa hc v s liu
quan trc 5 Chng 2: K THUT QUAN TRC PHNG X MI TRNG 7 2.1. Xc nh i
tng, a im quan trc 7 2.2. La chn thng s quan trc tng thnh phn phng
x mi trng 11 2.3. Tn sut v thi gian quan trc 13 2.4. La chn phng
php phn tch 14 PHN III: QUY TRNH QUAN TRC THNH PHN PHNG X MI TRNG
16 Chng 1: QUY TRNH QUAN TRC PHNG X TRONG MI TRNG KHNG KH 16 I. QUY
TRNH CHUNG QUAN TRC MI TRNG KHNG KH 16 1.1. La chn a im v thng s
quan trc 16 1.2. Tn sut v thi gian quan trc 17 1.3. o nhanh ti hin
trng 17 II. QUY TRNH QUAN TRC MU SOL KH 19 2.1. Quy trnh quan trc
tng hot phng x bta trong mu sol kh 19 2.2. Quy trnh quan trc tng
hot phng x Alpha trong mu sol kh 22 2.3. Quy trnh quan trc hot cc
ng v phng x 24 III. QUY TRNH QUAN TRC MU TNG RI LNG 29
3.1. Quy trnh quan trc tng hot phng x bta trong mu tng ri lng 29
3.2. Quy trnh quan trc tng hot phng x Alpha trong mu tng ri lng 32
3.3. Quy trnh quan trc hot cc ng v phng x 33 Chng 2: QUY TRNH QUAN
TRC PHNG X TRONG MI TRNG T 38 2.1. Phng php phn tch 38 2.2. Ly mu
ti hin trng 38 2.3. X l mu 39 2.4. o mu 40 2.5. Tnh hot phng x ca
cc ng v 40 2.6. QA/QC trong phng th nghim 41 Chng 3: QUY TRNH QUAN
TRC PHNG X TRONG MI TRNG NC 42 I. QUY TRNH QUAN TRC HOT PHNG X BTA
42 1.1. Phng php phn tch 42 1.2. Ly mu ti hin trng 42 1.3. X l mu
43 1.4. o mu 44 1.5. Tnh tng hot phng x Bta 44 1.6. QA/QC 45 II.
QUY TRNH QUAN TRC TNG HOT PHNG X ALPHA 45 2.1. Phng php phn tch 45
2.2. Ly mu ti hin trng 45 2.3. X l mu 45 2.5. Tnh tng hot phng x
Alpha 46 2.6. QA/QC 47 III. QUY TRNH QUAN TRC HOT CC NG V PHNG X 47
3.1. Phng php phn tch 47 3.2. Ly mu ti hin trng 47 3.3. X l mu 48
3.4. o mu 50 3.5. Tnh hot phng x ca cc ng v 50 3.6. QA/QC 51 Chng
4: QUY TRNH QUAN TRC PHNG X TRONG MU SINH VT 52
4.1. Phng php phn tch 52 4.2. Ly mu ti hin trng 52 4.3. Phng php
ly mu 52 4.4. Thit b ly mu 52 4.5. Tin hnh ly mu 52 4.6. Tin hnh x
l mu 52 4.7. o mu 53 4.8. Tnh hot phng x ca cc ng v 54 4.9. QA/QC
trong phng th nghim 54 Chng 5: QUY TRNH QUAN TRC PHNG X TRONG MU
LNG THC, THC PHM 55 I. QUY TRNH QUAN TRC TNG HOT PHNG X BTA 55 1.1.
Phng php phn tch 55 1.2. Phng php ly mu ti hin trng 55 1.3. Dng c,
thit b ly mu 55 1.4. Tin hnh ly mu 55 1.5. Tin hnh x l mu 56 1.6. o
mu 57 1.7. Tnh tng hot phng x Bta 57 1.8. QA/QC 58 II. QUY TRNH
QUAN TRC TNG HOT PHNG X ALPHA 58 2.1. Phng php phn tch 58 2.2. Phng
php ly mu ti hin trng 58 2.3. Thit b ly mu 58 2.4. Tin hnh ly mu 58
2.5. Tin hnh x l mu 58 2.6. o mu 58 2.7. Tnh tng hot phng x Alpha
59 2.8. QA/QC 60 III. QUY TRNH QUAN TRC HOT CC NG V PHNG X 60 3.1.
Phng php phn tch 60 3.2. Ly mu ti hin trng 60 3.3. Phng php ly mu
60 3.4. Thit b ly mu 60 3.5. Tin hnh ly mu 61
3.6. Tin hnh x l mu 61 3.7. o mu 62 3.8. Tnh hot phng x ca cc ng
v 62 3.9. QA/QC 63 Chng 6: M BO V KIM SOT CHT LNG 64 6.1. m bo v
kim sot cht lng trong phng th nghim 64 6.2. Yu cu chung 64 6.3. c
bit 64 6.4. Qun l ti liu, vt liu 64 6.5. Qun l c s d liu phn tch 64
PHN IV: PHNG PHP X L S LIU V VIT BO CO 65 4.1. Phng php x l s liu
65 4.2. Lp bo co kt qu quan trc 65 TI LIU THAM KHO 68 M U 1. Tnh cp
thit ca vn Ngy nay, bo v mi trng khi b nhim, suy thoi l mt chin lc
c tm c bit quan trng, l mi quan tm hng u khng ch mt a phng, mt quc
gia hay mt khu vc no m ca c cng ng th gii. Bo v mi trng tr thnh mt
vn cp thit mang tnh ton cu. c chnh sch chin lc bo v mi trng cn phi
c y thng tin din bin mi trng hin ti, d on c mi hin tng bin i c th
xy ra v cn thit phi xy dng mng li quan trc y v hin i. Quan trc mi
trng l khng th thiu c vi mi quc gia, n c nhim v theo di thng xuyn
cht lng mi trng, nh gi hin trng v cnh bo nhim nu c th xy ra. Cng tc
quan trc mi trng ni chung v phng x mi trng ni ring l mt hot ng quan
trng phc v cng tc qun l mi trng v pht trin kinh t, x hi. qun l v s
dng mt cch ti u ti nguyn thin nhin v bo v mi trng mt cch c hiu qu,
iu trc tin l phi c thng tin (s liu) ng tin cy, chnh xc v cht lng mi
trng. l c s d bo trng thi mi trng, xc nh mc tc ng ca con ngi n mi
trng v lm r nhn t v ngun tc ng. Quan trc mi trng chnh l khu quan
trng c c s d liu phc v qun l
v bo v mi trng pht trin bn vng. Cc nc pht trin (M, Canada, Nht,
c) cng nh cc nc ang pht trin (Trung Quc, Thi Lan, n , Singapore,
Malaysia), cc t chc quc t nh: Ngn hng Th gii (WB), Ngn hng Pht trin
Chu (ADB), Chng trnh Mi trng Lin Hp Quc (UNEP), T chc Y t Th gii
(WHO) bin son nhiu ti liu hng dn v quan trc mi trng. Cn Vit Nam, t
nm 1994 B KHCN & MT bc u thit lp mng li quan trc mi trng cp Quc
gia, tuy vy cng tc QT&PT Mi trng vn da vo quy nh tm thi (1998)
v cha c c s thng nht chung trong ton mng li. T nm 2005 2007, Cc Bo
v Mi trng xy dng c cc quy trnh, quy phm quan trc mi trng ni chung v
quan trc phng x mi trng ni ring v bao gm c vic xy dng s tay hng dn
k thut quan trc mi trng nhm qun l thng nht v ng b cc quy trnh quan
trc, phn tch, x l, lu tr v chia s s liu trn phm vi ton quc. S tay
hng dn k thut quan trc phng x mi trng cng l mt trong cc vn bn mang
tnh php quy v quan trc phng x mi trng hin ang c thc hin. 2. Mc tiu
xy dng s tay quan trc phng x mi trng 2.1. a ra cc quy trnh, quy phm
v k thut quan trc v phn tch phng x mi trng cc trm QT&PT phng x
trong v ngoi mng li p dng thun li v thng nht. 2.2. Xy dng ni dung
chi tit v phng php quan trc, phn tch phng x mi trng. 2.3. Xy dng bo
co v qun l cc s liu quan trc v phn tch phng x mi trng trn ton lnh
th Vit Nam. 2.4. m bo tin cy, tnh chnh xc v cht lng s liu. 2.5.
Chia s c s d liu trong ton mng li quan trc v phn tch phng x mi
trng. 2.6. Phc v pht trin kinh t - x hi, bo v mi trng bn vng v sc
kho cng ng. 3. Phm vi p dng S tay hng dn k thut quan trc phng x mi
trng c p dng cho mng li quan trc mi trng quc gia, cc t chc, c nhn
tham gia thc hin nhim v quan trc phng x mi trng cng nh cung cp s
liu cho c quan qun l nh nc v mi trng Trung ng v a phng. PHN I: PHNG
X MI TRNG VIT NAM
1. nh gi khi qut v phng phng x mi trng ca Vit Nam Vit Nam l mt
trong nhng nc c nhiu khong sn v c nhiu m qung cha cc nguyn t mang
tnh phng x cao nh m Uran Pic thuc tnh Cao Bng, m Thori Nm Xe thuc
tnh Lai Chu, vng m ng thuc tnh Lo Cai, vng m Uran thuc huyn Thanh
Sn - Ph Th, m than Nng Sn, m Uran khe Hoa, khe Cao thuc tnh Qung
Nam... Ngoi cc m trn, chng ta cn c cc m sa khong nm dc theo ven bin
min Trung t Thanh Ho ko di vo n B Ra - Vng Tu. Cc m qung Titan ven
bin hin ang c khai thc v ch bin. Tuy nhin, tnh trng khai thc, ch
bin loi qung ny cha tun th ng cc quy nh v vic khai thc, ch bin qung
c cha cc nguyn t phng x nn vic nh hng n mi trng xung quanh l iu
khng th trnh khi. Bn cnh , ngoi cc doanh nghip c nh nc cho php khai
thc cn c c tnh trng khai thc t pht ca nhn dn, dn n vic hon nguyn mi
trng khng hon thin, nhim mi trng v mt phng x xy ra. Ngoi cc vng m
phng x t nhin, phng x cn c sn sinh ra do cc doanh nghip khai thc ch
bin du kh. Phng x c trong cn b thi du cng kh ln. Hng nm, ngnh du kh
thi ra lng cn du ng k, y cng l nguyn nhn ng gp cho nn phng phng x
cc khu vc lu gi cn du tng cao. Hin nay, khoa hc k thut pht trin
mnh, k thut ht nhn c ng dng rt rng ri trong mi lnh vc: cng nghip,
nng nghip, an ninh quc phng, vn ho x hi v c bit l ngnh Y t cng ng
gp cho phng phng x cao ln. Vi nhng l do nn trn, vn quan tm v bo v
mi trng ni chung v phng x trong mi trng ni ring l mt chnh sch rt cn
thit v cp bch. 2. i tng thnh phn phng x mi trng Khng kh; t; Nc;
Sinh vt; Lng thc v thc phm. PHN II TNG QUAN K THUT QUAN TRC PHNG X
MI TRNG Chng 1:
MT S YU CU CHUNG Ging nh cc chng trnh quan trc mi trng khc, h
thng quan trc phng x mi trng phc v cho vic nh gi chnh xc v cht lng
phng x trong mi trng bao gm cc bc sau: + Ly mu ti hin trng + o, th
v phn tch ti hin trng + Bo qun v vn chuyn mu; + X l v phn tch mu ti
phmg th nghim; + X l s liu v vit bo co; Bc "Ly mu ti hin trng" l bc
khi u ca h thng quan trc m kt qu ca n s nh hng trc tip n cc bc tip
sau. Vy vic ly mu ht sc quan trng, bc quyt nh cht lng ca s liu quan
trc. thng nht quy trnh v phng php quan trc phng x mi trng cn thit
phi c hng dn k thut v "Quan trc phng x mi trng" cho tng loi i tng
(khng kh, t, nc, sinh vt, lng thc v thc phm). 1.1. Yu cu chung
trong k thut quan trc phng x mi trng xc nh c cc vn cp thit v trng
tm ca quan trc phng x mi trng, cn phi nghin cu xem xt cc yu t no l
c trng cho s bin i cc thng s ca mi trng theo tng vng a l, vng b tc
ng. Trong qu trnh quan trc phi bao qut c qu trnh din bin cc thng s
mi trng, vn la chn k thut quan trc thch hp l rt quan trng. K thut
chung trong quan trc phng x mi trng bao gm vic la chn cc yu t sau:
+ Thng s quan trc; + i tng quan trc; + V tr quan trc; + Phng php
quan trc; + Thit b quan trc; + Phng php x l mu; + Phng php phn tch
+ Phng php x l s liu; + Trnh chuyn mn ca ngi thc hin quan trc; 1.2.
Yu cu khoa hc v s liu quan trc + Yu cu khoa hc v s liu: phi chnh
xc, i din + chnh xc ca s liu ph thuc vo cc yu cu sau:
Trang thit b quan trc; Quy trnh, quy phm quan trc; Quy trnh x l
mu, bo qun mu; Quy trnh k thut v thit b phn tch; Trnh chuyn mn ca
ngi thc hin quan trc, x l v phn tch. Tnh ng nht ca s liu cn thit so
snh cc s liu, nghin cu s bin i ca mt yu t mi trng no . m bo tnh
thng nht ca s liu cn phi: Thng s o phi c trng cho khu vc cn quan
trc; Phng php o c (phng php o v mc ph hp ca phng php) v mi phng php
o c gi tr o v sai s khc nhau; Thit b o, chnh xc ca thit b v mi loi
thit b c mc chnh xc v sai s khc nhau; Quy trnh, quy phm quan trc
phng x mi trng; Quy trnh x l mu; Quy trnh, quy phm phn tch phng x
mi trng; Quy trnh x l thng k s liu; Tnh c trng ca s liu. Chng 2: K
THUT QUAN TRC PHNG X MI TRNG 2.1. Xc nh i tng, a im quan trc i tng
quan trc phng x mi trng bao gm: khng kh, t, nc, sinh vt v lng thc,
thc phm. La chn mt a im quan trc phng x mi trng bao gm cc bc sau: +
iu tra v thu thp cc d liu c; + Phn tch lch s im nghin cu; + nh gi s
b cc s liu v cc iu kin c; + Chn im i din v kh hu, a hnh, i tng,
thng s quan trc c trng v p ng mc tiu quan trc. V d: chn a im quan
trc mu sol kh phc v mc tiu cnh bo cn chn im quan trc v cc thng s
quan trc c tnh i din nh sau: + a im thng thong, gn vng bin hoc khu
trng im hay thnh ph trung tm;
+ Kh hu n c hng gi chnh m vng nhim kh nghi c th lan truyn ti; +
Thng s c trng: cc ng v phng x nhn to. Vic la chn i tng, a im c th
nh sau: 2.1.1. i vi mi trng khng kh Khi quan trc mi trng khng kh
phc v mc ch cnh bo cn la chn im quan trc ti cc khu vc bin gii, n
hng gi cc vng c kh nng nhim a ti. Khi quan trc mi trng khng kh th v
khu cng nghip im quan trc t ti v tr xung quanh khu cng nghip v hng
chnh din hng gi chnh. Khi quan trc ti khu dn c, cc thnh ph ln, im
quan trc c b tr cc v tr trung tm. Mi trng khng kh cn chu tc ng bi
ngun nhim v lan truyn xuyn quc gia rt nhanh chng nn cn thit t cc
trm c kh nng ghi o, phn tch t ng. Ti v tr quan trc c trang b bng
thit b o t ng th v tr quan trc cn n nh, ni thng thong, i din c cho
khu vc. Khi o nhim mi trng vnh ai khu cng nghip, im quan trc t v tr
khu vc c ngun thi, c bit l ngun bi. 2.1.2. i vi mi trng nc 2.1.2.1.
Nc mt V tr cc im quan trc nc mt (sng, sui, nc h, ao v nc thi) cn
chn n nh v phi i din c cho mi trng nc mt ni quan trc. i vi sng,
sui, knh, rch chy qua thnh ph v khu cng nghip cn phi quan trc ti
hai im: im u ngun nc chy vo thnh ph v im cui ngun. i vi sng, sui bt
ngun t ngoi nc, cc im quan trc l im ngun nc bt u chy vo lnh th, im
gia v im cui ngun. i vi ngun nc khu khai thc, ch bin khong sn, im
quan trc l cc ngun thi v xung quanh ngun thi. i vi khu dn c ch quan
trc ngun nc sinh hot khi c nghi ng do pht sinh bnh nguy him, l.
2.1.2.2. Nc di t V tr quan trc c la chn phi c trng cho tnh hnh s
dng nc di t trong khu vc. im quan trc i din cho cc ngun nc v tng
cha nc v hng vo khu vc chu tc ng bi cht thi ca cc khu vc ln cn v
iu
kin a cht thu vn, cu to a tng ca khu vc . 2.1.2.3. Nc ma a im
quan trc c xc nh cc v tr sau: + Vng c kh hu nhy cm lan truyn nhanh
nhim t ngoi lnh th Vit Nam, vng; + im n c kh hu s chu tc ng bi s vn
chuyn cc ngun nhim v ngun thi ti. Thit k cc trm quan trc cn r rng,
thch hp v p ng c i tng nghin cu. 2.1.2.4. Ca sng im quan trc c la
chn da vo s liu thu triu, ch thu vn, c im dng chy vng ca sng. S
lng, v tr im v tng nc quan trc thay i theo tng t quan trc. 2.1.2.5.
Nc bin im quan trc phi i din cho khu vc bin cn quan trc v cn c b tr
nh sau: + im quan trc nc bin ven b: c la chn ni c tnh c th v mi
trng ven bin (ca sng, khu du lch, cc cng ln, cc vnh, c bit l cc vng
bin gii). + im quan trc nc bin xa b: l khu vc nh hng ca cc dng hi
lu, vng nh hng ngoi bin gii, vng c cc loi san h c trng, vng hi o. +
Vng trm tch l vng tch t tng cng cc cht nhim, thun li cho vic quan
trc phng x mi trng bin c trng. 2.1.3. i vi mi trng t La chn a im
quan trc phng x mi trng mang tnh i din v c trng: + phc v mc ch quan
trc cnh bo quc gia, cn chn a im quan trc trn khu vc thng thong,
khng b xi mn do tc ng ca nc ma; + phc v mc ch quan trc tc ng do cc
hot ng kinh t - x hi, c bit l cng nghip khai thc, ch bin khong sn
cn chn a im quan trc trn khu vc chu tc ng mnh nht l khu vc theo
ngun nc thi v khu vc cha ph thi; + xem xt khu vc dn c chu tc ng ca
cc hot ng kinh t, cn chn a im quan trc l khu vc chu tc ng mnh nht,
khu vc ngun nc thi v khu vc cha ph thi v vng xung quanh khu vc dn c
sinh sng.
2.1.4. i vi sinh vt Chn mu sinh vt c trng c tnh hp th mnh cc
thng s phng x (loi sinh vt h l kim, thng dng l thng, cc loi a y, to
bin, cc loi nhuyn th...) + Mc ch quan trc cnh bo quc gia, chn a im
quan trc trn khu vc thng thong khng bin ng v mt sinh hc v a dng
sinh hc trn khu vc cao theo hng nhy cm d b tc ng t pha khu vc nhim
ngoi quc gia; + Mc ch quan trc tc ng do cc hot ng kinh t, cn chn a
im quan trc trn khu vc chu tc ng mnh nht l khu vc theo ngun nc thi
v khu vc cha ph thi...; + Mc ch xem xt khu vc dn c chu tc ng ca cc
hot ng kinh t, cn chn a im quan trc l mi trng xung quanh khu dn c
sinh sng v hng vo cc ngun nc chy ti v tc ng ca khng kh v ngun ph
thi. 2.1.5. i vi mu lng thc, thc phm Chn cc loi mu ngun gc khu vc
chu tc ng bi cc hot ng c kh nng pht tn ca cc thng s mang tnh phng
x. 2.2. La chn thng s quan trc tng thnh phn phng x mi trng 2.2.1.
Thng s mi trng chung + Thng s kh hu: - Lng ma - Hng gi + Cc thng s
phng x ca cc i tng mi trng khng kh, t, nc, sinh vt, lng thc v thc
phm. 2.2.2. Mi trng khng kh 2.2.2.1. Cc thng s quan trc phng x mi
trng khng kh (sol kh) Cc nguyn t phng x t nhin: Bi214, Pb214,
Ra226, Bi212, Pb212, Ac228, Tl208;+ Cc nguyn t phng x nhn to: Sr90,
Cs137, Cs134, Pu239+240;+ + Tng hot phng x Alpha (); + Tng hot phng
x Bta (); ). + Sut liu bc x Gamma ( 2.2.2.2. Cc thng s quan trc
phng x mi trng khng kh (tng ri lng) Cc nguyn t phng x t nhin:
Bi214, Pb214, Ra226, Bi212, Pb212, Ac228, Tl208;+
Cc nguyn t phng x nhn to: Sr90, Cs137, Cs134, Pu239+240;+ + Tng
hot phng x Alpha (); + Tng hot phng x Bta (). 2.2.3. Mi trng nc Cc
thng s quan trc phng x mi trng nc bao gm: Cc nguyn t phng x t nhin:
Be7, K40, Bi214, Pb214, Ra226, Rn222, Bi212, Pb212, Ac228, Tl208;+
Cc nguyn t phng x nhn to: Sr90, Cs137, Cs134, Pu239+240+ + Tng hot
phng x Alpha (); + Tng hot phng x Bta (). 2.2.4. Mi trng t Cc thng
s quan trc phng x mi trng t bao gm: Cc nguyn t phng x t nhin: Be7,
K40, Bi214, Pb214, Ra226, Rn222, Bi212, Pb212, Ac228, Tl208;+ Cc
nguyn t phng x nhn to: Sr90, Cs137, Cs134, Pu239+240.+ 2.2.5. Sinh
vt Cc thng s quan trc phng x mi trng sinh vt bao gm: Cc nguyn t
phng x t nhin: Be7, K40, Bi214, Pb214, Ra226, Rn222, Bi212, Pb212,
Ac228, Tl208;+ Cc nguyn t phng x nhn to: Sr90, Cs137, Cs134,
Pu239+240.+ 2.2.6. Lng thc, thc phm Cc thng s quan trc phng x trong
lng thc, thc phm bao gm: Cc nguyn t phng x t nhin: Be7, K40, Bi214,
Pb214, Ra226, Rn222, Bi212, Pb212, Ac228, Tl208;+ Cc nguyn t phng x
nhn to: Sr90, Cs137, Cs134, Pu239+240;+ + Tng hot phng x Alpha ();
+ Tng hot phng x Bta (). 2.3. Tn sut v thi gian quan trc Cn c vo mc
ch, yu cu ca cng tc qun l mi trng, kinh ph, nng lc... la chn tn sut
v thi gian quan trc ph hp. 2.3.1. Khng kh a/. Sol kh + Tn sut quan
trc ti thiu: 12 ln/nm; + Thi gian ly mu mi ngy khong 8 gi lin tc,
ly khi lng mu
100.000m3. b/. Tng ri lng + Tn sut quan trc: 12 ln/nm + Thi gian
ly mu: lin tc trong nm. 2.3.2. Mi trng nc a/. Ngun nc chu nh hng ca
cc hot ng kinh t, x hi v an ninh ngoi lnh th Vit Nam: Tn sut quan
trc ti thiu: 12 ln/nm;+ Thi gian ly mu: ly mu cui hng thng v vo lc
tri khng ma.+ b/. Nc (nc di t, nc bin, nc mt) vng hot ng cng nghip
v khai khong: Tn sut quan trc ti thiu: 4 ln/nm;+ Thi gian ly mu: ly
mu vo cui cc thng 2, 5, 8, 11 v vo lc tri khng ma.+ c/. Trng hp t
xut (v d nh khu vc cc nc ln cn c s c phng x, ma l ln) cn quan trc b
sung. 2.3.3. Mi trng t + Tn sut quan trc ti thiu: 2 ln/nm; + Thi
gian ly mu vo cui cc thng 5 v 11 v vo lc khng ma. 2.3.4. Sinh vt ch
th + Tn sut quan trc ti thiu: 4 ln/nm; + Thi gian ly mu vo cui cc
thng 2, 5, 8, 11 v vo lc tri khng ma. 2.3.5. Lng thc, thc phm + Tn
sut quan trc ti thiu 6 thng 1ln tu thuc vo mc ch v nhu cu t ra.
2.4. La chn phng php phn tch Cn c vo mc ch s dng s liu, vic phn tch
cc thng s phng x mi trng phi tun theo mt trong cc phng php c quy nh
ti Bng 1. Cc phng php theo tiu chun quc t, tiu chun nc ngoi, tiu
chun Vit Nam hoc phng php theo tiu chun ngnh cng nh phng php phn
tch ni b c th c s dng, nhng phng php cn phi c c quan qun l chng
trnh quan trc ph duyt hoc chp thun bng vn bn. Bng 1: Phng php v
thit b phn tch cc thng s trong phng th nghim
TT Thng s S hiu tiu chun, phng php Thit b phn tch 1 ) Sut liu bc
x ( - Phng php ghi o bc x ion ho - APHA 7120 (Gamma Spectroscopic
Method) My o bc x cm tay: Sv/h 9,99mSv/h Gii o: 0,01 chnh xc: 15% 2
Hm lng (Rn) - Phng php ghi o bc x ion ho - APHA 7500 (Liquid
Scintillation Method) My o Radon Gii o: (3-1000)Bq/m3 chnh xc: 15%
C th AB-5, Rad-7 Alpha Guard Detector vt ht nhn Hoc thit b tng ng 3
Tng hot phng x Alpha () - Phng php ghi xung bc x - ISO 9697 1992E -
APHA 7110 (Evaporation Method for Gross Alpha-Beta) H m xung Alpha
phng thp S xung phng: (1-3)/10.000s 4 Tng hot phng x Bta () - Phng
php ghi xung bc x - ISO 9697 1992E - APHA 7110 (Evaporation Method
for Gross Alpha-Beta) H m xung Bta phng thp S xung phng: 2 xung
/pht 5 Be7, Pb214, Bi214, Tl208, Ac228, K40, Cs137, Pb212, Bi212,
Ra 226 - Phn tch ph nng lng
- APHA 7500 (Gamma Spectroscopic Method) H ph k Gamma phng thp
dng u d Ge siu tinh khit 6 Sr90 - Phng php m xung - APHA 7500
(Precipitation Method) H m tng Bta phng thp 7 Pu239+240 - Phng php
phn tch ph nng lng H ph k Alpha phng thp 8 T3 - Phng php m xung -
APHA 7500 (Liquid Scintillation Spectrometric Mothod) H ph k nhp
nhy lng phng thp PHN III: QUY TRNH QUAN TRC THNH PHN PHNG X MI TRNG
Chng 1: QUY TRNH QUAN TRC PHNG X TRONG MI TRNG KHNG KH I. QUY TRNH
CHUNG QUAN TRC MI TRNG KHNG KH 1.1. La chn a im v thng s quan trc
1.1.1. La chn a im quan trc Vic la chn a im ly mu v thng s quan trc
theo nguyn tc nh nu mc 2.1, chng 2, phn 2 v c th tham kho theo cc
ni dung nh bng sau. Bng 2: Ni dung la chn cc a im quan trc Vng ly
mu sol kh phc v mc tiu cnh bo Trm quan trc ti cc vng bin gii Cc
trung tm trng im nh H Ni, Nng, TP HCM Vng Cng nghip H Ni, nng, Thnh
ph HCM, Qung Ninh Vng ven bin Nng, Thnh ph HCM, Qung Ninh Vng hot
ng kinh t - x hi khai thc khong sn Cc khu cng nghip Vng ven bin min
Trung Mi ni dung quan trc c th la chn mt s vng c trng cho ni dung .
Trn y ch l mt s a im v d, ty theo kinh ph v hp ng nghin cu, cc im
quan trc ca mt s ni dung c th m rng hoc c thm im mi cc vng c trng
cho ni dung quan trc. 1.1.2. La chn thng s quan trc S lng v thnh
phn ca cc thng s cn quan trc ph thuc vo i tng v mc ch quan trc.
- Thng s mi trng chung: (xem mc 2.2.1 trang 11) - Cc thng s quan
trc c trng ca mu sol kh Theo ni dung nghin cu, xem xt v c th ca vng
quan trc, xut cc thng s quan trc cho mu sol kh (xem mc 2.2.2 trang
11). 1.2. Tn sut v thi gian quan trc Quan trc mu sol kh c th phn ra
cc trng hp sau: - Quan trc cnh bo Tn sut quan trc ti thiu: 12
ln/nm;+ Thi gian ly mu mi ngy 12 gi (c cch 2 gi li chy 2 gi lin
tc). + - Quan trc vng hot ng cng nghip khai thc khong sn Tn sut
quan trc ti thiu: 12 ln/nm;+ Thi gian ly mu mi ngy 8 gi lin tc +
1.3. o nhanh ti hin trng 1.3.1. Cc thng s o nhanh ti hin trng + V
tr: kinh , v ; + Hm lng Radon (Rn); ). + Sut liu bc x Gamma (
1.3.2. Thit b o nhanh ti hin trng a/ Thit b nh v GPS chnh xc 0,1%;
b/ Thit b o sut liu bc x gamma hin trng; c/ Thit b o radon hin
trng; + Thit b o sut liu bc x Gamma hin trng cn m bo cc yu cu sau
y: - Thit b c gii nng lng o t (30 KeV 1,3 MeV); Sv/h 9,99mSv/h; -
Cc thit b c gii o sut liu t (0,01 - chnh xc: (10 - 15)%. + Thit b o
hm lng Radon ti hin trng cn m bo cc yu cu sau y: - Cc thit b c gii
o t (3 - 2000) Bq/m3; - chnh xc: 15%. 1.3.3. Chun li cc thit b
(QA/QC) Trc khi i hin trng v trc khi tin hnh o phi chun li cc thit
b. 1.3.4. Tin hnh o nhanh ti hin trng + V tr quan trc: kinh , v ; +
Hm lng Radon (Rn);
). + Sut liu bc x Gamma ( (Theo hng dn ca thit b o) Bng 3: Kt qu
o nhanh ti hin trng V tr quan trc Kinh : V : c im ni quan trc Ngy
quan trc Ngi quan trc Ngi kim tra Cc thng s n v Gi tr Hm lng Radon
(Rn) Bq/m3 Sut liu bc x Gamma Sv/h 1.3.5. QA/QC ti hin trng Tun th
theo cc quy nh ti Thng t s 10/2007/TT-BTNMT ngy 22 thng 10 nm 2007
ca B Ti nguyn v Mi trng hng dn bo m cht lng v kim sot cht lng trong
quan trc mi trng. II. QUY TRNH QUAN TRC MU SOL KH 2.1. Quy trnh
quan trc tng hot phng x bta trong mu sol kh 2.1.1. Phng php phn tch
Phng php m tng s xung Phng php ht kh qua phin lc sol kh tiu chun v
m tng s xung trn phin lc bng cc thit b o tng hot phng x Bta phng
thp theo tiu chun ISO - 9697 1992. 2.1.2. Thit b ly mu Bng 4: Cc
thit b v dng c ly mu sol kh TT Tn thit b c tnh k thut Mc ch s dng 1
My nh v v tinh nh v v tr 2 My nh k thut s Chp, lu nh 3 My ht kh 50
- 100 m3/h Ht kh 4 Phin lc tiu chun FPP-15 Thu sol kh 5 Ti nilon cc
loi ng mu 6 Hp nha Lu gi mu 2.1.3. Ly mu ti hin trng 2.1.3.1. Chun
b ly mu + Chun b phin lc tiu chun; + Chun b thit ly mu: my ht kh lu
lng t (50 - 100) m3/h;
+ Chn b ngun in ph hp vi thit b ht mu; + Hiu chun thit b.
2.1.3.2. Tin hnh ly mu + t phin lc tiu chun vo gi ca u my ht kh; +
Chy my ht kh ly lng mu khng kh qua phin lc c th tch t (100 200) m3.
2.1.4. X l mu (lm giu mu) 2.1.4.1. Thit b, dng c + Khay o bng nhm
hoc thp inox sch c kch thc ph hp vi detector ca h o; + Cc nung bng
thch anh; + T sy; + L nung; + Cn in t su s (mg). 2.1.4.2. Tin hnh x
l mu (lm giu mu) Lm giu mu l lm gim th tch mu v chuyn mu sang dng o
c. Cc bc tin hnh nh sau: + Cn phin lc ly mu sol kh; + Tro ho phin
lc: phin lc vo cc thch anh a vo l nung, nung nhit t (350 400)0C sao
cho tro ca mu c mu trng hng; + Cn lng tro thu c; + Cn ly mt lng tro
c khi lng M a vo khay o gin u v c nh tro trn khay bng dung dch keo
dnh chuyn dng. * iu kin khi lng M trn khay o phi tho mn iu kin: M
80 cm3; + Hiu sut ghi tng i (15.1 30)%; + phn gii l 1,92keV ti
1332keV ca Co60; + Gii hn pht hin c 10-7 Bq/m3;
+ nhy c 10-7 Bq/m3; + u o c t trong bnh ch phng thp, m bo phng
tch phn ca h thng t (100 2000) keV c (1-2) xung/giy; + Bnh cha kh
nit lng. 2.3.5.2. Tin hnh o mu + Khi ng my; + Quy trnh vn hnh h my
o ph k gamma phng thp dng u o Ge siu tinh khit (Xem hng dn chi tit
s dng h my); + o phng (nu my o lin tc th ly s xung phng o ca h o)
trong thi gian 100.000giy (s); + a hp ng mu vo gi mu o; + Thi gian
o mu l 100.000giy (s) (m bo s xung o c thng k vi chnh xc 15 %); Bng
8: Bng ghi s liu kt qu o mu TT Tn mu v k hiu n v tnh S lng 1 Khi
lng mu ly gam (g) 2 Nhit tro ho 0C 3 Khi lng mu tro ho gam (g) 4
Khi lng mu em o gam (g) 5 Thi gian o mu Giy (s) 2.3.6. Tnh hot phng
x ca cc ng v + Tnh theo chng trnh chun Gannas hoc Gammaw + Tnh theo
phng php so snh trc tip vi mu chun. Ring Uran v Thori khi tnh kt qu
ly theo cc nh tng ng sau: + i vi Uran: 186KeV ca 235U + 226Ra, 296,
352 KeV ca 214Pb; 609, 1120, 1764 KeV ca 214Bi + i vi Th: 338 KeV
ca Bi212; 583 KeV ca 208Tl; 911 KeV ca 228Ac. * Phng php tuyt i: +
Hot ring (Bq/m3) ca cc ng v phng x cn phn tch ti thi im o mu l: A=
Trong : - V (m3): Th tch mu kh ht qua phin lc
- Sd : Din tch nh ca tia gamma nng lng E (tng s xung trong thi
gian o) - e: Hiu sut tuyt i - f: Hiu sut pht ca tia gamma ti nh nng
lng ang xt - t: Thi gian o mu (s) * Phng php tng i: Phng php tng i
l phng php xc nh hot ca mt ng v trong mu vi vic so snh vi ng v c
trong mu chun cng thi im o. iu kin ca phng php ny l mi kch thc hnh
hc ca mu phi ging kch thc hnh hc ca mu chun v knh nng lng ca my khi
o khng c tri. Mu chun s dng phi l mu chun c cng nhn theo TCVN hoc
tiu chun quc t ISO. 2.3.7. QA/QC Tun th theo cc quy nh ti Thng t s
10/2007/TT-BTNMT ngy 22 thng 10 nm 2007 ca B Ti nguyn v Mi trng hng
dn bo m cht lng v kim sot cht lng trong quan trc mi trng. III. QUY
TRNH QUAN TRC MU TNG RI LNG 3.1. Quy trnh quan trc tng hot phng x
bta trong mu tng ri lng 3.1.1. Phng php phn tch Phng php: m tng s
xung 3.1.2. Ly mu ti hin trng 3.1.2.1. Phng php ly mu + Hng mu trc
tip qua phin lc tiu chun 3.1.2.2. Thit b ly mu Bng 9: Mt s thit b v
dng c quan trc ly mu tng ri lng TT Tn thit b Model Hng/nc sn xut Mc
ch s dng 1 My nh v v tinh nh v v tr 2 My nh k thut s Chp, lu nh 3
Khay, bnh hng mu Hng mu ri lng 4 Phin lc tiu chun Hng mu ri lng 5
Cht kt dnh 6 Hp nha Lu gi mu
3.1.2.3. Chun b ly mu + Chun b phin lc tiu chun; + Chun b thit b
ly mu: khay hng mu kch thc (300 x 300) mm + Can hay bnh thp inox; +
Cht kt dnh, hoc nc ct. 3.1.2.4. Tin hnh ly mu + t phin lc tiu chun
vo khay ly mu; + t bnh hng nc ma qua phin lc vo v tr ng dn t khay
xng; + cht kt dnh ln b mt phin lc; + Tn sut quan trc: lin tc 1, 2
hoc 3 thng tu thuc vo mc tiu quan trc. 3.1.3. X l mu 3.1.3.1. Thit
b, dng c + Khay o bng nhm hay thp inox sch c kch thc ph hp vi
detector ca h o; + Cc nung bng thch anh; + T sy; + L nung; + Cn in
t su s (mg). 3.1.3.2. Tin hnh x l mu + Sy kh; + Cn phin lc hng tng
ri lng; + Tro ho phin lc: phin lc vo cc thch anh a vo l nung, nung
nhit t (350 400)0C sao cho tro ca mu c mu trng hng; + Cn mu tro ho;
+ Cn ly mt lng a vo khay o tri u; + iu kin: khi lng mu M trn khay o
phi m bo iu kin: M
