Mn: Qun tr ri ro.

QUN TR RI RO

TRONG CHUI CUNG

NG GO VIT NAM

GVHD: GS.TS on Th Hng Vn

Lp Ngoi thng 1 K37

Nguyn Hong Nhi

Nguyn Ngc Minh Duyn

Phm Trn Yn Nhi

Nguyn Thin Trang

Nguyn Th Ngc Bch

1

Mc lc

Chng 1. NHNG L LUN C BN V QUN TR RI RO LOGISTICS

V CHUI CUNG NG. ............................................................................................ 4

1.1. Khi nim logistics v chui cung ng. ............................................................ 4

1.1.1. Khi nim. ............................................................................................................. 4

1.1.2. Cu trc chui cung ng. ...................................................................................... 7

1.1.3. Vai tr ngha ca logistics v chui cung ng trong hot ng kinh doanh 10

1.1.4. Qun tr logistics v chui cung ng .................................................................. 13

1.2. Qun tr ri ro trong logistics v chui cung ng. .......................................... 22

1.2.1. Khi nim ri ro trong logistics v chui cung ng. .......................................... 22

1.2.2. Phn loi ri ro trong Logistics v chui cung ng. ........................................... 23

1.2.3. V tr ca qun tr ri ro logistics v chui cung ng trong h thng qun tr. .. 25

1.2.4. Quy trnh qun tr ri ro. ..................................................................................... 26

1.2.5. Qun l ri ro trong logistics v chui cung ng. .............................................. 28

Chng 2. TNH HNH LA GO V CHUI CUNG NG LA GO VIT

NAM 45

2.1. Tnh hnh sn xut la ca Vit Nam .............................................................. 45

2.2. Tnh hnh xut khu go ca Vit Nam .......................................................... 48

2

2.3. Chui cung ng go ca Vit Nam ................................................................. 56

2.4. Hnh thc chui cung ng xut khu go ca Vit Nam ................................ 57

Chng 3. RI RO TRONG CHUI CUNG NG GO..................................... 59

3.1. Ngun cung ng: ............................................................................................. 59

3.1.1. c im ............................................................................................................. 59

3.1.2. Ri ro trong ngun cung ng la go ................................................................. 63

3.2. Ch bin, d tr la go .................................................................................. 68

3.2.1. Ch bin .............................................................................................................. 68

3.2.2. D tr .................................................................................................................. 72

3.2.3. Ri ro trong khu ch bin, d tr ...................................................................... 73

3.3. Vn ti trong chui cung ng .......................................................................... 78

3.3.1. Dng chu chuyn trong chui cung ng go ...................................................... 78

3.3.2. Ri ro trong vn ti la go trong chui cung ng ............................................. 82

3.4. Hot ng xut khu ....................................................................................... 86

3.4.1. Quan h khch hng ............................................................................................ 86

3.4.2. Cng tc iu hnh xut khu go ...................................................................... 88

3.4.3. Thc hin n hng ............................................................................................ 90

Chng 4. QUN TR RI RO CHUI CUNG NG GO VIT NAM ........... 96

4.1. Nhn din ri ro .............................................................................................. 96

3

4.2. o lng ri ro ................................................................................................ 97

4.3. Gii php ......................................................................................................... 99

4.3.1. Gii php chung cho ton chui cung ng ......................................................... 99

4.3.2. Gii php cho tng khu ................................................................................... 101

4.3.3. Kin ngh nh nc ........................................................................................... 110

Kt lun ..................................................................................................................... 112

Ti liu tham kho ..................................................................................................... 113

4

Chng 1. NHNG L LUN C BN V QUN TR RI RO LOGISTICS

V CHUI CUNG NG.

1.1. Khi nim logistics v chui cung ng.

1.1.1. Khi nim.

Logistics v chui cung ng l hai khi nim khng cn qu mi m trong

hon cnh kinh k m th trng ton cu ngy cng m rng v pht trin. Theo

quan im ca cc nh qun tr th chui cung ng chnh l giai on pht trin cao

hn ca logistics. Bi l, s pht trin nhanh chng ca khoa hc cng ngh v qun

l cui th k 20 a logistics ln mt tm cao mi. Hn na, trong bi cnh cnh

tranh khc lit th trng ton cu hin nay, vic gii thiu sn phm mi vi chu k

sng ngy cng ngn hn, cng vi mc k vng ngy cng cao ca khch hng

thc y cc doanh nghip phi u t, v tp trung nhiu vo chui cung ng ca n.

iu ny, cng vi nhng tin b lin tc trong cng ngh truyn thng v vn ti,

thc y s pht trin khng ngng ca chui cung ng v nhng k thut qun l

n.

Logistics theo ngha ang s dng trn th gii c nun gc t t

logistique trong ting Php. Logistique li c gc t t loger ngha l ni ng

qun. T ny c quan h mt thit vi t Lodge- nh ngh. Logistics c dng

Anh bt u t th k 19. V mt s nht nh t ny c mi lin h vi t

logistic trong ton hc, c ngun gc t ting Hy Lp logistikos- phn nh mn

khoa hc nghin cu tnh quy lut ca cc hot ng cung ng v m bo cc yu t

t chc, vt cht v k thut (do vy, mt s t in nh ngha l hu cn) cho qu

trnh chnh yu c tin hnh ng mc tiu. V Napoleon tng nh ngha: Hu

cn l hot ng duy tr lc lng qun i, nhng cng chnh do hot ng hu

cn s si dn n s tht bi ca v tng ti ba ny trn ng ti Moscow v

cng ht mc ng dy cung ng ca mnh.

5

Cun sch u tin v logistics ra i nm 1961, bng ting Anh vi ta

Physical distribution management, t n nay c nhiu nh ngha khc nhau

c a ra khi qut v lnh vc ny, mi khi nim th hin mt gc tip cn

v ni dung khc nhau.

Trn th gii, khi nim logistics c cp bi nhiu t chc khc nhau vi

cc kha cnh khc nhau gm:

Lin Hp Quc: Logistics l hot ng qun l qu trnh lu chuyn nguyn

vt liu qua cc khu lu kho, sn xut ra sn phm cho ti tay ngi tiu dng theo

yu cu ca khch hng.

y ban Qun l Logistics ca Hoa K: Logistics l qu trnh lp k hoch,

chn phng n ti u thc hin vic qun l, kim sot vic di chuyn v bo

qun c hiu qu v chi ph v ngn nht v thi gian i vi nguyn vt liu, bn

thnh phm v thnh phm, cng nh cc thng tin tng ng t giai on tin sn

xut cho n khi hng ha n tay ngi tiu dng cui cng p ng yu cu ca

khch hng.

Lut Thng mi Vit Nam nm 2005 khng a ra khi nim logistics

m a ra khi nim dch v logistics nh sau: Dch v logistics l hot ng

thng mi, theo thng nhn t chc thc hin mt hoc nhiu cng vic

bao gm nhn hng, vn chuyn, lu kho, lu bi, lm th tc hi quan, cc th

tc giy t khc, t vn khch hng, ng gi bao b, ghi k m hiu, giao hng

hoc cc dch v khc c lin quan n hng ho theo tho thun vi khch hng

hng th lao. Dch v logistics c phin m theo ting Vit l dch v l-gi-

stc (iu 233- Lut Thng mi Vit Nam nm 2005).

Qua cc khi nim trn, cho d c s khc nhau v t ng din t, cch trnh

by nhng trong ni dung tt c cc tc gi u cho rng logistics chnh l hot ng

qun l dng lu chuyn ca nguyn vt liu t khu mua sm qua qu trnh lu kho,

sn xut ra sn phm v phn phi ti tay ngi tiu dng nhm gim ti a chi ph

pht sinh hoc s pht sinh vi mt thi gian ngn nht trong qu trnh vn ng ca

nguyn vt liu phc v n xut cng nh phn phi hng ho mt cch kp thi.

6

Tm li, theo quan im ca c nhn th logistics c hiu nh sau:

Logistics l ngh thut t chc s vn ng ca hng ho, nguyn vt liu

t khi mua sm, qua cc qu trnh lu kho, sn xut, phn phi cho n khi a

n tay ngi tiu dng.

Cc giai on pht trin ca logistics

C th thy rng, khi nim v hot ng chui cung ng ra i vo nhng

nm 1980s. Thi k ny cc doanh nghip bt u nhn thy rng phi coi cc khch

hng v cc nh cung ng nh l ng minh chin lc, nhng n v cng tc kinh

doanh. Chnh s hp tc, lin kt gia cc bn l c s hot ng logistics t c

hiu qu ngy cng cao, gim s chng cho, hao ph khng cn thit, tp trung vo

vic kinh doanh, thc y thng li chung. Chui cung ng ra i. l mt mng

li cc c s h tng (nh my, kho hng, cu cng, ca hng), cc phng tin

(xe ti, tu ho, my bay, tu bin) cng vi h thng thng tin c kt ni vi

nhau gia cc nh cung ng ca mt cng ty v cc khch hng ca cng ty . Cc

hot ng logistics (dch v khch hng, qun tr d tr, vn chuyn v bo qun hng

ho) c lin kt vi nhau thc hin cc mc tiu trong chui cung ng.

1950 1960 1970 1980

1990 2000

W

orplace

logistics

F

acility

logistics

C

orporate

logistics

Su

pply

cha

in logistics

Global

logistics

Ph

m

vi v

nh

h-

n

g

7

Ngoi ra da trn quan im v cc dng vn chuyn, chui cung ng c

hiu l "Qu trnh ti u ho v v tr, vn chuyn v d tr cc ngun ti nguyn t

im u tin ca dy chuyn cung ng cho n tay ngi tiu dng cui cng, thng

qua hng lot cc hot ng kinh t .

Cho n ngy nay, chui cung ng c xem xt mt cch hon thin hn.

Chui cung ng bao gm tt c cc doanh nghip tham gia, mt cch trc tip hay

gin tip, trong vic p ng nhu cu khch hng. Chui cung ng khng ch bao

gm nh sn xut v nh cung cp, m cn cng ty vn ti, nh kho, nh bn l v

khch hng ca n.

S mt chui cung ng in hnh

1.1.2. Cu trc chui cung ng.

Trong chui cung ng c s kt hp ca mt s cng ty thc hin nhng chc

nng khc nhau. Nhng cng ty l nh sn xut, nh phn phi, nh bn s, nh bn

l v khch hng c nhn hay khch hng l t chc.

Nh sn xut

8

Nh sn xut l cc t chc sn xut ra sn phm. Nh sn xut bao gm nhng

cng ty sn xut nguyn vt liu v cng ty sn xut thnh phm. Cc nh sn xut

nguyn vt liu nh khai thc khong sn, khoan tm du kh, ca g. . . v cng bao

gm nhng t chc trng trt, chn nui hay nh bt thu hi sn. Cc nh sn xut

thnh phm s dng nguyn vt liu v cc b phn lp rp c sn xut ra t cc

cng ty khc.

Nh phn phi

Nh phn phi l nhng cng ty tn tr hng vi s lng ln t nh sn xut

v phn phi sn phm n khch hng. Nh phn phi bn sn phm cho nhng nh

kinh doanh khc vi s lng ln hn so vi khch hng mua l. Do s bin ng nhu

cu v sn phm, nh phn phi tn tr hng ha, thc hin bn hng v phc v

khch hng. Mt nh phn phi in hnh l mt t chc s hu nhiu sn phm tn

kho mua t nh sn xut v bn li cho ngi tiu dng. C nhng chc nng khc m

nh phn phi phi thc hin l qun l tn kho, vn hnh ca hng, vn chuyn sn

phm cng nh chm sc khch hng. Nh phn phi cng l mt t chc ch i din

bn hng gia nh sn xut v khch hng, khng bao gi s hu sn phm . Loi

nh phn phi ny thc hin chc nng chnh yu l khuyn mi v bn sn phm.

Vi c hai trng hp ny, nh phn phi l i l nm bt lin tc nhu cu ca khch

hng, lm cho khch hng mua sn phm t cc cng ty sn xut.

Nh bn l

Nh bn l tn tr sn phm v bn cho khch hng vi s lng nh hn. Nh

bn l trong khi bn hng cng nm bt kin v nhu cu ca khch hng rt chi tit.

Do n lc chnh l thu ht khch hng i vi nhng sn phm mnh bn, nh bn l

thng qung co v s dng mt s k thut kt hp v gi c, s la chn v s tin

dng ca sn phm.

Khch hng

9

Khch hng hay ngi tiu dng l bt k c nhn, t chc no mua v s dng

sn phm. Khch hng l t chc c th mua mt sn phm kt hp vi sn phm

khc ri bn chng cho khch hng khc l ngi s dng sn phm sau/ mua sn

phm v tiu dng.

Nh cung cp dch v

l nhng t chc cung cp dch v cho nh sn xut, nh phn phi, nh

bn l v khch hng. Nh cung cp dch v c nhng chuyn mn v k nng c

bit mt hot ng ring bit trong chui cung ng. Chnh v th, h c th thc

hin nhng dch v ny hiu qu hn v vi mc gi tt hn so vi chnh cc nh sn

xut, nh phn phi, nh bn l hay ngi tiu dng lm iu ny. Trong bt k chui

cung ng no, nh cung cp ph bin nht l cung cp dch v vn ti v dch v nh

kho. y l cc cng ty xe ti v cng ty kho hng v thng c bit n l nh

cung cp hu cn.

10

Cu trc chui cung ng

Trong thc t c rt nhiu s bin ng trong nhng m hnh c bn ny. Mt

vi chui cung ng c nhiu cp bc cho khch hng v cho c nhng nh phn phi,

trong khi mt khc c nhiu chui li c s lu thng nguyn liu n gin, trong khi

c nhng chui khc th c h thng rc ri v phc tp.

Nhng chin lc khc nhau cng dn n cc chui cung ng khc nhau, v

th mt cng ty cn tp trung vo s nhanh chng trong phn phi iu ny s xy

dng mt chui khc tp trung vo vic h thp chi ph. Nhng nhn t ny cng nh

hng n cu trc ca chui cung ng l: yu cu ca khch hng, xu hng chung

ca nn kinh t, s sn sng ca dch v hu cn, yu t vn ha, tc i mi, s

cnh tranh, th trng, s sp xp v ti chnh.

im nhn trong cu trc chui cung ng l tnh tng tc v s kt ni gia

cc ch th trong chui thng qua 3 dng lin kt:

- Dng thng tin: Dng giao v nhn ca cc n t hng, theo di qu trnh

dch chuyn ca hng ho v chng t gia ngi gi v ngi nhn

- Dng sn phm: Con ng dch chuyn ca hng ho v dch v t nh

cung cp ti khch hng, m bo ng v s lng v cht lng

- Dng ti chnh: Ch dng tin bc v chng t thanh ton gia cc khch

hng v nh cung cp, th hin hiu qu kinh doanh.

1.1.3. Vai tr ngha ca logistics v chui cung ng trong hot ng kinh

doanh

Ngnh logistics - chui cung ng c v tr ngy cng quan trng trong cc nn

kinh t hin i v c nh hng to ln n s pht trin kinh t ca cc quc gia v

ton cu. Phn gi tr gia tng do ngnh logistics v chui cung ng to ra ngy cng

ln v tc ng ca n th hin r di nhng kha cnh di y:

11

Logistics - chui cung ng l cng c lin kt cc hot ng kinh t trong

mt quc gia v ton cu qua vic cung cp nguyn liu, sn xut, lu thng phn

phi, m rng th trng. Trong nn kinh t hin i, s tng trng v s lng ca

khch hng thc y s gia tng hng nghn sn phm v dch v mi v gii thiu,

bn ra v phn phi chng hng ngy n cc ng ngch ca th gii trong thp k

va qua. gii quyt cc thch thc do th trng m rng v s tng nhanh ca

hng ha v dch v, cc hng kinh doanh phi m rng quy m v tnh phc tp, pht

trin cc nh my lin hp thay th cho nhng nh my n. Chui cung ng hin i

gip cc hng lm ch c ton b nng lc cung ng ca mnh qua vic lin kt

cc hot ng cung cp u vo, sn xut, lu thng, phn phi kp thi chnh xc.

Nh m p ng c nhng c hi kinh doanh trong phm vi ton cu.

Tit kim v gim chi phi ph trong lu thng phn phi. Vi t cch l cc

t chc kinh doanh cung cp cc dch v logistics v chui cung ng chuyn nghip,

cc doanh nghip logistics cung nh qun l chui cung ng mang li y cc li

ch cho cc ngnh sn xut v kinh doanh khc. T m mang li hiu qu cao

khng ch cht lng dch v cung cp m cn tit kim ti a v thi gian v tin

bc cho cc qu trnh lu thng phn phi trong nn kinh t.

M rng th trng trong bun bn quc t, gp phn gim chi ph, hon

thin v tiu chun ha chng t trong kinh doanh c bit trong bun bn v vn

ti quc t. Trong thi i ton cu ha, thng mi quc t l s la chn tt yu cho

mi quc gia trong tin trnh pht trin t nc. Cc giao dch quc t ch thc hin

c v mang li hiu qu cho quc gia khi da trn mt h thng logistics chui

cung ng gi c hp l v cht lng cao. H thng ny gip cho mi dng hng ha

c lu chuyn thun li, sun s t quc gia ny n quc gia khc nh vic cung

ng kp thi, phn phi chnh xc, chng t tiu chun, thng tin r rng

L mt b phn trong GDP, logistics - chui cung ng nh hng ng k

n t l lm pht, t l li xut, nng sut, chi ph, cht lng v hiu qu, cng

nh cc kha cnh khc ca nn kinh t. Mt nghin cu ch ra rng bnh qun mt

12

t chc ca M c th m rng nng sut logistics 20% hoc hn trong 1 nm. Mt

cch ch ra vai tr ca logistics l so snh ph tn ca n vi cc hot ng x hi

khc. Ti M chi ph kinh doanh logstics ln gp 10 ln qung co, gp i so vi chi

ph bo v quc gia v ngang bng vi chi ph chm sc sc khe con ngi hng

nm. Marketing coi logistics l vic phn phi vt l hng ha. C s cho quan nim

ny l hot ng d tr thnh phm hoc cung cp cc yu t u vo do logistics v

chui cung ng m nhim cng l nhim v ca bin s phn phi (Place) trong

marketing - mix v c gi l phn phi vn ng vt l. Hiu n gin l kh nng

a 1 sn phm n ng thi im, ng s lng, ng khch hng. Sn xut coi

logistics v hot ng chui cung ng l vic la chn a im xy dng nh my,

chn ngun cung ng tt v phn phi hng ha thun tin, thng sutBi l cc

hot ng ny nh hng v lin quan cht ch n thi gian iu hnh sn xut, k

hach sn xut, kh nng cung cp nguyn vt liu, tnh thi v ca sn xut, chi ph

sn xut, thm ch ngay c vn bao b ng gi sn phm trong sn xut cng

nghip hin i.

Logistics v chui cung ng gip nng cao hiu qu qun l, gim thiu chi

ph sn trong qu trnh sn xut, tng cng sc cnh tranh cho doanh nghip.

Quan im marketing cho rng, kinh doanh tn ti da trn s tha mn nhu cu

khch hng v cho thy 3 thnh phn ch yu ca khi nim ny l s phi hp cc n

lc marketing, tha mn khch hng v li nhun cng ty. Logistics v chui cung

ng ng vai tr quan trng vi cc thnh phn ny theo cch thc khc nhau. N

gip phi hp cc bin s marketing mix, gia tng s hi lng ca khch hng, trc

tip lm gim chi ph, gin tip lm tng li nhun trong di hn.

Logistics v chui cung ng cho php doanh nghip di chuyn hng ha v

dch v hiu qu n khch hng: Logistics khng ch gp phn ti u ha v v tr

m cn ti u ha cc dng hng ha v dch v ti doanh nghip nh vo vic phn

b mng li cc c s kinh doanh v iu kin phc v ph hp vi yu cu vn

ng hng ha. Hn th na, cc m hnh qun tr v phng n ti u trong d tr,

vn chuyn, mua hngv h thng thng tin hin i s to iu kin a hng

13

ha n ni khch hng yu cu nhanh nht vi chi ph thp, cho php doanh nghip

thc hin hiu qu cc hot ng ca mnh

Logistics v chui cung ng c vai tr h tr nh qun l ra quyt nh

chnh xc trong hot ng sn xut kinh doanh, l mt ngun li tim tng cho

doanh nghip: Mt h thng logistics v chui cung ng hiu qu v kinh t cng

tng t nh mt ti sn v hnh cho cng ty. Nu mt cng ty c th huy ng nhanh

ngun u vo v cung cp sn phm cho khch hng ca mnh mt cch nhanh chng

vi chi ph thp th c th thu c li th v th phn so vi i th cnh tranh. iu

ny c th gip cho vic bn hng mc chi ph thp hn nh vo h thng logistics

v chui cung ng hiu qu hoc cung cp dch v khch hng vi trnh cao hn do

d to ra uy tn

1.1.4. Qun tr logistics v chui cung ng

1.1.4.1. S cn thit ca hot ng qun tr logistics v chui cung

ng.

1.1.4.1.1. Ngun gc ca qun tr logistics v chui cung ng.

Trong thp nin 1980, cc cng ty pht hin ra rng cc chin lc v cng

ngh sn xut mi cho php h gim chi ph v cnh tranh tt hn cc th trng

khc nhau. Nhiu trong s cc cng ty ny ang khm ph rng qun tr chui cung

ng hiu qu l bc k tip h cn phi thc hin gia tng li nhun v th phn.

Thc ra, trong nm 1988 cc cng ty M tiu tn 898 t USD, hoc khong

10% ca tng sn phm quc ni ca M, chi cho cc hot ng lin quan n logitics

v cung ng. Trong nm 2000, chi ph ny tng ln 1006 t USD. Con s ny kt lun

rng chi ph vn chuyn, lu tr v kim sot sn phm trong chui cung ng, c

trong cc nh my sn xut, nh kho v gia cc cu thnh khc nhau ca chui cung

ng. Khng may mn l mc u t khng l ny in hnh bao gm nhiu cu thnh

chi ph khng cn thit do tn kho tha, cc chin lc vn ti khng hiu qu v cc

hot ng lng ph khc trong chui cung ng. V d, cc chuyn gia tin rng ngnh

14

bun bn tp ha c th tit kim khong 30 t USD, hoc 10% chi ph hot ng

thng nin ca n bng vic s dng cc chin lc chui cung ng hiu qu hn.

V vy nhiu c hi hin c ct gim chi ph trong chui cung ng. Khng

c g ng ngc nhin l c kh nhiu cng ty c th gia tng sn lng mt cch ng

k hoc gim chi ph thng qua vic qun tr chui cung ng hiu qu. P&G c tnh

rng n tit kim 65 triu USD t khch hng bn l thng qua mt sng kin v chui

cung ng trong vng 18 thng gn y. V d ny gi rng i tc chin lc gia

nh cung cp v ngi sn xut c tc ng quan trng n thnh tch hiu qu ca

chui cung ng.

Vo nm 1979, Wal-Mart ch l mt nh bn l nh min Nam ch vi 229

ca hiu v doanh thu bnh qun khong mt na so vi ca hng ca Kmart. Trong

10 nm, Wal-Mart thay i chnh bn thn mnh; vo nm 1992, Wal-Mart t k

lc v doanh s cao nht cho mi mt vung din tch ca hng, vng quay tn kho

ln nht v li nhun hot ng ln nht trong ca hng bn l chit khu. Ngy nay

Wal-Mart l nh bn l ln nht v li nhun cao nht trn ton th gii. Thc ra, vo

nm 1999, Wal-Mart chim gn 5% chi tiu v bn l ca ton nc M. Wal-Mart

thc hin c iu nh th no? Khi im chnh l nh tp trung thng xuyn

vo vic tha mn nhu cu ca khch hng; mc tiu ca Wal-Mart l m bo cho

khch hng c c hng ha bt c khi no v bt c ni u h mun v xy dng

cu trc chi ph cho php c mt mc gi cnh tranh. Yu t then cht t c

mc tiu ny l to ra cch thc gip cng ty b sung tn kho trn c s chin lc v

tn kho.

Cc v d trn m t nhiu cu chuyn thnh cng v qun tr chui cung ng.

Chng gi rng trong mt s ngnh, qun tr chui cung ng c l l mt nhn t

quan trng nht quyt nh thnh cng ca doanh nghip. Cc v d cng nu bt mt

cu hi quan trng. Nu cc cng ty ny ci thin hiu qu chui cung ng bng cch

tp trung vo s hp tc chin lc, s dng cc kho hng tp trung hoc s dng

15

chin lc dch chuyn cho, iu g ngn cn cng ty khc trong vic p dng cc k

thut ging nhau thin hiu qu chui cung ng ca h?

1.1.4.1.2. Quan im chung v qun tr chui cung ng.

Thut ng qun tr chui cung ng - SCM ra i sau qun tr logistics v ang

tr thnh mt thi thng trong cc hot ng kinh doanh hin i. Ngi ta bn v

vic thit lp cc gii php SCM, mng li SCM, cc b phn mm SCM,... nhng

vn bn khon t hi: Thc cht SCM l g ? ng dng SCM ra sao?...

C rt nhiu quan im khc nhau v qun tr logitics v chui cung ng.

Theo nh ngha ca Hip hi cc nh chuyn nghip v qun tr chui cung

ng (Council of Supply Chain Management Professionals - CSCMP): Qun tr

logistics l mt phn ca qun tr chui cung ng bao gm vic hoch nh, thc hin,

kim sot vic vn chuyn v d tr hiu qu hng ha, dch v cng nh nhng

thng tin lin quan t ni xut pht n ni tiu th p ng yu cu ca khch

hng. Hot ng ca qun tr logistics c bn bao gm qun tr vn ti hng ha xut

v nhp, qun l i tu, kho bi, nguyn vt liu, thc hin n hng, thit k mng

li logistics, qun tr tn kho, hoch nh cung/cu, qun tr nh cung cp dch v

th ba.

Qun tr chui cung ng bao gm hoch nh v qun l tt c cc hot ng

lin quan n tm ngun cung, mua hng, sn xut v tt c cc hot ng qun tr

logistics. mc quan trng, qun tr chui cung ng bao gm s phi hp v cng

tc ca cc i tc trn cng mt knh nh nh cung cp, bn trung gian, cc nh cung

cp dch v, khch hng. V c bn, qun tr chui cung ng s tch hp vn qun

tr cung cu bn trong v gia cc cng ty vi nhau. Qun tr chui cung ng bao gm

tt c nhng hot ng qun tr logistics nu cng nh nhng hot ng sn xut v

thc y s phi hp v qui trnh v hot ng ca cc b phn marketing, kinh

doanh, thit k sn phm, ti chnh, cng ngh thng tin.

16

Theo hi ng qun tr hu cn, mt t chc phi li nhun th qun tr chui

cung ng l s phi hp chin lc v h thng cc chc nng kinh doanh truyn

thng v cc sch lc xuyn sut cc chc nng ny trong mt cng ty c th v gia

cc doanh nghip trong chui cung ng vi mc ch ci thin thnh tch di hn ca

cc cng ty n l v ca c chui cung ng.

Tnh nht qun th hin trong cc nh ngha ny chnh l tng ca s

phi hp v hp nht s lng ln cc hot ng lin quan n sn phm trong s cc

thnh vin ca chui cung cp nhm ci thin nng sut hot ng, cht lng, v

dch v khch hng nhm t c li th cnh tranh bn vng cho tt c cc t chc

lin quan n vic cng tc ny.

Thc t trn th gii cho thy rng, mt s nh nghin cu thng ng nht

hot ng qun tr logistics v chui cung ng thnh mt hot ng qun tr. Bi v

vic phn bit hai hot ng ny l thuc vo ai ang nh gi vn ny, nn t

phn ny s khng phn bit gia qun tr logistics v qun tr chui cung ng v coi

qun tr logistics l mt b phn cu thnh ca qun tr chui cung ng.

1.1.4.1.3. Vai tr ca SCM i vi hot ng kinh doanh

i vi cc cng ty, SCM c vai tr rt to ln, bi c khng t cng ty gt

hi thnh cng ln nh bit son tho chin lc v gii php SCM thch hp, ngc

li, c nhiu cng ty gp kh khn, tht bi do a ra cc quyt nh sai lm nh chn

sai ngun cung cp nguyn vt liu, chn sai v tr kho bi, tnh ton lng d tr

khng ph hp, t chc vn chuyn rc ri, chng cho...

Ngoi ra, SCM cn h tr c lc cho hot ng marketing, c bit l

marketing mix (4P: Product, Price, Promotion, Place). Chnh SCM ng vai tr then

cht trong vic a sn phm n ng ni cn n v vo ng thi im thch hp.

Mc tiu ln nht ca SCM l cung cp sn phm/dch v cho khch hng vi tng

chi ph nh nht.

17

im ng lu l cc chuyn gia kinh t nhn nhn rng h thng SCM

ha hn tng bc nng cao hiu qu hot ng sn xut ca cng ty v to iu kin

cho chin lc thng mi in t pht trin. y chnh l cha kho thnh cng cho

B2B. Tuy nhin, nh khng t cc nh phn tch kinh doanh cnh bo, chic cha

kho ny ch thc s phc v cho vic nhn bit cc chin lc da trn h thng sn

xut, khi chng to ra mt trong nhng mi lin kt trng yu nht trong dy chuyn

cung ng.

Trong mt cng ty sn xut lun tn ti ba yu t chnh ca dy chuyn cung

ng: th nht l cc bc khi u v chun b cho qu trnh sn xut, hng ti

nhng thng tin tp trung vo khch hng v yu cu ca h; th hai l bn thn chc

nng sn xut, tp trung vo nhng phng tin, thit b, nhn lc, nguyn vt liu v

chnh qu trnh sn xut; th ba l tp trung vo sn phm cui cng, phn phi v

mt ln na hng ti nhng thng tin tp trung vo khch hng v yu cu ca h.

Trong dy chuyn cung ng ba nhn t ny, SCM s iu phi kh nng sn

xut c gii hn v thc hin vic ln k hoch sn xut - nhng cng vic i hi

tnh d liu chnh xc v hot ng ti cc nh my, nhm lm cho k hoch sn xut

t hiu qu cao nht. Khu vc nh my sn xut trong cng ty ca bn phi l mt

mi trng nng ng, trong s vt c chuyn ho lin tc, ng thi thng tin

cn c cp nht v ph bin ti tt c cc cp qun l cng ty cng a ra quyt

nh nhanh chng v chnh xc. SCM cung cp kh nng trc quan ho i vi cc d

liu lin quan n sn xut v khp kn dy chuyn cung cp, to iu kin cho vic

ti u ho sn xut ng lc bng cc h thng sp xp v ln k hoch. N cng

mang li hiu qu ti a cho vic d tr s lng nguyn vt liu, qun l ngun ti

nguyn, lp k hoch u t v sp xp hot ng sn xut ca cng ty.

Mt tc dng khc ca vic ng dng gii php SCM l phn tch d liu thu

thp c v lu tr h s vi chi ph thp. Hot ng ny nhm phc v cho nhng

mc ch lin quan n hot ng sn xut (nh d liu v thng tin sn phm, d liu

v nhu cu th trng) p ng i hi ca khch hng. C th ni, SCM l nn

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tng ca mt chng trnh ci tin v qun l cht lng - Bn khng th ci tin

c nhng g bn khng th nhn thy.

1.1.4.2. Cc vn chnh trong qun tr logistics v chui cung ng.

S khi qut v qun tr logistics/chui cung ng

Theo , cc vn trong qun tr logitics/chui cung ng thng c cp

n, bao gm:

1.1.4.2.1. Cu hnh mng li phn phi.

Nh qun tr nn la chn v tr v cng sut ca nh kho nh th no, quyt

nh v sn lng sn xut cho mi sn phm ti mi nh my nh th no, v thit

t dng dch chuyn gia cc n v, hoc t nh my n kho hng hoc t kho

hng n ngi bn l, theo cch thc ti thiu ha tg chi ph sn xut, tn kho v

vn chuyn v tha mn mc dch v yu cu? y l mt bi ton ti u phc tp

v i hi cng ngh tn tin v cch tip cn i mi gii quyt.

1.1.4.2.2. Kim sot tn kho

19

Hy xem xt trng hp mt ngi bn l duy tr tn kho mt sn phm c th.

V nhu cu khch hng thay i theo thi gian, nh bn l c th s dng nhng d

liu qu kh d bo nhu cu. Mc tiu ca nh bn l l phi quyt nh im t

hng li v mc t hng ti thiu chi ph t hng v chi ph tn kho sn phm. V

c bn, ti sao ngi bn l nn gi tn kho v tr u tin? iu ny c phi do s

khng chc chn v nhu cu khch hng, hay quy trnh cung ng, hoc do l do no

khc? Nu do s khng chc chn v nhu cu khch hng, th c iu g gim thiu

vic ny khng? Tc ng ca cc cng c d bo c s dng trong vic d bo

nhu cu khch hng l g? Nh bn l c nn t hng nhiu hn, t hn hay chnh xc

nhu cu d bo? V cui cng, vng quay tn kho no nn c s dng? iu ny

c thay i gia cc ngnh khc nhau khng?

1.1.4.2.3. Cc hp ng cung ng

Trong cc chin lc chui cung ng truyn thng, mi bn trong chui tp

trung vo li nhun ring v v th ra cc quyt nh t quan tm n tc ng ca

chng n cc i tc khc trong chui cung ng. Mi quan h gia nh cung cp v

ngi mua c thit lp thng qua phng tin l cc hp ng cung cp c th ha

v gi c v chit khu s lng, thi hn giao hng, cht lng, hng ha gi tr li

v ... D nhin cu hi l liu c hp ng cung ng no c th c s dng thay

th chin luc chui cung ng truyn thng vi mt chin lc khc nhm ti u ha

hiu qu chui cung ng ca ton h thng? C th, tc ng ca chit khu s lng

v cc hp ng chia s doanh s n thnh tch ca chui cung ng l g? C chin

lc nh gi no m nh cung ng c th s dng khuyn khch khch hng mua

nhiu sn phm hn trong khi vn gia tng li nhun ca nh cung cp?

1.1.4.2.4. Cc chin lc phn phi

Nh cp phn trc, y l chin lc phn phi m qua cc ca

hng c cung cp bi cc nh kho trung tm hot ng nh nh iu phi quy trnh

cung ng v nh im trung chuyn cho cc n hng n t cc nh bun bn bn

ngoi, nhng bn thn n khng gi tn kho. Chng ta xem nhng nh kho nh vy

20

nh l im dch chuyn. Xem xt cc cu hi sau: Chin lc no mt cng ty c th

nn s dng: chin lc dch chuyn cho, chin lc phn phi c in tn kho

c gi cc nh kho, hoc vn chuyn trc tip, chin lc m qua hng ha

c vn chuyn trc tip t nh cung ng n cc ca hng?

Trong chin lc phn phi, qun tr vn ti ng vai tr quan trng. Nu sn

phm c a n ng v tr m khch hng yu cu tc l gi tr ca n c

tng thm. Mt khc vic s dng phng thc v cch thc t chc vn chuyn cn

gip cho sn phm c n ng vo thi im khch hng cn hay khng? iu ny

cng to thm gi tr gia tng cho sn phm. Nh vy bng cch qun tr vn chuyn

tt s gp phn a sn phm n ng ni v ng lc ph hp vi nhu cu ca

khch hng

1.1.4.2.5. Tch hp chui cung ng v cng tc chin lc

Cc cu chuyn kinh doanh thnh cng ca National Semiconductor, Wal-Mart

v Qun tr chui cung ng P&G minh ha rng chui cung ng ti u ton b v tch

hp khng nhng c th thc hin c m n cn c tc ng rt ln n thnh tch

v th phn ca doanh nghip. Trong th trng cnh tranh ngy nay, hu ht cc cng

ty khng c s la chn; h b thc p phi tch hp chui cung ng ca h v tham

gia vo cng tc chin lc. p lc ny xut pht t c khch hng v i tc trong

chui cung ng ca h. S tch hp ny c th t c thnh cng nh th no? R

rng vic chia s thng tin v hoch nh tc nghip l cha kha cho chui cung ng

tch hp thnh cng. Nhng thng tin no nn c chia s? N c s dng nh th

no? Thng tin tc ng n vic thit k v vn hnh chui cung ng nh th no?

Mc tch hp no l cn thit trong ni b t chc v vi cc i tc bn ngoi?

Cui cng, loi cng tc no c th c s dng v loi no nn c vn dng cho

mt tnh hung c th?

1.1.4.2.6. Chin lc s dng ngoi lc v thu mua

Suy ngh n chin lc chui cung ng ca bn khng ch lin quan n vic

phi hp cc hot ng khc nhau trong chui, m cn quyt nh iu g c thc

21

hin trong ni b v iu g nn thu ngoi. Lm th no cng ty c th xc nh cc

hot ng sn xut no thuc cc nng lc ct li v v vy nn c hon tt ni

b, v nhng sn phm hoc b phn no nn c mua t ngun cung cp bn ngoi,

bi v cc hot ng sn xut ny khng phi l nng lc ct li? Cng ty nn s dng

vic trao i ring hoc cng ng khi x l vi cc i tc thng mi?

1.1.4.2.7. Thit k sn phm

Thit k hu hiu ng vai tr then cht trong chui cung ng. Hin nhin l

vic thit k sn phm c th gia tng chi ph tn kho hoc chi ph vn ti lin quan

n cc thit k khc, trong khi cc phc tho khc c th to iu kin thun li

nhm lm gim chu k sn xut.

Vic thit k sn phm thng rt tn km. Khi no th nn thc hin vic ti

thit k sn phm gim chi ph hu cn hoc gim thi gian giao hng trong chui

cung ng? Nhng thay i no nn c thc hin trong chui cung ng nhm tn

dng u th ca vic thit k sn phm mi?

1.1.4.2.8. Cng ngh thng tin v h thng h tr ra quyt nh

Cng ngh thng tin l mt cng c then cht trong vic qun tr chui cung

ng hiu qu. Thc ra, rt nhiu quan tm hin ti v qun tr chui cung ng c c

v nh nhng c hi c uc t s xut hin khi lng ln nhng d liu v cc

khon tit kim c c t vic phn tch nhng d liu ny. Vn then cht trong

qun tr chui cung ng l d liu no l quan trng i vi qun tr chui cung ng

v d liu no c th c b qua? D liu nn c phn tch v s dng nh th

no? Vai tr ca thng mi in t l g? C s h tng no cn thit i vi cc i

tc bn trong chui cung ng? Cui cng, v c cng ngh thng tin v h thng h tr

ra quyt nh l c th mua c, th nhng cng ngh ny c th c nhn nhn nh

l cc cng c chnh c s dng t c li th cnh tranh trn th trng hay

khng?

1.1.4.2.9. Gi tr khch hng

22

Gi tr khch hng l phng thc nh gi nhng ng gp ca cng ty cho

khch hng, da trn nhng sn phm, dch v v nhng sn phm v hnh cng hin.

L thc o cht lng ton b h thng logistics ca doanh nghip, nh gi ng

gi tr khch hng c nh hng rt ln n th phn, n tng chi ph b ra v cui

cng n li nhun ca doanh nghip. Trong vi nm gn y, tiu thc ny thay th

cho cc tiu thc nh gi khc chng hn nh cht lng v s tha mn ca khch

hng. Hin nhin qun tr chui cung ng hiu qu l then cht nu cng ty mun p

ng nhu cu khch hng v cung cp gi tr. Gi tr khch hng c o lng nh th

no? Cng ngh thng tin c s dng gia tng gi tr khch hng trong chui

cung ng nh th no? Qun tr chui cung ng ng gp vo gi tr khch hng nh

th no? Mi quan h gia gi ca sn phm vi nhn hiu sn phm trong th gii

truyn thng v th gii trc tuyn l g?

1.2. Qun tr ri ro trong logistics v chui cung ng.

1.2.1. Khi nim ri ro trong logistics v chui cung ng.

Ri ro l khng th trnh khi trong vic ra quyt nh. Ri ro tim n trong

mi lnh vc kinh t, hot ng logistics v chui cung ng cng khng phi l mt

ngoi l.

Ri ro trong logistics v chui cung ng hin ti ang l mt vn quan trng

trong qun tr logistics v chui cung ng. Ri ro l do cc s kin khng chc chn

xy ra trong tng lai. Cc s kin ny khng d on trc c, tim n trong mi

chui cung ng; s khng n nh; s kin bt thng hoc ngoi tm kim sot ca

doanh nghip gy ra t qung v gin on trong chui cung ng dn n tn tht

cho doanh nghip. Ri ro trong chui cung ng c th pht sinh t mi s kin bt k

bn trong v bn ngoi doanh nghip. Chng hn, khi nh cung cp giao nguyn vt

liu ti khch hng ca h, s lun c ri ro rng nguyn vt liu c th b giao chm

hn d tnh, hng ha b h hng hoc tn tht, giao sai s lng hoc chng loi,

hoc giao hng sai a im, ha n c sai st, khch hng v th s khng thanh ton

23

tin hng v nhiu vn khc pht sinh. Cc s kin khng d on ny c th gy

nh hng ln ti ton chui logistics v cung ng.

Ri ro rt d dng tc ng ti chui cung ng do ranh gii gia cc mt xch

trong logistics v cc chui cung ng tch hp rt linh ng. Ch mt tc ng nh

cng c th gy ra gin on mt khu ca chui cung ng hay ton b chui cung

ng hay lm ph v dng vn chuyn vt cht, thng tin nh c thit lp.

1.2.2. Phn loi ri ro trong Logistics v chui cung ng.

Ri ro trong logistics v chui cung ng c th pht sinh t nhiu s kin khc

nhau. C ri ro ch gy tc ng nh, cng c nhng ri ro gy tc ng ln ti chui

cung ng, thm ch ph hy ton b chu trnh ca chui. V cng c nhng ri ro xut

hin thng xuyn trong qu trnh vn hnh thng thng v c nhng ri ro ch xy

ra vi tn xut rt nh nh thm ha thin nhin. Song tm li c th phn loi ri ro

trong logistics v chui cung ng thnh 2 loi sau:

1.2.2.1. Ri ro bn trong.

L nhng ri ro nm trong s kim sot ca doanh nghip nh ri ro ti chnh,

lng tn kho qu ln, li v sai st t h thng cng ngh thng tin, thit b, my

mc, phng tin kho bi,.v..v,.. Ri ro bn trong l loi ri ro doanh nghip kim

sot d dng hn so vi ri ro bn ngoi. Bi v chng xut pht trong qu trnh vn

hnh v hot ng ca mt doanh nghip. Cc loi ri ro thuc bn trong doanh

nghip thng bao gm:

Ri ro sn xut: Ri ro pht sinh trong qu trnh vn hnh sn xut hay

gin on trong mt hay nhiu khu sn xut ca doanh nghip, ri ro do lng hng

tn kho qu mc, thiu ht nguyn vt liu

Ri ro kinh doanh: Gy ra do s thay i trong c cu nhn s, c cu

qun l trong qu trnh kinh doanh, v d nh s thiu ht ngun nhn lc c k nng,

24

ri ro ti chnh.Nhng yu t ny c th gy ra ri ro v hu qu nghim trng cho

doanh nghip cung ng nhng nhiu khi khng c nh gi mt cch y .

Ri ro hoch nh v kim sot: Pht sinh do vic nh gi khng y

v hoch nh k hoch khng hp l, nhng vn dn ti vic qun l khng

hiu qu trong doanh nghip, ri ro do xc nh sai cu sn phm v ngun cung

nguyn vt liu, do cc chnh sch u chnh khng ng ch, ng thi im v sai

lm trong vic ra quyt nh.

Ri ro lin quan n c s h tng: Chng hn nh h thng nh kho,

kho bi, phng tin vn ti, h thng bo qun hng tn kho, .. cc yu t ny trc

tip tc ng ti chui logistics v cung ng.

1.2.2.2. Ri ro bn ngoi.

L loi ri ro nm ngoi s kim sot ca doanh nghip nh ri ro do s ln

xung ca t gi hi oi, bin ng chnh tr, khan him nguyn vt liu v cc ngun

u vo khc, bin ng ca kh hu, mi trng

Cc loi ri ro bn ngoi c th gy nh hng cng chiu hoc ngc chiu

n chui cung ng. Ri ro bn ngoi bao gm 5 loi chnh:

Ri ro do cu: Loi ri ro ny c th do s bin ng ca nhu cu ca

khch hng v th trng v hng ha, ri ro do xut hin nhiu loi hng thay th,

Ri ro do cung: gy ra do s khng lin tc dng sn phm trong chui

cung ng hay s gin on trong vic cung cp nguyn liu u vo cho quy trnh sn

xut, chi ph nguyn vt liu bin ng,

Ri ro mi trng: Xut pht t nhng bin ng v t bin xy ra bn

ngoi chui cung ng. in hnh l cc thay i lin quan n kinh t, x hi, chnh tr

v kh hu. Ri ro ny bao gm hnh sch thu, t gi hi oi, v c cc s kin bo

ng, dn bin, khng b, ng t v l lt,v..v

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Ri ro kinh doanh: C nhn t gy ri ro xut pht t s khng n nh

trong vn ti chnh v qun l ca nh cung cp, hot ng st nhp, chia tch v

chuyn i doanh nghip cung cp u c th gy ra ri ro trong chui cung ng.

Ngoi ra cn do nh cung cp khng c chng trnh i ph vi cc mi e da

trong qu trnh kinh doanh.

Ri ro lin quan n c s h tng: xut pht t yu t h tng cng

ngh, h thng vt cht, h thng giao thong vn ti, h thng x l cht thi cng

nghip ca nh cung cp. Nhng yu km trong c s h tng ca nh cung ng cng

gy nh hng n logistics v chui cung ng ging nh nh hng ca chnh h

thng vt cht ca doanh nghip. Khc bit l doanh nghip khng kim sot c h

thng ny ca nh cung ng.

1.2.3. V tr ca qun tr ri ro logistics v chui cung ng trong h thng qun

tr.

Qun tr ri ro l mt yu t khng th thiu trong qu trnh qun tr chui cung

ng v hot ng logitics ca doanh nghip. Qun l ri ro l mt phn trong vic lp

k hoch d n nhm xc nh nhng nguy c ch yu, t xy dng cc k hoch

phng chng hay gim thiu nhng tc ng bt li. Nh bit, chui logistics v

cung ng l mt dy chuyn cc yu t, lin kt vi nhau mt cch cht ch thc

hin chc nng dch chuyn dng vt cht ti ngi tiu dng. Do vy vic qun tr

ri ro chui cung ng ng ngha vi vic gii quyt tt c nhng ri ro v tr ngi

pht sinh dng ti nguyn, vt cht c truyn ti mt cch nhp nhng v hiu

qu trong ton b qu trnh cung ng.

Qun tr ri ro chui logistics v cung ng a ra chin lc v vy tng cng

s bo m cho hot ng qun tr c hiu qu. Ni mt cch khc, khi thit lp h

thng qun tr ri ro, nh qun l nhm thc hin mc tiu:

Mt l, tng kh nng chu ng ca h thng logistics v chui cung ng i

vi cc ri ro xy ra khng d on trc, iu cng ng ngha vi vic gip

26

chui logistics v cung ng nhanh chng phc hi v tr li trng thi bnh thng

cng nhanh cng tt.

Hai l, mt gc no c th gim thiu nhng tc ng tiu cc ca ri

ro v tn hi m cc ri ro gy ra i vi chui khi khng th ngn chn n xy ra.

Theo cc nh qun tr ri ro qun tr ri ro khng phi l vic to ra mt mi

trng kinh doanh phi ri ro m l vic cc nh qun tr nhn thc c nhng ri ro

c th xy ra, nh gi c ng quy m v tm nh hng ca chng, ng thi a

ra cc gii php hp l i ph vi ri ro. Thnh cng ch t c khi ngi ta

dm chp nhn ri ro. V vy trong kinh doanh ni chung v hot ng logistics v

chui cung ng ni ring th qun tr ri ro thc s hiu qu khng phi l vic ngn

chn hon ton ri ro xy ra m l bit kim sot chng v bin nhng tr ngi thnh

c hi t c th cn bng trong kinh doanh.

1.2.4. Quy trnh qun tr ri ro.

S quy trnh qun tr ri ro

27

Tuy khng th bao hm c bc tranh tng th v ha ng qun tr ri ro

nhng c th tm tt quy trnh theo 3 bc chnh sau.

1.2.4.1. Xc nh nguyn nhn gy ra ri ro

Bc u tin trong bt k qu trnh qun tr ri ro no l d on v nhn dng

nhng ri ro m doanh nghip phi i mt, xem xt tt c cc yu t c th gy nh

hng tiu cc v nghim trng ti hot ng ca chui cung ng. Mt cch khi qut

th nhn dng ri ro c xc nh l vic xc nh nhng loi ri ro c th nh hng

ti chui cung ng

nhn dng ng ri ro ngi ta phi nh gi c h thng tt c cc s kin

c lin quan v cc mt xch trong chui cung ng. Chng hn, nhn din ri ro lin

quan ti nh cung cp. Thng th mun nhn din ri ro bn phi hiu r s hiu bit

ca doanh nghip bn v cc nh cung cp v tnh ton c mc ph thuc vo

h. T trng giao dch ca doanh nghip bn chim bao nhiu trong tng s giao dch

ca nh cung cp? Cc nh cung cp c b l thuc vo s thay i ca chu k kinh t

hay cc cuc khng hong, suy thoi kinh t hay khng? Nhn chung nhn din ri

ro tt, cc nh qun tr phi xem xt v ln danh sch nhng ri ro thng gp theo

cc tiu ch c th.

1.2.4.2. nh gi v o lng ri ro.

Vic nh gi v o lng ri ro tc l phn tch nh hng ca ri ro n

chui cung ng. Thng th vic phn tch ri ro c thc hin bng hai phng

php: Phng php nh tnh v phng php nh lng. Phng php nh tnh

miu t cc c im ca ri ro, cn phng php nh lng gip a ra cc thng

tin chi tit, khch quan v hu ch v kh nng xy ra ri ro v kt qu m ri ro gy

ra cho chui cung ng. Thng qua , nh gi c mc nh hng ca mi ri

ro n chui, t a ra biu m t mc nghim trng ca mi ri ro.

1.2.4.3. Xc nh bin php i ph vi ri ro

28

Sau khi ln danh sch cc ri ro v phn tch nh hng c th gy ra ca

chng n chui cung ng, nh qun tr ri ro s a ra gii php thch hp nht

i ph vi ri ro. Cch i ph vi ri ro ph thuc vo hon cnh v mc tc

ng ca mi ri ro. Nh qun tr ri ro thng la chn cc gii php nh: th vi

ri ro, gim kh nng xut hin ri ro, gim tc ng ca ri ro, chuyn nhng ri ro,

lp k hoch phng ri ro, thch ng vi ri ro, chng li ri ro hay chuyn ti mi

trng khc.

Khi ln danh sch cc phng thc i ph vi ri ro, cn la chn cch i

ph thch hp nht bng vic phn tch c h thng v lp cy ra quyt nh vi mi

cch i ph. La chn gii php vi kh nng hn ch c tn hi t nht vi chui

cung ng. Trong mt vi trng hp nh qun tr c th la chn nhu gii php cng

mt lc c mt chin lc tng hp gii quyt tt c cc ri ro c th xy ra.

1.2.5. Qun l ri ro trong logistics v chui cung ng.

Qun tr ri ro trong logistics v chui cung ng bao gm nhiu hot ng khc

nhau, trong cc nh qun tr thng tp trung ch yu vo cc ni dung sau:

1.2.5.1. Dch v khch hng.

Quan im chung v dch v khch hng

Trong hot ng logistics, dch v khch hng c hiu l ton b kt qu u

ra, l thc o cht lng ca ton b h thng. Do mun pht trin logistics phi

c s quan tm thch ng n dch v khch hng. Dch v khch hng gip to ra

gi tr gia tng cho sn phm hay dch v c trao i, c o bng hiu s gi tr

u ra v gi tr u vo ca mt lot cc hot ng kinh t c quan h tng h vi

nhau v th hin qua s hi lng ca khch hng. Tu theo tng lnh vc v sn phm

kinh doanh m gi tr cng thm vo sn phm v dch v do hu cn mang li khng

ging nhau.

29

Quan im khi qut cho rng dch v khch hng l tt c nhng g m doanh

nghip cung cp cho khch hng - ngi trc tip mua hng ho v dch v ca cng

ty. Tuy nhin trong thc t c nhiu cch tip cn khi nim ny. Trong hot ng

logistics v chui cung ng cng c c nhiu cch hiu khc nhau v dch v khch

hng:

Dch v khch hng l nhng hot ng c th ca cng ty nhm gii quyt tt

cc n t hng ca khch hng nh: lp b h s chng t, lm th tc hi quan, x

l, truy xut n hng,

Dch v khch hng l vic thc hin nhng cng vic c th, c nh gi

bng nhng thng s c th, nhng quy chun c sn, v d kh nng hon thnh 98%

n hng trong vng 24 gi, n thm khch hng 9 thng mt ln, hay hon thnh

th tc hi quan trong vng 2 gi

Theo quan im ngnh logistics, th dch v khch hng lin quan ti cc hot

ng lm gia tng gi tr trong chui cung ng. ng gc ny, dch v khch

hng l mt qu trnh din ra gia ngi bn, ngi mua v ngi cung ng dch v

logistics (nu ngi bn khng nng lc t cung cp dch v ti khch hng). Kt

thc qu trnh ny th sn phm hng ho hoc dch v c tng thm mt gi tr no

, gi tr ny trong trao i ngn hn khng mang nhiu ngha lm nhng trong di

hn c th l nhn t to cc mi quan h lu di. Cc gi tr ny cng c th c

chia s gia cc bn tham gia.

Cc hot ng trong dch v khch hng

Dch v khch hng chia thnh 3 nhm: Trc, trong v sau khi giao dch.

Trong qu trnh cung cp dch v khch hng cng pht sinh nhiu ri ro. Ri

ro trong dch v khch hng c nh ngha l cc tr ngi pht sinh tc ng n

nhu cu khch hng. Mi hot ng trc khi giao dch, trong giao dch v sau khi

giao dch u c th tc ng ti nhn thc ca khch hng, lm thay i tn nhim v

30

tin cy ca h i vi nh cung ng, do nhng quy trnh trong qu trnh thc hin

dch v khch hng nu khng c thc hin hiu qu v khng p ng nhu cu

khch hng s gy ra tn hi cho chui cung ng.

Khi xem xt qun tr ri ro v dch v khch hng, chnh sch qun l m cc

nh qun tr u tin hng u l hn ch ri ro trong chu trnh giao hng nh xc nh

c ton b chu trnh giao hng v thc hin ng thi gian giao hng cam kt.

1.2.5.2. Qun tr tn kho

Tm quan trng ca qun tr ri ro trong qun tr tn kho

Trong hot ng qun tr logistics v chui cung ng, cc nh qun l phi

quyt nh phi tn tr u nhm cn i gia tnh p ng v tnh hiu qu Tm

quan trng ca qun tr tn kho, nhu cu v s phi hp ca cc quyt nh tn kho v

cc chnh sch vn ti l hin nhin. Tt nhin, qun tr tn kho trong chui cung ng

phc hp l rt kh khn v c nhng tc ng ng k n mc dch v khch

hng v chi ph chui cung ng trn phm vi ton h thng.

Nhng kh khn v ri ro trong qun tr tn kho khng nhng tc ng ti chi

ph v li nhun ca doanh nghip m nhiu khi cn tc ng rt ln ti dch v khch

hng. Hy xem xt trng hp khi m lng hng ho d tr trong kho thp hn

nhiu so vi cu cn thit, nh sn xut s khng iu kin p ng n hng,

v hu qu mt dn khch hng l khng th trnh khi, chu trnh ca chui cung ng

b ngt qung, mt i tnh lin tc.. ng thi khi lng hng tn kho qu ln, lm gia

tng cc chi ph pht sinh c lin quan n vic tn tr, lm cn tr h thng sn xut,

thi gian cn sn xut, phn phi cc n hng ca khch hng gia tng th kh

nng p ng nhng thay i cc n hng ca khch hng yu i, hao ht, mt mt

vt liu. chi ph o kho hn ch s gim st v cht lng.Do vy, mc tiu ca

qun tr tn kho cng nh qun tr ri ro trong chui cung ng l hn ch n mc

thp nht lng hng tn kho, ti thiu ho nhng chi ph khng cn thit, phn tn

cc ri ro trong chui logistics v cung ng.

31

1.2.5.3. Cng ngh thng tin v h thng ra quyt nh.

Tm quan trng ca h thng thng tin v cng ngh thng tin.

Thng tin trong qun tr logistics v chui cung ng l cht kt dnh cc hot

ng logistics trong cc n lc hp nht ca nh qun tr. Thng tin logistics- chui

cung ng cung cp c s cho cc quyt nh lp k hoch, thc thi v kim tra hiu

qu. Nu khng qun l tt thng tin, cc nh qun tr logistics khng th bit c

khch hng mun g, cn d tr bao nhiu, khi no cn sn xut v vn

chuynNhng ri ro gy ra do qun tr h thng thng tin khng hiu qu c th

gy ra nh hng ti rt ln ti chui logistics v cung ng.

H thng thng tin logistics v chui cung ng l mt b phn ca h thng

thng tin ton doanh nghip v n hng ti nhng vn c th ca qu trnh ra

cc quyt nh logistics v s lng v qui m ca mng li c s logistics, v hot

ng mua v d tr hng ho, v vic la chn phng thc vn chuyn v n v vn

ti ph hp, v.v.

H thng thng tin trong logistics v chui cung ng gip nm vng thng tin

v bin ng ca nhu cu, th trng v ngun cung ng, gip cho cc nh qun tr

ch ng c k hoch mua hng, giao hng, d tr, thu dch v vn ti mt cch

hp l tho mn yu cu ca khch hng vi mc chi ph thp nht. ng thi gp

phn m bo vic s dng linh hot cc ngun lc logistics v chui cung ng, xy

dng chng trnh logistics v chui cung ng hiu qu, ch r thi gian, khng gian

v phng php vn hnh cc chu k hot ng trong logistics v chui cung ng.

Cng ngh thng tin c th h tr nhng hot ng tc nghip v ng thi

cng l s hp tc gia cc cng ty trong chui cung ng. Bng vic s dng h thng

mng d liu tc cao v c s d liu, cc cng ty c th chia s d liu qun l

ton din chui cung ng. Hiu qu s dng cng ngh ny l mt vn ct yu

thnh cng trong cng ty. Ba chc nng cu to nn mt cng ngh cho tt c cc h

thng thng tin hot ng l:

32

Thu nhp v giao tip d liu

Lu tr v phc hi d liu

X l v bo co d liu

Ri ro trong h thng thng tin khng hiu qu

Cc chuyn gia phn tch ch r mi ri ro trong khi thc hin a h thng

thng tin vo s dng - bao gm nhng ri ro do hoch nh, ri ro do cng ngh, ri

ro vt cht, hay c nhng ri ro do quan h vi khch khch h khng cp nht c

thng tin cn thit. Khi h thng thng tin hot ng km hiu qu, chm tr trong

truy cp hoc sai st s l nguyn nhn dn n sai lch thng tin gia cc i tc

trong chui logistics v cung ng, v d nh xc nh sai nhu cu khch hng, khng

c hng thc giao, vn chuyn sai a ch, sai s lng...H thng thng tin bao gi

cng lun di chuyn song song vi dng vt cht v ti chnh trong chui do vy ri

ro thng tin c th dn n ph v cc lin kt trong chui cung ng mt cch d

dng, ph v mi lin h gia doanh nghip, cng ty vn ti v khch hng.

Ngoi ra, vi doanh nghip trong chui cung ng s dng nhng thng tin c

tnh tng hp v di hn, vi nhng d bo v th trng v cc ngun cung ng, h

thng cng ngh thng tin km hiu qu c th gy ra ri ro trong vic ra cc quyt

nh quan trng nh vic qui hoch mng li c s logistics, trong vic la chn h

thng qun tr d tr hng ho, trong vic la chn cc ngun hng n nh v cht

lng, v.v.

1.2.5.4. Qun tr ri ro trong vic s dng ngoi lc.

Trn th gii, xu hng thu ngoi hot ng logistics v ang tr thnh xu

hng bt kh khng v em li nhiu hiu qu v hiu nng cho cc doanh nghip

sn xut ng thi gieo mm cho s sinh si v pht trin ngnh dch v logistics.

Cng ty cung cp dch v logistics thu ngoi hay cn gi l 3PL, l mt cng ty cung

cp cc dch v logistics mang tnh chin thut a chiu cho khch hng. Nhng cng

33

ty ny s h tr thc y dng chy thit b v nguyn liu t nh cung ng n nh

sn xut, v sn phm cui cng t nh sn xut n nh phn phi v nh bn l. Cc

dch v mang tnh chin thut ny thng c bn gm vn ti, dch v kho bi, gom

hng nhanh (cross-docking), qun l tn kho, ng gi hay giao nhn vn ti.

C th ni rng, n 89% ngi s dng thu ngoi nh gi hot ng ny

nh l li th cnh tranh mang tnh chin lc cho hot ng kinh doanh ca mnh.

Vic thu ngoi gip cc cng ty gim chi ph, gim ti sn c nh v tng vng quay

n hng. Hn na trong bi cnh nn kinh t th gii ang gp kh khn, cc cng ty

ang vt ln vi tnh trng thiu ht tn dng th iu ny cng c ngha hn bao gi

ht. Nhng ngi s dng hot ng thu ngoi cng mong i cc nh cung cp dch

v phi cho thy kh nng trong vic gip khch hng gim chi ph, cam kt thc hin

theo ng cp dch v yu cu v c bit l nng lc cng nh kh nng u t

v cng ngh v y l yu t quan trng trong vic kim sot v ci tin hot ng

logistics trong tng li.

Song vic la chn c kh nng cung cp dch v thu ngoi khng phi d,

khng phi lc no cng khp v lun c th pht sinh cc ri ro khng lng trc

c. ng thi vi mt h thng thng tin khng ton din ca cc bn c th gy

ni lo mt kh nng kim sot, vn v cht lng v phn phi do vic giao tip

khng hiu qu, khi nng lc ni b li l tr ngi i vi cc nh s dng dch v

thu ngoi. Thm vo , nhiu hng nh gi thp nhng chi ph lin quan n dch

v thu ngoi, bi v c nhiu chi ph n lin quan n vic m phn v l kt hp

ng outsourcing. Bn cnh , mt s vn cng ny sinh nu nhu cu th trng

cng nh mi trng kinh doanh thay i, bn than doanh nghip s khng phn ng

c nhanh nu nh cung cp dch v thu ngoi khng chuyn nghip. iu ny gii

thch ti sao cho n gi th cc cng ty vn ch thu ngoi cc dch v thng thng,

v cc dch v c ph thng ha (commoditized) nh vn ti, kho bi, track and

trace.

1.2.5.5. Ngun cung ng.

34

La chn ngun cung ng hng ha v ngun nguyn vt liu tin cy l mt

trong nhng hot ng c tnh cht rt quan trng i vi vic to ra li nhun v duy

tr li th cnh tranh ca doanh nghip trong chui cung ng.

Nh chng ta bit vic la chn u vo cho sn xut hay ngun hng trong

lu thng vt cht ca chui cung ng doanh nghip c th c ly t ngun lc bn

ngoi hay t doanh nghip sn xut v khai thc. Khi nn kinh t cng pht trin, nhu

cu cng gia tng, chui cung ng cng m rng, doanh nghip mun tng th phn v

sc cnh tranh th khng th ch t mnh sn xut hng ha cung ng cho khch

hng. Vic phi la chn nh cung ng l khng th trnh khi. Vn l lm sao

la chn c nhng nh cung cp ng tin cy vi mc gi hp l, phn phi ng

thi gian v c ngun cung n nh trnh nhng ri ro c th xy ra vi chui cung

ng

Vy nhng ri ro l g?

Nm 1997, Boeing mt i gn 2.6 t la do thiu ht nguyn vt liu v

ph kin t cc nh cung cp. V cng nm, Toyota cng phi ngng sn xut 20

ngy lin tc do s c chy nh cung cp h thng thng thy lc duy nht (Aisin

Seiki). Theo Toyota th chi ph cho vic ngng sn xut ny vo khong 195 triu la

cng vi doanh thu khong 325 triu b mt. Nhng v d ny cho chng ta thy

rng, s ph thuc nhiu vo cc nh cung cp khng chuyn nghip s em n

nhng ri ro cho cc cng ty. Vic la chn nh cung cp khng tt s gy ra thiu

ht ngun u vo cho qu trnh sn xut, lm nh tr qu trnh sn xut, tt yu dn

n thiu ngun cung cho khch hng v gin on chui cung ng. Bn cnh , khi

vic qun l mi quan h vi nh cung cp khng hiu qu, vic mt i mt nh cung

cp trong chui cung ng c th em n nhng nh hng khng tt i vi nhng

nh sn xut hay l khch hng, vn l nhng mt xch trong chui. iu ny c th

nh hng ti tm l nh cung cp, gy ra vic tng gi ngun u vo, tng chi ph

sn xut v lm gim li nhun, thm tr nh cung cp c th cung cp nhng nguyn

35

liu khng t tiu chun v cht lng, gy ra gim st trong cht lng sn phm

cui cng.

Ngoi ra, cn c nhiu ri ro lin quan n nh cung cp do cc yu t bn

ngoi tc ng. Chng hn, mt s h hng trong c s h tng ca nh cung cp hay

tn hi vi h thng phm mm v cng ngh thng tin, s c bt thng nh ho

hon, bo l, thin tai trong qu trnh vn chuyn, s thay i trong chnh sch php

lcng gy ra ri ro khng nh cho chui cung ng.

Thc t vic la chn nh cung cp bao gi cng cn cn nhc v xem xt

nhiu yu t, la chn phi c tin hnh theo phng php nh gi hp l v

chun xc. Trn gc mi doanh nghip c cc cch thc v tiu tr la chn khc

nhau. Nhng thng thng c th nh gi v la chn theo 7 bc sau:

Hnh 1.13: Cc bc la chn nh cung cp

36

Bc 1: Xy dng h thng ch tiu nh gi

Trong bc ny cn xc nh cc tiu chun c bn cho vic la chn nh cung

cp ca bn. Cc yu t nh gi, cht lng v phn phi bao gi cng l cc yu t

nn tng tc ng ti nhu cu ca doanh nghip. Tuy nhin vic nh gi c

chnh xc cn xem xt c th rt nhiu yu t, l:

Nng lc cung cp sn phm

H thng, qu trnh v chnh sch qun l cht lng tng th ca nh

cung cp.

Vic thc thi cc quy nh php lut

Nng lc v s n nh v ti chnh ca nh cung cp.

H thng cng ngh thng tin ( EDI, m vch, ERP, CAD/CAM)

Uy tn ca nh cung cp

Bc 2: Xc nh trng s cho mi ch tiu.

Mi ch tiu cn c p t vo mt trng s sao cho tng ng vi tm quan

trng tng i ca n trong h thng ch tiu. Tng cc trng s lun bng 1. vic

nh gi c hiu qu th vic gn cc trng s cn linh hot. Ty hon cnh c th

m thay i trng s cc ch tiu, hay b bt i ch tiu ny hoc thm vo ch tiu

quan trng khc.

Bc 3: Xc nh cc ch tiu con v trng s cho mi ch tiu con .

Bc ny gip c th ha v m rng chi tit hn na h thng ch tiu nh

gi. Tm ra nhng ch tiu tiu biu nht nu chng tn ti, vi eu kin l tng cc

trng s cho ch tiu con ny phi bng trng s ca chi tiu ln ban u.

Bc 4: Xc nh h thng thang im nh gi mc hi lng da trn cc

trng s xc nh

37

bc ny, doanh nghip s t ra tiu chun nh lng i vi nh cung

cp. Chng hn, vi tng trng s im l 10 th 1-2= poor, 3-4= weak, 5-6=

marginal, 7-8= qualified, 9-10= outstanding. Thc t th c mt s doanh nghip xem

bc ny nh bc s kho. Doanh nghip c th pht hin ra cc nh cung cp

khng t tiu chun ngay t u v loi khi cc bc nh gi tip theo tit kim

thi gian v n gin ha danh mc nh cung cp.

Bc 5 : nh gi trc tip mi nh cung cp

Cho im trc tip cc nh cung cp la chn ban u v so snh im s

cc nh cung cp vi nhau la chn ra nh cung cp tiu chun. Trong qu trnh

ny, mt s ch tiu nh lng th c nh gi mt cch chnh xc, song c mt s

ch tiu nh tnh li da trn nh gi ch quan ca ngi trc tip nh gi.

Bc 6: Xem xt kt qu v ra quyt nh la chn nh cung cp.

La chn nhng nh cung cp c tng s im cao nht. T xc nh nh

cung cp hng ha hin ti cho doanh nghip hoc cho nhng hp ng giao dch

trong tng lai.

Bc 7: Xem xt qu trnh p ng ca nh cung cp

Sau khi la chn c nh cung cp, khng ch dng li , doanh nghip

cn phi xem xt lin tc cch thc p ng tiu chun m cc nh cung ng c la

chn thc hin. Nn nh l quy trnh la chn ny ch l nhng nh gi bc u,

quan trng l thc t nh cung cp p ng c tt nhu cu ca mnh hay khng.

Ngoi vic lp k hoch la chn nh cung ng nh trn th qun tr ngun

cung cp c hiu qu cn phi quan tm n nhiu vn :

- a dng ha nh cung cp trnh ph thuc v la chn c nh cung cp

ti u nht trong tng thi im m bo khng xy ra gin on khi ngun cung

tr nn khan him. Nhng trong khi a dng ha chui cung cp i hi phi c chnh

38

sch gi vng mi quan h lu di vi cc nh cung cp c uy tn v cung cp t

trng ln ngun u vo ca chui.

- Khi cng c cng nhiu cung ng, chui cung ng tr nn phc tp th cn c

chin lc tch hp cc nh cung cp. S hp tc ca h s to ra mt ngun cung cp

n nh hn. Khi mt nh cung cp khng kh nng cung cp ngun lc nh

yu cu th nh cung cp kia c th c chnh sch h tr. iu ny to cho chui cung

ng tr nn vng chc v hn ch nhng gin on nghim trng.

- Doanh nghip cng cn bt tay vi nh cung cp c th phng v chia

s nhng ri ro tc ng trc tip n mnh hay nhng ri ro tc ng gin tip thng

qua tc ng ca chng n nh cung cp. Khi xy ra nhng ri ro nh ri ro ti chnh

vi nh cung cp th gii php ny l mt gii php hiu qu, tuy nhin cn da trn

uy tn v mi quan h i tc vi nhau chia s ri ro loi ny.

1.2.5.6. Vn ti v kho bi.

Vn ti l mt qu trnh gn nh xuyn sut trong hot ng logistics v chui

cung ng. Vn ti lin quan n vic di chuyn t nguyn vt liu, bn thnh phm v

thnh phm trong chui cung ng. Di gc chc nng qun tr Logistics trong

doanh nghip, hot ng vn ti hng ho c v nh si ch lin kt cc tc nghip

sn xut-kinh doanh ti cc a bn khc nhau ca doanh nghip. Vn chuyn cung

cp nguyn vt liu, bn thnh phm v hng ho u vo cho cc c s trong mng

li logistics.

39

Chu trnh vn chuyn

Khi m cng ty hot ng trn phm vi ton cu th chi ph vn ti thm ch

ngy cng tr nn quan trng. Chi ph vn ti c th bng 1/3 chi ph vn hnh ca

chui cung ng nn quyt nh chn la y l rt quan trng. Vi s hin din ca

h thng vn chuyn tin tin, a dng to ra h thng vn chuyn chi ph thp v

nng ng s gp phn nng cao nng lc cnh tranh quc gia trn th trng ton

cu, tng tnh hiu qu ca sn xut v gim gi c hng ho.

Vn ti cng to ra gi tr ra tng bng cch cung ng hng ho ti khch hng

ng thi gian v a im, m bo an ton hng ho trong mc gi tho thun. Vic

s dng cc phng tin chuyn ch khc phc khong cch v khng gian ca sn

phm v dch v trong h thng logistics theo yu cu ca khch hng. Nu sn phm

c a n ng v tr m khch hng yu cu tc l gi tr ca n c tng

thm. Mt khc vic s dng phng thc v cch thc t chc vn chuyn cn gip

cho sn phm c n ng vo thi im khch hng cn hay khng? iu ny cng

to thm gi tr gia tng cho sn phm.

Tuy nhin, khng th ph nhn c l cht lng dch v vn chuyn hng

ho thng khng n nh do nhiu yu t khch quan v ch quan gy ra. Bn cnh

nhng yu t khng kim sot c nh iu kin thi tit v iu kin giao thng,

nhng yu t a dng v ngi li xe, cht lng phng tin, bn bi cng gy tc

ng khng nh n tnh khng n nh ca dch v vn ti. Do , i hi cc nh

40

qun l chin lc phi xem xt chnh xc cc yu t n dng lm tn hi n h

thng vn ti. Xc nh cc tiu tr quan trng c th nh hng ti cht lng dch

v, ng thi c bin php phng vi cc ri ro pht sinh.

Cc thnh t quyt nh s la chn nh cung cp dch v vn ti

Giao thng vn ti l mt h thng phc tp m mi phng thc vn ti vi

cc iu kin khai thc c th u c cc li th so snh v ri ro nht nh c v mt

thi gian v gi c. nh hng ca tng yu t thuc h thng ny vn cha c

nh lng mt cch chun xc, mc d cc nh khoa hc tp trung nghin cu

gii quyt, xc nh cho tng phng thc vn ti ring bit. Hin nay, phng cch

tip cn gii quyt vn ny l theo quan im ton din ngha l xem xt t khu

thit k n khu thc hin qu trnh vn ti vi cc ch tiu so snh nh: gi cc, chi

ph vn chuyn, chi ph bo qun, xp d, hao ht t nhin, ri ro... trong iu kin

yu cu v cht lng v thi hn vn chuyn c th. Lun im "chun xc v thi

hn ca logistics c cp, xem xt trong tt c cc khu, t vn chuyn, xp d,

41

giao hng ng thi hn (khng nhng khong thi gian c xc nh khi din

ra mc cu m cn c trong khong thi gian c hiu qu ca mc cu).

Mt kha cnh khng km phn quan trng trong vic pht trin h thng cc

hnh lang giao thng l mi quan h tng tc gia cc nc v lut php theo cc

hip nh trn c s n gin ho th tc cho qu trnh qua bin gii. Chng hn, s

xut hin cc yu cu qu cht ch v an ninh ti h thng cng cng gp thm vo s

bt n chui cung ng. p lc chnh tr k t v 11 thng 9 l phi r sot tt c

container nhp cng M vn ang l vn cn nhc. Mt khi cng ngh tin b,

phn ln container s c kim tra bng cc thit b chp hnh nh bn trong v d

nhin nh nhp khu phi chu chi ph ny, dn ti cho php x l hng qua cng

nhanh chng hn. Nhng vn c mt t l nht nh container c chn lc kim

tra thc t bn trong, y l mt quy trnh s lm ko di thi gian thng quan. Do

vy, i hi cn phi xy dng cc hnh lang giao thng thch hp, linh hot, p ng

tiu chun quc t, c bit l c s h tng k thut v mi trng sinh thi. Ngoi ra

cn phi xy dng h thng thng tin thng nht kim sot an ton, an ninh trong

qu trnh vn ti v thng tin kp thi cho cc bn c lin quan.

Ngy nay, cc nh qun tr nhn thc cng r rng, thiu u t cng vi hn

ch trong vic ci thin nng sut gn y h thng cng bin, ng ngha vi p lc

v ln h thng cng bin, vn ti ng b v ng st s ngy cng ln hn nhiu

v n khin tnh trng tc nghn ngy cng t hn. Cc tuyn ng vn ti (bin, b)

tc nghn lm cho thi gian vn chuyn tr ln bt n v chnh s bt n ny lm

nh hng n hiu qu kinh doanh. Hn hai thp k qua, chui cung ng b cht hn

em li nhiu hiu qu kinh t di hnh thc quy m tn kho t hn. Cho d tn

kho nm trong nh kho hay trn boong tu, th ngi s hu n phi tr chi ph

n nhng n li cha bn c-ngha l h phi chu chi ph trong khi ch i. Hin

ti th vn ti ng bin t Chu n cc im ni a Bc M tn km thi gian

v tin bc. Vic m rng knh o Panama, d kin s hon thnh vo nm 2014, c

th gip phn no gii phng p lc n cc cng b Ty nc M bng vic cho

php tu ln t Chu c th chy trc tip n vnh Mexico v cng b ng. Song

42

chuyn hng t Thng Hi ti Savannah, Georgia, hay Nerwark, New Jersey li lm

qung ng di hn gn gp i, buc nh nhp khu phi chu thm p lc chi ph.

C th thy l qun l hot ng vn ti khng phi l cng vic d dng v

hot ng ny chu s chi phi ca rt nhiu yu t, thin nhin, con ngi v h

thng c s h tng, k thut. iu ny i hi cc nh qun tr phi c s tch hp

vi nhiu b phn khc vic qun tr chui c hiu qu v gim bt c cc ri

ro.

Kho bi

Kho hng l ni m lu gi v cha hng ha, n thc hin cc chc nng sau

y:

- Tp hp hng ha vn chuyn.

- Cung cp v trn hng.

43

- Trung chuyn hng trong ngy.

- Lm dch v.

- Ngn nga ri ro.

- iu ha sn xut

Cc hot ng trong kho hng c m t v sp xp nh trong hnh di y:

44

Cc hot ng trong kho hng

Trn y l mt s ni dung ch yu trong hot ng qun tr ri ro logistics v

chui cung ng. Vi mi ni dung, cc nh qun tr ri ro v ang nhn din y

cc ri ro c th xut hin v tc ng ti chui, a ra cc cch thc i ph vi

ri ro ph hp. Qua , cc doanh nghip cng nh t chc c th i chiu v so

snh c chin lc qun tr hiu qu.

45

Chng 2. TNH HNH LA GO V CHUI CUNG NG LA GO VIT

NAM

2.1. Tnh hnh sn xut la ca Vit Nam

Ngnh la go ca Vit Nam t c nhng thnh tu rt n tng bt

u t ct mc lch s nm 1989, khi m Vit Nam xut khu n hn 1 triu tn

go ngay nm u tin xut hin tr li trn th trng go th gii vi v th l

nc xut khu sau khi kt thc tnh trng thiu lng thc trong mt thi k di

trc .

Nm 2013, tuy gp nhiu kh khn trong tiu th, nhng sn xut la cc

tnh, thnh ph Nam B vn tng trng n nh. Tng din tch sn xut la ng

Xun 2012-2013, v H Thu, Thu ng v v ma 2013 t hn 4,745 triu ha vi

nng sut bnh qun hn 5,72 tn/ha, t tng sn lng hn 27 triu tn la.

Nh vy, so vi nm trc, din tch la tng hn 108.000 ha v sn lng

cng vt gn 650.000 tn. Tnh hnh su bnh tuy c thi im tng cao hn nm

trc, nhng c khng ch kp thi, khng bng pht thnh dch trn din

rng; c bit l mm bnh vng ln, ln xon l c khng ch mc thp nht. D

gi vt t phn bn khng c nhiu bin ng, nhng gi thnh sn xut la u tng

cao hn nm trc khong 200 ng/kg. C th, v ng xun l 3.616 ng/kg, cao

hn v ng Xun trc 259 ng/kg; v H Thu l 4.142 ng/kg, cao hn v H

Thu trc 149 ng/kg.

ng ch , vic xy dng cnh ng mu ln c chuyn bin tch cc.

Ton vng Nam B c hn 76.000ha p dng m hnh ny trong v ng Xun v

gn 54.000ha trong v H Thu. c bit, vic tun th lch thi v, xung ging ng

lot, n ry c nng dn thc hin kh nghim tc; cng tc x hi ha sn xut

ging ngy cng c nng dn, cc t hp tc, hp tc x tham gia. Nhiu ngi

dn bit li ch v s dng ging cp xc nhn, gp phn to nn thnh qu trong

mc tiu tng nng sut v cht lng cho ht la Vit Nam.

46

Theo ch o ca B Nng nghip v Pht trin Nng thn, sn xut la nm

2014 cc tnh thnh ph Nam B vn hng n mc tiu tip tc gi n nh v

din tch, nng sut v sn lng, nhm m bo an ninh lng thc v xut khu.

Mt trong nhng gii php quan trng thc hin thng li k hoch sn xut la

nm 2014 l cc a phng tp trung y mnh vic thc hin m hnh cnh ng

mu ln, sn xut theo VietGAP nng cao cht lng la go v tng cng c

gii trong khu thu hoch.

D kin nm 2014, khu vc Nam B s sn xut la trn tng din tch 4,742

triu ha, gim 3.261ha, nng sut 5,74 tn/ha, tng 0,16 tn/ha, sn lng t hn

27,222 triu tn, tng 58.739 tn, so vi nm 2013. Ring v ng Xun 2013-2014,

k hoch xung ging ton vng gn 1,723 triu ha, nng sut bnh qun t 6,74

tn/ha.

Tp qun sn xut, ch bin v d tr la go

Theo bo co ca B Nng nghip & Pht trin nng thn, k thut sn xut

v ch bin la go ca Vit Nam vn cn qui m nh nn gp nhiu hn ch:

Nng dn s dng ging la khng qua xc nhn (ly t v trc gieo trng

cho v sau) ln n hn 60% hng nm, ch yu l ging cao sn nn cht lng

khng cao v kh m bo tt v thun chng ca la hng ha.

Din tch canh tc bnh qun ca h nng dn rt thp (64,2% s nng

h c din tch di 0,5ha). T l c gii ha sn xut cha cao, mi t 75% trong

khu lm t, 20% trong khu gieo s, 85% trong khu ti tiu ch ng, 90% trong

khu tut la; trong khi , khu chm sc la (lm c, bn phn, phun thuc tr

su) hu nh hon ton bng th cng.

Tp qun ch bin go ti ng bng Sng Cu Long, ni cung cp tuyt

i b phn lng thc hng ha c c im c bn l xay xt qua hai ln: ln 1,

la c xay xt ra go x ti nhng nh my nh gn lin vi cc vng la; sau ,

47

go x tip tc c x l ln 2 (nh bng, tch tm, phi trn v ng gi) cho

ra go trng thnh phm ti cc nh my ln ta lc cc u mi giao thng c

iu kin giao thng thun li (trn bn, di thuyn) nh Tht Nt, Cn Th hoc

Ci B, Tin Giang...

Tp qun d tr lng thc ti ng bng Sng Cu Long ni ring v

Vit Nam ni chung l d tr go vi thi hn bnh qun 3 6 thng cng l mt

im hn ch ln. Bi v, nu d tr bng la th c th bo qun lu di hn (1 2

nm) v la c ( chn sinh hc hon ton sau khi d tr trn 6 thng) a vo xay

xt s cho ra go c cht lng tt hn so vi go ch bin t la mi.

Tn tht sau thu hoch

T u thp nin 1990s n nay, t l tn tht sau thu hoch ca ngnh la go

gim t 16% cn 13,7%. Nhng nh vy vn cn rt cao, gp hn 2 ln so vi

Nht Bn (ch c 5%) hay n (6%). Theo thng tin t Hi tho v bo qun la

go cho ng bng Sng Cu Long ti Cn Th ngy 30/06/2011 th, c cu tn tht

sau thu hoch la go ca vng ny nh sau: thu hoch 3%, phi sy 4,2%, xay xt

3%, bo qun 2,6%, vn chuyn 0,9%. Kt hp thm vi mt s thng tin ca Phn

vin C in nng nghip v Cng ngh sau thu hoch (B NN&PTNT), c th ch ra

cc nguyn nhn yu km nh sau:

Thiu my gt p lin hp, n nm 2013 s my gt p lin hp trn

ton vng ng bng Sng Cu Long ch trn di 12.400 chic, p ng khong

50% nhu cu. Gii php gt th cng ri tut la bng my nh ti ng rung gy ri

vi nhiu.

My sy cng thiu trm trng, n nm 2013 s my sy la ti ng bng

Sng Cu Long c10.200 my (tng cng sut khong 37.000 tn/m sy), ch p

ng c 61% nhu cu sy la v H Thu. Gii php phi sy th cng khng ch

lm tng tn tht do ri vi m cn nh hng gim cht lng la go do khng

t tiu chun v m , nht l trong ma ma.

48

Trong khu xay xt, yu cu m ca la phi t 14 14,5% th khi xay

xt mi m bo tt v qui cch cht lng go v t l ht nguyn cao (c th n

55% khi lng go thu hi). Tuy nhin, do khu phi sy khng tt nn la thng

khng t m tiu chun, khi xay xt khng ch hao ht nhiu m cn lm gim t

l chnh phm, tng t l th phm v ph phm (trong , t l go nguyn ht ch

khong 40%). Mt khc, do tp qun xay xt hai ln nh ni trn cng gp phn lm

tng t l hao ht.

Trong khu bo qun, c khu vc ng bng Sng Cu Long hin c h

thng kho cha lng thc vi tng tch lng vo khong 800.000 tn. Nhng hu

ht kho u c xy dng trn cn bn dng d tr go: qui m nh (mt kho

cha t vi trm n vi ngn tn), tr go trong bao (25 50 kg/bao), c trang b

bng ti kt hp vi bc xp th cng. Bn cnh , ch c 3 cm silo ti Tr Nc

(Cn Th), Cao Lnh (ng Thp) v Bnh Chnh (Tp.H Ch Minh) vi tch lng

khong 70.000 tn dng d tr la, c kt hp trang b ng ng ht la, my

sy, cn o in t v vn hnh t ng kh hin i, nhng khng ng k so vi

nhu cu chung v cng t c s dng trong thc t do chi ph vn hnh cao hn lm

th cng.

Trong khu vn chuyn lng thc, khi lng vn chuyn ng thy

chim t trng khong 3/4 cn li vn chuyn ng b khong 1/4. Ring ti ng

bng Sng Cu Long khi lng vn chuyn ng thy chim ti hn 90%. Qui

cch la go khi vn chuyn cng ging nh khi d tr, ch yu l ng bao PP c

25 50 kg/bao v bc xp th cng l chnh nn t l hao ht kh nhiu.

2.2. Tnh hnh xut khu go ca Vit Nam

Xut khu go ca Vit Nam gim mnh nht trong s cc nc xut khu go

ch cht, khin Vit Nam tt xung v tr th ba trong nm 2013, sau n v Thi

Lan.

49

Theo bo co ca Hip hi Lng thc Vit Nam (VFA), n ng u v

xut khu go trong nm th hai lin tip, vi tng khi lng xut khu nm 2013

t 9,61 triu tn, tip tc ni rng khong cch vi cc nc xut khu ln khc.

Tuy nhin, nu so vi mc xut khu k lc ca nm 2012, xut khu go ca

n vn gim gn 9,8%.

Xut khu ca Thi Lan ng v tr th hai vi tng khi lng xut khu t

6,79 triu tn, gim nh 2,6% so vi nm trc .

Vit Nam ng v tr th ba v xut khu go, vi khi lng thp hn Thi

Lan i cht, t 6,74 triu tn, gim 12,9% so vi nm 2012. y l mc gim mnh

nht trong s 5 th trng xut khu go ch cht trn th gii.

(Ngun: Tng cc thng k)

Nm 2013, xut khu go ca Pakistan vn gi v tr th t vi khi lng 3,41

triu tn, gim 6,6% so vi nm trc , trong khi M ng v tr th nm vi khi

lng xut khu t 3,37 triu tn, tng khong 1,2% so vi nm trc .

50

Trong nm n nay, tng khi lng xut khu ca 5 nc xut khu ln t

29,92 triu tn. Tuy gim 7,5% so vi mc xut khu ca nm 2012, nhng y vn l

nm xut khu nhiu th 2 trong lch s, ch sau chnh nm 2012.

Nm 2013, c nc xut khu gn 6,6 triu tn go, gim hn 1,4 triu tn

(tc gim 17,76%) so vi nm 2012, kim ngch t gn 2,93 t USD, gim 20,36%,

y l mc xut khu thp nht trong 3 nm qua. Vi kt qu ny, Vit Nam gim

xung xp th 3 sau n v Thi Lan trn bng tng xp xut khu go khng p

ng c mc tiu xut khu go ra 7,5 triu tn hi u nm 2013; xut khu

go Vit Nam st gim l do p lc cnh tranh cao v st gim nhu cu ca cc th

trng truyn thng nh Malaysia, Philippines v Indonesia. Nm 2014, Vit Nam

phn u xut khu 7 triu tn go.

Cc th trng xut khu go chnh ca Vit Nam trong nm 2013 gm Trung

Quc, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Hng Kng v B bin Ng. Trung Quc vn

l nc nhp khu go ln nht ca Vit Nam trong nm 2013. Trong nm 2013,

Trung Quc nhp khu hn 2,15 triu tn go, vi tr gi 901,86 triu USD, tng

3,21% v khi lng v 0,38% v gi tr, chim 30,83% tng kim ngch xut khu

go ca Vit Nam.

Lng go xut khu sang B bin Ng ng th 2 th trng, vi 561.333 tn,

tr gi 228,53 triu USD (tng trn 17% v lng v tng 12,37% v kim ngch so

cng k); tip n l xut sang Philippines 504.558 tn, tr gi 225,44 triu USD

(gim mnh trn 50% c v lng v kim ngch); xut sang Malaysia 465.977 tn, tr

gi 231,43 triu USD (gim 40% c v lng v kim ngch so nm 2012).

Nhn chung nm 2013, xut khu go sang a s cc th trng b st gim so

vi nm 2012; trong mt s th trng st gim mnh nh: Indonesia (gim

83,13% v lng v gim 80,08% v kim ngch); Senegal (gim 74,65% v lng v

gim 73,6% v kim ngch); Philippines (gim 54,64% v lng v gim 52,57% v

kim ngch); i Loan (gim 53,29% v lng v gim 49,46% v kim ngch).

51

Tuy nhin, xut khu sang mt s th trng vn t mc tng trng cao trn

100% v lng v kim ngch nh: xut sang Nga (tng 495,8% v lng v tng

458,73% v kim ngch); Ucraina (tng 224,56% v lng v tng 177,04% v kim

ngch); U.A.E (tng 121,22% v lng v tng 113,14% v kim ngch); H Lan (tng

241,85% v lng v tng 145,62% v kim ngch) v Ba Lan (tng 156,87% v lng

v tng 97,04% v kim ngch).

Th trng xut khu go nm 2013

52

(Ngun: Tng cc thng k)

53

Xut khu go ca nc ta trong nm 2014 d on s tip tc i mt vi

nhiu cnh tranh t cc nc xut khu go truyn thng v i th mi ni. Xut

khu, tiu th la go hng ha s kh khn hn, k hoch xut khu c th ch tng

ng nm 2013, khong 6,5 - 7 triu tn. Nm 2014 s tip ni nhng kh khn ca

nm 2013 nhng p lc nhiu hn i vi cc ngun xut khu do cung cp d tha,

cnh tranh quyt lit.

Tnh hnh th trng go th gii tip tc chu p lc bn h gi ca Thi Lan

v cnh tranh xut khu t cc ngun cung cp chnh chu nn xu hng gi cn

tip tc st gim trong thi gian ti. Vit Nam s phi chp nhn cnh tranh quyt lit,

nht l vi Thi Lan v go thm v go trng. Li th ca Vit Nam l kh nng

cnh tranh ca go thm, go trng cht lng cao chu Phi v nhu cu t cc th

trng gn, giao hng nhanh ng Nam . Khu vc ng Nam mc d nhu cu

ang st gim vn l cc th trng truyn thng c hp ng tp trung, Vit Nam c

kh nng cnh tranh khi c nhu cu. Ring Trung Quc vn l th trng ln nht ca

Vit Nam trong thi gian ti, c bit l xut khu bin gii gp phn tiu th la go

hng ha khi cc th trng khc st gim mc d vn tim n ri ro trong thng

mi. Cc th trng xut khu go Philippines, Indonesia, Hn Quc, Nht Bn, chu

Phi tip tc duy tr tt. c bit, nhiu th trng tiu th go mi nh Dubai v cc

quc gia vng Trung ng c kh nng tiu th kh quan. Ngoi ra, th trng c

v chu u cng ang rng m i vi mt s loi go cp cao

duy tr v nng cao hiu qu xut khu go trong tnh hnh hin nay, cc

doanh nghip trong nc khng nn chy theo s lng m phi ch u t nng

cao cht lng sn phm nng gi tr, ng thi ch khai thc cc th trng mi,

nht l cc th trng tiu th go cp cao.

Go Vit Nam li i mt nguy c nm ngoi "ht go khu vc ng

Nam "

54

D ch trng y mnh thnh lp Lin minh la go ASEAN, nhng dng

nh, go Vit Nam li i mt nguy c nm ngoi "ht go khu vc ng Nam "

khi ngy 1/10/2012, cc tp on nng nghip ln ca 3 nc Philippines, Myanmar,

Thi Lan lp hip hi la go.

C ba quc gia Philippines, Myanmar v Thi Lan hin u phi i mt vi

nhng kh khn ring trong sn xut la go. Tuy nhin, nu xt trn cc kha cnh

ring l th cc nc ny u c nhng th mnh nht nh v Vit Nam hon ton c

th mang v li ch nu cng h pht trin ngnh la go.

"Lin minh la go Vit Nam - Myanmar" c cp n vic gip pht

trin k thut sn xut la go v tn dng cc u th t nhin ca Myanmar y

gi tr ht go Vit Nam ln cao, thot khi gi go ca mt nn nng nghip "gi r".

Tc gi trn cn cnh bo n hu qu "tru chm ung nc c" nu Vit Nam

chm chn trc mt Myanmar y tim nng.

Vi Philippines, tuy cha cp nhiu v vn la go gia hai nc trong

cc ln trao i hp tc, nhng giai on 2008-2011, Vit Nam xut siu hn 1 t

USD/nm sang Philippines, chim t trng ln nht trong ASEAN, ch yu l xut

khu go (chim 50-60% kim ngch xut khu; khong 1,5 triu tn/nm). B Nng

nghip Philippines ban hnh chng trnh cung cp ht ging cht lng cao ng

thi cp bo him ri ro thin tai cho nng dn trng la bt chp cc chuyn gia

ADB cho rng chnh ph nc ny s tiu tn ngn sch mt cch v ch. iu ny

chng t Phippines ang n lc trong vic m bo sn lng la go cho ton dn

trong nm 2013. cng l c hi cho Vit Nam ch ng a tay hp tc trn lnh

vc chuyn giao cng ngh, quy trnh k thut sn xut... nhm xy dng lin minh

la go v sau.

Cn vi Thi Lan, c khng t cc hi ngh song phng din ra trc y

nhm hng n vic y mnh hp tc la go, chia s thng tin la go, hay c th

hn l bnh n gi go khu vc v th gii. Vi tim nng hin ti, hp tc la go

Vit - Thi s l mt trong nhng mc xch quan trng cho vic hnh thnh lin minh

55

la go ASEAN bi hai quc gia ny thng xuyn kim sot gn mt na lng xut

khu go ca th gii.

Th nhng, dng nh Philippines, Myanmar v Thi Lan quyt lit hn

Vit Nam trong qu trnh thc hin mt "OPEC la go" quyn lc. Nhng nhn thc

v tm quan trng trong hp tc b sung v bi hc t li th so snh (hay cn gi l

"u th so snh") ca nh kinh t hc ngi Anh David Ricardo gip 3 quc gia i

n quyt nh thnh lp hip hi la go pht trin chui cung ng go trong khu

vc ng Nam bng cch s dng cng ngh ging lai c quyn v cht lng

cao ca tp on SL Agritech Corp ca Philippines. Theo , SL Agritech s ng

gp cng ngh v ging la cho hip hi trong khi i tc Myanmar s cung cp t

sn xut, cn Thi Lan s x l tip th ton cu. y l mt m thc hp tc m

trc y, khng t kin t cc chuyn gia Vit Nam ng h.

D c xut v cnh bo trc v khu lin kt hp tc la go

ASEAN, nhng vi "hip hi la go" ny, Vit Nam vn vng ngoi.

Tuy nhin, trang oryza.com cho bit, trong mt cuc hp ti Myanmar, cc

B trng B Nng nghip v nhng ngi ng u ngnh cng nghip sn xut go

ca 5 quc gia thuc khi ASEAN, bao gm: Myanmar, Thi Lan, Lo, Vit Nam v

Campuchia hon tt mt tha thun thnh lp Lin minh la go ASEAN (ARF).

Th k chung ca Lin on la go Myanmar (MRF) cho bit nhng iu

khon ca tha thun ny s c trnh by trong mt cuc hp cp B trng vo

thng 8/2014. ARF s tp chung vo vic bo m an ninh lng thc trong khu vc

v trn th gii, n nh th trng go quc t v thc y hot ng giao thng go

cng nh ci thin cuc sng cho nng dn canh tc la go.

Vic thnh lp ARF s bao gm Vit Nam v Thi Lan, hai quc gia thuc

nhm cc nc xut khu go ln nht th gii. Tng lng go c giao dch ca

Vit Nam v Thi Lan chim t 35% - 40% lng go c giao dch trn ton cu.

Trong , Thi Lan rt quan tm n vic thnh lp ARF v by t hy vng ARF s

56

gip kim sot gi go trn th gii. Tuy nhin, mt s chuyn gia lo ngi vic thnh

lp mt lin minh la go l khng kh thi do go l mt hng d h hng v cc nc

thnh vin ASEAN thiu h thng kho bo qun.

2.3. Chui cung ng go ca Vit Nam

M hnh xut khu go c bn

Chui cung ng xut khu go ca Vit Nam (nghin cu in hnh cc

doanh nghip ti khu vc pha Nam) theo 2 m hnh xut khu go c bn nh sau:

S 1: M hnh A (Thu mua go xut khu)

Doanh nghip thu mua go nguyn liu (go x) t thng li ti ch ra go

thnh phm xut khu. Theo m hnh ny, phn ln l cung ng go cho cc hp

ng G2G v cc th trng c nhu cu go phm cp trung bnh nh Philippines,

Indonesia, Cuba, Chu Phi Qui cch go thng kh m bo thun chng nn

gi khng cao.

c im kinh doanh ca m hnh:

Go nguyn liu chuyn n doanh nghip xut khu qua nhiu cp hng so.

Khng truy xut c ngun gc go nguyn liu. Cht lng go khng n

nh.

Qui trnh ch bin go qua 2 giai on (two process system).

Vn chuyn xut khu theo x lan ng sng ti trng t 100 1.000 tn

n cng Si Gn.

Go c ng bao 25 50 kg ty theo yu cu ca khch hng.

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S 2: M hnh B (u t vng la chuyn canh xut khu)

Doanh nghip xy dng vng la nguyn liu c chng xut khu. Theo

m hnh ny, go c cung ng cho cc th trng c nhu cu go cao cp nh

Hongkong, c, Nht Bn, Hn Quc v gi go xut khu (5% tm) thng cao

hn gi go cng phm cp ca m hnh A khong 40 USD (ti thi im kho st

thng 9/2011). y l xu hng chuyn dch c bn ca cc doanh nghip xut khu

go cc tnh pha Nam hin nay. c im kinh doanh ca m hnh:

Vng nguyn liu gieo trng ging la cho go thm p ng yu cu ca th

trng cao cp.

Kim sot c cht lng v ging go ti ngun cung cp, go ng nht

C gii ha cc khu thu hoch, vn chuyn, d tr, xay xt theo qui

trnh khp kn (oneprocess system), t l hao ht thp.

Thc hin chui cung ng u vo v u ra cng thun li, hiu qu hn

Tuy nhin, chi ph u t s cao hn nhiu v qui m din tch t canh tc

phi ln. y l mt trong nhng tr ngi ln i vi qu trnh c gii ha

nng nghip ca Vit Nam hin nay.

2.4. Hnh thc chui cung ng xut khu go ca Vit Nam

Kt qu phn tch tnh hnh xut khu go ca Vit Nam trong thi gian qua

bc l nhng nhc im lin quan n vn lin kt chui cung ng u

vo v u ra ca hot ng xut khu go. Trong , hu ht cc doanh nghip

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u xut khu go trng cc loi (t 5 25% tm), ch c mt doanh nghip xut

khu go (parboiled rice) t nm 2009 n nay.

Phn tch chui cung ng go xut khu

Theo m hnh A: Thu mua go xut khu

Hng so mua la trc tip ca nng dn t cc vng khc nhau vi qui m

dao ng rt linh hot t 100 kg 50 tn/lt. im mua ngay ti ng rung hoc

ti kho d tr ca nng dn, thanh ton hon ton bng tin mt. Hng so s sy

la, xay xt v d tr go ti cc nh my xay xt nh ven sng. Khi cc nh xut

khu t hng hoc cho gi mua hp l th hng so s giao go nguyn liu ti nh

my ca nh xut khu hoc giao go thnh phm ti cng giao hng do nh xut

khu ch nh. Phng tin vn chuyn ch yu l x lan ng sng. Thi gian vn

chuyn t Tht Nt, Cn Th ln cng Si Gn bnh qun 24 36 gi. Ma cao im

vo dp tt Nguyn n hng nm c th mt nhiu thi gian hn do lng vn

chuyn ln qua knh Ch Go, thuc tnh Tin Giang. Hng s c giao ln tu ti

phao ch nh cng Si Gn, thi gian ch giao hng t 2 3 ngy. Xut khu theo

m hnh ny ph bin l go trng 15 25% tm theo iu kin FOB cng Si Gn,

p ng cho cc n hng theo hp ng G2G, B2G i cc nc ng Nam , Chu

Phi v Cuba. Theo cc doanh nghip, mc li i vi nhng n hng ny kh thp

(thng ch t 5 10 USD/tn), thm ch c nhng lc b l (nh nm 2008).

Theo m hnh B: u t vng chuyn canh la xut khu

Hng so mua la trc tip ca nng dn t cc vng la chuyn canh

cung ng cho n hng ca cc nh xut khu theo mc gi tha thun vo thi

im mua. Hoc nh xut khu mua la trc tip t nng dn. La/go nguyn liu

c giao n cc nh my ca nh xut khu, thanh ton bng tin mt. Go

nguyn liu c lau bng, tch ht khc mu (sortex), phi trn v ng gi theo

yu cu ca nh nhp khu. Go xut khu ch yu l go thm (jasmine, fragrance)

5% tm, ng gi t 1 10kg/bao (PP, PE), ng trong container 20 v bn theo

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iu kin CNF, CIF hoc FOB. Phng tin vn chuyn ch yu l x lan ng sng

v ng container ti ICD ca cng Si Gn i vi cc tnh ven Sng Hu; hoc

vn chuyn bng xe container theo quc l 1A v cng Si Gn, thi gian vn

chuyn trung bnh 4 5 gi i vi hng ha t Tin Giang v Long An. Go

xut khu theo m hnh ny ch yu p ng cho cc n hng theo hp ng i

nhng th trng go cao cp nh Hongkong, rp Xeut, c, Hn Quc... Theo cc

doanh nghip, mc li i vi nhng n hng ny thng cao hn m hnh A, t

trung bnh t 40 50 USD/tn.

Chng 3. RI RO TRONG CHUI CUNG NG GO

Chui cung ng go Vit Nam ngy cng pht trin v hon thin, mang li

nhng li ch cho cc bn lin quan. Chui cung ng ny c tin hnh thng qua

nhiu bc khc nhau, c quan h mt thit vi nhau. Tuy nhin, trong mi khu vn

tn ti nhiu kh khn, dn n nhng ri ro t nhiu pha. Sau y, chng ta s phn

tch ri ro trong tng giai on ca chui cung ng go.

3.1. Ngun cung ng:

3.1.1. c im

Go nguyn liu l mt thnh phn rt quan trng, c xem l u vo cho

chui cung ng la go Vit Nam. La chn ngun cung go tin cy, p ng y

c v cht lng ln s lng l mt trong nhng hot ng c tnh cht rt quan

trng i vi vic to ra li nhun v duy tr li th cnh tranh ca doanh nghip trong

chui cung ng.

Cn c vo iu kin t nhin, tp qun canh tc, s hnh thnh ma v v

phng thc gieo trng, ngh trng la c hnh thnh v phn chia thnh cc vng

trng la ln, l ni cung ng ch yu ngun nguyn liu u vo cho chui cung ng

la go Vit Nam.

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ng bng Sng Cu Long l ni cung cp la hng ha ch yu ca c nc.

Hng nm, vi sn lng trn di 20 triu tn la (khong 13 triu tn go), sau khi

p ng nhu cu lng thc ti ch v lm ging, vng ny c kh nng cung cp b

sung cho cc vng thiu lng thc v tng d tr 3 4 triu tn/nm, cung ng xut

khu 6 7 triu tn/nm.

Vng ng bng sng Hng c 2 v la c truyn l la ma v la chim

xun. y l ni cung ng go ng th 2 sau ng bng sng Cu Long, nhng l

vng c trnh thm canh cao nn nng xut la rt cao. Vng ng bng sng Hng

c din tch trng la 1,13 triu ha, chim 14,34% din tch SX la c nc, sn lng

6,64 triu tn, chim 15,08% sn lng c nc.

Cu trc knh tiu th la.( Ngun: T tng hp theo thng tin nghin cu th

trn)

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Theo nh 2 m hnh chui cung ng nu, la go nguyn liu s c mua

trc tip t nng dn ti cc vng khc nhau hoc nng dn ti cc vng chuyn canh.

Ch th tham gia tiu th la go bao gm:

-Th nht, ngi mua gom (thng li/hng xo) mua trc tip la ca nng

dn. Trong , khong 80% lng hng ha nng dn sn xut bn cho ngi mua

gom. Ngi mua gom mua trc tip la ti rung, x l m ri v sau thc hin

theo 2 cch: (i) em gia cng xay xt thnh go nguyn liu hoc go bn thnh phm

v bn trc tip cho cc doanhnghip ch bin, xut khu v (ii) bn la cho cc

doanh nghip, hp tc x xay xt ch bin go. Mng li ngi mua gom tng i

dy c v khng c ro cn php l no cho vic xm nhp v rt lui ca ngi mua

gom. Ngi mua gom khng cn phi ng k kinh doanh hoc xin php hot ng t

bt c c quan no.

-Th hai, doanh nghip xay xt v HTX mua trc tip la ca nng dn, chim

khong 10%, cn phn ln mua li t ngi mua gom. Doanh nghip xay xt ch yu

gia cng cho ngi mua gom. Mt s doanh nghip xay xt c trang b my mc lau

bng, tch mu v trn go s lm gia cng cho cc doanh nghip ch bin, xut khu

hoc sn xut hng tiu th ni a.

-Th ba, cc cng ty lng thc ca Nh nc. Cc cng ty lng thc thng

qua cc x nghip mua go nguyn liu hoc go bn thnh phm ch yu t ngi

mua gom v doanh nghip xay xt ch bin thnh go 5%, 10%,15% v 25% phc

v cho xut khu hoc snxut go ti