Quantification and Characterization of Dust Emissions from Tracked Vehicles and Helicopters Using Optical Remote Sensing Poster Number: 90 Abstract Unique

Quantification and Characterization of Dust Emissions from Tracked Vehicles and Helicopters Using Optical Remote Sensing

Poster Number: 90

Abstract Unique military activities, such as movement of tracked vehicles on unimproved roads and flying of rotary winged aircraft in arid regions, emit particulate matter (PM) to the atmosphere. Both visual air quality and public health can be adversely affected by PM emissions. Remote methods to quantify the mass of PM emitted from these fugitive sources are not well established. In this study, a novel method using optical remote sensing (ORS) was developed to quantify the size distributions, mass concentrations, and emission factors for PM that is emitted to the atmosphere during select military activities. The ORS devices consist of a ground-based Micro-Pulse Lidar (MPL), two Open Path-Fourier Transform InfraRed (OP-FTIR) spectrometers and two Open Path- Laser Transmissometers (OP-LTs). An algorithm was formulated to invert the Lidar equation, which was applied to compute the dust extinction profiles from the MPL’s backscatter light signals. This method was then implemented characterize dust plumes from military activities. Dust emissions that were generated by the movement of three types of tracked vehicles (M-113, Bradley, and M-1) were characterized at Yakima Training Center (YTC) in Washington State, USA. Also, dust plumes that were generated by lying rotary winged aircraft (Bell 210 helicopter) over two surface types (i.e. desert pavement and disturbed desert soils) were characterized at Yuma Proving Ground (YPG) in Arizona, USA.

Schematics of Field Campaigns

Ke Dua, Mark J. Rooda, Byung J. Kimb, Michael R. Kemmeb, Ram A. Hashmonayc, Ravi Varmad, and Wangki Yuena

Methodology and Site Photos

Experimental setup for measuring dust emissions from the flying of

helicoptersHelicopter, monitoring equipment and dust plume

Professional Affiliationsa. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaignb. U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center-Construction

Engineering Research Laboratory (ERDC-CERL)c. ARCADISd. National University of Ireland

Raw MPL data

Normalized relative backscattering (NRB)

Extinction profile,

1-D mass concentration profile, g/m3

MPL data correction

Plume transmittance

Particle size distribution, N(Dp) from OP-FTIR and OP-LT

Refractive index, m

Particle density, Mie model

K* =Conc. = K*

2-D mass concentration profile from interpolation of four 1-D profiles along MPL scanning paths

Dust emission factor, g/vkm* or g/helicopter pass

2p

1p

2p

1p

D

D

pp2

pe

D

D

pp3

p

dD)D(ND)m,α(Q

dD)D(ND32

Lidar equation inverting method

Wind data

Helicopter Dust plumeMoving directionTracked vehicle

Scanning MPL

FTIR & LT

retroreflector

Reflective target

MPL pathDust plume

Dusty road

Wind

FTIR-LT path

LIDAR

275 m 89 m

Note: map not to scale

Moving directionTracked vehicle

Scanning MPL

FTIR & LT

retroreflector

Reflective target

MPL pathDust plume

Dusty road

Wind

FTIR-LT path

LIDARLIDAR

275 m 89 m


Approach

Scanning MPL

OP-FTIR & OP-LT

RetroreflectorReflective target

MPL paths

Dust plume

Soil surface

OP-FTIR and OP-LT paths

LIDAR

304 m 89 m


Withdraw

3 m

133 m

Approach

Bell 210 Helicopter

Scanning MPL

OP-FTIR & OP-LT


MPL paths

Dust plume

Soil surface

Wind


LIDARLIDAR

304 m 89 m


Withdraw

3 m

133 m

Approach

Scanning MPL

OP-FTIR & OP-LT


MPL paths

Dust plume

Soil surface


LIDARLIDAR

304 m 89 m


Withdraw

3 m

133 m

Approach

Bell 210 Helicopter

Scanning MPL

OP-FTIR & OP-LT


MPL paths

Dust plume

Soil surface

Wind


LIDARLIDAR

304 m 89 m


Withdraw

3 m

133 m

LIDARLIDAR

304 m 89 m


Withdraw

3 m

133 m

Experimental setup for measuring dust emissions from the moving tracked

vehicles

MPLTracked vehicle Dust plume

*vkm: vehicle kilometer traveled

Mass concentration (g/m3)

t

t

Mass concentration (g/m3)

t

t

05

10152025303540

8 8 24 32 40 8 8 12 16 16 40 16 16 40

Vehicle Speed (km/hour)

Mas

s E

mis

sion

Fac

tor

(g-P

M/v

kt)

PM2.5

PM10

Results

Summary and ConclusionsCompare results from this method to those obtained with

other independent measurements Dust plumes generated from the moving of tracked vehicles and the

flying of helicopters were detected using optical remote sensing. MPL is capable of conducting "time of flight" measurements, which are

important for capturing the properties of the entire plume compared to other measurement techniques

The dust plumes were characterized for their horizontal and vertical dimensions, heterogeneity, temporal variability, extinction profile, and transmittance by using MPL and reflective targets.

Future Work

2008 Partners in Environmental Technology Technical Symposium & Workshop, Dec 2-4, Washington D.C.

Poster Number: 90

Evolution of plume extinction profile during a helicopter pass(Bell 210 Helicopter moving at 30 km/hr toward the MPL)

Funding support from the Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program (SERDP) of Department of Defense (DoD)

Support staff from Yuma Proving Ground Support staff from Yakima Training Center Desert Research Institute (DRI)

Acknowledgements

PM mass emission factors for helicopters

Evolution of plume mass concentration for PM10 profile during a vehicle travel (Bradley Tank, moving at 32 km/hr toward the MPL)

Direction vehicle is movingDirection vehicle is moving

PM mass emission factors for tracked vehicles

Bradley Tank M1A1 Tank M113 Tank

103

Direction helicopter is flyingDirection helicopter is flying

0 210-2 (m-1)1.210-2410-3 810-3 1.610-2

Towers for pointmeasurements

OP - FTIR and OP - LT ’s optical paths







Towers for pointmeasurement












Direction helicopter is flyingDirection helicopter is flying

0 210-2 1.210-2410-3 810-3 1.610-2


OP -FTIR and OP-LT’soptical paths













OP - FTIR and OP-LT’s optical paths


OP - FTIR and OP-LT’s optical paths


OP - FTIR and OP- LT ’s optical paths


t t

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

0 15 30 60

Helicopter Speed (km/hour)

Em

issi

on F

acto

r(g

/pas

s)

PM2.5

PM10

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

15 25-30 35 45-60

Helicopter Speed (km/hour)

Em

issi

on F

acto

r(g

/pas

s) PM2.5

PM10

Desert Pavement Disturbed Soil

Documents

Quantification and Characterization of Dust Emissions from Tracked Vehicles and Helicopters Using Optical Remote Sensing Poster Number: 90 Abstract Unique