Ain Shams University

Faculty of Science

Geophysics Department

Quantitative Seismic Interpretation and

Reservoir Characteristics of Ha’py Field, Nile

Delta, Egypt

A Thesis submitted for the degree of Master of Science as a

partial fulfillment for the requirements of Master degree

of Science in Applied Geophysics.

By

Asmaa Mohamed Nadeem Ahmed (B.Sc.in Geology/Geophysics - Faculty of Science - Ain Shams University, 2008)

To

Geophysics Department

Faculty of Science

Ain Shams University

Supervised by

Dr. Abdullah Mahmoud El -Sayed Mahmuod

Associate Professor of Geophysics

Geophysics Department - Faculty of Science - Ain Shams University

Dr. Azza Mahmoud Abdellatif El-Rawy Eng. Magdy Abdelhay Mohamed

Lecturer of Geophysics Senior geophysicist

Geophysics Department - Faculty of British Petroleum and Pharaonic

Science - Ain Shams University Petroleum Company

Cairo – 2017

Note

The present thesis is submitted to Faculty of Science, Ain

Shams University in partial fulfillment for the requirements of the

Master degree of Science in Geophysics.

Beside the research work materialized in this thesis, the

candidate has attended ten post-graduate courses for one year in the

following topics:

1- Geophysical field measurements.

2- Numerical analysis and computer programming.

3- Elastic wave theory.

4- Seismic data acquisition.

5- Seismic data processing.

6- Seismic data interpretation.

7- Seismology.

8- Engineering seismology.

9- Deep seismic sounding.

10- Structure of the earth.

She successfully passed the final examinations in these courses.

In fulfillment of the language requirement of the

degree, she also passed the final examination of a course in the

English language.

Head of Geophysics Department

Prof. Dr. Salah El-Deen Abdel Wahab

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

First and above all, praise be to go to ''Allah'', the

lord of the universe who guided and aided me to bring the

light for this work and without whose bounty I would not

have been to complete this works.

I would like to express my profound gratitude to Dr.

Abdullah M.E. Mahmoud, Assistant Professor of

Geophysics, Geophysics Department, Faculty of Science,

Ain Shams University, for his kind supervision, valuable

guidance and his kind encouragements for me during this

present work.

Sincere thanks and deepest gratitude to Dr. Azza M.

Abd El Latif El-Rawy, Lecturer of Geophysics,

Geophysics Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams

University for her supervision, guidance, continuous

support and help during the preparation and writing the

manuscript of the present work.

Gratefulness and deepest appreciation to Eng.

Magdy Abdelhay Mohamed, Senior Geophysicist, Egypt

Gas Business Unit, British Petroleum and Pharaonic

Petroleum Co. for his supervision, suggesting the point,

valuable leading comments during most of the stages of the

progress of this thesis.

Special thanks to my friend Geologist Eman Salem,

for her support, stood by me through the good and bad

times and helping me in using Petrel software for the

present work.

Thanks are extended to the Egyptian General

Petroleum Company (EGPC) and Pharaonic Petroleum

Company (PhPC) for providing the data required for this

work.

Finally, I must express my very profound gratitude to

my Mom (may Allah rests her soul), Dad, Sister, Brother

and Friends for providing me with unfailing support and

continuous encouragement through the stages of this

accomplishment which would not have been possible

without them.

Abstract

I

Abstract

Nile Delta is a complex and difficult province for

hydrocarbon exploration, Ha’py Field is located in the eastern

offshore part of Nile Delta, Egypt, in 80 m of water (about 40 km of

Ras El Barr Point). It's being the largest field yet discovered in

Pliocene Trend, its features a somewhat more complicated trapping

configuration. The Plio - Pleistocene primary reservoir in Hap'y Field

(A20 sand) is a package of sands deposited by shallow marine

environments. It deposited in a structural garben, formed through a

complicated interaction of deep deformation of Temsah - Akhen

structure and differential loading during Pliocence deposited.

The principal objective of the current work is studying of A20

reservoir characteristics and identifying the depositional elements of

the reservoir by integrating different types of data that are 3D

seismic, well logs, core and pressure data.

The study of reservoir characteristics of A20 reservoir

package have be executed through several steps : 1) Evaluation of

petrophysical properties of the reservoir then studying reservoir

characteristics and rock quality based on calculated petrophysical

properties and investigating the reservoir connectivity, 2) Mapping

top ,base gas and base of the reservoir package, 3) Construction of

attribute maps and images by using reflectivity volumes, then

identification of architectural elements of A20 reservoir package, 4)

Integrating well data analysis and attribute-maps for reservoir

characterization then, 5) Building A20 depositional model.

The main A20 Sand reservoir in the Ha’py Field is an

unconsolidated and the dominant control on reservoir quality is

detrital clay content. According to the plots of pressure depth, the gas

water contact is at 1742 m TVDSS from H-09 well. There is no

reservoir connectivity between wells of the reservoir.

The constructed time and depth maps show that the reservoir

is trapped between a two major listric growth faults (northeast-

southwest) fault and (northwest-southeast) fault. The constructed

isochron and isopach maps show that the gas bearing sand bars

observed their trend to west.

Abstract

II

Extracted seismic attribute (Amplitude Attribute, Coherency

Attribute and Instantaneous Frequency Attribute) has applied for A20

reservoir package to aid in the construction of depositional model.

Observing the changing in amplitude anomalies and polarities, and

decipher it to direct hydrocarbon indictors to see the gas effect on the

seismic images present in the subsurface.

The results of integrating well data analysis, core data and

attribute maps show that A20 reservoir sand is good example of the

wave dominated deltas with strong river influence. The extensive

river input sediments are delivered to the sea which is reworking

most of the sediments, and a spit barrier system .The upper A20 unit

is shallow marine environments sand bar or shoreface elongated sand

bar complex. Subsurface data indicates that Ha’py field exhibits a

series of at least two stacked sand bars (mounds).

Keywords: Ha’py Field, A20 Reservoir characterization, 3D seismic

interpretation, Petrophysical analysis, Depositional

model.

Contents

III

Contents

IV

Contents

V

Contents

VI

Contents

VII

List of Figures

VIII

List of Figures

Figure (1-1): (A) Index map of Nile Delta, Egypt. (B)

Location of Ha'py Field, offshore Nile Delta .......... 2

Figure (1-2): Location of fields, development leases and

exploration concessions. Field locations and areas

are approximate. ...................................................... 3

Figure (2-1): Nile Delta sub-surface structure pattern .................. 9

Figure (2-2): Generalized lithostratigraphic column of Nile

Delta area ............................................................... 11

Figure (2-3): Nile Delta Miocene stratigraphical framework ..... 15

Figure (2-4): Nile Delta Plio-Pleistocene Stratigraphical ........... 16

Figure (2-5): Facies relationship of Neogene Formations on the

west flank of Nile Delta ....................................... 17

Figure (2-6): Late Miocene multiple incisions and canyon fills . 19

Figure (2-7): NE-SW seismic line, showing the base Messinian

SB Tor 3/Me 1 (6.9 Ma) ........................................ 21

Figure (2-8): Stratigraphy of Ha'py Field .................................... 25

Figure (2-9): Depositional model for A20 sand before (A) and

after (B) the appraisal drilling programe ............... 27

Figure (2-10): Palaeogeographic map of northeastern Nile Delta at

the time of deposition of A20 Sand, superimposed

on the present day map of the region .................... 28

Figure (2-11): Major geological structures in Eastern

Mediterranean. (A) Location of Nile Delta and

Ha'py Field. (B) Deep crustal structure under

Nile Delta. ............................................................. 30

Figure (2-12): Geological domains of Nile Delta and its

deepwater area. (A) A hinge line, comprising

Miocene faults downthrowing to the N, marks the

boundary of thick Tertiary sediments, deposited on

a platform. NW of the platform lies a zone of

rotated fault blocks and the basin floor. To the NE

lies an Late Miocene salt basin. (B) Cross-Section

B-C-B' in map (A). (C) Cross-Section B-C-C' in

map (A). ................................................................ 33

List of Figures

IX

Figure (2-13): Geodynamic setting of the Eastern Mediterranean

basin. Grey arrows indicate relative plate motions 37

Figure (2-14): Interpreted crustal distribution and key basement

lineaments related to opening of the East

Mediterranean Basin (EMB) ................................. 38

Figure (2-15): Regional and stratigraphic context of Ha'py Field.

Schematic cross-section through Nile Delta

province. ................................................................ 43

Figure (3-1): Pickett plot of A20 reservoir, H-01 well. ............ 61

Figure (3-2): Pickett plot of A20 reservoir, H-02 well ............. 62

Figure (3-3): Pickett plot of A20 reservoir, H-09 well. ............ 62

Figure (3-4): Pickett plot of A20 reservoir, H-T2 well. ............ 63

Figure (3-5): Neutron-Density cross plot of A20 reservoir,

H-01 well. .............................................................. 70

Figure (3-6): Neutron-Density cross plot of A20 reservoir,

H-02 well. .............................................................. 71

Figure (3-7): Neutron-Density cross plot of A20 reservoir,

H-09 well. .............................................................. 71

Figure (3-8): Neutron-Density cross plot of A20 reservoir,

H-T2 well. ............................................................. 72

Figure (3-9): Litho-Saturation cross plot of A20 reservoir,

H-01 well. .............................................................. 76

Figure (3-10): Litho-Saturation cross plot of A20 reservoir,

H-02 well. .............................................................. 77

Figure (3-11): Litho-Saturation cross plot of A20 reservoir,

H-09 well. .............................................................. 78

Figure (3-12): Litho-Saturation cross plot of A20 reservoir,

H-T2 well. ............................................................. 79

Figure (3-13): Elevation distribution map for A20 reservoir. ....... 82

Figure (3-14): Shale volume distribution map for A20 reservoir . 82

Figure (3-15): Effective porosity distribution map for A20

reservoir. ................................................................ 83

Figure (3-16): Water saturation distribution map for A20

reservoir. ................................................................ 83

Figure (3-17): Hydrocarbon saturation distribution map for A20

reservoir. ................................................................ 84

List of Figures

X

Figure (3-18): Pressure-depth plot for Akhen-1, Ha'py-1 and

Osiris-1 wells, showing water and gas gradients

and fracture pressure envelope. The deeper sands

experienced seal failure due to gas charge. ........... 89

Figure (3-19): Fluid injectivity cross-plot illustrating variations in

total volume injected with brine permeability in a

sample of A20 Sand taken from Ha'py-2 at 2012

m MD . These tests show that injectivity decreases

with decreasing salinity. ........................................ 90

Figure (3-20): Pressure-depth plot of A20 reservoir, H-01 well. .. 93

Figure (3-21): Pressure-depth plot of A20 reservoir, H-09 well ... 93

Figure (3-22): Multi pressure-depth plots of A20 reservoir H-01

and H-09 wells ...................................................... 94

Figure (4-1): location map of seismic lines and available wells

of the study area .................................................... 99

Figure (4-2): In-line 937 seismic section show sea bed

polarity ................................................................ 105

Figure (4-3): Polarity of Top and Base of A20 reservoir In-line

937 seismic section .............................................. 105

Figure (4-4): Time – Depth charts of the wells distributed in A20

reservoir ............................................................... 107

Figure (4-5): Synthetic seismogram constructed from

H-01 Well ............................................................ 110

Figure (4-6): Synthetic seismogram constructed from

H-09 Well ............................................................ 111

Figure (4-7): Inline seismic sections with fault interpretation (A)

Inline 952, (B) Inline 992 and (C) Inline 1009 ... 115

Figure (4-8): Cross Line seismic sections with fault

interpretation (A) Xline 457, (B) Xline 497 and (C)

Xline 517 ............................................................. 116

Figure (4-9): (A) xline 372 seismic section for flattened on top

A20, (B) typical profile of a prograding margin,

showing topset, bottomset, and foreset

(clinoform) ..........................................................119

Figure (4-10): Time Structure Contour maps for A20, (A) Top

A20, (B) Base Gas A20, and (C) Base A20

List of Figures

XI

respectively. ......................................................... 122

Figure (4-11): 3D display of time structural contour map of Top

A20 reservoir ....................................................... 124

Figure (4-12): Average velocity curves of the available well

data distributed in the study area ......................... 127

Figure (4-13): Average velocity maps for A20, (A) Top A20, (B)

Base Gas A20, and (C) Base A20 respectively ... 128

Figure (4-14): Depth structure contour maps for A20, (A) Top

A20, (B) Base Gas A20, and (C) Base A20

respectively .......................................................... 131

Figure (4-15): 3D display of depth structural contour map of Top

A20 reservoir ....................................................... 132

Figure (4-16): Thickness maps between Top A20 and Base A20,

(A) Isochron map and (B) Isopach map. ............ 134

Figure (4-17): Thickness maps between Top A20 and Base Gas

A20, (A) Isochron map and (B) Isopach map. .... 136

Figure (4-18): 3D display isochron between Top surface and

Base surface of A20 reservoir ............................. 137

Figure (4-19): 3D display isopach between Top surface and

Base surface of A20 reservoir ............................. 137

Figure (4-20): 3D display isochron between Top surface and

Base Gas surface of A20 reservoir ..................... 138

Figure (4-21): 3D display isopch between Top surfce and

Base Gas surface of A20 reservoir ..................... 138

Figure (5-1): The complex trace shown as a helix of variable

amplitude in the direction of time axis. It consists of

the real component (original seismic trace); and the

imaginary (quadrature) component. .................... 142

Figure (5-2): 3D RMS window attribute map (+15/-15) ms of Top

surface of A20 reservoir, and (G) is indicative of the

gas/water contact . ............................................... 152

Figure (5-3): 3D RMS window attribute map (+15/-15) ms of

Base Gas surface of A20 reservoir, and (G) is

indicative of the gas/water contact . .................... 153

Figure (5-4): 3D RMS window attribute map (+80/-80) ms of

Base Gas surface of A20 reservoir, and (G) is