Question of the Day Jan 21

Question of the Day Jan 21 Crossing of dissimilar individuals is known as

A. genetic engineeringB. inbreedingC. hybridizationD. sequencing

DO NOW Jan 21Recall the lac operon.

Draw a diagram of the lac operon in your notes.

How is the lac operon expressed?

PROGRESS REPORTSDue Tomorrow Wed Jan 22

Keep up the GREAT WORK!!!

We are always striving to do better!

AGENDA Jan 21BIG Question: How do various breeding strategies benefit humans?

1. Question and DO NOW2. HOMEWORK DNA Molecules3. The TRP operon4. Chapter 13 Genetic Engineering5. Review and Homework

Chapter 13: Genetic Engineering

The TRP OperonThe trp operon is also found in E. coli and other organisms.

Trp is tryptophan an amino acid coded by UGG

It is regulated so that when tryptophan is present in the environment, the operon is turned off.

TRP operonWhen tryptophan is not present in the cells environment, the trp operon is expressed.

When tryptophan is present in high levels, a conformation change occurs in the trp-repressor.Tryptophan binds to the repressorRepressor binds operatorOperon is turned off

Question of the Day Jan 22 Crossing individuals with similar characteristics so these characteristics continue to appear in offspring is known asA. genetic engineeringB. inbreedingC. hybridizationD. electrophoresis

DO NOW Jan 22Researchers will often induce mutations in specific types of organisms.

How would researchers be able to cause mutations in an organism?

What is the ultimate goal of producing these mutations?

DO NOW ANSWERED Jan 22Most mutations are harmful.On rare occasions, a beneficial mutation will appear and provide an organism with a characteristic not present in other members of its species.Radiation and chemicals

The ultimate goal in all species is Genetic Variation Survival


1. Question and DO NOW2. HOMEWORK DNA Molecules DUE FRIDAY Jan 243. Chapter 13 Genetic Engineering4. Review and Homework

13-1: Changing the Living WorldHumans use selective breeding to pass desired traits on to the next generation of organisms.

Takes advantage of naturally occurring genetic variations in plants, animals, and other organisms.

Nearly all domestic animals have been produced this way.Horses, cats, farm animals, and crop plants

Every breed of dog is still the same species.What does this mean?Have been bred for thousands of yearsBetter hunters, retrievers, companionsMany phenotypic variations, behaviors, and levels of intelligence

Question of the Day Jan 23All of the following are acceptable reasons to perform selective breeding except

A. medical researchB. environmental cleanupsC. protein synthesisD. producing the perfect human being

DO NOW Jan 23You wish to breed flowers that have a long stem and purple flowers.The flowers available in your greenhouse are Long and red, short and purple, short and red, long and yellow, short and blue, long and blueWhich cross or crosses would give you the best chance of success?What factors should you consider?

DO NOW ANSWERED Jan 23Breeding the long/red with the long/blue will give you long stemmed flowers.It may also give you purple flowers.

You can then cross this offspring with the short/purple flowers.

Factors Dominant traits for height and colorDo these plants exhibit codominance or incomplete dominance?Are any of the plants purebred/hybrids?


1. Question and DO NOW2. HOMEWORK DNA Molecules DUE FRIDAY Jan 243. Chapter 13 Genetic EngineeringHomework Check 13-1 Guided Reading4. Review and Homework

13-1: Changing the Living WorldBreeding strategiesselective: selecting a few individuals to serve as parents for the next generation

hybridization: a cross between dissimilar individualsBest traits of both parentsOften stronger/hardier than parentsCombine disease resistance of one parent with food producing capacity of the other parent.

Breeding Strategiesinbreeding: crossing individuals with similar characteristics so those characteristics will appear in the offspring

mutagens: agents, such as radiation and chemicals, which lead to mutations

A Zonkey!?!Zebroid cross between a zebra and an equine.Charles Darwin recorded several of these animals in his travels during the mid 1800s

Mule cross between a male donkey and a female horseMore patient, sure-footed, and longer-lived than a horseFaster and more intelligent than donkeys

New Kinds of OrganismsBacteriaAble to treat millions of bacteria with radiation or chemicals at the same time.Medical and environmental applications.PlantsDrugs used to prevent chromosomal separation during meiosis.Polyploidy very useful in plants.Often fatal in animalsCrop plants

EXAMPLES Gamma Radiation has produced Virus resistant strains of cocoa bean treesDisease resistance bean plantsRed grapefruit and compounds found within it greatly assist in the absorption of medicinal drugsMutant strain of Dwarf rice that produces 4 times the yield of rice and its shorter height means it is less likely to fall over causing spoilage.

Question of the Day Jan 24Which statement is true about inbreeding?

A. Produces dissimilar organismsB. Parent organisms have different traitsC. All of the offspring will be stronger than the parentsD. Offspring will be more susceptible to illness and health risks

DO NOW Jan 24Watch the following video clip.http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gWur8Rbc3hc

IN YOUR NOTEBOOKSWhat is EUGENICS?

Do you agree or disagree with the principles of EUGENICS?Explain your answer.


1. Question and DO NOW2. HOMEWORK DNA Molecules TODAY3. Chapter 13 Genetic Engineering4. Review and HomeworkHomework 13-2 Guided Reading PacketDUE MONDAY Jan 27

Question of the Day Jan 27American botanist Luther Burbank produced a new modified crop that was later exported toA. ChinaB. IrelandC. RussiaD. Egypt

DO NOW Jan 27Classify the following organisms by the breeding techniques used to produce them.How would you do this?1. Cows that can produce the greatest amount of milk.2. Tall oak trees that can survive a gypsy moth infestation.3. Bean plants that can be grown in cold weather environments.

DO NOW ANSWERED Jan 271. InbreedingSelect cows that have the highest milk yield and breed them.2. HybridizationIdentify specimens that are not preyed upon by gypsy moths and cross them with the tallest oak trees.3. InbreedingIdentify plants that thrive in cold temperatures and breed them.

AGENDA Jan 27BIG Question: How do scientists manipulate DNA?

1. Question of the Day and DO NOW2. Restriction Enzymes Lab13-1 / 13-2 Packet Homework Check3. 13-2 Manipulating DNA4. Genetic Engineering Project5. Closing Thoughts and Homework

Question of the Day Jan 28Which statement regarding restriction enzymes is true?

A. Any restriction enzyme can cut any sequence of DNAB. One restriction enzyme can cut DNA in any orderC. Restriction enzymes can only cut DNA once and are then unable to cut DNA a second time.D. One restriction enzyme can cut DNA at one specific sequence of bases

DO NOW Jan 28Complete Restriction Enzymes Lab.One cut per piece of paper.Work with a partnerJoin one cut section of DNA to a cut section of your partners DNA by the sticky ends.Names on all DNA sequences

Answer questions for Homework.


1. Question of the Day and DO NOW2. Restriction Enzymes Lab13-2 Packet Homework Check3. 13-2 Manipulating DNA4. Closing Thoughts and Homework

13-2: Genetic EngineeringMaking changes in an organisms DNA by substituting genes from other DNAuses restriction enzymes: proteins capable of cutting genes at specific DNA sequencesonly cut the sequences they recognize

DNA fragments that are cut are then incorporated into the genetic material of a different cell.

called recombinant DNA: combined DNA from two different cells

DNA ExtractionSimple chemical procedures

Cells are opened.Cell membranes are broken down.Chemical solutions are added to remove proteins from the DNA.DNA is separated and isolated from other cell parts.

Gel Electrophoresis - Separating DNAMixture of DNA fragments placed at one end of a porous gel.Electric voltage applied to the gel.Negatively charged DNA molecules move to opposite end of gel.Smaller fragments move faster and fartherCompares genomes of different organismsLocate and identify specific genes.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3i-DxJ3oJzE

Question of the DAY Jan 29The sticky ends found on sequences of DNA can pair withA. any sequence of DNAB. identical sequences of DNA C. complementary sequences of DNAD. the restriction enzymes that cut them

DO NOW Jan 29Describe the process of Gel Electrophoresis.


1. Question of the Day and DO NOW2. Hand in Restriction Enzymes Lab3. 13-2 Continued4. Genetics Projects - Teams5. Closing Thoughts and Homework

BioluminescenceOrganisms that naturally produce light within their bodies.Chemical compounds mix together to create a glow - LuciferaseDoes not require nor generates much heatCold LightIncandescence wastes a tremendous amount of energy to generate enough heat to produce light.

Reading DNAUnknown single strand of DNA, 4 nucleotide bases, and DNA Polymerase added into a test tube.Different colored chemical dyes are attached to bases.

Colored strands separated using electrophoresis.Order of colored bands identifies sequence of bases.

Recombinant DNASequences of DNA combined from two different sources.

DNA synthesizers produce short sequences of synthetic DNA

Enzymes splice together synthetic DNA and natural DNA

AGENDA Jan 30BIG Question: What is biology?

1. Mid-year AssessmentBENCHMARK TEST

The results of this test will not factor into your grade!This is a tool that I will use to measure our progress through the course.

Objectives Jan 301. Complete the Biology BENCHMARK TEST.

2. Page 325 of your textbooks.Define PCR in your notebook.On a blank sheet of paperDraw the process of PCR in your textbook.Use the correct colors to identify DNA.Label your diagram.Write down the steps in the process.

Question of the DAY Jan 31How double stranded DNA molecules are produced after 6 cycles of PCR?

A. 8B. 16C. 24D. 32

PIC of the DAYFred and Frode playing in the snow

Swedish brown bears in Guestrow, Germany.

DO NOW Jan 31Cross a heterozygous Tall, heterozygous yellow seeded pea plant with a short, heterozygous yellow seeded pea plant.

What percentage of the offspring will be tall and green seeded?

List the genotype and phenotype ratios.

HONORS - AGENDA Jan 31BIG Question: How does a genetic disorder affect quality of life?1. Library Research DAYHOMEWORK Check in libraryProject topics/approvals2. Work with your teams.3. Include all of the necessary points of interest4.Be creative with this project.5. Grading Rubrics You will receive individual grades for this project.

Question of the DAY Jan 31How double stranded DNA molecules are produced after 6 cycles of PCR?

A. 24B. 32C. 64D. 128

PIC of the DAYFred and Frode playing in the snow

Swedish brown bears in Guestrow, Germany.

DO NOW Jan 31Cross a heterozygous Tall, heterozygous yellow seeded pea plant with a short, heterozygous yellow seeded pea plant.

What percentage of the offspring will be tall and green seeded?

List the genotype and phenotype ratios.

AGENDA Jan 31BIG Question: What techniques are used to produce transgenic organisms?

1. Question of the Day and DO NOW2. Polymerase Chain Reaction3. 13-3 Cell Transformation4. Review and Homework QUIZ Tomorrow Tuesday Feb 4Sections 13-1 and 13-2

Polymerase Chain ReactionPCR was developed by Kary Mullis in the 1980sProduces many copies of DNASTEPS of PCR1. Add short sequences called primers to end of DNA2. DNA heated to separate the two strands3. Cooled to allow primers to bind to single strands4. DNA Poly copies single strandsProcess repeatedSpecial Poly enzyme found in a bacteria living in hot springs of Yellowstone National Park

PCR Animationhttp://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072556781/student_view0/chapter14/animation_quiz_6.html

Question of the DAY Feb 4When recombinant DNA is transformed in another cell, which of the following is true?

A. recombinant DNA is mutatedB. the cell is treated with antibioticsC. the DNA becomes part of the transformed cells genomeD. the DNA forms its own nucleus

DO NOW Feb 4Page 327 of your textbooks

Draw Figure 13-9 in your notebooks.

Label the diagrams.

AGENDA Feb 4BIG Question: What techniques are used to produce transgenic organisms?

1. Question of the Day and DO NOW2. 13-3 Cell Transformation3. Homework Check4. Review and Homework QUIZ Tomorrow Tuesday Feb 4Sections 13-1 and 13-2

13-3 Cell TransformationWhat is transformation?

See Figure 13-9 Page 327

Plasmid small, circular DNA moleculeFound naturally in some bacteria

Two essentials featuresContains a sequence to help promote plasmid replication.Has a genetic marker to identify plasmid carrying bacteria from those that do not.

Markers used for Locating Cells Containing PlasmidsCommon marker antibiotic resistant geneDNA carrying resistance gene added to bacterial culture (millions of bacteria)1 cell in a million will be transformedCulture treated with antibiotic to kill bacteriaOnly cells with resistance survive.

Question of the DAY Feb 6Recent advances in technology have allowed humans to use bacteria to produce proteins and other factors. The process required to do this is calledA. Reverse transcriptionB. Cell TransformationC. CloningD. Gel Electrophoresis

DO NOW Feb 6Answer the following question.

What components are required in order to perform a cycle of Polymerase Chain Reaction?

DO NOW ANSWER Feb 6The following components are needed to perform PCR.

1. DNA sequence2. Primers3. Nucleotides4. DNA Polymerase

AGENDA Feb 6BIG Question: What techniques are used to produce transgenic organisms?

1. Question of the Day and DO NOW2. Finish 13-3 Cell Transformation3. Begin 13-4 Applications4. Review and Homework STUDY GUIDESCHAPTER 13 TEST MONDAY FEB 10 orTHE NEXT FULL DAY WE ARE BACK IN SCHOOL!

Transforming Plant and Animal CellsPLANT CELLSUses a bacteriumSmall plasmids are modifiedTumor producing gene removed plasmidForeign DNA is insertedRecombinant plasmid now infects plantIn culture (naturally) or injectedPlasmid DNA integrated into chromosomes of transformed cells.

Transforming Plant and Animal CellsANIMALSDNA directly injected into the nucleus of egg cell.Enzymes help insert foreign DNA into chromosomes of cell.Foreign DNA contains markers to identify transformed cells.Gene replacement techniques allow scientists to remove/replace specific genes.SEE Figure 13-11 Page 329

13-4 ApplicationsBiotechnology the application of organisms to develop and make useful products.

Transgenic Organisms - organisms that contain foreign DNAtransgenic bacteria, plants, and animals

Transgenic OrganismsMicroorganisms produce important substances for health and industryReproduce rapidly and easy to growTransformed E. coli produce human insulinAnimals used to study genes and improve the worlds food supplyMice with human immune systemsFood animals immune to diseasesPlants genetically modified (GM) cropsProduce natural insecticides and resistant to weed-killing chemicals.

The FUTUREMicroorganisms substances to fight cancerraw materials for synthetics and plastics

Animals Provide human proteinsSheep and pigs produce proteins in their milk

Plants produce human antibodies, plastics, and foods resistant to rotGM rice containing vitamin A already being grown in many nations struggling with hunger and poverty.

CloningClone a member of a population of genetically identical cells produced from a single cell.

1997 Scottish scientist Ian Wilmut cloned Dolly the sheep.

Cows, pigs, and other mammals have laso been cloned.

Wilmuts TechniqueNucleus of an egg cell removed

Fused with a cell from another adultRequires electric shock

Fused cell begins to divide

Developing embryo placed in the reproductive system of a foster mother

Embryo develops normally

Cloned OrganismsDolly The worlds most famous sheepBorn July 5, 1996Died February 14, 2003Causes: Progressive lung disease and severe arthritisRemains on display at the Museum of ScotlandSAVING ENDANGERED SPECIES

Pyrenean IbexNative Habitat: Pyrenees Mountains in France and SpainStatus: Extinct - January 6, 2000Cloning Attempt: 2009 One clone born alive but died seven minutes later due to lung defects.

Cloning HumansHighly CONTROVERSIAL!!!Moral and ethical issuesThe benefits of such procedures are questionable.Many cloned animals suffer from genetic defects.As technology improves It will become a more pressing issue.

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Question of the Day Jan 21