Quoting Sources Thetsane 2012[1]

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QUOTING SOURCES

In scientific writings the reader will find a wide variety of bibliographical styles,such as the APA STYLE (AMERICAN PHYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION),MLA STYLE (MODERN LANGUAGES ASSOCIATION), AMA (AMERICANMEDICAL ASSOCIATION) and the HARVARD STYLE.The research supervisors in the Department of Business Administration (DBA)have made the decision to follow the Harvard style of referencing. Thedecision was made for consistency purposes, as there is no right or wrongstyle.

THE HARVARD STYLEThe Harvard system of referencing is a method for citing references in

assignment, projects, and thesis and giving the sources of those references. Itis subscribed to by the International Standards organisation and is widelyaccepted as a good scholarly reference style. The Harvard style consists of ashort reference in the text which is supplemented by a full reference in thesource list or bibliography.

1. TEXTUAL REFERENCESIn the text of your report or thesis, acknowledge each author from whom youobtained information. A brief reference which refers to a full source list

reference is required.

ONLY the authors SURNAME, date (YEAR) as well as the PAGE (on whichthe information appears) should be given in the text.

Example: This view is supported by Thetsane (1972:10) because

The reference can also be given at the end of the sentence. Note thepunctuation.The main purpose of marketing is to satisfy the consumers requirements(Kotler, 2003:118).

2. DIRECT CITATIONSDirect citations (that is, the authors own words) should be used functionally.

You should only quote directly if the original is so well stated that putting it inyour own words would be detrimental to the final effect, or if the original wordsare needed for purposes of analysis and discussion of an authors views. Forinstance, a definition of word may be quoted directly. Never quote simply toavoid translation problems.

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2.1 PunctuationIf the quotation forms part of a comprehensive argument, the punctuation ispart of that argument and is placed outside the bracket or inverted comma.

Example: Mokhethi (2009:12) contends that There must be a conclusion forall sentences.

They pass the remark that few such cases exist (Thabo, 2003:3).

Note: When a sentence between brackets or inverted commas starts with acapital letter, it indicates that this sentence is used independently and thereforerequires a full stop inside the brackets or inverted comma.

Example: It was anciently believed that a baby born with teeth alreadyformed would bite the world and was made for villainy. (Mokhethi, 2003:70.)

Visser (1983:12) asserts: There must be a conclusion for all sentences.

3. INDIRECT CITATIONSWhen you give authors ideas in your own words (paraphrase), you have totake care that the spirit and the argumentation of the original are retained.

Also, vary the style of citation in your assignment/ thesis. For example:

Comparing the view of Jones (1986:15) with that of Smith (1994:147),

it.. This argument is supported by Lefu (1989:156).

According to Thabo (1989:21) it is

Mayer (1990:10) maintains that ..

4. SECONDARY CITATIONSWhen secondary information is used, this has to be indicated as such in thetext. For example, if Williams uses a statement made originally by Freud, it hasto be done as follows:

Text: According to Freud (quoted by Williams, 1986:10) marketing is ..In the source list there will be only the reference to Williams:

Source list / Bibliography: WILLIAMS, L. 1986. Freuds theories aboutdreams. London: Batsford. 97 p.

5. TEXTUAL REFERENCE TO MORE THAN ONE SOURCENote the semicolon after each reference. There is no convention about theorder in which references are given. It may be important for the sake ofargument to put them in chronological order, or from important to lessimportant.

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Example: Unemployment in Lesotho (Khaola, 2003:89; Mokorotlo, 2004:20;Thetsane & Mokhethi, 2005:8).

6. MORE CITATIONS TO SAME AUTHOR IN SAME YEARWhen you make use of more than one publication by the same author

published in the same year, you can distinguish it by putting an a, b. or cafter the date in the text of your report, for example:

According to Smith (1977a:34), the information on the internet

In the bibliography you also have to mark the references as a and b or c:

Smith , H. 1977a. Introduction to the Internet. Cape Town: Tafelbery. 215 pSmith , H. 1977b. Evaluation of Information on the Internet. Journal forcomputer science, 2(4):14-18, Apr.

7. BOOKS (MONOGRAPHS)A source list for a book include: The title, subtitle, Author, publisher,Places of publication, Edit ion and Year of publication and pages .The ISBN (International standard Book Number) is not necessarily provided inthe bibliography, but remains a valuable source of information about a book,and is mainly used for purchase and orders. Should the information not becomplete, you can find what you need on the REVERSE SIDE OF THETITLE PAGE. The important DATE OF PUBLICATION can usually befound on the reverse side of the title page.

For example: FERNER, J.D. 1995. Successful time management: a self-teaching guide. 2nd ed. New York: Wiley. 230 p.

Table 1.1: An example of a BookTitle Successful time management

Subtitle a self teaching guide

Author Jack D. Ferner

Edition 2nd edition

Publisher John Wiley & Sons, IncPlace of publication New York

Year of publication 1995

Pages numbers 230 pages

7 .1 Author ( s) or edit or (s)The author(s) can be the person(s) who wrote the book. An author can also bean institution, for example, the yearbook of the University or universitycalendar, of which the University is the author.

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7.1.1 One authorText: It was anciently believed that a baby born with teeth already formedwould bite the world and was made for villainy. (Smith, 1977:70.)

Or(Note the difference in punctuation)An ancient superstition was that when a baby was born with teeth, it wouldbecome a villain (Smith, 1977:70).

Source list / Bibliography; SMITH, L, 1977. Crime and punishment.London: Batsford. 89 p.

NOTE: In the text, only the authors surname is given and not the initials.Also note the difference in the source list where the authors surname andthe initials are given.7.1.2 Two authorsText: Gardner and Shelton (1967:40) refer to the problem of communicationwith paralysed patients who also suffer..

OrAll procedures must be explained to the patient (Gardner & Shelton, 1967:74).Note the difference between the two examples in the TEXT: the &sign is used in the brackets but in the full sentence the word andis used.

Source list: GARDNER, E.K. & SHELTON, B. 1967. The intensive therapy unitand the nurse. London: Faber and Faber. 162p.

7.1.3 Three authors or moreWhen there are three or more authors or editors and their contributions cannotbe distinguished, the abbreviation et al. is used in the text (typed in italics).The abbreviation refers to et alii (and others) a full stop is thus not placedafter et.All the co-workers are mentioned in the source list.Text: According to Khaola et al. (2003:74) branding.Source list: KHAOLA, P.P., MOKOROTLO. G., THETSANE, R.M. 2010.Introduction to Marketing. New York: Van Nostrand. 565 p.

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When referring to two authors with the same surname publishing in the sameyear, the init ials must be used in the text to distinguish between thetwo.

Text: Research shows that teenagers are .(Jones, T., 1990:9).Adolescents tend to ..(Jones, S. 1990:45.

Source list: Jones, S. 1990. Adolescents. New York: Wiley 305 P.Jones, T. 1990. Siblings rivalry. Journal of child psychology.

5(2):12-13.

Note the authors initials in the text

8. JOURNAL ARTICLES8.1 AuthorsThe following bibliographical information is required in respect of journalarticles: author(s), publication date, tit le of the article, name of thejournal in which the article was published, the volume, the number ofvolume, the pages of the volume in which the article appears , andthe day, month or indication of the semester of the relevant journal.8.1.1 Author knownSource list:RABBI, J. 1995. Drinking among college students. Journal of alcohol and drugeducation, 40(3):52-64, May.

ONLY THE TITLE OF THE JOURNAL IS UNDERLINED OR TYPEDIN ITALICSNOTE: What ever style you choose, (capital letter/underl ining)note that you have to be consistent

8.1.2 Author unknownText: Today the doctor still prescribes medicine, but the mortar and pestle ofthe pharmacist gathers dust. (Anon., 1978:3)

Source list: ANON. 1978. Must pharmacists only count tables? South Africanmedical Journal, 53(1):3,7 Jan.

8.2 DATE OF PUBLICATION (YEAR)This is the year appearing on the particular volume of the journal.

8.3 TITLE OF THE ARTICLE

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The full title of the article is supplied. Only the first word and names ofpersons, places or institutions as well as German nouns begin with capitalletters. A sub-title is separated from the title by means of a colon.

8.4 TITLE OF THE JOURNALDo not use abbreviations as this may be confusing. Only the first letter of theword and names as well as German nouns is typed in capitals. UNDERLINETHE NAME OF THE JOURNAL OR TYPE IT IN ITALICS.For instance, Lesotho Social Science Review / Lesotho soc i a lSc i ence rev i ew8.5 VOLUME, NUMBER, PAGES, MONTH

After the name of the journal and separated by a comma, the information in

respect, of the specific edition of the journal in which the relevant articleappears, follows in the sequence given below:

Volume in Arabic figures, the number of the edition in round brackets; thepages of the article preceded by a colon; the date (month)

The month can be abbreviated according to acknowledged abbreviationsand must appear in the language of the journal.

RABBI, J. 1995. Drinking among college students. Journal of alcohol and drug

education,40(3):52-64, May In the case of a day and month, it is accounted for as follows:Walker, J.A.S. 1995. The origins of the Cold War in United States historytextbooks. Journal of American history, 54(10):7-11, 12 Oct.

Table 1.2: Abbreviat ions for months

Month abbreviations Month abbreviationJanuary Jan. July Jul.February Feb. August Aug.

March Mar. September Sep.

April Apr. October Oct.

May May - Mei November Nov.

June Jun. December Dec.

8.6 SeasonIn the case where a season is involved, it can be indicated as follows (in the

language of the journal and not abbreviated):

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THEKO, L. 1996. Functional analysis and intervention for breath holding.Journal of applied behaviour analysis, 29(3):339-340, Summer.Seasons: Winter, Spring, Summer and Autumn8.7 Journal without volume or number ( occurs rarely)If the volume or number is in any way available, it must be furnished.Text: The drinking problem in Lesotho has always been relativelymore serious than in South Africa. (Thetsane, 2010:135).Source list: THETSANE, R.M. 2010. Recent books on the abuse of alcoholand alcoholism, British book news: 133-137, Mar.

A COLON, not a comma, is placed after the title of the journal and thisindicates that the page numbers follow.

9. ELECTRONIC SOURCESElectronic sources provide an entirely new approach to information, creatingnew problems because of the difference in format and contents. The variety ofsources makes it impossible to cover all cases and therefore only generalguidelines will be given.

Try to integrate references to this type of information into the framework of

the recommended HARVARD STYLE. This applies specifically to the use ofan author (person or institution) because it simplifies referencing in the text.

One of the functions of a source list is to furnish the reader with the fullbibliographical detail of the sources used by the researcher. It is thereforeessential to present sufficient accurate information to trace the sources.That is the reason why both the SOURCE and the ADDRESS is essential.

The language of the source is used when indicating the date when theinformation was accessed along with the name of the database or addressof the source.

9.1 E lect ron ic b ib liograph ical databases: abs tracts of journalarticlesDatabases of this kind REFER to sources like journal articles or other material.Some databases contain summaries (abstracts) of journal articles, researchreports, theses etc. These summaries may contain useful reviews. In mostcases it is acceptable to use this type of information in scientific documents, oncondition that the false impression that the original source had been consultedis not created. It remains secondary information, however, and if possible, theoriginal source must be obtained.

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AUTHOR. Year. Title. Other relevant information (e.g. the tit le andother detai l o f a journal ). Abst ract /reference in : suf fi cientinformation to find it in the database.Text: Themost recent research on..(Charleston, 1993).Source l ist: CHARLESTON, H. 1993. Fibre can prevent arterial disease.Journal of dietary science, 19(3):56-69, Jul. Abstract in MEDLINE.

MEDLINE (Medical literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online) is abibliographical database of life sciences and biomedical information. It includesbibliographical information for articles from academic journals covering healthcare, medicine etc. It is compiled by United States National Library of Medicineand freely available over the internet.

9.2 Electronic full text databases: Journal articlesIf the article is in HTML format (Hypertext Markup Language ) it

differs from the print version because the page numbers are not indicated andcan therefore not be quoted in the text or the source list. You will need to addthe date you accessed the document as well as the source from which it wasretrieved.

EBSCOHost Web is a database provider. Do not quote the provider as thesource from which you retrieved the article, but the database itself, e.g.

Academic Search Premier.

Quote full text articles in HTML-format from a Web database provided byEBSCOHostWeb as follows:

BONN, D. 1991. New Zealand: whos for cricket? Lancet, 333(8754):1402, 6Aug. Available: Academic Search Premier. Date of access: 3 Jul.2000.

BARTLET, C. 1997. Corporate communication. Journal of communication,13(3):108, 6Aug. Available: Academic Search Premier. Date of access: 3 Jul.

2010.

When the article is in PDF-Format the page numbers are available andmust be quoted in the text and the source list. The article does not differfrom the print version; therefore you need not indicate the date of access.Quote full text articles in PDF-format from a Web database, eg.ScienceDirect or SAePublications, as follows:

KALMAN, S. & BONANNO, G. a. 2003. Trauma and bereavement examining theimpact of sudden and violent deaths. Journal of anxiety disorders, 17(2):131-147. Available; ScienceDirect.

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9.3. Electronic ful l text databases: e-booksNo address is needed, the name of the database is sufficient. If the electronicversion does not differ from the print version, you need not indicate the date ofaccess, but if it does the date of access must be quoted.

ROBERTSON, J., ROSS, A.M. & BURGOYNE, L.A. 2002. DNA forensic science:theory, techniques and applications. New York: Routledge. Available:Netlibrary.

Paging is omitted in the electronic version

9.4 INTERNET (WORLD WIDE WEB)If the information is retrieved from a document or journal article on theinternet provide the URL or address and the date of access. (UniformResource Locator, previously, Universal Resource Locator a uniqueaddress for a file that is accessible on the internet).9.4.1 Internet: electronic journalsIf the article is not retrieved from an electronic database but on the internet,give the reference just as in the case of referring to a printed journal PLUS anindication that it is an electronic journal, by providing the URL or address anddate of access. The date of access is of importance because the document canbe moved or deleted.AUTHOR. Year of publ ication of artic le. Heading of the artic le.Title of the journal, volume (number): pages. URL. Date of access.Source l is t: Fowel , S.P. 1996. Hypermedia as an exper ient ia llearning tool: a theoret ical model. I n f o rma t ion r e sea r ch , 2(1).http://www.shef.ac.uk-is/lecturer/ircont.htmt date of access: 15 Nov.2010.9.4.2 Internet: documentsIn scientific treatises, it is important to ascertain who is responsible for theintellectual or artistic contents of the information to which you are referring(i.e. authorship). Authorship is the researchers proof of reliability and authorityand it simplifies citation. The author may be a person or groups of persons asis the case with societies or institutions. When authorship is not easilyascertainable, the following clues may help to establish the responsible entity.

1. Who created the home page? If it is an individuals home page,which is a subdivision of an institutions home page, was the formerauthorised by the mother institution? For example, some educationalinstitution allows their students to compile their home pages but

disclaim any responsibility for it. It is a home page or web site of aperson, society or institution without a title, omit the title.

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2. If responsibility could not be ascertained, go back on the address URL and look for clues.

3. If responsibility could still not be ascertained begin the referencewith the title of the document.

AUTHOR. Year when information was created or revised. Title.Address/URL date of access.DO NOT USE ANY PUNCTUATION AFTER THE ADDRESS IT MAYBE CONFUSING. PUT A FULL STOP AFTER THE DATE TO END THEREFERENCE.Example 1:Text: In his inaugural speech Siverts (2011) used the following famous words:

lets all work together.

Source list: SIVERTS, S. 2011. Statement of the Vice Chancellor of theNational University of Lesotho, at her inauguration as the 8th Vice Chancellorand 36th Convocation Graduation Ceremony. Roma, Lesotho, 24th Sep.2011.http://www.nul.ls Date of access 8th Oct. 2011.

Example 2:When searching on the internet, be on the lookout for the Britishor American spel ling of words l ike labour or labor (Open TextCorporation, 1997).Source l ist: OPEN TEXT CORPORATION. 1997. Hints for betterresults. http://index.opentext.net/main/tips.html Date of access:2 Dec. 2010.9.5 Internet: newspaper reportsProvide the URL or address and the date of accessTlali, C. 2011. 220 factory workers denied chance to vote. Le so tho T imes ,27, 5 Oct. http://www.lestimes.com/?p=7309 Date of access: 7 Oct. 2010.

9.6 Internet: Government publicationsProvide the URL or address and date of accessSouth Africa. Department of Education. Directorate: Inclusive Education. 2005.Conceptual and educational guidelines for the implementation of inclusiveeducation: full-service schools. 42p.http://www.education.gov.za/content/documents/788.pdf Date of access: 26Oct. 2005.

9.7 Electronic mail (E-mail)10
http://index.opentext.net/main/tips.htmlhttp://www.lestimes.com/?p=7309http://www.education.gov.za/content/documents/788.pdfhttp://index.opentext.net/main/tips.htmlhttp://www.lestimes.com/?p=7309http://www.education.gov.za/content/documents/788.pdf


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SENDER. (Senders e-mail address) Date. Title/heading/ subject of themessage. E-mail to Receiver. Receivers e-mail address.

Text: The statistics of the National University of Lesotho.. (Thetsane,2010)

Source list: THETSANE, R.M. ([email protected]) 5 Oct. 2011. Discussion oflibrary statistics at NUL. E-mail to: Khaola, P.P. ([email protected]).

10. Reference li st and bibl iography Reference list should start on a separate page at the end of your project

and is titled REFERENCES. Each item cited in the reference list must havebeen cited in your project. All sources appearing in the reference list mustbe ordered alphabetically.

Students may sometimes want to include sources that are not cited in theirproject but which supported their research. In Harvard style, when you listnon-cited sources and cited sources, the consolidated list is called aBIBLIOGRAPHY. As with a reference list, the items should be listed inalphabetical order.

The department of Business Administration prefers a referencelist over a bibliographyNote: The reference list should be single spaced, with one line space between

references and no indentation.

Italics are the preferred format for titles of books, journals and videos.

11. TYPING HINDS - Textual references and source list

11.1 Textual referencesNote the spaces between the different elements.SPACES ARE INDICATED WITH AN ASTERISK(* = ONE SPACE)For example: Jones*(1998:12)*noted that ..11.2 Source list Use capital letters for the authors surname and initials to make it more

visible. For the reader it improves easy movement between the text and thesource list

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mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]


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Leave at least one line open between references this also improvesreadability

Do not justify the source list - it often stretches the text awkwardly

Note the spaces in the following examples leave two spaces betweenelements such as between the author, year, title, etc.11.2.1 BookJONES,*S.J.,*SMITH,*L*&*GREEN,*D.**1988.**PSYCHOLOGY.*anintroduction.**2nd*ed.**London:*Wiley**209*p.

11.2.2 JournalBABBI,*J.**1995.**Drinking among college students.**Journal*of*alcohol*and*drug*education,*40(3):52-64,*12*Oct.

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Documents

Quoting Sources Thetsane 2012[1]