M U Mt s qui nh chung v vic m bo an ton bc x (ATBX) Vin Nghin cu Ht nhn (NCHN): - Ngi c trch nhim cao nht trong vic m bo ATBX Vin NCHN l Vin trng. - Tt c mi ngi (nhn vin ca Vin NCHN hay ngi n cng tc) lm vic ti nhng vng c tip xc vi bc x bt buc phi tun th v thc hin nghim chnh bn Ch dn ATBX ny. - Mi cng vic khi thc hin trn L phn ng, trong cc phng cng ngh v phng th nghim (PTN) nu cha c quy nh trong bn ch dn ny nhng c lin quan n bc x th phi lp ch dn ring. Cc ch dn phi c s ng ca Phng ATBX v c Vin trng ph duyt theo ngh ca lnh o n v (Phng/ Trung tm). - Gim c Trung tm L Phn ng chu trch nhim t chc bo m ATBX L phn ng v cc Phng Ban trc thuc. - Cc trng n v, trng kp vn hnh L chu trch nhim trc tip v ATBX ti nhng v tr lm vic ca n v mnh, chu trch nhim t chc cho nhn vin v ngi n cng tc n v mnh tun th cc yu cu ca ch dn ny cng nh cc nh chun v quy phm v ATBX. - Mi nhn vin phi chu trch nhim c nhn v nhng vi phm ca mnh i vi quy phm v cc ch dn ATBX. - Trng Phng ATBX chu trch nhim t chc cng vic kim tra cho ton b khu vc L v cc phng th nghim c lin quan n bc x, t chc hun luyn cho mi ngi trong Vin v quy phm v cc nh chun ATBX, kim tra kin thc v ATBX. Kim sot c h thng cc mc tc ng ca bc x tt c cc phng lm vic ca khu vc L v quanh L phn ng, bo m cc phng tin kim sot liu c nhn, thng k theo di liu chiu c nhn, kim sot vic thc hin cc nh chun, quy phm v ch dn v ATBX. - Nhng yu cu ca Phng ATBX v ATBX l bt buc i vi mi nhn vin lm vic Vin NCHN. - Lnh o n v c trch nhim: + Thc hin cc quy phm, ch dn k thut, mnh lnh ch th v cc vn ATBX. + Theo di tnh trng bc x ca nh L phn ng, cc phng cng ngh, phng th nghim, cc phng ph tr v sinh hot. + T chc ng n v an ton cho vic bo qun, kim k, vn chuyn, s dng cht phng x v cc ngun bc x in ha khc. + Theo di vic bo m trang b cho nhn vin v qun o phng h, cc phng tin bo v c nhn theo tiu chun quy nh.1. CC NGUYN TC CHUNG

1.1. Mi nhn vin lm vic trong iu kin c tip xc vi phng x cn c hiu bit v nhng tnh cht c bn ca bc x, cc khi nim, nh ngha v thut1

ng trong lnh vc ATBX, c hiu bit ng n v tc hi sinh hc ca bc x in ha, bit quy tc v sinh c nhn, quy tc lm vic vi cc ngun phng x kn v h, bit s dng ng n cc phng tin bo v c nhn cng nh cn phi hiu bit cc vn chuyn mn s gp phi trong hot ng sn xut v nghin cu khoa hc hng ngy. 1.2. Mi nhn vin ch c php lm vic vi cc cht phng x v ngun bc x in ha sau khi hc v tr thi v cc quy phm ATBX, quy tc v sinh c nhn, s dng ng n cc phng tin bo v c nhn. nh k 1 ln trong 1 nm phi qua kim tra kin thc v quy phm ATBX v v sinh c nhn. Kt qu kim tra c ghi trong phiu kim tra. Kt qu thi v quy phm v ch dn ATBX c ghi trong bin bn thi. 1.3. Khi thay i tnh cht cng vic hay nng cp loi cng vic th phi kim tra v thi b sung kin thc v quy phm ATBX v v sinh c nhn. 1.4. Nhng ngi tm thi lm vic vi cc ngun bc x ch phi qua kim tra theo nhng chng (ca ch dn ny) thch hp vi tnh cht cng vic m h s lm. 1.5. Phng ATBX c y quyn nh ch lm vic vi bc x i vi nhng ngi vi phm nghim trng quy phm ATBX. Mun c tr li lm vic vi bc x th phi thi li v ATBX v v sinh c nhn. 1.6. Ch nhng ngi t 18 tui tr ln v qua kim tra sc khe mi c xt cho php lm vic vi bc x v L phn ng ht nhn. 1.7. Cn phi bit rng mi s chiu x ln c th u c th c nhng nguy him nht nh v khng c ngng liu no c coi l an ton. Cho nn khi lm vic vi bc x cn ch cc nguyn tc sau: - Khng vt cc gii hn v liu. - Trnh mi s chiu x khng cn thit. - Gim liu chiu thp n mc hp l chp nhn c. 1.8. Mi nhn vin Vin NCHN phi thc hin nghim chnh quy phm v ch dn ATBX v c trch nhim ngn chn mi vi phm ca ngi khc. Cn nh rng nghin cu k v thc hin nghim chnh ch dn v ATBX l iu kin cn thit bo v sc khe ca chnh mnh. V mi vn lin quan ti ATBX cn lin h vi Phng ATBX.2. NHNG KHI NIM V NH NGHA

2.1. Bc x ion ha (Ionizing radiation): Nhng bc x in t v ht khi tng tc vi mi trng to nn cc ion. Ch thch: Bc x t ngoi v nh sng nhn thy khng coi l bc x ion ho. cho gn ta dng danh t bc x thay cho bc x ion ha. 2.2. Bc x gamma (Gamma radiation): Bc x in t (phton) sinh ra trong qu trnh bin i ht nhn hoc khi hy bin cc ht. 2.3. Bc x c trng (Characteristic radiation): Bc x phton vi ph vch sinh ra khi thay i trng thi nng lng ca nguyn t.2

2.4. Bc x hm (Bremsstrahlung radiation): Bc x phton vi ph lin tc sinh ra khi thay i ng nng ca cc ht in tch. Bc x hm sinh ra trong mi trng bao quanh cc ngun bc x bta, cc ng Rntghen, cc my gia tc in t. 2.5. Bc x Rntghen (Rntghen radiation): Nhng bc x hm v bc x c trng c vng nng lng phton t 1 keV n 1 MeV. 2.6. Bc x ht (Particle radiation): Bc x in ha gm nhng ht c khi lng tnh khc 0 (nh alpha, bta, prtn, ntrn, v.v.). 2.7. Ngun bc x (Radiation source): L vt th bt k c th gy ra chiu x bng cch pht bc x ion ha hoc lm pht tn cc cht phng x hoc vt liu phng x. 2.8. Cht phng x (Radioactive substance): L cht th rn, lng hoc kh c hot phng x ring ln hn 70kBq/kg. 2.9. Liu (Dose): L i lng bc x m bia nhn c hay hp th c. Cc i lng liu nh liu hp th, liu c quan, liu tng ng, liu hiu dng, liu nhim tng ng hoc liu nhim hiu dng c dng ph thuc vo tng trng hp c th. 2.10. Liu hp th (Absorbed dose): Nng lng trung bnh dE m bc x truyn cho vt cht trong mt th tch nguyn t chia cho khi lng ca vt cht dm cha trong th tch . D =dE dm

n v o liu hp th l Jun/kg (k hiu l J/kg). Tn n v quc t mi l Gray (k hiu l Gy), 1 Gy = 1 J/kg. n v quen dng l Rad, 1 Rad = 100 Erg/g = 0,01 Gy Sut liu hp th: Liu hp th tnh cho mt n v thi gian. n v o l Gray (hoc Rad)/thi gian. 2.11. Liu chiu (Exposure dose): Tng in tch ca cc in cng du c to ra bi cc phton trong mt th tch nh ca khng kh chia cho khi lng ca khi khng kh (vi iu kin tt c cc in t th cp do cc ph tn to ra b hm hon ton trong khi khng kh ). X =dQ dm

n v o liu chiu l Culng/kg, k hiu l C/kg. n v quen dng l Rntghen, k hiu l R, 1 R = 2,58.10 - 4 C/kg. Sut liu chiu: Liu chiu tnh cho mt n v thi gian. n v o l Culng/kg/thi gian (k hiu: C/kg/thi gian) hoc Rntghen/thi gian. 2.12. Liu tng ng (Equivalent dose): i lng dng nh gi mc nguy him ca bt k loi bc x no (in t hay ht) i vi c quan hoc m T v bng liu hp th nhn vi trng s bc x WR :3

HT = D x WR Tn n v quc t mi l Siv (k hiu l Sv). Tn n v quen dng l Rem (k hiu l Rem). Liu tng ng (Sv) = Liu hp th (Gy) x W R; Liu tng ng (Rem) = Liu hp th (Rad) x WR; WR l trng s bc x. Sut liu tng ng: Liu tng ng tnh cho mt n v thi gian. n v l Siv (hoc Rem)/thi gian. 2.13. Liu hiu dng (Effective dose): L tng liu tng ng ca tng c quan hoc m T nhn vi trng s m WT tng ng: H=W T T

.H T = T . R .DT , R W WT R

Trong : DT,R l liu hp th trung bnh trong c quan hoc m T (n v ca liu hiu dng cng ging nh n v ca liu tng ng); WT l trng s m. 2.14. Liu tp th (Collective dose): L tng liu bc x ca mt nhm dn chng c xc nh bng tch ca s ngi trong nhm b chiu x bi ngun bc x v liu trung bnh ca tng c th tnh cho ton nhm. Liu tp th c biu din bng n v man.Sv (ngi x Sv). 2.15. Liu hiu dng tp th (Collective effective dose): L tng liu hiu dng H i vi nhm dn chng, n c xc nh nh sau : H=

H Ni i

i

Trong Hi l liu hiu dng trung bnh trong nhm dn chng th i v N i l s ngi trong nhm i. 2.16. Kerma: i lng Kerma (k hiu l K) c xc nh: K=dE tr dm

Trong : dEtr l tng ng nng ban u ca tt c cc ht mang in ion ha c gii phng bi cc ht ion ha khng mang in trong phn t khi lng dm. n v ca Kerma trong n v SI l J/kg v c gi l Gray (Gy). 2.17. Kim ch liu (Dose constraint): L gii hn liu bc x c nhn do mt ngun bc x gy ra, c s dng lm mc gii hn trong vic tnh ton ti u bo v an ton bc x i vi ngun . i vi chiu x ngh nghip, kim ch liu l gi tr liu c nhn dng gii hn di la chn trong qu trnh ti u ha. i vi chiu x dn chng, kim ch liu l gii hn trn ca liu nm m cc thnh vin trong chng nhn c t cc hot ng ca mt ngun bc x c kim sot. 2.18. Hiu ng ngu nhin (Stochastic effect): L hiu ng xy ra khng c mc ngng v liu bc x v xc sut xy ra hiu ng t l vi liu bc x v mc nghim trng ca n c lp vi liu bc x.

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2.19. Hiu ng tt nhin (Deterministic effect): L hiu ng ch xy ra khi liu bc x vt qu mt mc ngng no v tnh nghim trng ca n tng t l vi liu bc x. 2.20. Hot (Activity): S bin i ht nhn t pht trong mt n v thi gian ca cht phng x. Tn n v quc t mi o hot phng x l Becren, k hiu l Bq; 1 Bq = 1 bin i ht nhn/giy (1.s-1 ); n v quen dng l Curi, k hiu l Ci; 1 Ci = 3,7.1010 Bq. 2.21. Ngun kn (Sealed source): Ngun phng x c kt cu kn v chc, khng cho cht phng x ca n xm nhp vo mi trng. 2.22. Ngun h (Unsealed source): Ngun phng x khi s dng cht phng x ca n c th xm nhp vo mi trng. 2.23. ng lng gam rai ca ngun phng xa (Radium gram-equivalent of a radiation source): Lng Rai-226 c th to ra cng mt khong cch cng mt sut liu nh ngun phng x ta cn nh gi. 2.24. Chiu ngoi (External exposure): Chiu x c th t ngun bc x ngoi c th. 2.25. Chiu trong (Internal exposure): Chiu x c th t ngun bc x bn trong c th. 2.26. Ngun t nhin (Natural source): Nhng bc x in ha c ngun gc t v tr hay t cc cht phng x t nhin (c b mt qu t, lp kh quyn gn mt t, trong n, thc ung, trong c th ngi). 2.27. C quan xung yu (Critical organ): C quan hay m khi b chiu x s em li nhng tn hi ln nht cho sc khe c nhn hay con chu h. Khi ton thn b chiu x gn nh ng nht, nhiu c quan xung yu c kh nng b tn thng v nh hng n cc chc nng ca ton c th ni chung do ton thn cng c coi l c quan xung yu. 2.28. S kch hot (Activation): L qu trnh sn xut cc nhn phng x bng chiu x. 2.29. Chiu x (Exposure): L hnh ng hoc iu kin dn ti b bc x ri vo. Chiu x c th t bn ngoi (bng ngun nm ngoi c th) hoc t bn trong (bng ngun nm trong c th). Chiu x c th c phn thnh nhiu loi nh: chiu x thng thng hoc chiu x tim tng, chiu x ngh nghip, chiu x y t, chiu x dn chng, v.v. 2.30. ng chiu x (Exposure pathway): Nhng ng theo cht phng x c th xm nhp vo ngi hoc chiu x ln con ngi. 2.31. Chiu x thng thng (Normal exposure): L chiu x xy ra trong nhng iu kin hot ng bnh thng ca mt c s hoc ca mt ngun bc x, bao gm c trong tnh hung c s c nh xy ra nhng kim sot c. 2.32. Chiu x t nhin (Natural exposure): L s chiu x t cc ngun phng x t nhin.5

2.33. Chiu x ngh nghip (Occupational exposure): L mi s chiu x i vi nhn vin bc x xy ra trong cng vic ca h, khng tnh n nhng chiu x c loi tr khi Tiu chun v s chiu x t nhng cng vic bc x hoc ngun c Tiu chun min tr. 2.34. Chiu x dn chng (Public exposure): L s chiu x i vi cc thnh vin dn chng t cc ngun bc x, khng k chiu x ngh nghip, chiu x y t v phng bc x t nhin khu vc bnh thng, nhng c tnh ti chiu x gy ra bi cc ngun bc x v cc cng vic bc x c cp php v chiu x trong cc trng hp can thip. 2.35. Chiu x y t (Medical exposure): Chiu x m bnh nhn phi chu nh mt phn ca vic chn on hoc cha tr v y t hoc v rng ca h; hay ca nhng ngi khc, khng phi nhng ngi b chiu x ngh nghip, khi bit r v t nguyn gip chm sc bnh nhn; v nhng ngi t nguyn trong chng trnh nghin cu sinh y km theo s chiu x ca h. 2.36. Chiu x trng din (Chronic exposure): S chiu x xy ra v ko di lin tc theo thi gian. 2.37. Chiu x tim tng (Potential exposure): L s chiu x khng chc chn xy ra nhng n c th xy ra do mt s c ca ngun bc x hoc do mt s kin hoc hu qu ca s kin mang tnh sc sut, bao gm s hng hc ca thit b v li trong vn hnh. 2.38. S can thip (Intervention): L hnh ng c tin hnh nhm lm gim hoc ngn nga s chiu x hoc kh nng b chiu x t cc ngun phng x khng phi l mt b phn ca cng vic bc x c kim sot hoc nm ngoi s kim sot do hu qu ca tai nn. 2.39. Mc can thip (Intervention level): L mc liu c th trnh c nh thc hin cc hnh ng bo v hoc hnh ng khc phc trong tnh hung chiu x khn cp hoc chiu x trng din. 2.40. S xm nhp (Intake): Qu trnh hp th cc nhn phng x vo bn trong c th ngi qua h hp, tiu ha hoc qua da. 2.41. Liu chiu trong (Committed dose): Liu hiu dng chiu trong v/ hoc liu tng ng chiu trong. 2.42. Liu c quan (Organ dose): L liu trung bnh DT trong m hoc c quan T ca c th ngi c xc nh: DT = m T1mT

Ddm

Trong : MT l khi lng ca m hay c quan , D l liu hp th trong phn t khi lng dm. 2.43. Liu hp th chiu trong (Committed absobed dose): L i lng D(t) c xc nh nh sau:

6

D ( ) =

t 0 +

t0

D (t ) dt

Trong : t0 l thi im xm nhp cht phng x; D (t ) l sut liu hp th ti thi im t v l thi im tri qua sau xm nhp ca cht phng x. Khi khng c ch r th ly bng 50 nm cho ngi ln v 70 nm cho tr em. 2.44. Liu hiu dng chiu trong (Committed effective dose): L i lng E () c xc nh nh sau:E ( ) = T H T ( ) WT

Trong : H T ( ) l liu tng ng chiu trong ca m T trong khong thi gian . WT l trng s m ca m T. Khi khng c ch r th ly bng 50 nm cho ngi ln v 70 nm cho tr em. 2.45. Liu tng tng chiu trong (Committed equivalent dose): L i lng H T ( ) c xc nh nh sau:H T ( ) =t 0 +

t0

H (t )dt

Trong : t0 l thi im xm nhp; H (t ) l sut liu tng ng ti thi im t ca c quan hoc m T v l thi im tri qua sau xm nhp ca cht phng x. Khi khng c ch r th ly bng 50 nm cho ngi ln v 70 nm cho tr em. 2.46. Nhn vin bc x (Radiation worker): Nhng ngi lm vic trc tip vi bc x (thng xuyn hay tm thi) - i tng A. 2.47. Dn chng (Public): Mi ngi dn ni chung i tng B. 2.48. Nhm ngi trng yu (Critical group): Nhm cc thnh vin dn chng, ng nht mt cch hp l v mt chiu x i vi mt ngun bc x c th v i vi mt ng chiu x c th v l tiu biu cho cc c th nhn c mt liu hiu dng hoc mt liu tng tng cao nht (nh c th p dng) bi mt ng chiu x c th t mt ngun c th. 2.49. Gii hn (Limit): L gi tr ca mt i lng khng th c vt qu trong nhng hot ng hoc nhng hon cnh c th. 2.50. Liu gii hn (Dose limit): L gi tr khng c php vt qu liu hiu dng hoc liu tng ng ca cc c nhn nhn c t cc cng vic bc x ang chu s kim sot. 2.51. Nng gii hn cho php (Permissible limit concentration): Nng cao nht ca cht phng x trong mt n v th tch nc n hoc kh th cho mc xm nhp hng nm ca cht phng x vo c th khng vt qu gii hn cho php.7

2.52. Mc xm nhp gii hn hng nm/ Gii hn hp thu cht phng x hng nm (Annual limit on intake - ALI): S nhim x trong qua ng h hp, n ung hoc thm qua da ca nhn phng x xc nh trong thi gian mt nm s dn n mt liu chiu trong bng gi tr liu gii hn tng ng. ALI c biu din qua n v hot phng x. 2.53. Hot phng x ti thiu c ngha (Minimum significant activity): Hot ln nht ca ngun h ti ch lm vic c min tr khng phi ng k v xin php c quan c thm quyn. 2.54. Cng vic bc x (Radiation practice): Nhng cng vic c tip xc trc tip vi ngun bc x. 2.55. Nhn vin bc x (Radiation worker): L bt k c nhn lm vic c thi gian, hoc na thi gian hoc tm thi vi bc x, v l ngi tha nhn cc quyn v ngha v lin quan n vic bo v an ton bc x ngh nghip. 2.56. C s bc x (Radiation installation): Ni t chc, c nhn c c quan qun l Nh nc v an ton v kim sot bc x cho php t ngun bc x v thng xuyn tin hnh cng vic bc x. 2.57. An ton bc xa (Radiation safety): L vic m bo an ton cho con ngi v mi trng khi nhng tc hi do bc x gy ra bng vic kim x v p dng cc bin php k thut, cng ngh cn thit. 2.58. Kim x (Monitoring): L php o liu hoc nhim bn phng x nhm mc ch nh gi hoc kim sot s chiu x hoc cc cht phng x, v gii thch cc kt qu. 3.59. Vng kim sot (Controlled area): Bt k khu vc no trong c cc bin php bo v c bit v cc quy nh an ton c yu cu hoc c th c yu cu : (a) kim sot chiu x bnh thng hoc ngn chn s lan truyn ca bn phng x trong iu kin lm vic bnh thng; v (b) ngn chn hoc gii hn mc ca cc chiu x kh hu. 3.60. Vng gim st (Supervised area): Bt k vng no khng quy nh l vng kim sot nhng cc iu kin chiu x ngh nghip vn phi t di s gim st thm ch ngay c khi khng cn thit phi c cc bin php bo v c bit v cc quy nh an ton thng thng. 2.61. Tai nn/ S c (Accident/ Incident): L bt k s kin no xy ra ngoi mun, bao gm nhng sai st do vn hnh, nhng hng hc ca thit b hoc nhng ri ro m hu qu hoc hu qu tim tng ca chng l khng th b qua c theo quan im bo v hoc an ton cho con ngi. 2.62. Bin php i ph (Countermeasure): L hnh ng nhm gim nh hu qu ca mt tai nn. 2.63. Mc hnh ng (Action level): L mc sut liu hoc nng phng x m nu b vt qu th phi tin hnh ngay cc hnh ng khcc phc hoc bo v, k c trong trng hp chiu x trng din v chiu x khn cp.8

2.64. Mc ch dn (Guidance level): Mc ca mt i lng c th m trn gi tr , cc hnh ng thch ng cn phi c xem xt. Trong mt vi tnh hung, cc hnh ng c th cn thit c xem xt khi i lng c th thp ng k di mc ch dn. 2.65. K hoch khn cp (Emergency plan): L tp hp cc bc cn phi thc hin trong trng hp xy ra tai nn. 2.66. S can thip (Intervention): L hnh ng c tin hnh nhm lm gim hoc ngn nga s chiu x hoc kh nng b chiu x t cc ngun phng x khng phi l mt b phn ca cng vic bc x c kim sot hoc nm ngoi s kim sot do hu qu ca tai nn. 2.67. Mc can thip (Intervention level): L mc liu c th trnh c nh thc hin cc hnh ng bo v hoc hnh ng khc phc trong tnh hung chiu x khn cp hoc chiu x trng din. 2.68. Mc iu tra (Investigation level): Gi tr ca i lng nh liu hiu dng, mc xm nhp cht phng x, hoc mc nhim bn trn mt n v din tch hoc n v khi lng m ti hoc trn mc th vic iu tra cn phi c tin hnh. 2.69. Mc ghi h s (Recording level): Mc liu (chiu, hp th, tng ng) hoc mc xm nhp cht phng x c quy nh bi C quan qun l, khi nhn vin bc x nhn c gi tr liu vt qu mc nu trn th cn phi ghi cc gi tr vo h s theo di liu bc x c nhn. 2.70. Mc tham chiu (Reference level): Mc hnh ng, mc can thip, mc iu tra hoc mc ghi h s. Nhng mc ny c th c thit lp cho bt k i lng no c xc nh trong thc hnh an ton bc x. 2.71. C quan qun l Nh nc (Regulatory authorithy): L mt hoc nhiu c quan c thm quyn c Nh nc ch nh hoc c tha nhn thc thi php lut lin quan n an ton bc x. 2.72. Mc ri ro/ Mc nguy him (Risk): L i lng biu din mc nguy him hoc nguy c c hi hoc hu qu do tn thng lin quan n chiu x thc hoc chiu x tim tng. N gn lin vi cc i lng nh xc sut xy ra nhng hu qu c hi c th, quy m v c im ca nhng hu qu . 2.73. nh gi an ton (Safety assessment): L s xem xt cc kha cnh v thit k, vn hnh ngun bc x lin quan ti vn bo v con ngi v an ton cho ngun. N bao gm vic phn tch cc vn bo v v an ton c thit lp trong thit k v vn hnh ngun bc x v phn tch cc ri ro lin quan n cc iu kin lm vic bnh thng v tnh hung s c. 2.74. Vn ha an ton (Safety culture): L tp hp cc c tnh, thi ca cc t chc v c nhn c thit lp, bng s u tin cao nht, chng t rng cc vn bo v v an ton c mi c nhn v t chc quan tm mt cch thch ng.

9

2.75. X cht phng x (Radioactive discharge): Cc cht phng x sinh ra t mt ngun ang c s dng trong mt cng vic bc x c x vo mi trng di dng kh, dng son kh, dng lng hoc dng rn vi mc ch pha long hoc lm phn tn chng. 2.76. Cht thi phng x (Radioactive waste): L cht thi c hot phng x ring nh cht phng x. 2.77. C s qun l thi phng x (Radioactive waste management facility): L c s c thit k c bit dng thao tc, x l, ct gi tm thi hoc l chn ct vnh vin cc cht thi phng x. 2.78. C s ht nhn (Nuclear installation): Nh my ch to nhin liu ht nhn, l phn ng ht nhn (k c cc c cu ti hn v di ti hn), l phn ng nghin cu, nh my in ht nhn, c s bo qun nhin liu loi b, nh my lm giu hoc c s ti ch. 2.79. Chu trnh nhin liu ht nhn (Nuclear fuel cycle): L ton b cc hot ng lin quan n sn xut nng lng ht nhn, bao gm khai thc, s ch, ch bin v lm giu Uran hoc Thori; ch to nhin liu ht nhn; vn hnh l phn ng ht nhn; ti ch nhin liu ht nhn; thanh l v mi hot ng qun l cht thi phng x cng nh cc hot ng nghin cu trin khai lin quan n cc hot ng trn. 2.80. Qui tc ALARA (as low as reasonably achievable): L gim thiu liu x cng thp cng tt n mc hp l chp nhn c. 2.81. Nhim bn phng x (Contamination): L s hin din ca cht phng x bn trong hoc trn b mt cc vt th hoc c th ngi hay nhng ni khc ngoi mun hoc c th gy hi. 2.82. Ty x (Decontamination): L s loi b hoc gim thiu nhim bn phng x bng cc quy trnh vt l hoc ha hc. 2.83. Bo v theo chiu su (Defence in depth): L s p dng ng thi nhiu bin php bo v vi mc ch an ton v bng cch s an ton c m bo thm ch trong trng hp mt trong cc bin php bo v khng hot ng. 2.84. Ngi chun (Reference man): L mu ngi chu u c l tng ha do y ban Quc t v An ton bc x (ICRP) quy nh nhm nh gi an ton bc x. 2.85. Trng s bc x (Radiation weighting factor - WR): L cc h s nhn i vi liu hp th dng tnh ti tnh hiu qu tng i ca cc loi bc x khc nhau trong vic gy nh hng n sc khe ca con ngi. Loi bc x v di nng lng - Photon vi nng lng bt k - Chm in t vi nng lng bt k - Ntrn: < 10 keV 10 keV n 100 keV > 100 keV n 2 MeV WR 1 1 5 10 2010

> 2 MeV n 20 MeV > 20 MeV - Ht proton c nng lng trn 2 MeV - Ht alpha, mnh phn hch, ht nhn nng

10 5 5 20

2.86. Trng s m (Tissue weighting factor - WT): Cc h s nhn ca liu tng ng i vi c quan hoc t chc m dng cho mc ch ATBX tnh n nhy cm bc x khc nhau ca cc c quan v t chc m i vi cc hiu ng ngu nhin ca bc x. C quan hoc m C quan sinh dc Ty sng () Rut kt Phi D dy Bng i (bng quang) V WT 0,20 0,12 0,12 0,12 0,12 0,05 0,05 C quan hoc m Gan Thc qun Tuyn gip Da B mt xng Cc b phn cn li WT 0,05 0,05 0,05 0,01 0,01 0,05

3. PHN LOI BC X V BN CHT CA CHNG

3.1. Ht alpha L ht nhn Hli c khi lng l 4 v in tch dng bng 2, kh nng in ha rt mnh, truyn nng lng cho mi trng vi tc cao nn kh nng xuyn su rt nh. a s cc ht alpha ca nhn phng x pht ra u c nng lng xc nh trong khong t 3 MeV n 10 MeV. V mt chiu ngoi hon ton khng c ngha, vi alpha c nng lng cao nht cng ch xuyn ni lp da cht bn ngoi, mt t giy mng bo v che chn ht cc ht alpha. Song chiu trong th rt nguy him v chung quanh ngun alpha l m sng, nhng c quan nh b li nhy cm vi bc x s b tn hi ln nht, nn khi lm vic vi nhng cht phng x alpha h cn phng mi nguy him chiu trong. 3.2. Ht beta Cc ht bta c th l lectrn hay poditrn, chng c in tch l 1 nhng khc du, khi lng rt nh, tc ln hn cc ht alpha, kh nng xuyn su tng i cao ty theo nng lng. Cng nh alpha, bta gy in ha trc tip nhng khng mnh nh alpha. Nhng ht bta c nng lng ln khi b dng t ngt hay i hng khi tng tc vi ht nhn s sinh ra bc x hm, mt phn ng nng ca bta chuyn thnh bc x in t. Nu nng lng bta nh v s Z ca mi trng nh th phn nng lng ny nh. Nu nng lng bta ln v Z ln th ngc li. Do che chn bta phi dng vt liu nh (c Z nh). V mt chiu ngoi, bta c coi l nguy him nh. Ch cn mt lp nhm mng cng chn hon ton. Nhng bta c nng lng ln khi b hm trong lp che chn c th gy nguy him do bc x hm. V mt chiu trong, bta khng nguy him nh alpha nn khng gy tc hi ln.11

3.3. Bc x gamma L bc x in t, c kh nng xuyn su rt ln. Bc x gamma c pht ra khi ht nhn chuyn t trng thi kch thch v trng thi c bn trong nhng qu trnh ht nhn khc nhau. Cc nhn phng x xc nh pht ra cc bc x gamma c nng lng xc nh. Nng lng cao nht c th ti 8 - 10 MeV. Khi i qua vt cht, bc x gamma b mt nng lng do 3 qu trnh chnh sau: quang in, compton v to cp. Trong qu trnh quang in, bc x gamma tng tc vi in t lin kt ca nguyn t (thng l in t lp K), truyn ton b nng lng cho in t ny, bt n ra khi nguyn t, kt qu gy ra s in ha. Trong qu trnh compton, bc x gamma tng tc vi in t ngoi cng ca nguyn t (in t lin kt yu), truyn mt phn nng lng cho in t ny v thay i hng ban u. Trong qu trnh to cp, bc x gamma tng tc vi in trng gn ht nhn v bin thnh mt cp mang in lectrn v pditrn. Cc ht lectrn v pditrn c to thnh c nng lng ln gy ra s in ha tip theo . Bc x gamma c mi nguy him bc x cao. Do c xuyn su ln nn c th gy nguy him ng k nhng khong cch kh xa ngun. Cc tia tn x cng gy nguy him v th khi che chn phi quan tm n mi hng. Tia gamma gy tn hi cho cc m, bao trm c c th do nhng m nhy cm vi bc x s b tn hi khi con ngi c mt trong trng gamma ngoi. So vi alpha v bta, tia gamma nguy him hn v mt chiu ngoi nhng chiu trong th km hn v qung chy ln nn nng lng truyn cho mt th tch nh ca m l nh, v vy c quan nh trong c th s b tn thng do chiu trong ca gamma t hn alpha v bta. 3.4. Ntrn L bc x in ha, ntrn l ht khng mang in, c khi lng gn bng mt n v khi lng nguyn t, sinh ra trong nhng phn ng ht nhn. Mt vi nhn cng t pht ra ntrn. V mt ATBX, ntrn c chia ra cc nhm nng lng sau: Ntrn nhit 0,025 eV - 0,1 eV Ntrn chm 0,1 eV - 5 eV Ntrn trung bnh 5 keV - 500 keV Ntrn nhanh 0,5 MeV - 10 MeV Cc qu trnh tng tc ch yu ca ntrn vi vt cht l: tn x n hi, tn x khng n hi, phn ng bt ntrn v phn ng phn chia. Qu trnh phn chia ht nhn ch xy ra cc nhn nng, nhn b v lm hai hay mt s mnh (thng l 2) km theo phng ra ntrn v ta nhit. Trong phn ng bt, nhn hp th ntrn v pht ra lng t gamma. Xc sut ca nhng qu trnh tng tc k trn l khc nhau v ph thuc vo nng lng ca ntrn v bn cht ca mi trng b tng tc. Ntrn nhanh tng tc vi vt cht ch yu qua va chm n hi v khng n hi. che chn ntrn nhanh ta dng cc vt liu c tit din tn x ln (cc nhn nh).12

Ntrn nhit v ntrn chm tng tc vi vt cht ch yu l qua phn ng bt. che chn ntrn nhit ta dng cc vt liu c tit din hp th ntrn ln, tt nht l Bo v Cadmi. Cc nhn bt ntrn u tr thnh nhn phng x, v vy tt c cc vt liu nm trong dng ntrn th u tr thnh vt liu phng x. che chn bo v khi ntrn, trong L phn ng thng s dng hn hp che chn bng cht lm chm (che chn ntrn nhanh) v cht hp th (che chn ntrn nhit) nh nc thng, paraphin, plitylen, cacbua Bo, than ch, cng vi thp, btng (che chn gamma). Cng nh gamma, ntrn l ngun nguy him ln v chiu ngoi v khng in v xuyn su. Ntrn gy tn hi cho ton c th, cc m nhy cm vi bc x s b tn hi do trng ntrn ngoi. Ntrn tn x cng gy thm nguy him. Ntrn nhanh nguy him hn ntrn c nng lng nhit, v c th cha 2/3 l hydro v 80 - 95% nng lng ntrn truyn cho m l tn x n hi trn hydr, cc nhn hydr git li li c kh nng in ha cao. Ntrn nhit gy nguy him cho m qua hp th theo hai phn ng chnh: H(n, )D v N(n,p)C. Gamma v prtn l nhng bc x gy nguy him b sung cho c th. Mc nguy him ca ntrn gp 3 - 10 ln gamma. Ntrn khng c nguy him chiu trong v khng c cht phng x ntrn t nhin no.4. TC NG CA BC X LN C TH SNG

4.1. Cu trc m Cu to ca c th gm nhiu t bo ca nhiu m khc nhau. Thnh phn ch yu ca t bo gm cc nguyn t chnh: C, H, O, N v nhiu nguyn t khc vi t l t hn. 4.2. Tc ng ca bc x ln m Khi tng tc vi c th, bc x gy nn s kch thch in ha cc nguyn t ca cc cht cu thnh t bo. Bc x c th git cht trc tip t bo bng hiu ng vt l nhng ch yu gy hi cho c th qua hiu ng ha hc. Trn 70% trng lng c th l nc, cc phn t nc khi b in ha s to nn cc gc t do v cc cht oxy ha mnh. Nhng cht ny s oxy ha cc men (enzyme) ca t bo lm cho cc qu trnh ha sinh bnh thng trong t bo b vi phm, gy cho t bo cc thng tn vi cc mc khc nhau dn n mt kh nng pht trin, sinh sn v dn n ci cht. Nu nhiu t bo b thng tn nghim trng, c th khng th hi phc c th s mc cc bnh bc x lnh tnh hay c tnh. Tc hi ca bc x ln cc t bo sinh dc li c th gy nn nhng hu qu di truyn cho cc th h con chu. 4.3. Mc nguy him ca chiu ngoi v chiu trong ln c th 4.3.1. Chiu ngoi Nh ta bit, c th chu tc ng chiu ngoi ln nht khi trong trng bc x gamma hay ntrn mnh, gy tn thng cho ton b cc t chc trong c th vi cc mc khc nhau ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh hng chm tia bc x, khong cch n ngun bc x, thi gian trong khu vc tc ng ca trng13

bc x, v.v. V vy, khi lm vic trong trng bc x mnh (nh L phn ng, cc ngun gamma v ntrn mnh, v.v.) cn tun th cc nguyn tc sau: - Trnh hng chm tia trc tip, ch bo v vng chu (c c quan sinh dc) v mt. - Dng cc dng c thao tc t xa tng khong cch gia ngi v ngun. - Chn thit k bo v che chn ph hp. - B tr cng vic v th nghim ph hp gim thiu thi gian tip xc vi ngun bc x. 4.3.2. Chiu trong Phi ht sc phng nga chiu trong. So vi chiu ngoi, chiu trong c mc nguy him rt ln v cht phng x nm ngay trong m, khong cch gia ngun v m rt b. y l loi chiu tip xc nn liu chiu rt cao, chiu lin tc 24/24 gi mi ngy cho ti khi cht phng x b phn hy v bi tit ra khi c th. Mt s nhn li nm trong thnh phn cu to ca m, tn ti nhiu nm, phn b khng r nn khng tnh c sut liu gy hi cho c th. Nhng nhn pht alpha v bta khng c ngha v chiu ngoi nhng khi vo c th th s tr nn cc k nguy him. i vi chiu trong con ngi hon ton khng c kh nng p dng cc bin php bo v nh i vi chiu ngoi (bo v bng khong cch, thi gian v che chn). 5. LIU GII HN V MC NHIM BN GII HN 5.1. Liu gii hn Liu gii hn (ca c chiu ngoi ln chiu trong) cho cc i tng l nh sau: 5.1.1. i vi nhn vin bc x * Trng hp bnh thng: - Liu hiu dng trong 1 nm (ly trung bnh trong 5 nm lin tip) khng vt qu 20 mSv, v trong tng nm ring l khng vt qu 50 mSv. - Liu tng ng i vi thy tinh th ca mt: khng vt qu 150 mSv/nm. - Liu tng ng i vi tay, chn v da: khng vt qu 500 mSv/nm. * Trng hp c bit: - Qung thi gian ly trung bnh c th c tng ln 10 nm lin tc, v nh vy liu hiu dng trong 1 nm (ly trung bnh trong 10 nm lin tip) khng vt qu 20 mSv v trong tng nm ring l khng vt qu 50 mSv. Tuy nhin, cc tnh hung s c xem xt li nu liu tch ly t ti 100 mSv tnh t thi im bt u m rng qung thi gian ly trung bnh; hoc - S thay i tm thi v liu gii hn phi c C quan qun l xc nh c th nhng khng c vt qu gi tr 50 mSv/nm v thi gian thay i tm thi khng c vt qu 5 nm. * Trng hp khn cp (xy ra tai nn s c):14

Nhng nguyn tc sau c p dng cho nhng ngi tham gia khc phc tai nn s c (bao gm nhn vin bc x ca c s , cng an, nhn vin cu ha, nhn vin y t v li xe cu thng, ngi iu khin on xe s tn): - Khng ai b chiu x vt qu liu gii hn nm theo qui nh cho chiu x ngh nghip, tr khi: v mc ch cu mng hoc ngn chn nhng thng vong nghim trng xy ra; nu hnh ng nhm ngn chn mt s chiu x tp th ln; nu hnh ng nhm ngn nga s pht trin cc iu kin gy ra thm ha. Trong 3 tnh hung ny, mi n lc hp l phi c thc hin nhn vin tham gia khc phc s c nhn liu thp hn gp i mc liu gii hn nm (tc nh hn 40 mSv), ngoi tr cc hnh ng cu mng khi c gng gi liu mc di 200 mSv (ch cho php ngi tham gia khc phc s c nhn liu xp x hoc vt qu 200 mSv nu li ch em li cho ngi khc ln hn hn so vi nhng nguy him ring m chnh h phi gnh chu). - Nu mc liu nhn c trong qu trnh khc phc tai nn s c vt qu liu gii hn nm, th nhng ngi tham gia phi l nhng ngi tnh nguyn v h phi c bo trc v cc ri ro i vi sc khe v phi c hun luyn v cc hnh ng khc phc tai nn s c. 5.1.2. i vi ngi hc vic v sinh vin i vi ngi hc vic t 16 18 tui c o to lm vic lin quan ti chiu x v sinh vin t 16 18 tui s dng ngun bc x phc v cng vic hc tp th phi tun th cc liu gii hn sau: - Liu hiu dng: 6 mSv/nm - Liu tng ng i vi thy tinh th ca mt: 50 mSv/nm - Liu tng ng i vi chn, tay v da: 150 mSv/nm. 5.1.3. Liu gii hn i vi dn chng * Nhm dn chng trng yu: - Liu hiu dng: 1 mSv/nm. - Trng hp c bit, liu hiu dng c th tng ti 5 mSv cho 1 nm ring l, nhng liu hiu dng trung bnh cho 5 nm lin tc khng vt 1 mSv/nm. - Liu tng ng i vi thy tinh th ca mt: 15 mSv/nm - Liu tng ng i vi da: 50 mSv/nm. * Ngi chm sc bnh nhn v khch thm bnh nhn: - Ngi ln: 5 mSv trong sut thi k bnh nhn lm xt nghim hoc iu tr. - Tr em: 1 mSv trong sut thi k bnh nhn lm xt nghim hoc iu tr.

5.2. Mc nhim bn phng x

15

Cc mc gii hn v nhim bn phng x b mt (thit b, dng c, b mt cngten, qun o, da thng l tay v mt, v.v.) i vi vng bc x m nhn vin bc x lm vic v ni m dn chng sinh sng c trnh by bng sau: Loi nhn - Nhn pht Alpha - Cc nhn khc Gii hn nhim bn (Bq/cm2) Nhn vin bc x 4 40 Dn chng 0,4 4

6. LM VIC VI NGUN BC X KN

6.1. iu kin lm vic Cc thit b c t ngun phng x bn trong cn phi bn vng v mt c hc, ha hc, nhit v phi ph hp vi iu kin s dng ca chng. Cm dng cc ngun phng x trong nhng iu kin khng c quy nh ti liu hng dn k thut ca ngun. 6.2. Tho rp ngun ly ngun phng x ra ngoi cngten phi dng cc dng c thao tc t xa hoc bng thit b c bit. - Cm dng tay cm trc tip ngun phng x. - Khi lm vic vi cc ngun phng x ny cn phi c che chn bo v thch hp cng nh cc loi dng c thao tc khc nhau. 6.3. Thit k bo v chng chiu ngoi Vic thit k bo v chng chiu ngoi phi tin hnh theo tng phn, tng vic, tng mc ch ca phng c, ty thuc vo cc i tng b chiu x cng nh thi gian chiu v phi dng h s d phng bng 2 v sut liu. C s thit k cho i tng A l sut liu mt ngoi lp bo v: P =D 2.t

( Sv/h)

trong : D - liu hng nm (20 mSv); t - thi gian lm vic trong mt nm (2.000 h). ng thi phi tnh n cc yu t b sung khc nh c thm cc ngun bc x gn, s nng cp ngun bc x trong tng lai, s tng nhy cm bc x ca vt liu v my mc, s nhim bn phng x ca cc vt liu xy dng, v.v. 6.4. iu kin lp t v s dng cc my v thit b c nh Vi cc my v thit b c chm tia m hoc hng quay ca chm khng hn ch, phi t trong phng ring m vt liu v dy ca tng, trn v sn nh m bo lm suy yu bc x s cp v tn x ra cc phng k cn cng nh c khu vc c s n gi tr cho php.16

Bn iu khin my v thit b c b tr phng k bn. Ca vo phng my phi c kha lin ng ni vi c ch chuyn ng ca my hoc in cao p trnh cho nhn vin khi b chiu x ri ro. Cn tr liu c ch thao tc t xa di chuyn ngun vo ni bo qun trong trng hp mt in hoc c s c khc. Cc phng my c nh dng ngun ng v phng x cn phi trang b kha lin ng v h thng bo hiu v v tr ca ngun chiu x v khi sut liu qu mc d kin. 6.5. Nhng bin php phng nga c bn - Hng tia x xung t hoc v pha khng c ngi. - ngun xa ngi lm vic v nhng ngi khc mc ti a. - Hn ch thi gian gn ngun. - Dng ro chn di ng v tng che bo v.7. LM VIC VI NGUN PHNG X H

7.1. Phn loi Cc ngun phng x dng h c coi l nhng ngun c nguy c chiu trong v c chia thnh 4 nhm theo mc nguy him bc x khc nhau: - Nhm A: Cc ng v vi hot ti thiu c ngha bng 3,7.103 Bq. - Nhm B: Cc ng v vi hot ti thiu c ngha bng 3,7.104 Bq. - Nhm C: Cc ng v vi hot ti thiu c ngha bng 3,7.105 Bq. - Nhm D: Cc ng v vi hot ti thiu c ngha bng 3,7.106 Bq. 7.2. Xp loi cng vic Mi cng vic lin quan vi ngun phng x h c chia lm 3 loi. Mi loi cng vic c yu cu v b tr v trang b cc phng lm vic khc nhau. ca phng lm vic vi ngun h phi treo bin bo nguy him bc x, ch r loi cng vic. Vic xp loi cng vic c nu trong Ph lc A. 7.3. Bin php an ton Ton b cc bin php an ton khi lm vic vi cht phng x h phi bo v c nhn vin khi b chiu ngoi v chiu trong, bo m ngn nga s nhim bn khng kh, b mt ni lm vic, ngoi da v qun o ca nhn vin cng nh cc i tng ca mi trng nh khng kh, nc, t, thc vt. 7.4. Bin php phng nga c bn La chn v quy hoch ng n cc phng lm vic, chn trang thit b v sn trt cc phng, chn ch cng ngh, t chc hp l ch lm vic v tun th cc bin php v sinh c nhn, h thng thng gi hp l, thu gom v loi b cc cht thi phng x. 7.5. Cc yu cu khc Ty theo mc , tnh cht cng vic v s phn loi cng vic vi cht phng x h, c th cn c vo cc yu cu c th nu trong cc im t 6.06 n 6.24 ca Quy phm ATBX in ha Quc gia TCVN 4397-87 thc hin ph hp17

nhm gim thiu nguy c chiu x cho nhn vin v nhim bn cho mi trng cc khu vc.8. PHN VNG BC X VIN NCHN

8.1. Trong ta nh L Bao gm ta nh cha L phn ng, khu nh 1 bao quanh nh L (k c cc phng cng ngh L, cc PTN, cc phng lm vic v cc phng thuc hnh lang knh). S cc vng khu nh 1 c trnh by trong Ph lc B1. y l vng c nguy c b chiu x ri ro cao nht Vin NCHN do c im tip xc trc tip hoc k cn vi cc ngun bc x alpha, bta, gamma v ntrn pht ra t L phn ng hoc cc PTN sn xut ng v phng x (VPX) v phn tch kch hot. V vy, cc phng trong ta nh L c chia lm 2 vng: - Vng nghim ngt: Bt u t phng v sinh phng x (phng thay qun o phng h) tr vo nh L phn ng, bao gm: a/ Phng bn phc v: Khi L lm vic cng sut, nhn vin c th nh k lui ti min l tng liu chiu x trong thi gian khng vt qu gii hn cho php bao gm gian nh L, phng bm vng I, phng cch ly PX, phng lc kh V1, cc phng sn xut VPX (V1-V6), phng iu khin knh chiu mu kh nn 7-1. b/ Phng phc v thng xuyn: Trong cc phng ny, nhn vin c th thng xuyn lm vic trong sut ca nhng tng liu chiu x khng vt qu gii hn cho php bao gm phng trc iu khin (P1), phng t thit b in t ca h iu khin L (P2, P3), cc phng th nghim VPX (V7-V9), phng o mu INAA (P8), cc phng lm vic khc trong khu nh 1 (P12, P13). Vng nghim ngt c th chu tc ng ca cc yu t c hi bc x (gamma, bta, ntrn, cc kh v son kh phng x, cc cht phng x gy bn b mt phng th nghim, thit b). - Vng t do: Bao gm phng trc o liu ATBX (P11), phng V10, cc hnh lang i li t phng v sinh phng x tr ra, cc phng lm vic thng xuyn khc ca nhn vin (P14, P15, P16), phng truyn thng. hu nh khng c tc ng ca bc x in ha ti nhn vin. 8.2. Cc vng ngoi nh L Bao gm cc khu vc ngoi nh L C s 1 v cc phng c lm vic vi ngun bc x C s 2. 8.2.1. C s 1 S cc vng ngoi nh L C s 1 c trnh by trong Ph lc B2 (khu nh 2 c), Ph lc B3 (khu nh 2 mi) v Ph lc B4 (Phng chun liu ATBX, Phng CNBX v Nh thi phng x s 5). - Vng nghim ngt: Bao gm cc phng sau. a/ Phng bn phc v: Tng hm x l ha nc Nh 2, Phng x l mu ATBX (BP1, Ph lc B2), Phng t cc thit b cng ngh (BP2, Ph lc B2), PTN c s dng ngun PX ca TTDKTHN trong CN (BP1, BP2, Ph lc B3), Phng x l ha PX ca TTPT (BP3, Ph lc B3), Phng chun liu ATBX (BP1,18

Ph lc B4), Phng ngun chiu x Co-60 (BP2, Ph lc B4), Nh thi s 5 (BP3, Ph lc B4). b/ Phng phc v thng xuyn: Cc PTN khc ca TTPT, TTMT, ATBX, Phng ha nc v x l thi PX, Vt l & in t ht nhn, in t L, DKTHN trong CN, CNBX (xem s cc phng Ph lc B2, B3 v B4), trm Diesel, thp lm ngui, phng sn xut Nit. - Vng t do: Cc khu vc khc C s 1 (cc phng lm vic khc khng tip xc vi phng x, khu nh hnh chnh, khu tng i v bo v, cc hnh lang i li). 8.2.2. C s 2 Bao gm Trung tm o to v Phng Cng ngh Sinh hc. a/ Phng bn phc v: PTN my pht tia X, phng cha ngun bc x ca Trung tm o to. b/ Phng phc v thng xuyn: Cc PTN o v x l mu phng x ca Trung tm o to v Phng Cng ngh Sinh hc. c/ Vng t do: cc phng lm vic khc khng tip xc vi phng x nh: hi trng, phng hc, th vin, phng tip khch, hnh lang, v.v. ca Trung tm o to; phng nui cy m, vn th nghim, cc hnh lang i li ca Phng Cng ngh sinh hc.9. C IM BC X TI CC KHU VC VIN NCHN

9.1. Nh L phn ng c im ca ta nh L l c cc cht phng x v cc loi bc x in ha ca chng pht ra. Ngun pht ra bc x in ha trong nh L bao gm: L phn ng, cc vt liu v mu chiu x trong L, thit b vng 1, cht ti nhit ca L ( y l nc thng), kh v son kh phng x, cc cht thi phng x, cc b mt v dng c b nhim bn cc cht phng x. Ngun pht alpha l cc thanh nhin liu khng c kn, cht ti nhit ca vng 1, cc ngun alpha chun, cc ngun ntrn khng c kn. Ngun pht gamma l L phn ng, nc ti nhit, thit b vng 1, cc vt liu ly ra t L, cc mu chiu x cc knh ng v ngang ca L, kh cc khoang ca L, ca cc my bm vng 1, cc ngun bc x chun dng chun cc my o, cc b mt b bn phng x, cc dng c v vt khc. Ngun pht ntrn c nng lng khc nhau (nhanh, trung bnh, nhit) l vng hot ca L, cc ngun ntrn chun dng chun cc my o. Ngun son kh phng x l nguyn liu ht nhn b chiu x, cc sn phm phn hch ca nguyn liu ht nhn, sn phm n mn ca cc nguyn liu cu trc nm trong nc ti nhit ca L (son kh xm nhp vo khng kh cc phng l do cc h thng ng ng ca L b h). Cc kh phng x ng lu l: Argn-41 (Ar-41) to nn t Ar-40 ca khng kh c trong cc khoang ca phn cu trc L, hoc argn ha tan trong nc ti nhit; Xnn, Kriptn, It - l nhng sn phm phn hch dng kh d bay hi ha tan trong nc ti nhit. Cc kh phng x xm nhp vo cc phng sn xut c19

th t cc knh ngang, thng L, h thng vng 1 do thng gi cng ngh km hiu qu. 9.2. Cc phng th nghim sn xut VPX v x l mu Bao gm cc PTN ha phn tch (c cc t box, t nung, t sy v.v.) c nguy c chiu ngoi v chiu trong cao cho nhn vin trong cc qu trnh ly mu t L ra, x l v phn tch mu, cch ly v ct gi cc cht thi phng x, v.v. Ring b phn kim sot mi trng t c nguy c b chiu ngoi v chiu trong cao do hot cc mu chiu x thp v c s cch ly ring bit cc vng x l v o c. Cn ch cc qu trnh ly v chuyn mu chiu x, conten v phng tin vn chuyn, qu trnh thao tc vi cc mu dng h (khi nung, sy, chit tch cht phng x). Phi c bng hng dn thao tc an ton c Hi ng An ton ca Vin v Phng ATBX thng qua. 9.3. Cc phng th nghim vt l v ng dng Bao gm cc PTN phc v khai thc knh ngang, o mu chiu x v x l, DKTHN trong CN, hunh quang tia X, v.v. c im ca Phng th nghim DKTHN trong CN l vic s dng cc hp cht nh du v ngun ng v c hot tng i cao thc hin trn hin trng. Nhn vin c nguy c b chiu x ri ro cao do cc iu kin lm vic vi cc ngun phng x h hin trng khng m bo an ton nh khi thc hin ti PTN. Ngoi ra khi thc hin cc nghin cu s dng cc knh ngang ca L phn ng, nhn vin c th phi nhn liu cao vi bc x gamma v ntrn do khng tun th y cc iu kin phng h c nhn, che chn v cc yu cu v ATBX ghi trong giy php lm vic vi mc bc x nguy him cao. Ngoi ra, cc PTN in t ht nhn c s dng cc ngun chun kn hot thp phc v chun thit b th nhn vin th nghim phi tun th qui phm ATBX gim thiu liu x. 9.4. Tng hm x l nc thi phng x Nh 2 Bao gm cc phng cha bm ht nc phng x t nh l, phng cha cc b lng v trung ha, v.v. c im ca khu vc ny l trng liu bc x gamma, be6ta cao ti cc b cha, kh nng dy bn phng x cao ra khu vc v mi trng khi c sc c lin quan n cc bm ht v b cha. y l vng bn phc v, gim thiu nguy c chiu trong v chiu ngoi, nhn vin phi tun th cc quy tc chung v ATBX khi lm vic trong vng nghim ngt, quy tc s dng phng tin phng h v v sinh c nhn. 9.5. Nh x l v chn thi phng x (Nh 5) L ni tp trung cc bao thi phng x cc loi t cc phng th nghim a v, ng thi l ni xi mng ho nc thi phng x sau khi x l tng hm Nh 2. y l ni c trng liu bc x alpha, bta, gamma cao v kh nng nhim bn phng x b mt v khng kh cao. Khi lm vic y, nhn vin phi tun th cc quy tc chung v ATBX khi lm vic trong vng nghim ngt, quy tc s dng phng tin phng h v v sinh c nhn. 9.6. Cc phng th nghim ca Trung tm o to (C s 2)20

C s dng cc ngun chun kn alpha, beta v gamma hot thp chun cc thit b, v mt s ngun gamma v ntron hot trung bnh dng trong cc php o thc hnh ATBX. Ngoi ra cn s dng my pht tia X trong php thc hnh v che chn bc x v o chiu dy vt liu. V vy, nhn vin phi tun th cc quy tc chung v ATBX khi lm vic trong vng nghim ngt (Phng my pht tia X, phng cha ngun bc x), quy tc s dng phng tin phng h v v sinh c nhn. 9.7. Cc phng th nghim Sinh hc phng x(C s 2) Cc cng vic c lin quan n vic s dng cc ngun, cc cht phng x l nh du ng v phng x trong t, phn bn, cht vi sinh nghin cu s pht trin sinh trng ca cy trng v cc qu trnh sinh hc khc. Thng thng mc nguy him bc x y khng cao, trong iu kin lm vic bnh thng hng nm, nhn vin nhn liu tch ly khng vt qu mc gii hn cho php nu tun th y Ch dn ATBX ny.10. QUY TC CHUNG V ATBX KHI LM VIC VIN NCHN

10.1. Khi lm vic trong khu nh L kim sot tng liu chiu x trong iu kin c bc x bta, gamma v ntrn, mi ngi lm vic vng nghim ngt phi c trang b liu k c nhn (liu k nhit pht quang hoc bt o liu) do Phng ATBX cung cp. Trng hp lm vic trong nh L khi L cng sut danh nh hoc khu vc c sut liu bc x cao phi bo cho Trng kp vn hnh v nhn vin trc o liu c nhn vin trc o liu theo di v kim sot mc liu khi lm vic. Khi xong cng vic phi kim sot mc bn phng x trn cc my kim sot nhim bn ton thn t phng cch ly phng x hoc li ra phng v sinh phng x. Phi s dng v bo qun liu k c nhn theo ng quy nh ca Phng ATBX. n k thay mi liu k c nhn, cc liu k phi giao li cho B phn nh liu ca Phng ATBX xc nh liu c nhn v ghi s lu tr. Tuyt i cm liu k c nhn trong qun o phng h treo ngn bn ca phng v sinh phng x. i vi cc nhn vin bc x lm vic trc tip trn dy chuyn sn xut I131, Tc-99m v P-32 phi tun th qui nh Thu gp mu nc tiu trong cc t sn xut VPX B phn nh liu ca Phng ATBX xc nh liu chiu trong v ghi s lu tr. 10.2. Trong cc phng thuc vng nghim ngt khu nh L, cm - Lm vic trong cc phng phc v thng xuyn vi qun o phng h b bn qu mc cho php (xem mc 5.2). - Vo lm vic khng mc qun o phng h v khng i giy dp phng h. - Ra khi vng bn vn mang giy dp v qun o phng h dng khi lm vic. - i vo ni lm vic ca vng bn vn s dng giy dp c nhn. 10.3. Trong cc phng thuc vng t do khu nh L, cm - Dng qun o v giy dp phng h c bn phng x qu mc cho php.21

- Tin hnh cng vic vi cht phng x v ngun bc x in ha (tr ngun chun kn vi hot phng x nh dng kim tra, hiu chun cc my o x v o liu). - Dng cc dng c lm v sinh ca vng nghim ngt. - Dng giy dp c mu khc mu quy nh. - Tin hnh cng vic vi cc dng c, my mc, chi tit c bt k mc bn phng x no cng nh bo qun, di chuyn chng m khng c php ca Phng ATBX. 10.4. Cc quy tc khc cn ch khi lm vic trong khu nh L - trnh lan truyn bn phng x ra cc phng phc v thng xuyn hay ni cng cng, mi nhn vin c trch nhim phi quan tm theo di mc bn giy dp, qun o phng h, tay chn, dng c bo v ca mnh bng cc my o cc im kim sot liu quy nh. - i vi cc PTN sn xut VPX (V1V6): phi c cc khu vc ring dp v o phng h cho nhn vin. Khi vo cc phng ny, nhn vin phi thay dp v o, khi ra phi li v mang o, dp phng h thng thng. - Khi qun o phng h b bn qu mc th phi thay v b vo cngten ring. - Cc my mc, dng c b bn nu khng ty x c n di mc cho php cng phi b vo cc cngten cha thi phng x. - Khi cha c giy php ca nhn vin trc o liu, cm di chuyn bt k my mc ti sn no t vng nghim ngt sang vng t do. - Khng c di chuyn bt k ti sn, vt no t phng bn phc v sang phng phc v thng xuyn khi cha c php ca nhn vin trc o liu. - Nhn vin cng tc c trch nhim gi gn sch s v trt t cc phng v cc v tr lm vic. Ti v tr lm vic ch s dng nhng dng c, phng tin, my mc cn thit cho nhng cng vic c th. - Mi ngi phi thng bo kp thi cho nhn vin trc o liu v mi trng hp c tnh trng bc x bt thng (ri vi, trn cc sn phm phng x, gy bn phng x trong bt k phng no ca khu nh L, r nc ca h thng vng 1, nc r qua knh ngang). - nh k khi L khng lm vic, nhn vin c my mc, phng tin, dng c t vng c phng x, di s kim sot ca nhn vin trc o liu, phi lm v sinh ni lm vic, lau chi bi bn my mc, dng c bng phng php m hoc khi cn phi dng cc phng tin ty x. 10.5. Ti cc phng th nghim phi - Thc hin thao tc vi cc ngun, cc cht phng x theo ng cc hng dn quy trnh k thut c Hi ng An ton ca Vin v Phng ATBX ph duyt. - C trang b v s dng cc phng tin, dng c phng h c nhn nh gng tay, khu trang, qun o, giy dp v liu k c nhn. - Thc hin vic pha ch, chit tch, nung, sy, v.v. cc mu chiu x trong cc my mc dng c thch hp nh t ht, t sy, l nung, v.v. c s dng bn tay my hoc dng c thao tc t xa.22

- Lm giy php xin chuyn ng v hoc cc mu phn tch cho cc c quan, n v, c nhn ngoi Vin c s kim tra gim st ca Phng ATBX trc khi chuyn i.11. QUY TC DNG QUN O PHNG H

11.1. Trang b phng h bo v nhn vin lm vic trong nh L khi b bn phng x v bn c hc, mi ngi c trang b qun o phng h lm vic vng nghim ngt, ty theo loi cng vic s gm c: o blu vng, m, o lin qun mu en, ng, gng tay, khu trang. Phng tin phng h c th cho tng loi cng vic bc x v khu vc lm vic c nu trong Ph lc C. 11.2. Kim sot mc bn Qun o phng h v cc phng tin bo v c nhn cn phi c kim sot c h thng mc bn alpha, bta v gamma. Trng hp nu qun o, phng tin b bn qu mc cho php th phi thay mi ngay. 11.3. Ch cp pht Cc Phng/ Ban/ Trung tm trong Vin phi t trang b cc qun o phng h v phng tin bo v c nhn ti thiu theo qui phm ATBX. Phi c d tr mt t l kinh ph thch hp trong cc ti nghin cu hoc hp ng trin khai k thut ca mi n v mua sm trang b bo h cho nhn vin (k c cc phng tin bo h lao ng). Ngoi cc phng tin phng h bt buc, cc n v c PTN lm vic vi cht phng x h phi trang b thm cho nhn vin cc phng tin phng h b sung ti nhng ch ring c quy nh trong Ph lc C. 11.4. S dng Tuyt i cm mang qun o phng h, giy dp phng h ra khi c quan. Cm mc qun o phng h c bn phng x ra khi phng lm vic. Nhng ngi n cng tc, trc khi ri Vin bt buc phi tr li qun o, giy dp, dng c phng h cho n v mnh n lm vic. 11.5. Thi x Tt c phng tin, dng c phng h nh giy dp, qun o, gng tay, khu trang v.v.. b bn qu mc khng th ty x c u c coi l cc thi phng x rn v phi c ct gi tm thi trong cc bao b thch hp ni quy nh ca mi n v tun theo Quy trnh thu gom v x l cht thi phng x do Vin ban hnh. Khi c nhu cu chuyn thi x xung Nh 5, phi bo cho Phng ATBX trc th 5 hng tun kim sot liu x v dn nhn thch hp.12. QUY TC PHNG H V V SINH C NHN

S xm nhp ca cht phng x vo bn trong c th qua ng h hp (hi, son kh, bi, kh phng x), qua ng tiu ha (thc n, ht thuc), qua vt thng vo mu l iu rt nguy him i vi sc khe con ngi. V vy khi t chc lm vic vi cht phng x cn tr liu mi bin php ngn nga hay tn23

gim kh nng gy bn cho khng kh, ni lm vic, b mt thit b dng c v cc vt khc cng nh thn th v qun o phng h. 12.1. Khi lm vic trong nh L - Khi vo nh L lm vic, mi ngi bt buc phi thay giy dp c nhn phng v sinh phng x v eo liu k c nhn. Trng hp lm loi cng vic theo lnh Vit cho php cn phi nhn thm phng tin o liu b sung cn thit nh trong lnh vit quy nh. Sau khi kt thc cng vic phi tr li liu k b sung cho nhn vin trc o liu. - Phi eo liu k c nhn trong sut thi gian lm vic trong vng nghim ngt. Cm liu k c nhn ti ch lm vic hoc gn ni c ngun phng x hoc cc cngten v mu chiu x. Cho php ct gi cng vi qun o phng h sch trong t thay phng h phng v sinh phng x. - nh k hng thng, b phn nh liu thu hi liu k c xc nh liu c nhn v cp liu k mi theo di liu c nhn c lin tc. - Trong vng nghim ngt tuyt i cm n ung, ht thuc, trang im; ch ht thuc ni c dnh ring; ch ung nc nhng ni quy nh. Trc khi ung, phi ra tay, sc ming v ra sch cc ng. - trnh nhim bn phng x cho thn th, trc khi i tiu tin phi ra tay v kim x tay. - Cn thng xuyn ct ngn mng tay, khng cho da tay b nt n, xy xt hay b thng, chy mu. - Sau khi xong vic cn phi thay cc phng tin bo v, giy dp, qun o phng h, kim tra bn phng x chn tay v thn th, nu khng b bn phng x mi i tm. Khi tm ch bn trn thn th cn ch nhng ch trn t c che ch hoc ch d b xm nhp. - ty bn tay chn hay thn th th dng bn chi hay xp cao su thm x phng hay cht ty ra cng vi nc m, chi hoc xt k ch b bn ri xi nc ra sch. Nu khng t th dng dung dch ty x mnh hn, v d dung dch thuc tm 1%. Sau khi x l bng dung dch, xi nc ra cho sch ri kim sot li mc bn bng my o. Khi ty sch bn phng x th mi i tm (c th tham kho cc bin php ty x trong Ch dn k thut kim sot bn phng x v ty x ca Vin ban hnh). 12.2. cc phng th nghim Ch thc hin cc im nu mc 12.1, ngoi ra cn b sung cc phng tin phng h cn thit cho tng loi cng vic. Khi thay i ni dung hoc nng cp cng vic c nguy c b chiu x ri ro cao, phi lm giy php Phng ATBX kim tra gim st v c cp cc phng tin phng h b sung.13. QUY TC S DNG PHNG CCH LY PHNG X TRONG NH L

13.1. Ra vo nh L vo cc phng bn phc v ca vng nghim ngt lm cng vic sa cha hoc khc phc s c tai nn, bt buc nhn vin phi i qua phng cch ly phng24

x. Nhn vin mc qun o phng h ca mnh i vo ngn sch ca phng ny v s c nhn thm phng tin phng h b sung nh gng tay, giy dp phng h hoc qun o kh nn, v.v. (do nhn vin trc ca Phng ATBX giao) ri mi i n ch lm vic. Khi t vng bn tr ra, nhn vin phi qua ngn bn ca phng cch ly phng x kim tra bn phng x trn qun o v giy dp. Nu bn qu mc cho php th phi tho giy dp bo v, ci b qun o phng h mc ngoi vo thng ng qun o v giy dp bn ri mi ra ngn sch ca phng cch ly phng x. Nu mc bn nh hn mc cho php th khi ra ngn sch mi thay giy dp v qun o phng h b sung, sau s ra khi phng cch ly phng x. Khi tay, mt, qun o phng h ca nhn vin b bn th nhn vin trc o liu phi tm nguyn nhn, thu hi qun o bn v thay mi. Khi cn nhn vin phi tm ra. 13.2. i vi nhn vin gin tip Nhn vin khng tham gia trc tip vo cng vic nhng khi cn phi i vo vng bn th ch dng thm giy dp phng h b sung. Nhn vin gin tip t vng bn i ra cng phi qua ngn bn ca phng cch ly phng x kim x. Nu giy dp b sung b bn qu mc cho php th phi thay, cn khng th ra ngn sch tho giy dp b sung ri i ra ngoi.14. QUY TC S DNG PHNG V SINH PHNG X TRONG NH L

14.1. B tr s dng Theo tnh cht cng vic v mc lm vic trong nh L, Vin b tr cc ngn t ng qun o phng h theo nguyn tc tp trung cc nhn vin ca cng mt n v vo cng khu vc. 14.2. Tuyt i cm - Ct gi trong t qun o phng h bt k th g, ngoi qun o phng h sch vi liu k c nhn (nu thy tin). - i vo vng nghim ngt m khng thay qun o v giy dp phng h. - Ht thuc trong phng v sinh phng x. 14.3. Trnh t i vo phng lm vic Nhn vin i vo phng v sinh phng x, n ngn t ca mnh mc thm o blu vng, thay giy dp c nhn bng dp phng h ri mi i n ch lm vic. 14.4. Sau khi xong vic Nhn vin kim tra mc bn phng x thn th, chn tay trn my o t trc phng v sinh phng x, nu sch mi ra ngn t ca mnh ct o blu v thay giy dp, i giy dp c nhn ri mi ra ngoi. Nu c bn phng x, cng ci o v giy dp phng h nhng khng c ct gi trong ngn t m phi em ra phng trc ca nhn vin trc o liu ct gi tm thi trong x ng thi phng x. Nhn vin trc o liu s cp tm thi cho nhn vin o blu v giy dp phng h cho n khi x l ty x v git sch phng h (do B phn kim x thc25

hin). Nhn vin cn ty x chn tay, thn th theo hng dn trong Quy trnh k thut ty x v kim sot bn b mt do Vin ban hnh. 14.5. i vi ngi c quan khc n cng tc Khng c cp ngn t phng h ring m phi thng bo cho B phn kim x L (thuc Phng ATBX) c cp o blu v giy dp phng h cho mi bui lm vic ti nh L. Khi ra khi nh L, phi kim tra bn phng x chn tay v thn th v phi tr li o blu v giy dp phng h cho B phn kim x L.15. T CHC CNG VIC TRONG TNH TRNG TAI NN S C

15.1. Tnh hung tai nn s c L tnh hung m mc ATBX b xu i nghim trng mt hay nhiu v tr trong nh L v cc PTN trong Vin. Nguyn nhn c th do: - Xut hin phn ng dy chuyn khng iu khin c trong L phn ng. - V bc ca thanh nhin liu b h, lm sn phm phn hch pht ra ngoi. - V ng ng nc vng 1. - Thng gi cng ngh khng lm vic. - D nc L qua cc knh ngang gy nhim nghim trng gian nh L. - Trn cc dung dch phng x, ng v phng x trong cc phng thuc vng nghim ngt v phng th nghim gy nhim nghim trng cho mi trng. - Mt cc ngun phng x cc loi hoc v cc cngten cha ngun phng x trong qu trnh vn chuyn. 15.2. T chc cng vic trong nh L Khi tnh hung tai nn s c xut hin c lin quan n cng vic ca L th phi dng ngay L. Nhng ngi ang trong vng nguy him phi bnh tnh v nhanh chng ri khi ni lm vic. Phi thng bo ngay cho Lnh o Trung tm L phn ng, Lnh o Phng ATBX v Lnh o Vin v tnh hung xy ra. Nu c ngi b chiu x qu mc cho php th phi thng bo ngay cho y t Vin s cu. Nu s b nh gi mc liu trn 100 mSv th sau khi x l s b ca y t c quan, phi gi i bnh vin chuyn khoa gp. Vic khc phc hu qu ca tnh hung tai nn c tin hnh sau khi nghin cu v xem xt thn trng tnh hung bc x trong vng b tai nn. Nhng ngi tham gia khc phc hu qu tai nn cn c gi n ch c tai nn sau khi lp xong lnh Vit cho php, trong ghi r cc liu k tai nn c nhn cn dng. Trng hp cn thit phi lp ch dn c bit v trnh t tin hnh cng vic khc phc tai nn. Khi tin hnh cng vic khc phc tai nn cn ch c bit n cc bin php v iu kin lm gim thiu s chiu ngoi v chiu trong cho nhn vin cng nh ngn chn s lan truyn cht phng x ra cc v tr chung quanh. i khc phc s c c thnh lp theo lnh vit ca Lnh o Vin. Cm nhng ngi khng c nhim v tham gia cng vic khc phc s c i vo vng c tai nn. Sau khi ty x cng nh kim x cn thn vng b tai nn, Lnh o Phng ATBX bo co Lnh o Vin thng bo chm dt lnh bo ng. Vic rt26

lnh bo ng phi c ghi chp vo s vn hnh ca nhn vin vn hnh L v nhn vin trc o liu. Sau khi khc phc xong tai nn s c cn phi kim x cht ch hn trong mt thi gian nhng phng hoc v tr c tai nn xy ra ngn nga s ti din tai nn. 15.3. T chc cng vic cc khu vc ngoi nh L Dng ngay cng vic ang lm, thng bo ngay cho Lnh o Trung tm, Phng hoc nhm cng tc v nhn vin trc o liu. Nhng ngi ang trong khu vc nguy him phi bnh tnh v nhanh chng ri khi ni lm vic. Nu c nn nhn b nhim bn phng x v nhn liu qu mc cho php ( 20 mSv) th phi s cu v ty x ngay. Nu nn nhn hn m bt tnh phi chuyn gp ti bnh vin chuyn khoa cp cu v theo di iu tr. Vic khc phc hu qu tai nn do nhn vin trc o liu v nhm cng tc c bit theo lnh vit ca Ban Lnh o Vin (c tham kho kin ca Phng ATBX) thc hin. Sau khi khc phc hu qu tai nn v ty x, phi theo di kim x mt thi gian khng nh tai nn khng ti din. Lnh o n v ni xy ra tai nn phi lm bo co bng vn bn tng trnh din bin tai nn s c v vic khc phc hu qu (c xc nhn ca nhm cng tc c bit v nhn vin trc o liu). Ch sau khi cc iu kin lm vic ti khu vc tai nn tr li bnh thng, Ban Lnh o Vin mi cho php hot ng tr li. Trong khong thi gian , nhn vin Phng ATBX lp ro chn nghim cm nhng ngi khng c phn s ra vo khu vc ny.16. CC BIN PHP S CU KHI GP RI RO

16.1. Cc ri ro c th gp trong qu trnh lm vic Trong qu trnh lm vic vng c dy bn phng x, c th xy ra cc tai nn nh sau: - B vt thng c chy mu trong khu vc c dy bn phng x. - B chn thng nh, gy xy xt da nhng khng chy mu. - B chn thng nghim trng km theo chy mu nhiu. 16.2. Bin php s cu khn cp Dng ngay cng vic, ra ngoi vng b dy bn phng x, bo ngay Lnh o Phng hoc Nhm cng tc, nhn vin trc o liu v ph trch y t c quan x l kp thi. Nhn vin y t bng b vt thng v cm mu; nhn vin trc o liu kim tra mc nhim bn phng x trn vt thng v thn th nn nhn, ng thi ro chn khu vc b dy bn phng x, cung cp dung dch ty x cn thit cho nhm cng tc tin hnh ty x. Phi gip nn nhn ty x cho n sch. Sau khi a v tnh trng bnh thng, Lnh o Phng hoc Nhm cng tc cng vi nhn vin trc o liu lm bo co bng vn bn v s c v bin php, mc khc phc gi cho Ban Lnh o Vin, Hi ng An ton v Lnh o Phng ATBX.27

Bt k ri ro no cng cn phi bo co ngay cho Lnh o Phng hoc Nhm cng tc v nhn vin trc o liu, ng thi ch r ch gp ri ro v vt gy thng tch. Nu vt c cha bn phng x th phi ct gi trong x cha thi phng x ph hp ty x hoc chn thi. Trong khi ch nhn vin y t n, cn dng bng st trng bng ngay vt thng li. Ngi gip vic ny l nhn vin trc o liu hoc mt ngi no khc song tay phi sch v khng c bn phng x. Vt liu bng b hoc thuc men s cu cn phi sn trong t thuc ti ch lm vic. 16.3. Nhng vic cn ch khi s cu Nu nn nhn mc b qun o kh nn v ni xy ra chn thng c th c bn phng x cao th cn a nn nhn ra vng sch, gip h nhanh chng ci b qun o kh nn (nu cn c th ph rch ci b) l vt thng v bng tm bng bng st trng, sau a nn nhn sang vng t do, gip tho b qun o phng h, tho bng tm thi ng thi tin hnh o liu vt thng thn th kim sot mc nhim bn phng x. Nhn vin y t n ra vt thng bng cc phng tin ty x c mang theo. Nhn vin trc o liu kim sot bn phng x vt thng ra sch. Nu ra nhiu ln m mc bn vt thng vn cn cao qu mc, phi gi nn nhn n bnh vin x l tip. Lt, ngy thng nm 2006

VIN TRNG VIN NGHIN CU HT NHN

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TI LIU THAM KHO 1. Php lnh An ton v Kim sot Bc x, ngy 25/6/1996. 2. Ngh nh ca Chnh ph s 50/1998/N-CP, ngy 16/7/1998 quy nh chi tit vic thi hnh Php lnh An ton v Kim sot Bc x. 3. Qui phm ATBX in ha TCVN 4397-87. 4. Qui phm vn chuyn an ton cht phng x TCVN 4985-89. 5. Qui ch v ATBX ca Vin Nng lng Nguyn t Vit nam. 6. Qui ch v cng tc thanh tra ATBX v ht nhn ca Vin Nng lng Nguyn t Vit Nam. Cc vn bn do Vin NCHN ban hnh: 7. Ch dn v ATBX ca L phn ng ht nhn Lt. 8. Ch dn v an ton lao ng (ATL). 9. Quy ch thanh tra an ton ht nhn (ATHN), ATBX v ATL. 10. Quy ch thu gp, x l v chn ct cc cht thi phng x. 11. Quy trnh k thut kim sot bn b mt v ty x. 12. Quy ch vn chuyn an ton cht phng x.13. Quy ch an ton sn xut ng v phng x.

14. Quy ch ra vo nh L. 15. Quy nh chc nng nhim v ca kp vn hnh L phn ng. 16. Quy ch chiu mu trn L phn ng. 17. Quy ch lm thc nghim trn dng ntrn. 18. K hoch hnh ng trong cc tnh hung khn cp, s c ca L phn ng. Cc ti liu khc: 19. International basic safety standards for protection against ionizing radiation and for the safety of radiation sources, IAEA, No. 115, 1996. 20. 2nd VAEC JAERI joint training course on radiation protection, 14-25 January 2002, Hanoi, Vietnam.------------000----------

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PH LC APHN LOI CC PHNG LM VIC VI NGUN PHNG X H

n v chuyn mn Trung tm L phn ng: Nh L Trung tm Nghin cu v iu ch VPX: + V1 V6 + V7 V9 Trung tm Phn tch Phng x l ha nc v thi PX: + Tng hm nh 2 + Nh thi s 5 Trung tm DKTHN trong CN PH LC C

Nhm nguy him bc x A C C D C C C

Loi cng vic II I III II v III III II v III II v III

PHNG TIN PHNG H CHO CC KHU VC LM VIC V CNG VIC BC X

Khu vc lm vic Nh L PTN sn xut VPX ( V1-V6) Cc PTN c ngun PX h khc

Cng vic bc x Loi II Loi I

Phng tin phng h bt buc Dp nha, o blu vng Dp nha, o blu vng Dp nha, o blu trng

Phng tin phng h b sung Gng tay, khu trang, o lin qun en, ng, m Gng tay, ng nt tay, dp khc mu, m, khu trang Gng tay, khu trang, dp khc mu, o blu vng

Ni phng h bt buc Phng cch ly phng x C khu ring trong ca ra vo phng C khu ring trong ca ra vo phng

Loi II v III

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