rorbit

Sun

Earth

B=DC A

Star

d

h

AC

A

B

C

D

d

StarEarth

Side View Top View

(a)

(b)

ux

uyu uy = uyu

ux

S (Aether rest frame) S (Earth rest frame)

Earth moving at speed v through aether

Earth stationary Aether “wind” rushing backwards past Earth at speed v, “carrying” light with it.

v

N.B. The ratio of rorbit to d is greatly exaggerated.

rorbit

Semi-silvered surface of glass block

Mirror M1

Mirror M1

Second glass block without silvering

l1

l2

Combine beams at angle fringes

Rotate apparatus fringes shift if there is motion of the aether

(a) (b)

S (Aether rest frame) S (Earth rest frame)

v

c

c

c + v

c v

M1M1

Aether “wind” rushing backwards past Earth at speed v, “carrying” light with it.

Earth moving at speed v through aether

M2

c (c2 v2)1/2

vM2

0 50 100 150 200

O x

Light pulse, speed c

O

v

S Sv

0 50 100 150 200

O x

Light pulse, still speed c

O

v

O xO

v S

O xO

vS

O xO

v S

O xO

vS

O xO

v S

O xO

vS

Swap the primes Reverse the sign of v

+v t +v t v t

N.B. This intermediate stage is not equivalent to the other two

x

x

tt

(x1 , t1) in S

(x1 , t1) in S

x1

t1

x1

t1

x

x

tt

x

x

tt

t1

t2

x = ctLight line

x = ct

ACCESSIBLE FUTURE

KNOWABLE PAST

ELSEWHERE

ELSEWHERE

(a) (b)

t1

t2

t2 > t1 but t2< t1

Contracted length Lc Proper length Lc = Lc0

Car stationary

Garage stationary

Proper length Lg = Lg0

Contracted length Lg

(a)

(b)

vS S

Garage rushing back-wards to meet car

v

v

x1 x2 x2x2 Lg0/

v2/c2

m

m

2m

u0

u0 B

AuAy = u0

uB

B

A

B

A

uBy = ?

uBx = v

Sv

S

uAy = ?uA

(a) (b)

frame in which A hasno x-component of velocity

frame in which B hasno x-component of velocity

uBy = u0

uAx = v

A B

uA uB = 0

uA

uB

B

A

Sv

S BEFORE

AFTER

A B

uA

uA

uB

B

A

BEFORE

AFTER

uB

p p

P1 P2 = 0

Q2

Q1

p

p

BEFORE AFTER

0Q3

w

u

(a) (b)

w

u

f0 wavecrests stretched over distance (w + u)t in time t

(wu)t wavecrests pass the runner in time t.

u

ur

O

A

ut

P

P

Pulse emitted at time t

Pulse emitted at time t+tOP - OP ur t

S Sv

v

B

f = qv×B

Circular arc

+q v

B

f = q0×B = 0?

v = 0

E

Region of magnetic field