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Review on Ionizing Radiation and Radiation
Monitoring in Low Earth Orbit
“My God, space is radioactive!
- Ernie Ray (1958)
Sample Presentation – Not a finalized document
Modified for Online Distribution
Overview
• Ionizing Radiation
• Dose Terminology
• Earth, High Altitude and Space Radiation Sources
• Biological Effects of Radiation
• Regulations and Standards
2
Overview
• Radiation Monitoring: Space Weather Forecasting
• Radiation Monitoring: Devices
• Biodosimetry Programme
• Non-ionizing Radiation
• Summary
3
4
Ionizing Radiation:
General Information, Dose Terminology
• Defined as particles that have sufficient energy to remove an electron
from an atom or molecule (becoming electrically charged) while also
capable of damaging DNA
• Various types of radiation affects the body in different ways
• ALL radiation exposure (no matter how small) has associated health risks
• Linear No-Threshold Model
• X-rays, gamma-rays, neutrons, protons, electrons and heavy ion particles
are examples of ionizing radiation
5
Ionizing Radiation
6
Ionizing Radiation:
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Non-ionizing Radiation Ionizing Radiation
University of California
Ionizing Radiation (Cont.)
• Can cause severe cell damage (DNA), leading to various forms of cancer
• Radioactive decay of particles may take the form of:
• Beta (β) particles
• β+ = positron
• β- = electron
• Alpha (α) particles – Charged helium nuclei
• Neutrons
• Radioactive sources may include
• Radon-222: naturally occurring α emitter
• Potassium-40: naturally occurring β emitter
• Cobalt-60: used in medical equipment sterilization – emits 2 high energy γ via β decay
• Neutrons: Secondary particle from charged ions interacting with shielding7
Gamma-ray (γ) emission
May lead to
X-ray emission
• Absorbed Dose (D) is a measure of the energy absorbed per unit mass of
material
• Units of Gray (Gy) or rad
• 1 Gy = 100 rad
• All tissue within a radiation beam (i.e. X-ray) will not absorb the same
amount of radiation dose
8
Radiation:
Dose Terminology – Absorbed Dose
• Equivalent Dose (H) relates Radiation Biological Effectiveness (RBE) of
radiation exposure with a Quality Factor (Q)
• Units of Sieverts (Sv) or rem
• 1 Sv = 100 rem
• RBE compares effectiveness of one radiation against gamma radiation
• Value of Q for each radiation type assigned by ICRP 26 and 60
• H = Q * D
9
Radiation:
Dose Terminology – Equivalent Dose
Type of Radiation Quality
Factor
(Q)
Absorbed Dose equal to
1 Equivalent Dose unit
(D = H ÷ Q)*
X-ray, Gamma ray, Beta 1 1
Alpha, Multiple-charge Particles,
Fission Fragments, Heavy Particles
20 0.05
Neutrons 10 0.1
High-energy protons 10 0.1
* Absorbed dose in rad equal to 1 rem or in Gy equal to 1 Sv
10
Radiation:
Quality Factor
11
Radiation:
Dose Terminology
Radiation Quantities and Units (Sprawls, P)
12
Ionizing Radiation Sources:
Earth, High Altitude and Space Environments
Radiation:
Earth Radiation Sources
• Radon gas emissions produce the largest hazard to radiation exposure
on the ground
• Earth’s atmosphere shields against most cosmic radiation
13 World Nuclear Organization (WNO)
Radiation:
High Altitude Exposure
• Jet altitudes ~6.1 km to 18 km
• Exposure from radiation originating from space
• Galactic Cosmic Rays (GCR)
• Solar Particle Events (SPE)
• Annual exposure to flight crews is ~1 to 6 mSv
• GCR and SPE particles interact with atoms in Earth’s atmosphere
creating numerous secondary particles
• Dose from GCR, SPE and secondary particles in correlation to high/low solar
activity
14
Radiation:
Neutron Count Rate and Sunspot Number
15
Neutron count rate and sunspot number plotted against date. Sunspot number per month (indication
of the heliocentric potential); monthly average of the hourly neutron count from the Climax,
Colorado ground-based neutron monitor (Lewis, B. J. et al 2001)
Radiation:
High Altitude Environment
17
Typical cursing altitude of jet aircraft
~6.1 – 18 km above the Earth’s surface
6.1 km
18 km
Cosmic Ray
Protons
Neutrons
Pions
Muons
Photons
Electrons + Positrons
• GCR (and SPE) particles interact
with molecules in the atmosphere
(nitrogen, oxygen, etc.) if they are
not shielded by Earth’s magnetic
field.
• Interaction causes a wide range of
secondary particles which contribute
to the dose in high altitudes (as well
as on the ground).
• Effect of GCRs generally much
greater than SPE
400 km
• SPEs much more
frequent during high
solar activity
• Occasionally, an SPE
can cause a significant
dose at high altitudes
Artwork courtesy of Windows of the Universe
Data from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
18
Radiation:
Space Exposure – Solar Cycle
• Period of solar cycle is
11 years
• Magnetic field polarity
reverses between each
cycle
Radiation:
Space Exposure – Solar Particle Events (SPE)
• Solar flares and Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs)
• Statistically, most SPE which impact the Earth are not large events
• Consists mainly of p+, but also contains some ions of higher mass
• Unpredictable. Evaluate SPE as they unfold
• Capable of producing radiation levels lethal hours after an event occurs
19
Radiation:
Space Exposure – Solar Particle Events (SPE)
20
Coronal Mass Ejections
Solar Flare
• Radiation that originates from outside the solar system
• Supernova explosions from massive stars
• Solar Cycle dependent
• Highest during Solar Minimum
• Extremely penetrating and biologically damaging
21
Radiation:
Space Exposure – Galactic Cosmic Rays (GCR)
Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE) Website
22
Radiation:
Space Exposure – Cosmic Abundances
• Particles include highly
energetic p+ and heavy ion
(HZE) particles
• 90% protons
• 9% alpha (α) particles – 4He
• 1% HZE particles
• p+ and e- trapped in Earth magnetic field (Van Allen Radiation Belts)
• Inner Belt mostly protons > 10MeV. Reaches ~7700 km from Earth’s Surface
• Outer Belt mostly electrons < 10MeV. Reaches ~51 500 km from Earth’s Surface
• Exposure a function of altitude, inclination and solar cycle position
• Proton exposure highest at Solar Minimum
• e- penetrate EVA suit, but not spacecraft
23
Radiation:
Trapped Particles
SRAG
SRAG
24
Radiation:
Trapped Particles – South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA)
• Region of high radiation exposure
(determined from past missions whose
orbits intersected SAA)
• Result of the offset between Earth’s
geographical and magnetic axes
• Inner Van Allen Belt reaches a
minimum of 200 km above Atlantic
Ocean and South America
• Accounts for approximately 10 – 30% of the dose equivalent received by
astronauts onboard spacecraft in LEO
• Extremely penetrating and can cause cellular damage to internal organs
• Canadian-Russian experiments to characterize neutron field in LEO have
been performed since the late 1980’s
25
Space Radiation Environment:
Neutrons
26
Space Radiation Environment:
Neutrons
• Originate from charged particles (SPE, GCR and trapped) interacting
with:
1. Spacecraft (spallation/evaporation neutrons): ~20% of total
neutron dose
2. Earth’s atmosphere (albedo neutrons): ~80% of total neutron dose
27
Space Radiation Environment:
Neutrons
Institut de Recherche sur les Lois Fondamentales de l’Univers
Inner Van Allen Belt
• p+ > 10 MeV, e- ~ 100 keV
• Altitude ~ 7 700 km
• p+ result of neutron decay
(beta decay)
Outer Van Allen Belt
• e- < 10 MeV
• Altitude ~51 500 km
• Trapped by Earth’s magnetosphere
ISS Orbit
Galactic Cosmic Rays (GCR)
• High-energy p+ (90 %)
• α particles (9%)
• Ionized heavier particles – He to U (1 %)
• Originate from outside Solar System
(Supernovae)
• Highest during Solar Minimum
• 100 MeV < Energy < 10 GeV
Solar Particle Events (SPE)
• High-energy p+, α particles, X-
rays
• Highest during Solar Maximum
• Solar Flares
• Coronal Mass Ejections (CME)
• 10 MeV < Energy < 100 MeV
ISS
Secondary Particles
• Protons, neutrons, X-rays, α-particles,
heavy ions (with sufficient energy)
South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA)
• Intersection of Earth’s Atmosphere with Inner belt
• Increased dose when ISS passes through region
• Attitude ~200 km
Rotational
Axis
Magnetic
Axis
29
Radiation:
Space Environment
11.4
30
Ionizing Radiation:
Biological Effects, Regulations and Standards
• Types of radiation risk include:
• Deterministic (Cell death)
• Radiation sickness
• Nausea
• Skin reddening
• Stochastic (Cell Modification)
• Probability of occurrence in
population a function of dose
• Cancer (leukemia, lung,
thyroid)
• Genetic effects
Radiation:
Biological Effects
31
• Acute effects are not expected to result from exposure to the radiation
environments in space, with the exception of SPE
• Major concern about radiation in space is long term effects, such as cancer
or genetic effects
• Risk of acute effects during shuttle or ISS missions is considered to be
minimal
• Increase in cancer risk is the principal concern for astronaut exposure to
space radiation
• Delayed effects (e.g. cancer) can appear months (or years) after exposure. Even the
smallest dose increases the chance of developing this condition
32
Radiation:
Biological Effects (Cont.)
• Ionizing radiation causes atoms and molecules to become excited
(ionized). This can cause:
• Free radicals
• Breaking of original chemical bonds (and forming new bonds)
• Damage to molecules that regulate vital cell process (DNA, RNA, proteins)
• Heavy ion particles are more damaging to vital cells
33
Radiation:
Biological Effects (Cont.)
34
Astroprof’s page, Space Radiation and Humans
SRAG
Radiation:
Biological Effects (Cont.)
• Particles with a higher linear energy transfer (LET) are more effective in
producing biological effects
• HZE
• Low energy p+
• α-particles
• LET is the amount of energy that is released by radioactive material per
unit length
35 Memorial University
Radiation:
Biological Effects (Cont.)
Radiation:
Low-level Acute Radiation Exposure Models
36
• No evidence of adverse health effects
at chronic doses below 100 mSv
• Various models to estimate radiation
risk of low-level radiation exposure• Hypersensitivity – Greater risk at low doses
• Linear No-Threshold – Linear relationship between
radiation exposure and cancer risk
• Threshold – Below certain doses, no cancer risk
• Hormesis – Low doses protective/beneficial
• Known risks represented by data points > 100 mSv
Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission (CNSC)
• Acute (rapid) Wholebody Absorbed Dose
– < 25 rad
• insignificant acute changes
– 25 - 50 rad
• temporary oligospermia
– 50 - 100 rad
• mild nausea in 5 - 30% of population
• mild vomiting in 5 - 20% of population
• anorexia in 15 - 50% of population
• slight decreases in lymphocyte, platelet, and
granulocyte counts--no overt symptoms
– 100 - 200 rad
• mild to moderate nausea in 30 - 70% of
population
• mild to moderate vomiting in 20 - 50%
of population
• slight to moderate decreases in
lymphocyte, platelet, and granulocyte
counts
• anorexia in 50 - 90% of population
• mild to moderate fatigue in 30 - 60% of
population
• mild bleeding in 10% of population
• mild to moderate fever/infection in 10-
50% of population
• death in less than 5% of population
Radiation:
Exposure Effects
37
• Acute (rapid) Wholebody Absorbed Dose
– 200 - 350 rad (cont.)
• moderate nausea in 70 - 90% of population
• moderate vomiting in 50 - 80% of population
• anorexia in 90 - 100% of population
• moderate diarrhea in ~ 10% of population
• moderate fatigue in 60 - 90% of population
• moderate weakness in 60 - 90% of population
• moderate bleeding in 10 - 50% of population
• moderate infection in 10 - 80% of population
• moderate epilation in 30% of population
• moderate decreases in platelets and granulocytes
• moderate to severe decrease in lymphocytes
• death in 5-50% of population
– > 350 rad
• death to 50% of population in 60 days (LD50/60)
Risk of acute effects during
Shuttle or ISS missions is
considered very minimal!
Radiation:
Exposure Effects (Cont.)
38
Type of Exposure
• Limit: Annual Canadian Public
• Limit: Annual Canadian Radiation Worker
• Average annual exposure to natural background
• Average annual occupational exposure (US) (ground)
• Living one year in Kerala, India
• Airline Flight Crew
• Apollo 14 Highest Skin Dose
• Average Shuttle Skin Dose
• STS 82 Highest Skin Dose
• STS-57 (473 km, 28.5)
• STS-60 (352 km, 57)
• 140 day mission on ISS (400 km, 51.56)• 1 year in deep space (5 g cm-2 Al shielding)
• 1 year deep space (5 g cm-2 polyethylene shielding)
• Mars mission BFO Dose (GCR+SPE: behind 10 g cm-2 shielding) (3-year)
Radiation:
Levels of Exposure – Based on Occupation
Dose Equivalent
1 mSv/y
20 mSv/y
2.94 mSv/y
2.10 mSv/y
13 mSv/y
1-6 mSv/y
14 mSv
~4.33 mSv
76.3 mSv
19.1 mSv
4 mSv
~60 mSv1140 mSv
870 mSv
800 to 2000 mSv
Ground
Air
Space
Regulations and Standards:
30 Day, Annual and Career Exposure Limits
Exposure
Duration
BFO – 5.0 cm
(Sv)
Eye – 0.3 cm
(Sv)
Skin – 0.01 cm
(Sv)
30 Days 0.25 1.00 1.50
Annual 0.05 2.00 3.00
Career 1.00 4.00 6.00
• 30-Day and annual exposure are for protection against deterministic
effects (short term effects)
• Career limit Stochastic effects (fatal cancer)
40
Regulations and Standards:
As Low As Reasonably Achievable (ALARA)
• Involves setting upper limits on the doses received
• Radiation exposures resulting from the practice must be reduced to lowest
levels possible; technological, economic and social issues considered
• Proposed activity that may cause exposure to humans should yield a
sufficient benefit to society to justify the risk
• Understanding and minimizing exposures from space weather events is
an important implementation of ALARA for manned missions
41
42
Radiation Monitoring:
Space Weather Predictions
Radiation Monitoring:
Pre-, In-, and Post-Flight
• Pre-Flight
• Space radiation exposure assessment performed. Ensure exposures are within limits
(ALARA)
• Inter-Vehicular Activity (IVA) – Activities performed while inside ISS
• Extra-Vehicular Activity (EVA) – Activities performed while outside ISS
(Spacewalk)
• Space environment monitoring
43
Radiation Monitoring:
Pre-, In-, and Post-Flight
• In-Flight
• Ensure crew limits do not exceed prescribed limits (ALARA)
• Daily support and enhancements
• Post-Flight
• Determine crew exposure and risk
• Biodosimetry analysis
44
Est. 1962ANALYSIS GROUP
JSCN
ASA
SPACE RADIATION
Radiation Monitoring:
Space Weather – Space Radiation Analysis Group
(SRAG)
• Provides projections for crew exposure
• Maintain comprehensive crew exposure modeling capability
• Radiation instruments to characterize and quantify radiation environment
inside and outside ISS and other spacecraft
• L-4 Months: Complete preliminary EVA exposure analysis
• Forward to Flight Surgeon and Radiation health Officer
• L-5 Weeks: Complete final analysis of EVA exposure from nominal environment
• L-4 Weeks: Report analysis for planned and contingency EVA exposures
45
• In-Flight support
• Provide appropriate alerts and warnings
• Daily space weather reviews and forecasts (via telecon)
• Weekly summaries of forecasts (via email)
• Solar forecasters (24/7 support)
• Classifies solar activity in conjunction with SRAG
46
Radiation Monitoring:
Space Weather – National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Association (NOAA)
• Receive real-time space environment data from variety of operational
stations, including:
• Satellites
• Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites (GOES)
• Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO)
• NOAA/Television Infrared Observation Satellite Program (TIROS)
• Ground stations
• Ground-based solar observations,
• NASA science spacecraft
• United States Air Force (USAF)
47
Radiation Monitoring:
Space Weather – National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Association (NOAA)
• Solar classification uses a letter system which ranks solar activity by its
peak X-ray activity
• Letter denotes the order of magnitude of the peak value and the number is
the multiplicative factor
The SEC X-ray Flare Classification
Peak Flux Range (0.1 – 0.8 nm)
Classification SI Unit
(W/m2)
CGS Unit
(erg/cm2/s)
A φ < 10-7 φ < 10-4
B 10-7 ≤ φ < 10-6 10-4 ≤ φ < 10-3
C 10-6 ≤ φ < 10-5 10-3 ≤ φ < 10-2
M 10-5 ≤ φ < 10-4 10-2 ≤ φ < 10-1
X 10-4 ≤ φ 10-1 ≤ φ
48 CSA C1 Radiation Monitoring Plan
Radiation Monitoring:
NOAA – Solar Activity Classification
• Geomagnetic storm – temporary disturbance of Earth’s magnetic field
• Two different classes to describe geomagnetic activity
• A-index: 24 hr average level
• K-index: 3 hr interval
• Quantifying disturbances in horizontal component of Earth’s magnetic field
• Derived from maximum fluctuations of horizontal components observed
Category A-Index K-Index
Quiet 00 ≤ A < 08 Usually no K indices > 2
Unsettled 08 ≤ A < 16 Usually no K indices > 3
Active 16 ≤ A < 30 A few K indices of 4
Minor Storm 30 ≤ A < 50 K indices mostly 4 and 5
Major Storm 50 ≤ A < 100 Some K indices 6 or greater
Severe Storm 100 ≤ A Some K indices 7 or greater
49 CSA C1 Radiation Monitoring Plan
Radiation Monitoring:
NOAA – Geomagnetic Activity Classification
• X-Ray Flare
• SPE*
• ≥ 10 pfu @ ≥ 10 MeV
• Energetic SPE
• ≥ 1 pfu @ ≥ 100 MeV
• Major Geomagnetic Storm
• AB ≥ 50
• KB = 6
* pfu (proton flux unit)
pfu = particles/sr/cm2/s
• Major X-Ray Flare
• ≥ M5
• Major Integral X-Ray Event
• Flux ≥ 0.3 W/m2
• SPE
• ≥ 10 pfu @ ≥ 10 MeV
• Energetic SPE
• ≥ 1 pfu @ ≥ 100 MeV
• Major Geomagnetic Storm
• AB = 50 – 99
• KB = 6
• Severe Geomagnetic Storm
• AB ≥ 100
• KB ≥ 7
SRAG recall to Mission Control
** Alert product still in development
SRAG remain on console
Radiation Monitoring:
SRAG and NOAA Warning and Alert Criteria
Watches/Warnings Alerts
50
51
Radiation Monitoring:
Monitoring Radiation Exposure in
Low Earth Orbit
52 SRAG
Radiation Monitoring:
Extravehicular Charged Particle Directional
Spectrometer (EV-CPDS)
• 3-axis unit mounted to mast on S0 truss of ISS
• EV1 – Forward along velocity vector (direction of orbit)
• EV2 – Zenith direction (orthogonal to ISS)
• EV3 – Along anti-velocity vector (opposite to EV1)
• Thresholds of measured charged particles
• Proton ≥ 15 MeV
• Electron ≥ 0.5 MeV
• Records dose and dose rate values
53
Radiation Monitoring:
Extravehicular Charged Particle Directional
Spectrometer (EV-CPDS)
• Unit insensitive to neutrons
• Measured particle flux as a function of particle energy, charge and arrival
direction
• Trapped
• Secondary
• GCR
• Data sent directly to mission control
54
Radiation Monitoring:
Extravehicular Charged Particle Directional
Spectrometer (EV-CPDS)
55SRAG
Radiation Monitoring:
Intravehicular Charged Particle Directional
Spectrometer (IV-CPDS)
• Identical to single axis EV-CPDS unit
• Portable
• Used to conduct shielding effectiveness surveys
• Not suitable for monitoring important low-energy component of EVA
exposures
56
Radiation Monitoring:
Intravehicular (Internal) Charged Particle
Directional Spectrometer (IV-CPDS)
57
SRAG
Radiation Monitoring:
Tissue Equivalent Proportional Counter (TEPC)
• Active system which provides measurements of dose rate and cumulative
dose at 2 or 20 second intervals
• Not suitable for monitoring important low-energy component of EVA
exposures
• Located inside ISS. Moved throughout the station approximately every
month
58
Radiation Monitoring:
Tissue Equivalent Proportional Counter (TEPC)
• Time resolved Linear Energy Transfer (LET) spectra
• 0.3 – 1200 keV/m
• Alarm capability when dose rate exceeds 5 mrad/min (50 Gy/min) –
Absorbed dose
• Dose and dose equivalent are stored for future analysis
59
Radiation Monitoring:
Tissue Equivalent Proportional Counter (TEPC)
• Thermoluminesent dosimeters (TLDs) placed throughout the ISS
• Dose is determined upon further analysis once the detectors are returned
to Earth
• No record of LET information from charged particles
• Archived measurements are available in
• Absorbed Dose – H2O (mGy)
• Absorbed Dose Rate – H2O (Gy/day)
60Radiation Area Monitor – SRAG
Radiation Monitoring:
Radiation Area Monitor (RAM) and
NASA Crew Passive Dosimeter (CPD)
• Sensitive to neutrons and charged
particles and records particle impact
angles and LET information
• Consists five different passive
radiation sensors
• Designed to measure total
absorbed dose
61
Radiation Monitoring:
European CPD (EuCPD)
CSA C1 Radiation Monitoring Plan
•Acquires two sets of data
• Shielded
• Unshielded
• Measurements updated through the SRAG website and can be acquired
for specific dates
62
Radiation Monitoring:
DB-8 Detectors
CSA C1 Radiation Monitoring PlanCSA C1 Radiation Monitoring Plan
Protection Against Ionizing Radiation onboard ISS
• During periods of higher radiation activity, it is always best to stay in
high shielded areas to reduce exposure
Higher Shielded areas of ISS
• Service Module aft of treadmill (Panel 339)
• Node 2 crew quarters
• US Lab
Lower Shielded areas of ISS
• Service Module crew sleeping compartments
• Service Module transfer compartment (between FGB and Service Module)
• Pressurized mating adapters
• Air locks
• Window in US Lab (WORF)63
Protection Against Ionizing Radiation:
Module Locations
US Destiny Laboratory
Module (US LAB)
Japanese Experiment
Module (JEM/Kibo)
ESA Columbus
Module (COL)
Russian Zvezda
Service Module
64
65
Protection Against Ionizing Radiation:
Particle Interaction with Shielding
MIT Open Courseware
66
Radiation Monitoring:
Biodosimetry Programme
• Individual responses governed by genetic variability and results in a wide
range of susceptibilities and risks
• A number of tests are performed on the samples including:
• Fluorescent in situ Hybridization (FISH)
• Spectral Karyotyping (SKY)
• Cytokinesis Block Micronucleus (CBMN) Assay
• Dicentric Chromosome Assay
• Protein Profiling
• In addition to the tests listed above, data is also collected from physical
dosimetry devices for comparison.
67
Radiation Monitoring:
Biodosimetry
Radiation Monitoring:
Biodosimetry – Fluorescence in situ Hybridization
(FISH)
• An effect of ionizing radiation is when “stable” translocations occur
• Chromosome segments are exchanged, but no genetic information is lost
• These abnormalities are not lethal
• FISH provides a measure of cumulative lifetime dose
• Translocation rates are determined by fluorescently labeling parts of the
genome with part of the segments appearing bi-colored
68
Radiation Monitoring:
Biodosimetry – Fluorescence in situ Hybridization
(FISH)
69
Health Canada
Health Canada
Radiation Monitoring:
Biodosimetry – Spectral Karyotyping (SKY)
• Similar to FISH, SKY allows you to visualize all 23 pairs of human
chromosomes at one time
• Differs in the methods it employs to detect and discriminate the different
colour combinations
• Each probe is labeled with a fluorescent molecule that corresponds to the
chromosome to which it is complementary
• Probes complementary to chromosome 1 are labeled yellow, chromosome 2 red, and
so on…
70
71 Health Canada
Health Canada
Radiation Monitoring:
Biodosimetry – Spectral Karyotyping (SKY)
Radiation Monitoring:
Biodosimetry – Cytokinesis Block Micronucleus
(CBMN) Assay
• Micronuclei are formed when a complete chromosome or a fragment is
not incorporated into one of the daughter nuclei during cell division
• Proliferating and non-proliferating cells may be distinguished
• Micronuclei are only scored in binucleated cells
• Dose estimation may be correlated to micronucleus frequency
72
Radiation Monitoring:
Biodosimetry – Cytokinesis Block Micronucleus
(CBMN) Assay
73
Health Canada
Radiation Monitoring
Biodosimetry – Dicentric Chromosome Assay
• Dicentric chromosomes form when two segments (from different
chromosomes) fuse, each with a centromere
• These chromosomes are unstable and so these tests only provides a
measure of DNA damage for the lifetime of the circulating lymphocyte
(type of white blood cell)
• Relatively specific to ionizing radiation
• Low energy radiation does not induce dicentrics
74
Radiation Monitoring
Biodosimetry – Dicentric Chromosome Assay
75
Health Canada
Radiation Monitoring
Biodosimetry – Protein Profiling
• Refers to quantifying the abundance of individual proteins in a sample
• Known as expression levels
• Current research is interested in identifying biomarkers that could be used
to evaluate an individual’s biological response to radiation exposure
76
Radiation Monitoring
Biodosimetry – Dose Response Curve
• Aberrations such as dicentric
chromosomes and translocations
are equally likely outcomes of
radiation exposure
• Individual dose estimates
derived by comparing aberration
rates to calibration curves
established by irradiating pre-
flight samples with known
radiation sources
77
Health Canada
78
Non-Ionizing Radiation
Non-ionizing Radiation
• Consists of the broadband of electromagnetic radiation having
frequencies less than approximately 3 – 1015 Hz, or expressed in
wavelength 108 – 10-7 m
• Far end of the ultraviolet spectrum (10-15 Hz) is considered ionizing
radiation
• Heat generation is consider the main biological effect of non-ionizing
radiation
79
Non-ionizing Radiation:
Biological Effects
80
Ultraviolet
Infrared
Non-Ionizing
Radiations–Sources,
Biological Effects,
Emissions and
Exposures (Ng, K. – N.)
Radiofrequency
Electromagnetic Spectrum
81
Non-ionizing Radiation Ionizing Radiation
University of California
Summary
• Ionizing radiation can cause atoms and molecules to become electrically
charged and damage DNA
• Astronauts are exposed to ionizing radiation on ALL space flights
• Galactic Cosmic Rays (GCR)
• Solar Particle Events (SPE)
• Trapped Particles – Van Allen Radiation Belts
• Secondary Particles
• Low-level radiation exposure follows the Linear No-Threshold Model
• Acute biological effects of space radiation (with the exception of SPE) are
not expected to result from radiation exposure in space.
82
Summary
• Radiation exposure can result in an increased risk in cancer (stochastic
effects)
• Those who are exposed to radiation in LEO receive a dose from various
types of radiation sources (neutrons, protons, gamma-rays, etc).
• Ionizing radiation exposure can leave distinct markers in the blood
samples taken from individuals who have been exposed
83
Summary
84
• Further studies will be conducted in order to characterize neutron
radiation field during ISS-34/35 during the Radi-N2 study
• The ALARA protocol is followed at ALL TIMES
• Astronauts are asked to wear the their CPDs to monitor their dose at ALL
TIMES
85
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